9/Kelantan/2011/Endangered Ecosystem

Diagram 9.1 shows some farming practices that carried out nearby a pond.
Rajah 9.1 menunjukkan amalan pertanian yang dijalankan berhampiran dengan sebuah
kolam.

Fertilizer
Baja
Biodegradable herbicides
Racun herba terbiodegradasi

Diagram 9.1 / Rajah 9.1

(a) Explain how the excessive use of fertilizers and biodegradable herbicides in farming
can pollute this freshwater pond and lead to eutrophication.
Terangkan bagaimana penggunaan baja dan herbisid biodegradasi yang berlebihan
dalam pertanian boleh mencemarkan air kolam dan mengakibatkan eutrofikasi.
[10 marks/10 markah]
(b) The information below shows a report about one of the bad effect of human activities
on the ecosystem.
Maklumat di bawah menunjukkan laporan tentang salah satu kesan buruk aktiviti
manusia terhadap ekosistem.

About 130,000 people either died or are still missing since cyclone Nargis
made landfall on May 2, 2008. Myanmars government has put the death toll
at 78 000.
Lebih kurang 130,000 mangsa mati atau pun masih hilang sejak taufan
Nargis melanda pada 2 Mei 2008. Kerajaan Myanmar menganggarkan
jumlah yang terkorban adalah seramai 78 000.
CNN News, 31 Mei 2008

If you are an environmental activist, describe how human activities such as

deforestation, bad agricultural practices, industrialization and domestic activities which
give the bad effects to the well-being of man and his ecosystem.
Jika anda seorang aktivis alam sekitar, huraikan aktiviti manusia seperti penyah-
hutanan, amalan pertanian yang buruk, perindustrian dan aktiviti domestik yang
memberi kesan buruk kepada kesejahteraan hidup manusia dan ekosistemnya.
[10 marks/10 markah]
JAWAPAN (9/Kelantan/2011/Endangered Ecosystem)

Sub Total
No Mark Scheme
Mark Mark
9(a) Able to explain how the excessive use of fertilizers in Max 10 10
farming can pollute this freshwater pond and lead to
eutrophication.
Sample answers:
F - run-off of / leaching excess fertilizers / biodegradable
herbicides into the aquatic ecosystem leads to rapid
growth of algae
P1 - this results in a population explosion of algae
/ algal bloom

P2 - the algae form a thick blanket on the surface of

water in the pond

P3 - it restricts the penetration of light into the water

P4 - causing the death of submerged aquatic plants

as they cannot photosynthesise

P5 - as a result, habitats for aquatic animals are also

destroyed causing the aquatic animals to leave the
area or die

P6 - when algae and the aquatic animals die, they

sink to the bottom of the pond

P7 - and stimulate the growth of decomposers,

especially bacteria
 Sub Total
No Mark Scheme
Mark Mark

P8 - decomposition can lead to the depletion of

dissolved oxygen/supply oxygen in the pond
decrease

P9 - and may result in fish to die or replaced with less

valuable species that are more tolerant of lower
oxygen level.

P10 - this reduces the oxygen content in the water

and leads to an increase in the
biochemical oxygen demand (BOD)

P11- biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) is the

amount of oxygen utilized by aerobic microorganisms
to decompose organic matter in water.
9(b) Able to describe human activities which give the bad Max 10 10
effects to the well-being of man and his ecosystem.

F1 - Deforestation - the permanent removal of trees from

the forests for infrastructural development, logging
industries, urbanisation and plantation

The bad effects:

P1 - the activity causes the soil to be exposed to agents of
erosion

P2 - as the result, flash flood / landslides / rivers become

shallow / soil erosion occurs

P3 - increase of carbon dioxide content in the

atmosphere which cause green house effect / global
warming / temperature increase / severe climatic
changes e.g. drought / cyclone

P4 - destruction of natural habitat that leads to extinction of

many animal and plant species / the loss of
biodiversity / destruction of recreational sites
 Sub Total
No Mark Scheme
Mark Mark
Any 2P = 2m

F2 - bad agricultural practices - the excess used of

inorganic fertilisers, pesticides and herbicides /
intensive farming of crops / continuous cultivation of
the same plot of land / ploughing of land down the
slope

The bad effects:

P1 - The silting of the bottom of rivers and lakes with earth
sediment causing flash floods / pollute the water
sources and affect the fresh water ecosystems.

P2 - cause changes to the soil structure / the loss of topsoil

nutrients / erosions of topsoil

F3 - Industrialisation - the burning of fossil fuels / the

dumping of solid wastes / mining activities / the
discharge of effluent

The bad effects:

P1 - the excessive emission of gases such as carbon
dioxide, sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxides that pollute
the air and lead to acid rain etc

P2 - pollute the nearby water sources / deteriorate the water

quality / the natural environment would be destroyed

F4 - Domestic activities - development of housing areas

due to the rapid human population growth

The bad effects:

P1 - Increase in domestic wastes through dumping of solid
wastes, discharge of sewage and detergents
 Sub Total
No Mark Scheme
Mark Mark

P2 - lead to water pollution / land pollution

TOTAL 20

9/Selangor/2011/Endangered Ecosystem
9. Diagram 9.1 shows the effects of human activities on the environment.
Rajah 9.1 menunjukkan kesan aktiviti manusia ke atas alam sekitar.

Carbon dioxide layer

lapisa karbon dioksida

CO2
CO2 CO2

factories
kilang

Diagram 9.1 / Rajah 9.1

(a) Explain the effects of the human activities on the environment.

Terangkan kesan aktiviti manusia ke atas alam sekitar.
[5 marks]
Nitrogen oxides (NO) and sulphur diokside (SO2)
Nitrogen oksida(NO) dan sulfur dioksida (SO2)

(b) Diagram 9.2 shows the emission of gases from factories.

Rajah 9.2 menunjukkan pelepasan gas daripada kilang.

Pond Forest
Kolam Hutan
 Diagram 9.2 / Rajah 9.2

(i) Explain the effects of the emission of the gases to the ecosystem.
Terangkan kesan pembebasan gas tersebut kepada ekosistem.
[5 marks]

(ii) The trees in the forest are producers.

Explain the role of the trees in maintaining a balance ecosystem.

Pokok dalam hutan adalah pengeluar.

Terangkan peranan pokok dalam mengekalkan ekosistem seimbang.
[10 marks]

JAWAPAN (9/Selangor/2011/Endangered Ecosystem)

No Criteria Mark

9(a) Able to explain the effect of human activity on the environment. 5

Sample Answer:

P1: The phenomena is greenhouse effect 1

P2: Much carbon dioxide released ( from the factories / car /
burning of fossil fuel ) 1
P3: Increase the concentration of carbon dioxide in the 1
atmosphere 1
P4: forms a layer of carbon dioxide 1
P5 : traps more heat 1
P6 : prevents more of the heat escaping from the earth 1
P7 : cause arise in the Earths temperature 1
P8 : Leads to global warming
P9: Leads to melting of polar ice / rise in the 1
sea level 1
 P10 : Leads to floods / drought/change in climate
Any
five
(b) Able to explain the effect of the emission gasses on the 5
(i) ecosystem.

Sample Answer:

P1: The release of nitrogen oxides / sulphur

dioxides leads to formation of acid rain 1
P2 : the gases dissolve in the rain water 1
P3 : Acid rain causes damage on the leaves / chloroplast 1
P3 : Lower rate of photosynthesis 1
P4 : Leads to stunted growth / death of plants//population 1
reduced 1
P5 : Acid rain lowers pH of the pond// more acidic 1
P6 : causes death to aquatic organisms /fishes 1
P7 : pH of soil lower//more acidic
Any 5
(ii) Able to explain the role of the trees in maintaining a balance
ecosystem.

Sample answer:
P1 : Producer (trees ) carry out photosynthesis 1
P2 : produce glucose / organic food for the consumer 1
P3 : in food chain/food web 1
P4 : produce oxygen for respiration of organism 1
P5 : ensure a balanced in the carbon cycle 1
P6 : The roots of the trees hold the soil structure 1
P7 : avoid soil erosion/any suitable disaster 1
P8 : Trees is a natural water catchment area 1
P9 : Provides habitat // breeding places for organisms 1
P10 Contributes to biodiversity of flora / fauna 1
P11: Source of major sources of food / traditional herbs/
medicinal plants. 1
P12: Trees carry out transpiration / water loss to the 1
environment 1
P13 : Ensure a balance water cycle
P14- Trees provide canopy for the forest which provide 1 Max
shades to prevent direct sunlight 10m
Any 10
9/JUJ/2011/Endangered Ecosystem
(a) Ismail has brown hair and blue eyes. He was married to the woman who has black hair
and brown eyes. By using schematic diagram explain how their daughter will get black
hair and blue eyes. (The trait of brown eyes and black hair is dominant over blue eyes
and brown hair).
[10 marks]

(b) Diagram 9 shows two tomato plants which have been exposed to caterpillars. The
normal plant has been completely eaten while the genetically engineered plant shows
practically no signs of damaged.

Diagram 9

Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of using the genetic engineering technology
in agriculture.

[10 marks]

JAWAPAN (9/JUJ/2011/Endangered Ecosystem )

9(a) Able to explain how their daughter will get black hair and blues
eyes.
Sample answers

P1 : this situation involved dihybrid inheritance.

P2 : Ismail is homozygous recessive for both hair trait (hh) and eye
(bb) traits.
P3 : his wife is homozygous dominant for both hair trait (HH) and
heterozygous for the eye trait (Bb).
(assume H is the gene that controls the black hair and B is the
gene that controls the brown eye)
P4 : Ismail and his wife undergo meiosis I and II
P5 : all gametes (sperms and ovum) are haploid
P6 : Ismail will produced only one type of gamete example brown
hair and blue eye (hhbb)
P7 : his wife will produced two type of gametes example black hair
and black eye (HHBb).
P8 : the gametes (haploid) from Ismail and his wife will fertilise to
produced zygote (diploid)
P9 : this zygote will receive dominant gene for hair trait from his /
her mother and recessive gene for eye trait from either his / her
mother.
P10 : so Ismail sons / daughters will have black hair and brown eye
P11 : their son / daughter will have heteroztgous gene for hair trait
and homozygous recessive for eye trait.

(any ten)

OR

Parents Ismail Wife

P1 Genotype (hhbb) (HHBb)

P2 Meiosis

P3 Gamete

hb HB Hb
P4 Fertilization

P5 Genotype
 son \ HhBb Hhbb
daughter

P6 Phenotype Black hair , black hair,

son \ Brown eyes blue eyes
daughter
10 10
P7 : this situation involved dihybrid inheritance
P8 : the son/daughter (HhBb) inherit the allele hb from father and
allele HB from mother.
P9 : the son / daughter (Hhbb) inherit the allele hb from father and
allele Hb from mother

P10 : Key

H Allele dominant black hair

H Allele recessive brown hair
B Allele dominant brown eye
b Allele recessive blue eye

(b) Able to discuss the advantages and disadvantages of using genetic

engineering Technology in agriculture

Sample answer
The advantages :

F1 : Genetic engineering used to produce disease resistant / pest

resistant plant wxample : legume, peas, maizes and beans.
P1 : less pesticides are used
P2 : less pollution to the environment // better health for consumers
F2 : increase yield of crops / profitability
P3 : better livelihood for farmers
P4 : help to solve problems of insufficient food
F3 : increase resistance to herbicide example soya bean
P5 : which allows weeds to be killed without affecting the crop plant
F4 : able to survive on poorer quality grassland
P6 : can resist drought // climatic changes
F5 : create crops with better nutrition value example tomatoes
P7 : with high vitamin A content
P8 : help to solve problems of malnutrition
F6 : create crops with longer shelf lives example tomato
P9 : less food wastage
F7 : genetically modified livestock example cows
P10 : produce meat with less fat / more milk.
 Disadvantages

F8 : pest resistant genes may be transferred to weeds

P11 : may be difficult to control growth of weeds
F9 : some transgenic crops may have animal genes
P12 : this may not acceptable to certain groups for religious reasons
F10 : genetically modified foods may be harmful to health
P13 : may active human genes to cause cancer
F11 : transgenic organisms may affect the survival of other
organisms in the ecosystem
P14 : may cause the imbalance of nature / ecosystem.

(any ten) 10 10

TOTAL
20

8/Zone A Kuching011/Endangered Ecosystem

Diagram 7 shows effect of eutrophication that occurred in a lake due to human activities.

Diagram 7

(a) Based on Diagram 7, describe the process of eutrophication.

[10 marks]
 (b) Explain how each of the following aspects can reduce water pollution:

(i) Treating sewage

(ii) Using organic fertilisers rather than inorganic ones.

[6 marks]

(c) Explain how deforestation can cause flash flood.

[4 marks]

JAWAPAN (8/Zone A Kuching011/Endangered Ecosystem)

8/JOHOR/2011/ Endangered ecosystem
(a) Diagram 8.1 and Diagram 8.2 show the impact of human activities to the quality of natural
environment.
Rajah 8.1 dan Rajah 8.2 menunjukkan impak aktiviti manusia ke atas kualiti alam semulajadi.

Emissions gas Dissolved in water vapour

from the Larut dalam wap air
factories
Pembebasan
gas dari
kilang-kilang

Diagram 8.1 / Rajah 8.1

 Ultraviolet rays
Sinaran ultraunggu

Diagram 8.2 / Rajah 8.2

(i) State the phenomena shown in Diagram 8.1 and Diagram 8.2.
Nyatakan fenomena yang ditunjukkan di Rajah 8.1 dan Rajah 8.2.
[ 1 mark ] / [ 1 markah ]

(ii) Discuss the differences of both environmental phenomena shown in Diagram 8.1 and
Diagram 8.2 based on the following aspects:
the causes
the effects and
the ways to overcome

Bincangkan perbezaan kedua-dua fenomena alam sekitar yang ditunjukkan di Rajah 8.1
dan Rajah 8.2 berdasarkan kepada aspek-aspek berikut:
punca
kesan dan
cara untuk mengatasi
[ 10 marks ] /[ 10 markah ]

(b) Explain the importance of preservation and conservation of tropical rainforest in Malaysia for
the purpose of sustainable management of ecosystem.

Terangkan kepentingan pemeliharaan dan pemuliharaan hutan hujan tropikal di Malaysia untuk
tujuan pengurusan berterusan ekosistem.
[ 9 marks ] / [ 9 markah ]
JAWAPAN (8/JOHOR/2011/ Endangered ecosystem)
No Mark Scheme Sub Total
Mark Mark
8(a) Able to explain the differences between the two Max 11
human activities 11

Criteria
1. State the types of phenomena
2. C: Differences in the causes
3. E: Differences in the effects
4. S: Differences in the ways to overcome

Sample answers
Diagram 8.1
F1: (The phenomenon is)
acid rain
The causes
C1: Combustion/ Burning
of fossil fuels in power
stations/ factories/ motor
vehicles
C2: release sulphur
dioxide/ SO2 and oxides of
nitrogen/ NO and NO2
C3: Form sulphuric acid
and nitric acid when
combine with water vapour
C3: Fall to Earth as acid
rain/ snow/ hail/ fog/ frost/
dew
The effects
Agriculture:
E1: Leaching of minerals//
the soil become acidic
Diagram 8.2
(The phenomenon is) 1 1
thinning/ depletion of ozone
layer
Coolants in air conditioners 2 Max
and refrigerators/ 4
propellants in aerosol cans/
insulating foam
Release chlorofluorocarbon/ 2
CFC molecules
Ultraviolet radiation (strikes 2
a chlorofluorocarbon/ CFC
molecules and) causes a
chlorine atom to break
away// breaks the bond to
release the chlorine atom
Chlorine atom (collides and) 2
destroys the ozone
molecule (to form chlorine
monoxide and oxygen
molecule)
Any 2 Cs
Leaf cells and chlorophyll 2 Max
are damaged by ultraviolet 4
rays// lower the rate of
photosynthesis// reduce
crop yield
 Aquatic ecosystem: Ultraviolet rays kill 2
E2: Increase acidity in the microorganisms/
aquatic ecosystem// kill phytoplankton// destroy //
phytoplankton// destroyed disrupt the marine food
photosynthetic tissues// chain
accumulate insoluble
aluminium ions in lakes and
rivers which kill aquatic
organisms
Health: Prolonged exposure to 2
E3: Acidic soil releases ions ultraviolet radiation lead to
of certain heavy metals/ skin cancer/ melanoma/
contaminate the supply of cataract/ weakened the
drinking water// irritate the immune system
lungs/ make breathing
difficult/ asthma/ bronchitis.
E4: Corrode metal railing/ Greenhouse effect/ global 2
bridges/ damage buildings/ warming// damage the eggs
statues/ automobiles/ of certain amphibians// wind
structures made of stone/ patterns change// climatic
metal/ historic buildings changes
Any 2 Es
The ways to overcome/ Solutions
S1: Use scrubbers (to Reduce/ stop/ ban the use 2 Max
clean up emissions from of Chlorofluorocarbon/ CFC 2
power stations and
industrial plants)
S2: Use catalytic converters the world comply with the 2
(to clean up emissions from Montreal Protocol to reduce
vehicle exhausts) the use of CFCs (to cut the
use of CFCs in half by the
year 1997)
Any S
All C, E and S are independent
8(b) Able to explain the importance of sustainable Max 9 9
management of tropical rainforest.

Criteria:
1. Sustainable management of tropical rainforest
2. Explain the importance of conservation and
preservation

Sample answers 9
F1: Replanting trees in areas that have been logged// 1
reforestation
E1: to keep the ecosystems in their natural state (which 1
provides aesthetic values for humans) // preserve natural
resources for outdoor/ recreational activities// eco-
tourism // reduce stress// promote healthy life style
E2: to maintain soil fertility 1
E3: to prevent flood/ soil erosion / landslide/ (muddy) flood/ 1
(flash) flood
E4: to avoid species extinction// to prevent extinction of 1
flora and fauna/ organisms/ species
E5 : As an economic resource// source of raw materials for 1
construction industry / piling / furniture / boats / houses /
production of charcoal / tannin / food / other suitable
example // provide foods to human // resources for study /
education / research
F2: Selective logging 1
E5: to maintain a balanced ecosystem// to allow maximum 1
interaction among the living organisms/ biotic factors (in
the ecosystem) and interaction between biotic and abiotic 1
factors
E6: to maintain major sources of human food/ e.g: ulam/ 1
ferns/ meats/ honey// sources of medicinal plant/ eg: herbs
E7: to sustain food web/ food chain in the ecosystem 1
E8: to prevent disruption of natural cycle of water/ carbon/ 1
balance between photosynthesis and respiration//
balance oxygen and CO2 in the atmosphere // provide O2 //
reduce CO2
E9: to decrease the carbon dioxide level in the 1
atmosphere // to reduce the greenhouse effect/ global
warming 1
E10: to maintain the biodiversity of the forest// maintaining
/ increasing biodiversity / complexity / variety of
organisms / species / flora and fauna 1
E11: to avoid lost of wildlife/ potential resources 1
E12: to avoid loss of watershed areas // provide natural
water catchment area 1
E13: maintaining (normal) weather (patterns) by minimize
climatic change / drought / harsh climate / maintain
temperature 1
E14 : As a site for breeding / feeding of flora and fauna /
serving as valuable nursery area for organisms
(Any 10)
20
8/TERENGGANU/2011/ Endangered ecosystem
(a) Diagram 8.1 shows activity carries by a construction company in forest areas.
Rajah 8.1 menunjukkan aktiviti yang dilakukan oleh sebuah syarikat pemaju di kawasan
hutan.

Diagram 8.1/Rajah 8.1

Based on your biological knowledge, justify why does this activity has to be stopped.
Berdasarkan pengetahuan biologi anda, justifikasi mengapa aktiviti ini harus dihentikan.
[10 marks]
(b) The thinning of the ozone layer as shown in Diagram 8.2 is one of the environmental issues
that always being discussed.
Penipisan lapisan ozon seperti ditunjukkan dalam Rajah 8.2 merupakan satu daripada isu
alam sekitar yang sering dibincangkan.
 Diagram 8.2/Rajah 8.2

Describe how the ozone layer becomes thinner and its effects on humans and the
environment.
Huraikan bagaimana kejadian penipisan lapisan ozon dan kesannya kepada manusia serta
alam sekitar.
[10 marks]

JAWAPAN (8/TERENGGANU/2011/ Endangered ecosystem)

Num Scoring Criteria Marks
8(a) Able to give justification why does this activity has to be stopped
Suggested Answer:
F1: extinction of fauna and flora 1
P1: disrupt food chain / food web / natural habitat 1
F2: increase temperature 1
P2: less absorption of carbon dioxide 1
F3: soil erosion / landslides 1
P3: soil structure unstable / absence of plant root systems to hold soil 1
F4: flash floods 1
P4: reduce water catchment areas 1
F5: loss of biodiversity 1
P5: loss of habitat 1
F6: climatic changes 1
P6: disrupt normal weather patterns / hotter / drier weather / releases 1
more carbon dioxide
F7: Infertile soil / not suitable for cultivation / reduce soils organic 1
content
P7: soil exposed to the sun directly 1
Any 10 Max 10

8(b) Able to describe how the ozone layer becomes thinner and its effects on
humans and the environment.
Suggested Answer:
P1: Due to the widespread use of CFC 1
P2: in aerosol, industrial solvents, electronics and Freon in air 1
conditioners
P3: Ultraviolet radiation strikes a CFC molecule 1
P4: Cause the chlorine atom to break away 1
P5: Then the chlorine atom collides with an ozone molecule and 1
combines with an oxygen atom to form chlorine monoxide and oxygen
P6: Then the free atom of oxygen collides with the chlorine monoxide,
the two oxygen atoms form a molecule of oxygen 1
P7: The chlorine atom is released and free to destroy more ozone
molecules 1
P8: The chlorine produced re-enters the cycle
P9: When the ozone layer becomes thinner, more ultraviolet radiation 1
reaches the Earth 1

The effect of excessive ultraviolet radiation on human and environment

E1: reduction of the bodys immune system / skin cancer / cataract of the
eye
E2: reduction of the rate of growth therefore reducing crop yields 1
E3: death of plankton / reduce food supply to aquatic organism
Any 7P and 3E 1
1

Max 10
Total 20