Cold Facts Vol 32 No 4 (2016)

ICC19 Conference Recap .................................... 8 Cryogenic Coatings for Deep Space.....................
28
Novel High Effectiveness Recuperator ............... 12 LIGO Prepares Cryogenic Update...................... 38
New Cryostat Design Volume............................. 18 SCW Student Scholarship Established .............. 45
Heat Measurement in Cryogenics | 26
Volume 32 Number 4
Join Our Growing Family of CSA Get connected to the cryogenic community
worldwide. Let your voice be heard and
Corporate Sustaining Members your contributions known.
Abbess Instruments and Systems, Inc. Cryogenic Control Systems, Inc. Instant Systems, Inc. Oxford Instruments NanoScience
Ability Engineering Technology, Inc. Cryogenic Industries, Inc. International Cryogenics, Inc. PHPK Technologies
Acme Cryogenics, Inc. Cryogenic Institute of New England Precision Measurements and
ISOFLEX USA
Instruments Corp.
Advanced Research Systems, Inc. Cryogenic Machinery Corporation
Janis Research Company LLC Prentex Alloy Fabricators, Inc.
Aerospace Fabrication & Materials Cryoguard Corporation
Kadel Engineering Corp. Quantum Cryogenics Ltd.
Air Liquide advanced Technologies Cryomagnetics, Inc.
Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Quantum Design, Inc.
American Magnetics, Inc. Cryomech, Inc.
Ratermann Cryogenics
Kelvin International Corporation
Amuneal Manufacturing Corp. Cryonova, LLC
Ratermann Manufacturing, Inc.
Kelvin Technology, Inc.
Argonne National Laboratory Cryotherm GmbH & Co. KG Redstone Aerospace
KEYCOM Corporation
Barber-Nichols Inc. CryoVac GmbH RegO Products
L-3 Cincinnati Electronics
BellowsTech, LLC CryoWorks, Inc. RUAG Space GmbH
Braemar Engineering Cryoworld BV Lake Shore Cryotronics, Inc.

Scientific Instruments, Inc.
Brooks Automation, Inc., Vacuum Demaco Holland BV Linde Cryogenics, Division of Linde SGD Inc.
Products Division Engineering
Engineer
rin
ingg No
North
h America Inc.
DH Industries BV Shell-N-Tube
S ll-N-Tube P
She Pvt.
vt. Ltd.
CAD Cut, Inc. Materials
Lydalll Performance Materi
ials
ls
DH Industries India Pvt. Ltd. shirokuma
shirok
kuma GmbH
ma Gm
G bH
Company
CCH Equipment Com
mpany Magnatrol
Magn
nat
atro Corporation
rol Valve Co
C rporat
atio
ionn
DH Industries USA, Inc. Sierra Lobo, Inc..
Chart Inc.
Magnus
Magn Precision
nus Precision Manufacturing, Inc.
re Spaulding
Spauld
Spa uldiing Composites Inc.
CryoSystems,
DMP Cryo
y Systems,, Inc.
Circor CryogenicsCPC Cryolab
Eden Cryogenics Marathon Products, Inc. SPS Cryogenics BV
Clark Industries, Inc.
Corporation
EPSIM Corporatio
ionn Master Bond STAR Cryoelectronics
Coax Co., Ltd.
Industries Sthr Armaturen GmbH & Co. KG
Essex Indust
tries Meyer
Meye Tool
yerr Tool & Mfg., Inc.
Composite Technology
Sumitomo (SHI) Cryogenics of
Development, Inc. Technifab
Exactifab, Division of Techn
ec hnififab
ab MMR
M Technologies,
MR Technol i IInc.
h logies, nc. America, Inc.
Products, Inc.
Cool Pair Plus Molecular Products, Inc. Sunpower, Inc.
Fermi National Accelerator
Creare LLC Laboratory Technifab Products, Inc.
NASA Kennedy Cryogenics
Criotec Impianti srl Fin Tube Products, Inc. Test Laboratory
Temati
Cryo Industries of America Gardner Cryogenics National Cryogenics Corporation Tempshield Cryo-Protection
Cryo Technologies HPD National High Magnetic Field Thermal Space

Laboratory
Cryoco LLC High Tech Services Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator
National Superconducting Cyclotron Facility
Cryocomp Hypres Inc.
LaboratoryMSU TRIUMF
Cryoconnect, Div. of Tekdata Independence Cryogenic
Interconnections Ltd. Engineering, LLC Nexans Deutschland GmbH TS Italia SRL
Cryofab, Inc. Indium Corporation Niowave, Inc. Valcor Scientific
Cryogas Tech Sdn. Bhd. Indium Wire Extrusion Oak Ridge National Laboratory WEKA AG
Inside This Issue
8 22 35 45
FEATURES 46 In Memoriam: Dr. Karl A. Gschneidner and
Dr. Helen Edwards
8 ICC19 Conference Recap
48 Conference Connect: ICHEP 2016 and Space
10 LOX System For Navy Cuts Cost, Increases Efficiency Tech Expo 2016
11 Large Pulse Tube Coolers Deliver 1,280 W at 77 K COLUMNS

12 Novel High Effectiveness Recuperator Developed 6 Executive Directors Letter
16 Cryostats for Space, Superconductivity and More 21 Defining Cryogenics
17 Solving Wiring Issues in a Closed Cycle Optical Cryostat 22 Space Cryogenics
18 New Cryostat Design Volume 24 Cryo-Oops
26 Short History of Heat Measurement in Cryogenics SPOTLIGHTS

28 Cryogenic Coatings for Deep Space
30 Meyer Tool 3-Stage Hydrogen Heat Exchanger
36 Annular Air Leaks in an LH Storage Tank
2
32 Braemar Creates a Niche in the LNG Market

38 LIGO Collaboration Prepares Cryogenic Update
34 The Scoop on LN2 Ice Cream Installations
40 Predicting Language Deficits after Stroke
35 Cool Pair Plus Offers Life Support to Aging MRIs
41 Oh, Canada! Tips on CRN and International Code
42 Low-Defect Nitrogen-Doped Graphene 50 PRODUCT SHOWCASE
45 SCW Student Scholarship Established 52 PEOPLE & COMPANIES
ON OUR COVER 53 CALENDAR
The Cryostat-500 instrument shown here is

undergoing tests at the Cryogenics Test Labo-
DID YOU KNOW?
ratory at NASA Kennedy Space Center. CSA Publication of the 2017 Buyers Guide is just around the
President James Fesmire is the senior prin- corner, so now is the time to review your companys listing
ciple investigator there, and in this issue he at https://csabg.org/. Please contact Jo Snyder (jo@cryogenicso-
begins a four-part series on boiloff calorimetry ciety.org) by Oct. 28 with any updates you would like to make.
for the measurement of very low heat flows. The issue will feature editorial content on insulation, infor-
Part 1 begins on page 26 and provides a short mation on handling expansion and contraction and personal
history of heat measurement in cryogenics. accounts exploring relationships with mentors. Please contact
Brian Dudley (editor@cryogenicsociety.org) with any questions
In all instances, CSA CSM indicates a Corporate
Sustaining Member of CSA. or story ideas. Content is due by Oct. 28.
Cold Facts | August 2016 | Volume 32 Number 4 5 www.cryogenicsociety.org

From the Executive Director
Cold Facts Magazine
Executive Editor M a n y Visit www.spacecryogenicsworkshop.
LAURIE HUGET
thanks go org for details on this major CSA event.
Editor to Drs. Ray We will be offering sponsorship op-
BRIAN DUDLEY
Radebaugh portunities, advertising packages
Advertising Coordinator and Marcel and more.
KIM DURDEN
ter Brake for
Online Marketing Manager teaching the And theres more exciting news
JO SNYDER
very successful about SCW! Former CSA President
Graphic Designer Foundations of Cryocoolers course Lou Salerno, present board member
ISRAEL REZA
at the recent International Cryocoolers Dr. Sidney Yuan, and Mrs. Dorothea
CSA Board of Technical Directors Conference (ICC19) in San Diego. The Frederking, widow of our first CSA
Chairman class was well-attended and drew Fellow, Dr. Traugott Frederking,
JOHN WEISEND II many positive comments. have made donations to estab-
European Spallation Source (ERIC)
46 46-888 31 50 lish a memorial scholarship in Dr.
ICC19 was a resounding suc- Frederkings name for students who
President
JAMES FESMIRE, NASA Kennedy cess, bringing together persons from wish to attend SCW.
Cryogenics Test Laboratory | 321-867-7557
across the globe who are working in
Past President the many areas of cryocooler tech- This is so very fitting, as the late
AL ZELLER
FRIB, MSU | 517-908-7395 nology. Congratulations to Dr. Dean UCLA professor often paid person-
Johnson, conference chairman, co- ally for his students to attend SCW
President-Elect
MELORA LARSON, Jet Propulsion Laboratory chairmen Drs. Jose Rodriguez and and other important conferences.
818-354-8751 Sidney Yuan, program chair Dr. Donations are welcome and details
Treasurer Carl Kirkconnell, and deputy pro- about applications will be published
RICH DAUSMAN, Cryomech, Inc. gram chair Dr. Mark Zagarola, for in upcoming Newsflashes, online and
315-455-2555
making the conference both interest- in Cold Facts.
Secretary ing and enjoyable.
JONATHAN DEMKO
LeTourneau University Visit us at our table at the Applied
Its official! The 27th Space Superconductivity Conference (ASC),
Executive Director
LAURIE HUGET Cryogenics Workshop (SCW) will be coming up September 4-9 in Denver.
Huget Advertising, Inc. | 708-383-6220 x 302
held July 5-7, 2017, at the Hyatt Lodge CSA will be presenting our Roger W.
Registered Agent at McDonalds Campus, Oak Brook IL. Boom Award on Monday, September 5.
WERNER K. HUGET, Huget Advertising, Inc.
We promise you a very special work-
Technical Directors shop, set in a state-of-the-art confer- Our board will meet at 11:45 on
ence center surrounded by the beauty Tuesday, September 6. Well be certi-
KATHLEEN AMM, GE Global Research
of nature. fying the results of the election being
PETER BRADLEY, NIST, Boulder conducted in August. Members in good
LANCE COOLEY, Fermi National Accelerator The venue is a short distance standing are voting for President-elect
Laboratory from either OHare or Midway and four new Directors. We look for-
EILEEN CUNNINGHAM, Meyer Tool & Mfg. airports and other attractions ward to meeting and greeting many
in DuPage County, just west of of you at this major superconductivity
VINCENT GRILLO, Cryofab, Inc.
Chicago. Co-chairs are Drs. Ali event!
TERRY GRIMM, Niowave, Inc. Hedayat of Marshall Space Flight
PETER SHIRRON, NASA Goddard Center and Franklin Miller of the
Space Flight Center University of Wisconsin-Madison.
WILLIAM SOYARS, Fermi National
Accelerator Laboratory
SIDNEY YUAN, The Aerospace Corp.

Cold Facts (ISSN 1085-5262) is published six times per year by the
Cryogenic Society of America, Inc.
Contents 2016 Cryogenic Society of America, Inc.
Editorial Board
Randall Barron, Glen McIntosh, McIntosh Cryogenics
Although CSA makes reasonable efforts to keep the ret. Louisiana Tech University John Pfotenhauer, University of
information contained in this magazine accurate, the
information is not guaranteed and no responsibility is
Jack Bonn, VJ Systems, LLC Wisconsin-Madison
assumed for errors or omissions. CSA does not warrant Robert Fagaly, Leidos Ray Radebaugh, ret. NIST Boulder
the accuracy, completeness, timeliness or merchantabil- Brian Hands, ret. Oxford University Ralph Scurlock, Kryos Associates,
ity or fitness for a particular purpose of the information
contained herein, nor does CSA in any way endorse the Peter Kittel, ret. NASA Ames ret. University of Southampton
individuals and companies described in the magazine or Peter Mason, ret. Jet Propulsion Lab Nils Tellier, EPSIM Corporation
the products and services they may provide.

th
1 2
1)Wing Sze Lui (JPL), Dean Johnson (JPL), Denise Gutierrez (JPL), Nga Vu-Lintag (JPL), Yvonne Chen (JPL), Jose Rodriguez (JPL) and Sidney Yuan (Aerospace
Corporation) pose outside the conference center. 2)Ted Conrad (Raytheon), Mary Bradley, Peter Bradley (NIST), Alex Veprik (SCD) and Valery Borsenets (SLAC
National Laboratory) take a break while exploring the San Diego Natural History Museum.
A
group of 180 researchers and en- the Faculty of Science and Technology, Radebaugh says teaching the course
gineers from 12 countries gath- University of Twente, the Netherlands. has been rewarding for him, especially
ered in San Diego June 20-23 when he is able to watch individuals new
for the 19th International Cryocooler Reggie Little, from Iris Technology, to the field develop into top researchers. I
Conference (ICC19), coordinated by the was one of the course attendees. Like many see people come to the class that are maybe
NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) in the cryogenics community he got in- just starting in the field and then a few years
and held at the Town and Country Resort volved in the industry because there was later at the cryocooler conference they are
and Convention Center. an on-the-job need. But I didnt know any- presenting papers with some new ideas, he
thing about what a cryocooler was, how it says. Im learning from them in the pro-
The conference included a combina- works or the different types, and so thats cessso, its very rewarding to me.
tion of 80 oral and poster presentations why I attended the short course, he says.
over the course of three days. Presentation And now, after eight hours, I pretty much Through the 20 years that he has
topics included cryocooler modeling and have the background and understanding taught the course, Radebaugh says the big-
analysis, cryocooler control electronics, of whats going on. Now it all makes sense gest changes hes seen have been in space
large-scale cryocooler applications as well [and] Im a happy person. Its just a good applications, and indeed, the aerospace
as cryocooler miniaturization, laboratory program to get into, a really good course. community has traditionally organized
and aerospace applications. the conference. This years conference in-
Kelsey McCusker, a thermal engineer at cluded a strong focus on space cryocoolers,
On June 19, CSA hosted Foundations Northrop Grumman and one of CSAs 2016 detailed by Peter Shirron in his column of
of Cryocoolers, its daylong short course Young Faces in Cryogenics, agrees. Theres page 22 of this issue. The column includes
designed to provide attendees with an un- a lot of trial and error [in research fields] so a performance summary for long-life cryo-
derstanding of cryocooler fundamentals its really nice to be able to come in here and coolers provided by JPLs Ron Ross.
and a description of how these principles get a lot of really condensed, useful infor-
are used in various types of gas-cycle mation to eliminate a lot of the mistakes we Weve got two or three coolers in orbit
cryocoolers to achieve temperatures from could have potentially made in the future, running 24/7 for 18 years, Ross says. And
about 2 K to 150 K. Dr. Ray Radebaugh, she says. And, I like that [Ray] attaches a there are over 30 coolers up there now with
consultant to the Applied Chemicals and lot of it to the theory because then Im able over 10 years of continuous operation.
Materials Division at NIST Boulder and to really look at all the different cryocool-
a world-renowned expert in the field of ers and understand why one is better at a Ross attended his first conference in 1988,
cryogenics, taught the course together certain temperature or why another is better chaired in 1994 and has worked extensively
with Prof. Marcel ter Brake, a noted with a certain cooling capacity. And I think over the years to help distribute the papers
leader in the cryogenics field who is on breaking it down like this is really useful. presented at the conference. For some time

4
3 5
6 7 8
3)Guests line the entry stairs at Quantum Design before taking a tour of its new facility. 4)Attendees take notes during the Foundations of Cryocoolers short course
presented by 5)Dr. Ray Radebaugh (left) and Marcel ter Brake. 6)Local flora on the nature trails of Balboa Park. 7)Musicians welcome visitors to the Fiesta de Reyes
market. 8) Garden adjacent to the Estudilllo House, a national historic landmark in San Diego's Old Town.
the conference worked with various publish- The volume will include a paper from The Del Lago Trio (a cello, flute and wood-
ing houses, but in 2006 Ross helped start ICC Alan Caughley, technology group manager wind ensemble) provided relaxing back-
Press, an in-house publishing company that at Callaghan Innovation, whose presentation ground music for the evening.
now provides the papers in open access. on a new range of large pulse tube cryocoolers
(see page 11) opened the conference. I had After the conference concluded, a group
Ross says the open access is terribly im- one person collar me almost immediately af- of 50 interested attendees enjoyed a private
portant for the community. The whole rate terwards, he says. And quite a few people tour of the world headquarters of Quantum
at which cryocoolers are advancing is very de- have come up to talk about it. Its been good. Design, Inc. (CSA CSM), a manufacturer of
pendent on how quickly you can get the word Well worthwhile. A lot of people are inter- cryogen-free measurement systems.
out, he says. Im still embarrassed with our ested in the machine itself and the utility of
situation to some extent with the period we the machineIts not one of the old things ICC19 was chaired by JPLs Dean Johnson
were with the New York publishing houses being refined more; this is something new. and co-chaired by Jose Rodriguez and Sidney
because all of those papers are there but Yuan of JPL and Aerospace Corporation re-
they charge you $30 apiece to look at them. He says that coming to ICC is essential spectively. Carl Kirkconnell from West Coast
It totally inhibits people being able to browse for companies such as Callaghan that oper- Solutions and Mark Zagarola of Creare LLC
through the library of the old papers and pick ate in the more remote areas of the world. (CSA CSM) served as program chairs.
up the technology. We dont have that community in New
Zealand, so Ive got to come and talk to all Zagarolas team presented a recu-
The conference provided attendees the people here. perator at ICC19, discussed on page 12,
this year with digital copies of the peer- and the company will host ICC20 in 2018.
reviewed papers. They will also be avail- One thing New Zealand does have, Creare is extremely excited and honored
able on the ICC website and published in however, is a large community of whales. to host the 20th International Cryocooler
Cryocoolers 19, a hard bound proceedings And attendees learned all about them from Conference, says Zagarola. We look
book distributed to conference attendees via a special whale exhibit during the confer- forward to welcoming the community to
mail later this year and thereafter available ence banquet held Wednesday evening at picturesque and historic New England in
to order from Amazon.com in early 2017. the San Diego Natural History Museum. June of 2018.

LOX System for Navy Cuts Cost, Increases Efficiency
Huntington Ingalls is set to deliver
the USS Gerald R. Ford (CVN-78) to the
US Navy in September, the first of three
announced Ford Class aircraft carriers
designed to replace the aging Nimitz
Class vessels first commissioned in the
1970s.
Onboard the carrier is an advanced

liquid oxygen (LOX) plant developed by
RIX Industries in partnership with Chart
Inc. (CSA CSM). It features energy-efficient
Thermoacoustic Stirling Technology
(TST) by Chart and new militarized
VPSA separators by RIX. The plant LOX plant aboard the USS Gerald R. Ford. Image: RIX Industries
promises benefits in safety, perfor-
mance and reliability, according to Terry Chart Qdrives Acoustic-Stirling in uninterrupted supply. The system also
Allvord (USN retired), director of busi- Liquefier (model 2s362K), for example, is requires no system thaw or heater, uses
ness development at RIX. included in the plant and helps decrease less power and requires minimal manipu-
ownership costs by reducing operational lation by its operator.
The system operates at 50 psig manpower and virtually eliminating
pressure, liquefies at approximately maintenance. It is powered by a single Ive not experienced a better ex-
105 K and produces LOX for both med- 20kW pressure wave generator, produces ample of teamwork, says Jerry Stultz,
ical and pilot use aboard the carrier. LOX 20 minutes from start-up and oper- director of DOD/Navy Programs at RIX
For medical applications the liquid is ates unattended. Industries. We dramatically reduced the
boiled into a gas onboard the carrier, size and weight of the plant while sat-
while for flight use pilots first bring We are honored to be selected for isfying the ships production and crew
the liquid aboard planes in small con- such a critical application, says Gordon member reduction requirements. Its truly
tainers where it is then converted to Reid, Qdrives sales manager. The com- satisfying to continue our role as part of
gas prior to consumption. pact, reliable designs of our liquefiers building such a bright future for the US
make them ideal for demanding ship- Navys aircraft carrier fleet.
The LOX plant was designed with board applications where long life, low
objectives stipulated by the Navy and vibration and maintenance free operation The RIX Industries/Chart LOX plant
Northrop Grumman to achieve major is essential. is scheduled to be included on the USS
reductions in life cycle cost through the John F. Kennedy (CVN-79) and the re-
application of more highly integrated, The new LOX plant provides a 50 cently announced USS Enterprise (CVN-
autonomous systems that enable a large- percent reduction in size and weight and 80), vessels expected to be commissioned
scale reduction in crew members. is impervious to rolls and lists, resulting in 2023 and 2027 respectively.

Large Pulse Tube Coolers Deliver 1,280 W at 77 K
by Alan Caughley, Callaghan Innovation, Alan.Caughley@callaghaninnovation.govt.nz
Callaghan Innovation and Fabrum

Solutions, in collaboration with Absolut
System, have produced a range of large
pulse tube cryocoolers based on Callaghan
Innovations metal diaphragm pressure
wave generator technology (DPWG). The
metal diaphragms in a DPWG separate
the clean cryocooler working gas from the
oil-lubricated reciprocating mechanism.
These industrially robust cryocoolers

are suited to cooling High Temperature
Superconductor (HTS) applications such
as transformers, power cables and fault
current limiters, or for on-site production
of industrial liquid nitrogen.
The largest cryocooler, the PTC1000,

consists of three in-line pulse tubes
working in parallel sharing a 1,000 cc
swept volume DPWG. A test unit demon-
strated 1,280 W of refrigeration at 77 K
from 24 kW of input powerduring an
11-month test run at a liquid nitrogen
liquefaction plant.
The gas company provided an indus-

trial environment, real duty cycles and
a commercially viable use for the liquid
nitrogen produced. Its location was close
to the development team, providing
enough proximity to aid monitoring but
also enough separation to ensure that op- The PTC1000 liquefier in commercial operation. Image: Callaghan Innovation and Fabrum Solutions
eration of the liquefier was conducted by
the gas company and therefore provided by the cooling systems circulation The next step is to continue running
a real-environment test. pump and radiator fans the energy cost the PTC1000 liquefier alongside the liq-
for the nitrogen liquefied was 2.5 kWh/ uefier featuring the PTC330. The reduced
The test began in July 2015, accumulat- liter. Engineers replaced the alpha-pro- cost of liquid nitrogen production, made
ing 3,338 hours of run time with a duty cycle totype DPWG with a production DPWG possible by the pulse-tube-based lique-
of 42 percent and 67 stop-start cycles. Over in June 2016. fiers, has allowed the gas company used
30,000 liters of liquid nitrogen were pro- by Callaghan Innovation and Fabrum
duced for sale. The pulse tubes produced Development of the pulse tube has Solutions for endurance tests to secure
consistent performance, liquefying at a rate continued with the PTC330, a single in- more customers and to meet increased
of approximately 11 l/hr. The radiator- line pulse tube direct mounted to a 330 cc demand for liquid nitrogen.
based cooling system proved itself over a DPWG. The pulse tubes on the large cryo-
wide temperature range through a sum- cooler each produced 450 W of refrigeration The two liquefiers will be joined by
mer and winter in an uninsulated factory at 77 K. Further optimization of the PTC330 three more in the coming months, making
building. has increased the cooling power to 500 W at a total of five units producing commercial
77 K, with no change in input power. The liquid nitrogen. A paper presenting the
The DPWG motor power input was PTC330 has been incorporated into a liq- experiences of running these tests was pre-
steady at 24 kW and when combined uefier and has been producing 4.7 l/hr of sented at ICC19 and is available online
with the 2.5 kW of electricity consumed liquid nitrogen. here: http://2csa.us/g9.

Novel High Effectiveness Recuperator Developed
for High Capacity Turbo-Brayton Cryocoolers
by Dr. D. Deserranno, dxd@creare.com; Dr. M. Zagarola, mvz@creare.com; Dr. D. Craig, david.craig@mezzotech.com; Dr. R. Garehan, russell.garehan@mezzotech.com;
Dr. T. Giglio, tony.giglio@mezzotech.com; Dr. J. Smith, smith@mezzotech.com; Dr. J. Sanders, jksanders@edareinc.com; Dr. M. Day, mpday@edareinc.com
To support future space missions, Three-Stage Centrifugal Five-Module

NASA is evaluating the long-term, zero Compressor Assembly Recuperator
boiloff storage of liquid hydrogen and
liquid oxygen in low-earth orbit. NASA
researchers have investigated a co-storage
concept [1] where the liquid oxygen tank
intercepts a large fraction of the heat load
for the hydrogen tank.
The resulting radiative heat flux to

the hydrogen tank is thereby reduced to
the order of 0.02 W/m2. For a liquid hy-
drogen storage tank with a capacity of 38
metric tons, the net heat load is estimated
to be 20 W at 20 K and must be lifted using
an active refrigerator to prevent boiloff.
This heat load, however, exceeds the
capacity for any space borne cryocooler
demonstrated to date.
Under NASA funding, Creare (CSA

CSM) is addressing the challenge by de- 20 K Turboalternator
veloping a turbo-Brayton cryocooler that
provides 20 W of refrigeration at 20 K [2]. Figure 1. Creares 20 K, 20 W cryocooler for liquid hydrogen storage. Image: Creare LLC
Turbo-Brayton cryocoolers are ideal for

this application because of favorable mass Outer Shell
Shell Flow
and performance scaling to high capacity
and low temperatures. The cryocooler de-
sign shown in Figure 1 delivers the required
Tube Flow
cooling capacity and temperature for an
input power around 1.6 kW, corresponding
to a specific power of 80 W/W. The coef-
ficient of performance for this machine is
18 percent of the Carnot cycle, significantly
better than any 20 K cryocooler existing [3]
or currently under development. Tube Sheet Micro-Tubes Mid Plates Inner Shell
The key mechanical components of the

cryocooler are the compressors, turboalter-
nators and recuperators. The compressors
and turboalternators have been previously Figure 2. High capacity recuperator schematic. Image: Creare LLC
demonstrated at the needed capacity and
only minor modifications were required for compared to existing space qualified designs. Micro Shell-and-Tube Design
the 20 K, 20 W cryocooler design. The design, fabrication and testing of a new
type of high capacity recuperator by the team Creare chose a micro shell-and-tube
For the recuperator, however, an order of of Creare LLC, Mezzo Technologies and heat exchanger design for the 20 K, 20 W
magnitude increase in capacity was required, Edare Inc. is described in this article. recuperator. The use of micro-tubes enabled

pressure analysis and random vibration
analysis.
Recuperator Fabrication and

Testing
six-inch ruler The key step in fabrication of the

heat exchanger is the joining of the
Figure 3. Completed recuperator module following proof-pressure testing. Image: Creare LLC micro-tubes to the tubesheets, as even
a small cross-stream leak can cause
significant performance degradation.
To meet the thermal performance re-
quirements, a 99.8 percent weld joint
reliability was required. The engineers
used laser welding because of the abil-
Recuperator Ineffectiveness
ity to repair joints.
Off-axis cameras were used to en-

able real-time pre- and post-inspec-
tion of critical weld joint features. A
bubble-point leak check was used to
identify non-hermetic joints, which
were then repaired. After welding the
headers to the recuperator core, engi-
neers proof-pressure-tested the unit.
The completed recuperator module
is shown in Figure 3. The unit passed
a variety of workmanship screening
tests, including external leak check,
cross-stream leak check and pressure
versus flow tests.
Recuperator Mass Flow Rate (gm/s)
Engineers then tested the recu-
Figure 4. Thermal ineffectiveness of the recuperators throughout the development process. Image: Creare LLC perator under cryogenic conditions to
evaluate its thermal ineffectiveness.
a significant mass savings compared to the Computational fluid dynamics The module was tested over a larger
conventional shell-and-tube heat exchang- analysis was used to assess the effect end-to-end temperature difference
ers commonly used in industry. The pri- of various design features on the heat than in normal operation to artifi-
mary technical challenge is to fabricate the exchanger performance. The nominal cially increase the stream-to-stream
micro-tube recuperator with 100 percent operating conditions for the recupera- temperature difference, minimize
hermetic joints between the high and low tor are 3.6 gm/s of helium; tube-side measurement uncertainty and ensure
pressure streams. inlet pressure of 7.9 atm and inlet tem- a more reliable characterization of
perature of 300 K; and shell-side inlet recuperator performance. The recu-
Recuperator Design and Analysis pressure of 5.6 atm and inlet tempera- perators warm end was held at room
ture of 20 K. temperature and the cold end was
The recuperator design included operated between 20 K and 50 K. It
more than 6,600 micro-tubes with an outer The predicted recuperator loss, de- was covered in multilayer insulation
diameter of 0.022 inch, each with a length fined as the cold-end stream-to-stream to reduce parasitic losses.
of over 150 inches. For ease of fabrication, enthalpy difference multiplied by the
the recuperator was divided into five recuperator mass flow rate, is 17.7 W, A total of 19 steady-state test points
modules roughly 40 inches in length, in- including parasitics. The team con- were collected for a nominal warm tem-
cluding headers (the heat transfer zone for ducted structural analyses to ensure perature of 295 K and a cold temperature
each module is 30 inches long). As shown the design meets the requirements range of 20 K to 50 K. The heat transfer
in Figure 2, the cross-section of the core is of NASAs General Environmental between the two streams varied between
annular in shape with an inner diameter Verification Standard (GEVS). These 4.2 kW and 6.2 kW, depending on the
of 2 inches and outer diameter of 4 inches. c a l c u l a t i o n s included hydrostatic test conditions. X continued on page 15

Novel High Effectiveness Recuperator...
Continued from page 13
The thermal ineffectiveness results are shown in Figure

4 (page 13) as a function of mass flow rate. The test results
for several design iterations are plotted. With each itera-
tion, significant reductions in thermal ineffectiveness were
demonstrated. Ultimately, the first production unit achieved
the single module target ineffectiveness of 1.2 percent at the
design flow rate of 3.6 gm/s.
In addition to thermal performance, an earlier version of the

recuperator module was subjected to, and passed, space launch
vibration testing.
Conclusions and Future Work
Creare, in collaboration with Mezzo Technologies and Edare

Inc., has successfully designed and demonstrated a lightweight,
high-capacity, high-effectiveness recuperator suitable for use in
space missions. The five-module recuperator has a predicted ef-
fectiveness exceeding 0.995, enabling a 20 K cryocooler to deliver
20 W of refrigeration for an input of over 1.6 kW.
Future work includes the fabrication of the remaining re-

cuperator modules, the integration of these modules into the
cryocooler and cryocooler system testing. Additional techni-
cal details related to the recuperator development work are
available in [4].
Acknowledgment
Creare gratefully acknowledges NASA for their support of this

work (Contracts NNX13CL57P and NNC14CA15C).
A paper further detailing this recuperator was presented at

ICC19 and is available online at http://2csa.us/g9.
References
1. Mustafi, S., Canavan, E.R., and Boyle, R., Co-Storage of
Cryogenic Propellants for Lunar Exploration, AIAA 2008-7800,
AIAA SPACE 2008 Conf & Expo, San Diego, CA (2008).
2. Deserranno, D., Zagarola, M.V., Li, X. and Mustafi, S.,

Optimization of a Brayton Cryocooler for ZBO Liquid Hydrogen
Storage in Space, Cryogenics, vol. 64, (2014), pp. 172181.
3. Chaa, J.S. and Yuan, S.W., Aerospace Report TOR-2013(3905)-4

(2013).
4. D. Deserranno, M. Zagarola, D. Craig, R. Garehan, T. Giglio,

J. Smith, J. Sanders, and M. Day, Performance Testing of a High
Effectiveness Recuperator for High Capacity Turbo-Brayton
Cryocoolers, ICC 19 International Cryocooler Conference, San
Diego, CA (2016).

Cryostats for Space, Superconductivity and More
by Shankar Ghosh, director, Shell-N-Tube Pvt. Ltd. (India), shankar.ghosh@shell-n-tube.com
Demand for large capacity cryostats in

India originates principally from the space
program, research activities in high tempera-
ture superconductivity and metallurgical
applications for surface treatment. The space
program uses cryostats at both liquid nitro-
gen as well as liquid hydrogen temperatures,
whereas high temperature superconductiv-
ity research and metallurgical applications
utilize cryostats operating at liquid nitrogen
temperatures.
The demand for large capacity cryostats

encouraged Shell-N-Tube Pvt. Ltd. (CSA
CSM) to custom design cryostats to suit these
applications. The cryostats developed so far Trial for 3 Phase Superconducting Fault Current Limiter. Image: Shell -N-Tube
include three 3,000 liter capacity liquid ni-
trogen cryostats for high temperature super- were then incorporated into the design, re- also provided to help quickly remove and
conducting fault current limiters, a 3,000 liter sulting in successful operation. introduce multiple test samples.
capacity liquid hydrogen cryostat for devel-
opment of flight model discreet level sensor Three 3,000 liter capacity liquid nitrogen A very large capacity cryostat was also
arrays, a 3000 liter liquid nitrogen cryostat for cryostats were designed and manufactured to designed and manufactured for a steel roll-
testing ultra high pressure helium gas storage accommodate three high temperature super- ing mill to simultaneously cool four 2,000
bottles used for cryogenic stages of satellite conducting fault current limiting coils. Since kilo steel rolls. It is a rectangular 35,000 liter
launch vehicles and a 35,000 liter rectangular these superconducting fault current limiters cryostat with internal dimension of 7m x 2m x
liquid nitrogen cryostat for metal treatment. are expected to run in an unattended remote 2.5m. The cryostat has built-in internal liquid
location, an automated PLC based liquid fill nitrogen spray headers that quickly and uni-
The 3,000 liter liquid hydrogen cryostat and level control system was integrated into formly cool the steel rolls to about 60C to im-
was designed to meet the specific need of cali- the fault current limiter. prove the surface properties of the steel roll.
brating discreet level sensor arrays suitable Since this was formed as part of a continuous
for liquid hydrogen service. A discreet level When required, the units differential production process, a microcontroller-based
sensor array consists of multiple capacitance pressure level sensors generate a feedback LN2 flow control and a temperature monitor-
sensors, the capacitance of which changes signal for the liquid nitrogen level in indi- ing system were integrated into the cryostat.
abruptly due to the change of fluid phase vidual cryostats, causing the PLC to com-
when the liquid level crosses that sensor. It mand LN2 fill from a bulk liquid nitrogen Additional safety interlocks in the form
is used to monitor rapid change in cryo fluid tank through a set of solenoid operated of oxygen concentration in ambient air were
level in the propellant tank of the cryogenic valves. The main manufacturing challenge included because of the large volume of ni-
stage of rockets or in the run tank of a cryo- in this system was keeping system cleanli- trogen being handled in the cryostat. An
genic test facility. This cryostat was supplied ness to a high level as the fault current limit- automated purging system with air blower
to Indian Space for the GSLV-MK III program. ers were tested discreetly at 40kV and 130A in was also incorporated to make the unit safe
Shell-N-Tube's facility before delivery to the for regular operation. The system has been
Special care was taken during manu- customer. The system is expected to be opera- operational for the last five years without
facture to prevent deformation of the ves- tional this year at a remote rural location. any design or operating problem.
sels large body flange. The flange allowed
for removal of the vacuum jacketed top lid A 3,000 liter liquid nitrogen cryostat for The main challenge in making such a
so that the discreet level sensor arrays could Indian Space was designed to cater to a specific large double-walled cryostat was making the
be introduced and taken out vertically dur- need of testing the onboard helium gas stor- outer vessel compatible for external pressure
ing the calibration process. Eliminating the age bottle to a pressure of 400 bar at 78 K. The when the annular cavity is evacuated. This
leakage of hydrogen gas through the body unit had a special design requirement, a rein- problem was solved by providing a counter-
flange was a challenging problem. Metallic forced multilayer insulated top lid to support pressure neutral support system in the an-
seals were tried but were found unsatisfac- the weight of the suspended helium gas stor- nulus to take care of ambient thrust load.
tory. Viton o-rings, in multiple grooves, age bottle during testing. Body flanges were www.shell-n-tube.com

Solving Wiring Issues in
a Closed Cycle Optical
Cryostat
by Madison Cebuhar, Director of Marketing, info@montanainstruments.com;
Matt Rounds, Cryogenics Engineer, info@montanainstruments.com
Many cryogenic
experiments rely on
electrical connections
from the lab envi-
ronment to a sample
inside a low tempera-
ture cryostat. Any wir-
ing used in the setup
provides a path for
heat from the outside
world to the sample,
so it is important to
consider a number of
heat flow factors to
minimize the effects
of wiring on the base
temperature. While
thin, long wires mini-
Fusion F2 cryostat. Image: Montana Instruments
mize heat load, these
can be difficult to manage and tend to break easily. Proper thermal
lagging is also essential to pulling energy out of the wire before it
reaches the sample, but this is often tedious and can hinder electrical
and thermal performance if not done correctly.
Montana Instruments has worked to solve many of these com-

mon frustrations related to the sensitivity of wiring on cryogenic per-
formance with its newest closed cycle optical cryostat, the Fusion.
Quick-click MDR26 side connectors on the outside of the Fusion
chamber connect to the sample platform via flexible circuits that
simplify wire management and prevent interference. The 25 elec-
trical feedthroughs are routed to a pre-lagged modular cold circuit
board inside the sample space, allowing users to plug directly into
the header pins from inside the chamber without the use of thermal
clamps. Portions of the modular circuit board can also be replaced
with standard feedthroughs to any of the four available base side
panels, such as RF coax, fiber optics or gas inputs.
The Fusion is based on the proprietary thermal design

and patented vibration isolation technology of the original
Cryostation, offering superior sample and optical access, ease-of-
use and fully automated control in a closed cycle system. Montana
Instruments' systems can be customized to meet the unique
needs of various experimental setups with an array of available
options and configurations. The platforms are designed with a
unique tabletop architecture for ultimate end-user functionality.
www.montanainstruments.com.

New Cryostat Design Volume
Excerpted from the preface Cryostat Design: Case Studies, Principles and Engineering
Cryostats are technical systems that required in these cases, low heat leak, reliabil-
maintain equipment or cryogenic liquids at ity and cost are key requirements. Chapter 4
cryogenic temperatures. As such, they are describes a one-of-a-kind spaceborne dewar
one of the fundamental building blocks of system whose requirements are very different
cryogenic systems. Examples of cryostats than those of accelerator cryostats.
include: the magnet cryostats that comprise
the majority of the Large Hadron Collider Chapters 5 and 6 describe cryomodules
(LHC) at CERN, spaceborne cryostats con- that contain superconducting RF cavities
taining sensors operating below 1 K, MRI in particle accelerators. As readers will dis-
cryostats found in most large hospitals and cover, there are two broad families of these
large cryogenic liquid storage vessels. cryomodules (segmented and continuous),
with different design drivers and approaches.
Cryostats that contain superconducting Taken together these chapters describe a total
radio frequency cavities are frequently referred of six different cryomodules and provide an
to as cryomodules, while cryostats whose prin- overview of the evolution of cryomodule de-
ciple function is to store cryogenic fluids are also sign from the 1980s to the 2010s.
referred to as dewars. Cryomodules and dewars
are also covered in this work. Chapter 7 presents special topics in cryo-
stat design, many of particular importance
The proper design of cryostats requires for the MRI magnet cryostats that provide the
knowledge of many disciplines including: examples, but which are broadly valuable for
cryogenic properties of materials, heat all cryostats. A cryostat design for very low
transfer and thermal insulation, instrumen- It begins with an introduction to the (50 mK) temperatures is described in Chapter
tation, safety, structures and seals. One of principles of cryostat design, including 8. In addition to the lower temperatures, this
the best ways to learn about cryostat design practical data and equations. A series of cryostat has unique material requirements
is to study the design choices and resulting case studies on existing cryostats follows, due to the need to keep the radioactive back-
performance of previous designs. presenting the design choices behind vari- ground of the associated experiment as low
ous cryostats and the resulting performance as possible.
This book provides such a review. It is of each. The cryostat examples used were
edited by John Weisend II, a senior scientist chosen to cover the wide range of cryostat Transfer lines connect cryostats and
and group leader at European Spallation applications and the authors of each case are a type of cryostat themselves. Transfer
Source ERIC and CSA chairman, and in- are leading experts in the field, all of whom line features, an overview of major transfer
cludes contributions from Weisends col- participated in the design of the cryostats line systems and a detailed case study of
leagues and researchers from CERN, Fermi being described. a transfer line are found in Chapter 9. The
National Accelerator Laboratory (CSA final chapter provides a summary by listing
CSM), NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Chapters 2 and 3 are case studies involving guidelines for successful cryostat design,
GE Global Research and Thomas Jefferson superconducting magnets for large particle ac- while extensive references throughout pro-
National Accelerator Facility (CSA CSM). celerators. Due to the large numbers of magnets vide sources of further information.
List of Contributors:
Edward F. Daly, Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory Joseph Preble,
Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility tnicol@fnal.gov Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility
edaly@jlab.org preble@jlab.org
Thomas J. Peterson,
Michael DiPirro, Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory Richard L. Schmitt,
NASA Goddard Space Flight Center tommy@fnal.gov Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory
mike.dipirro@nasa.gov rlschmitt@fnal.gov
Jaroslaw Fydrych, Hardcover $129.00 Wolfgang Stautner,

European Spallation Source ERIC ISBN 978-3-319-31148-7 GE Global Research
Jaroslaw.Fydrych@esss.se stautner@research.ge.com
ebook $99.00
Philippe Lebrun, ISBN 978-3-319-31150-0 J. G. Weisend II,
CERN European Spallation Source ERIC
20% Discount Code: csa2016 john.weisend@esss.se
Philippe.Lebrun@cern.ch
Thomas H. Nicol, http://2csa.us/g4

Defining Cryogenics
by Dr. John Weisend II, European Spallation Source ERIC, CSA chairman, john.weisend@esss.se
Two-Phase Flows
T wo-phase flows are those flows incorrectly designed systems may trap the projects. One outcome of this research was
in which there is a mixture of vapor phase against surfaces resulting in the determination of an upper limit for the
two physical states (solid, liq- inadequate cooling and many flow com- velocity of the vapor phase that should
uid or vapor). In cryogenic applications, ponents such as pumps, flow meters and not be exceeded if one wanted to remain
such flows are almost always a mixture turboexpanders may not function prop- in the desirable stratified flow regime.
of a cryogenic liquid along with its cor- erly in two-phase flows.
responding vapor. A mixture of liquid he- An introduction to two-phase flow may
lium and helium vapor would be a typical In addition, in cases where the flow be found in Cryogenic Two-Phase Flow,
example. is on an incline (a common occurrence in N.N. Filina and J.G. Weisend II, Cambridge
particle accelerator tunnels), all the liquid University Press (1996).
While the complexity and potential may flow to the downhill side. This may
issues of two-phase flows are such that necessitate the use of weirs or shorter flow An example of the use of two-phase
they are frequently avoided in cryogenic paths to maintain the desired liquid-vapor flows to cool large magnets via a ther-
designs (see Defining Cryogenics in Cold ratio. mosyphon is given in The Cryogenic
Facts, Vol 32 No 3), there are cases where System for the Superconducting Solenoid
two-phase flows are either desirable or Due to these issues and complexi- Magnet of the CMS Experiment, D.
unavoidable. Two-phase flows are found ties, detailed modelling and sometimes Delikaris et al., Proceedings of Fifteenth
in many areas of cryogenics including experimentation is required whenever International Conference on Magnetic
LNG, large-scale helium systems and two-phase flows are used in cryogenic Technology (1997).
space cryogenics. systems, to ensure proper performance.
Care must also be taken that a nominally Other examples of two-phase cooling
A principal advantage of two-phase single-phase (say pure liquid) flow in a are Forced Two-phase Helium Cooling
flows is that they can provide isother- system does not suddenly become two- Scheme for the Mu2e Transport Solenoid,
mal heat sinks. Due to the latent heat of phase due to heat inputs or pressure G. Tatkowski et al., Adv.Cryo.Engr.-
boiling, heat added to the liquid part of drops resulting in unexpected problems. IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and
a two-phase flow will convert liquid to Engineering 101 (2015) and Superfluid
vapor in the two-phase flow but will not One way to characterize two-phase Helium Cryogenics for the Large Hadron
increase the mixtures temperature. This flows is by their flow regimes, which de- Collider Project at CERN, P. Lebrun,
feature is used in the cooling schemes of scribe the arrangement and relative frac- Cryogenics 34 (1994).
the Tevatron, HERA and Large Hadron tions of the liquid and vapor in the flow.
Collider (LHC) magnets and in most su- Examples of modelling and experiments
perconducting radio frequency cavity In non-cryogenic fluids, the Baker dia- on He II two-phase flow include: He II Two
systems such as the X-ray Free Electron gram provides a map of the various flow Phase Flow in an Inclinable 22 m Long
LASER (XFEL). regimes as a function of flow properties. Line, B. Rousset et al., Adv.Cryo.Engr.
Experiments by Theilacker and Rode at Vol. 45a (2000) and An experimental and
Two-phase flows are also important Fermilab National Accelerator Laboratory numerical study of He II two-phase flow
in thermosyphon systems (see Defining (CSA CSM) showed, however, that the in the TESLA test facility, Yu Xiang, et al.
Cryogenics in Cold Facts, Spring 2012) Baker diagram isnt valid for two-phase he- Cryogenics 42 (2002).
where the density difference between the lium and provided an alternative diagram.
liquid and gas phases drives the natural Their research on helium flow regimes can Examples of work on cryogenic two-
convection heat transfer that provides be found in An Investigation into Flow phase flows are given in Two-phase heat
cooling. Regimes for Two-Phase Helium Flow, J.C. transfer and pressure drop of LNG during
Theilacker and C. Rode, Adv.Cryo.Engr. saturated flow boiling in a horizontal tube,
There are a number of disadvantages Vol. 33 (1988). D. Chen and Y. Shi, Cryogenics 58 (2013)
to two-phase flows. These flows typi- and Hierarchy of Two-Phase Flow Models
cally have a higher pressure drop when Extensive modelling and experimen- for Autonomous Control of Cryogenic
flowing though pipes and other compo- tation was carried out for the particular Loading Operation, D. G. Luchinsky et al.,
nents, flow instabilities may develop that case of He II two-phase flow in support of Adv.Cryo.Engr.-IOP Conf. Series: Materials
result in pressure surges and vibrations, the LHC and International Linear Collider Science and Engineering 101 (2015).

Space Cryogenics
by Dr. Peter Shirron, NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center, peter.shirron@nasa.gov
Space Cryocooler Status and Developments
T he 19th International Cryocooler himself to create and maintain the defini- Several ongoing developments
Conference (ICC19) was held June tive performance summary for long-life gleaned from the conference presenta-
20-23 in San Diego. The aerospace cryocoolers used in orbiting satellites and tions are noteworthy for future space
community traditionally organizes the the International Space Station. For many missions as the trend toward lower oper-
conferencein this case the Jet Propulsion of these coolers, the operating durations ating temperatures continues. An increas-
Lab (JPL) and others listed in the confer- are well beyond their mean time to fail- ing number of astronomy and cosmology
ence recap on page 8 of this issuebut the ure estimateswithout degradation in missions is driving this trend, including
content of presentations is not limited to performancewhich should help retire the Advanced Telescope for High-Energy
space cryocoolers. This years conference the stubborn perception of risk in using Astrophysics (Athena), the Primordial
did, however, include a strong focus on cryocoolers for space instruments. The Inflation Explorer (PIXIE) and the Space
space cryocoolers and hence provides an table below was updated in May 2016. Infrared Telescope for Cosmology and
excellent snapshot of current developments Astrophysics (SPICA).
and trends for future capabilities, which are Absent from the list is Astro-H/Hitomi,
summarized here, with more detail avail- with its four Stirling cryocoolers and 4.5 K These projects will use low temperature
able in the proceedings. Joule-Thomson (JT) unit. Although all coolers detectors and will require complex cool-
worked nominally until breakup of the satel- ing chains to achieve long mission lifetimes,
But before getting to that, it is instruc- lite after 37 days on orbit, the operation did including cryocoolers operating in the 2-4 K
tive to look at what past and current state- not establish any meaningful track record of range to support sub-kelvin refrigera-
of-the-art cryocoolers have achievedand longevity. This leaves the Planck JT cooler as tors. Another area where cryocoolers are
are still achievingin space. JPLs Ron the only 4 K-class cryocooler that has demon- increasingly vital is propellant produc-
Ross (CSA Fellow) has taken it upon strated long operating life (4.4 years) on orbit. tion and storage, where high power 20 K
Table 1: Space Cryocooler Flight Operating Experience as of May 2016. Image Ron Ross/JPL

Lockheed microcooler. Image: Lockheed
development of a 4 K regenerator using

porous silicon, its volumetric heat capac-
ity exceeding most rare-earth materials in
the 10-20 K range, and Nakagawa (Osaka
Univ.) on the optimization of Er(x)Ho(1-x)
N spheres.
In the higher temperature regimes, a

much wider range of technologies and ca-
pabilities were presented. These are sum-
marized in Table 2. One recurrent theme
in these developments is the push toward
miniaturization, of obvious interest to the
space community as these coolers can have
very low mass and low input power, open-
ing up possibilities for deployment on small
satellites (e.g. Cube SATs) and in remote
planetary exploration.
Table 2: Active space cryocooler development programs reported at the ICC19. Image: Shirron A couple of other developments re-
ported during the conference are also
coolers are needed for liquefaction and low liquefaction of 3He. This is not a constraint noteworthy for space systems. The first is
or zero boiloff storage. for the 3-stage ADR systems described by the development (Conrad/Raytheon) of a
DiPirro/NASA and Brasiliano/CEA. temperature control process for a hybrid
For the lowest temperature regime, Stirling/pulse tube coolerby adjusting
Sumitomo Heavy Industries, Ltd. was the Also in support of Athena, Rutherford the Stirling phaseto match the cooling
first to begin work in the late 1990s on space- Appleton Laboratory (Crook) presented produced to each load. This has the effect
worthy JT coolers operating below 2 K and work on a 2 K JT cooler which will use two of minimizing the input power and provid-
currently has a unit under life test operating compression stages and a single flow loop ing better cooling rates during a cooldown.
for more than 250 days with a load of 5 mW to produce 150 K, 15 K and 2 K, with a goal Conrad noted that the scheme could be ap-
at 1.7 K. of 20 mW at 2 K with 200 W of input power. plied to all of its cryocoolers.
This is a critical technology area for In the 4-6 K regime, Petach/NGAS The second, by Trollier/Absolut
Athena and SPICA, as the hybrid 3He gave an update on the performance and vi- Systems, Inc., focused on aspects of inte-
sorption/adiabatic demagnetization bration measurements for the pulse tube/6 gration, in particular techniques for pro-
refrigerator (ADR) cooler described by K JT cooler integrated into the MIRI instru- ducing flexible Al and Cu thermal straps
Duband/CEA (which is the baseline sub- ment on the James Webb Space Telescope, for linking loads to a cold head, and a 20 K
kelvin cooler for both missions) and the slated for launch in 2018. forced flow loop, using high-pressure he-
closed cycle dilution refrigerator being lium gas. Although intended for ground
developed at the Nel Institute (not pre- Other work presented focused on systems, it could be the basis for distrib-
sented) as a backup technology, require the development of advanced regenera- uted cooling of large systems like propel-
a base temperature of 2 K or less for tors, with Creare (Chen) reporting on the lant depots in orbit.

Cryo-Oops
by John Jurns, senior cryogenic engineer, European Spallation Source ERIC, john.jurns@esss.se
Be Careful What You Ask For You Just May Get It!
Introduction technician, and could work with minimal Lesson learnedWhen developing
direction. Also, just to make sure things were requirements for cryogenic system design,
Whenever I sit down to write this col- done right, I brought a dozen donuts down to fabrication and installation, make sure to
umn, I start by pondering the dumb things the shop (always a good idea to keep people include the requirement that potential sup-
Ive done over the years. Being an engineer, happy). A few days later, I stopped down at pliers provide information that will allow
I usually think of oops in terms of hard- the shop to check on progress. The control you to make an informed decision when
ware or operations. This month, however, I panel looked good but I did mention one awarding a contract. It is quite appropri-
started thinking about mistakes Ive made small item I thought should look different. ate to ask for references on past projects of
before any hardware ever showed up at my Oh, he replied with a smile, you wanted similar scope, resumes of individuals who
doorstep. And let me tell you, this line of the two dozen donut job. You only paid for will work on the project and company cer-
thought opened up a whole new area. the one dozen donut job. tifications. This can save a lot of headaches
down the road.
Background Lesson learnedIf you want some-
thing specific, be sure to ask for it. When de- One last matter I want to bring up is
Before you ever lay your hands on a veloping requirements for something, there about writing specifications. These docu-
piece of hardware you have to specify or is always the risk of either under-specifying ments can often be long and detailed. If you
design it, and then buy or build it. If you or over-specifying. Not enough details, and have access to a similar document that you
can design and build something in-house you may not get what you expect. Too many can use as a template, hurrah! Not having to
(at your own facilities), you have a certain details, and you may end up paying more create paragraph after paragraph of minute
amount of control over the process and final than you need to. If you are dealing with design details can be a work-saver and also
product. However, when you go out on the a qualified professional or company, make provide some consistency from one project
open market and buy something, your suc- sure to provide enough details on the must to the other. But also be aware of the risks
cess depends on how well you can define haves, and trust them to use proper judg- of copy/paste, and dont blindly copy
your requirements. ment on the details. specifications and requirements that are not
applicable.
Once an order is placed, you are at This assumes that you are dealing with
the mercy of the supplier, to some extent, qualified parties, which brings up my next For example, if you are using a template
to deliver according to your specification. story. We had to move our cryogenic test fa- that refers to flammables such as hydrogen or
This isnt to say that suppliers are out to cility a number of years ago because another LNG, the document will doubtless have re-
intentionally screw you. They understand organization took over the area. This move quirements for intrinsically safe or explosion
that they wont stay in business long if they involved a few new buildings and relocat- proof electrical design. If you are not using
continually disappoint customers and they ing our cryogenic hardware. We had speci- flammable fluids in your system you obviously
really do want to provide what you want fied the work to be done, entertained bids dont need to include those requirements.
to the best of their ability. But rather, it is and accepted a proposal from a well-known
to stress that it is up to you to clearly define engineering firm. Summary
your requirements, whether for in-house or
procured hardware. At the first project review meeting, we If we make the effort to define what
could see that they had the civil construction we want, theres a good chance well end
Oops and much of the system design well in hand. up with what we really need. Make the
It became painfully obvious to us, however, effort to think through your requirements
This is one of my favorite stories from that they had absolutely no previous experi- and distill them into precise enough lan-
about 20 years ago. We were building up a ence with the design and installation of cryo- guage to be easily understood by those
new test facility and I had asked one of our genic systems. Although this slowed things seeking to fulfill them.
electronics technicians to fabricate a control down a bit, it wasnt a showstopper. We did
panel (back in the day when panels had real have to make an extra effort to fill them in on As always, we invite you to share any
switches, knobs and instrument readouts in- specific requirements for design and installa- of your oops stories with us. Feel free to
stead of the modern touch panel computer tion of cryogenic hardware, and by the end send them in to Brian Dudley at editor@
displays). I had given some general instruc- of the project their competence had greatly cryogenicsociety.org and well try and in-
tions, knowing that he was an excellent increased and we had a satisfactory design. clude them in this column.

Boiloff Calorimetry for the Measurement
of Very Low Heat Flows
Part 1: Short History of Heat Measurement in Cryogenics
by James Fesmire, senior principal investigator, Cryogenic Test Laboratory, NASA Kennedy Space Center, CSA President, james.e.fesmire@nasa.gov
The use of boiloff calorimetry has be- Nearly 200 years later, Fouriers basic
come a practical and useful tool to measure, observation remains: experimental studies,
in a direct way, the thermal insulating perfor- testing methodologies and thermal apparatus
mances of materials and systems of materials. are central to understanding heat energy. We
still do not really know what heat is, though
The use of boiloff calorimetry to measure the words calorie and calorimeter remain, but
the effects of thermal energy (or heat) dates we now have the terms and equations we call
back to the early 1900s [1, 2]. Gas flow rates thermodynamics.
measured in evaporationor boiloffcalo-
rimetry enable direct calculation of quantities J. Willard Gibbs rigorously advanced
such as heat flux and thermal conductivity. A the ideas of modern thermodynamics,
particularly useful approach is to use nitrogen and hence the concept of latent heat of
for the heat measurement fluid as it is read- evaporation, through his analytical work,
ily available, inert and generally safe to use. The Scientific Papers of J. Willard Gibbs,
The temperature range from normal boiling A cryogenic boiloff test apparatus, Cryostat-500, in published in 1906. Low temperature stud-
point (77.4 K) to ambient (approximately 300 K) the laboratory setting. Image: NASA ies ensued in the following three decades,
represents a wide range of particular needs culminating in the liquefaction of helium
in construction, transportation, food and From these hidden heat (or latent heat) and discovery of superconductivity by H.
beverage, pharmaceuticals, electrical power, concepts of the mid-1700s we now have the Kamerlingh Onnes. And it is Onnes who is
electronics, medical imaging, aerospace, in- terms heat of fusion and heat of vaporization. credited with coining the term enthalpy that
dustrial processes and so forth, touching on The notions of heat and absence of heat (now is so extensively used today [6]. The word
virtually all aspects of modern life. The low- known as cold), first advanced by the great enthalpy is a combination of the Greek pre-
est temperature boiloff liquid is liquid helium philosophers, remained in a highly formative fix en- (to put into) and verb thalpein ("to
with a normal boiling point of 4.2 K. stage for the next 100 years. A primary theme heat"), serving as a reminder of the hard-
through all of these developments was chem- to-pin-down nature of thermal energy that
Because heat does not flow through a istry and experimentation. Leading scientists persists to this day.
material as a function of temperature but ac- of the day often considered heat to be a sub-
cording to a temperature difference, the use stance (caloric) that moved about in the world. Advent of Heat Measurement in
of a cryogen such as liquid nitrogen also pro- Cryogenics
vides a convenient way to establish the sub- Joseph Fourier, however, went beyond
ambient test conditions represented in the the notion of heat as a substance with his fa- Cryogenics came about as both a word and
wide range of end-use applications. mous Analytic Theory of Heat, published in technical field in the first half of the 20th century.
1822, emphasizing mathematical analysis ap- In the US, the National Bureau of Standards
Origins of Heat Measurement plied to systematic observation [5]. He writes: (NBS) started a laboratory for cryogenics work,
and by the 1940s demand arose for indus-
Considerations and use of the cold "Heat, like gravity, penetrates every sub- trial use of liquid oxygen and other liquefied
have led to the understanding and appli- stance of the universe; its rays occupy all parts gases. These demands in turn drove the need
cation of the hot and have fundamentally of space. The object of our work is to set forth for higher performance, larger scale thermal
paved the way for the development of the the mathematical laws which this element insulation systems for cryogenic tanks. The
thermal sciences and related engineering obeys. The theory of heat will hereafter form performance demands sharply increased again
fields. By 1761, Joseph Black had devised one of the most important branches of general in the 1950s to support the development of the
an experimental calorimeter using ice and physicsNo considerable progress can here- hydrogen bomb, while the space race, touched
came up the idea of hidden heat through after be made which is not founded on experi- off by the launch of Sputnik in 1957, led to fur-
his experimental studies [3]. In another ments such as these; for mathematical analysis ther extensive development in materials, testing
example, an early ice-bath calorimeter can deduce from general and simple phenom- and large-scale applications in the 1960s [7, 8].
was used in 178283 by Antoine Lavoisier ena the expression of the laws of nature; but
and Pierre-Simon Laplace to determine the special application of these laws to very During this time, the NBS Boulder laborato-
the heat evolved in various chemical complex effects demands a long series of exact ries and the newly formed National Aeronautics
changes [4]. observations." and Space Administration (NASA) played a

3. Ramsay, William (1918). The Life and Letters Lockheed Missile and Space Company, Sunnyvale,
key role, in concert with university and industry of Joseph Black. London: Constable and Company CA, 1971.
partners, in the development of thermal insula- Ltd., at archive.org.
tion systems for cryogenic applications. The team 12. ASTM STP 411, 1967. Thermal Conductivity
4. Lavoisier, A.L. and Laplace, P.S., Memoir on Measurements of Insulating Materials at Cryogenic
of Peter Glaser of the Arthur D. Little Company,
Heat, Read to the Royal Academy of Sciences, 28 Temperatures, ASTM International, West
for example, developed a boiloff calorimeter ap- June 1783. Conshohocken, PA.
paratus for measuring thermal conductivity [9]
5. Fourier, Joseph, The Analytic Theory of Heat, 13. Dube, W.P., L.L. Sparks, and A.J. Slifka,
while under contract to NASA. This apparatus
1822. NBS boil-off calorimeter for measuring thermal
became the basis for the (now withdrawn) stan- conductivity of insulating materials, Advances in
dard ASTM C745 [10]. 6. Howard, I. K., J. Chem. Educ., 2002, 79 (6), p Cryogenic Engineering (Materials) 34:67-73, 1988.
697, DOI: 10.1021/ed079p697.
14. Fesmire, J.E., Augustynowicz, S.D., and
Several other cryogenic boiloff appara- 7. Kropschot, R.H. et al., Multiple-layer insula- Nagy, Z.F., Apparatus and Method for Thermal
tuses were built and used to produce the sub- tion, Advances in Cryogenic Engineering, 5:579- Performance Testing of Pipelines and Piping
stantial body of technical literature through 586, Vol. 5, Plenum, 1960, pp. 189-198. Systems, US Patent 6,715,914 April 6, 2004.
the early 1970s [11]. And thermal measure- 8. Kaganer, M.G. 1969. Thermal Insulation 15. Fesmire, J.E., Augustynowicz, S.D., and Nagy,
ments of cryogenic insulation materials were in Cryogenic Engineering, Israel Program for Z.F., Thermal Performance Testing of Cryogenic
summarized by the ASTM Symposium pro- Scientific Translations Ltd., Israel, pp. 127-130. Piping Systems, 21st International Congress
ceedings of 1967 [12]. In the 1980s, the NBS 9. Webb, J.E. Apparatus for Measuring
of Refrigeration, Washington DC, International
again led the way in operating a productive Institute of Refrigeration, Paris, 2004.
Thermal Conductivity, U.S. Patent No. 3,242,716, is-
liquid nitrogen boiloff calorimeter for cryo- sued March 29, 1966. 16. ASTM C1774 - Standard Guide for Thermal
genic materials testing [13]. More recently, Performance Testing of Cryogenic Insulation
10. ASTM C745. 1992. Standard Test Method for
liquid nitrogen boiloff calorimeters have been Systems. ASTM International, West Conshohocken,
Heat Flux Through Evacuated Insulations Using
PA, USA (2013).
developed for the thermal performance test- a Guarded Flat Plate Boiloff Calorimeter, ASTM
ing of cryogenic pipelines [14, 15]. International, West Conshohocken, PA. 17. Fesmire, J.E., Standardization in cryogenic
insulation systems testing and performance
11. Cunnington, G.R., Keller, C.W., et al.,
Latest Technology in Cryogenic data, 25th International Cryogenic Engineering
Thermal Performance of Multilayer Insulations,
Conference, University of Twente, July 2014.
Boiloff Calorimetry Interim Report, LMSC-A903316/NASA CR-72605,
Today, cryogenic boiloff calorimetry for

the performance testing of thermal insulation
systems is addressed in a standard guide
published by ASTM International [16]. This
technical guide, ASTM C1774, includes boil-
off test calorimeters (or cryostats) in both flat
plate and cylindrical configurations.
As an example of the absolute flat plate

apparatus, the Cryostat-500 instrument de-
veloped by the Cryogenics Test Laboratory at
NASA Kennedy Space Center is shown in the
laboratory setting on the previous page. The
heat measurement approaches include both
absolute and comparative methods. In all
configurations, cryogenic boiloff can provide
direct measurement of heat energy for a very
wide range of thermal performance [17].
Part 2 of this series will examine theory

and applications of boiloff calorimetry.
References
1. Zarr, R.R. June 2001. A history of testing heat
insulators at the National Institute of Standards
and Technology, ASHRAE Transactions 2001,
107(2).
2. Tye, R.P. 1990. Measurement of thermal

insulation performance: The challenge of the next
decade, Intl. J. of Thermophysics, 11(2).

Cryogenic Coatings for Deep Space
by Dr. Robert C. Youngquist, robert.c.youngquist@nasa.gov, and Dr. Mark A. Nurge, mark.a.nurge@nasa.gov, both from NASA Kennedy Space Center
Its surprisingly difficult to achieve and

maintain cryogenic temperatures in space.
One might think that with a 2.7 K cosmic
microwave background filling most of the
field of view that chilling down wouldnt
be difficult, but the sun dominates the
energy balance. At one astronomical unit
(AU) the sun radiates about 1,360 watts per
square meter onto any exposed surface and
it doesnt take much analysis to show that
a sphere, floating out in the vacuum of
space and composed of typical materials,
will come to an equilibrium temperature
of about 280 Ksimilar to the Earths av-
erage temperature.
So is there a way to make this sphere

colder? More than a hundred years ago,
Max Planck discovered that the suns radi-
ant energy is primarily in the visible and
near infrared (NI) regions, while the emis- Figure 1. This plot shows the power absorbed by a black sphere exposed to the sun and its corresponding
sion of a 300 K object is at long wavelengths, thermal emission spectrum. Image: Robert Youngquist
as shown in Figure 1. It was soon realized
that an object would get cold if a coating
could be created that reflected the suns
visible and near-infrared radiation, yet
still allowed emission further in the infra-
red. In the 1960s this idea became a popu-
lar research area, both for ground-based
use (selective surfaces) and for aerospace
applications (thermal control coatings).
Two primary approaches to con-

structing space rated coatings have been
developedwhite paint, designed to re-
flect mostly visible radiation yet radiate in
the infrared, and second surface mirrors.
Second surface mirrors are composed of
a transparent material (e.g. plastic) with Figure 2. Second surface mirrors were used on the Space Shuttle Orbiter payload bay doors to reject waste heat
a metallized backing. Visible light passes even in the presence of the sun. Image: NASA
through the plastic and reflects off the watts per square meter of the suns en- cryogenic temperatures. Oddly, no one
metal while the plastic emits in the in- ergy and thats too much. followed up on this prediction, perhaps
frared. This approach was used for the because there wasnt a need at the time, or
space shuttle programs orbiter payload So what can be done? Back in 1961, R.R. maybe just because no one knew how to
bay doors to reject waste heat even in the Hibbard, from NASA Lewis Space Center, make such a Hibbard material.
presence of the sun (Figure 2). considered this problem and theorized that
a material could be created that reflected Now, some 50 years after Hibbard,
Analysis shows that our sphere all of the suns energy below some cutoff we have proposed uses for superconduc-
would chill down to about 170 K if we wavelength, but turned black, becoming tors in space, ranging from power delivery
covered it with one of these coatings a perfect emitter above that wavelength. and energy storage to possible radiation
cold, but not cold enough for cryogenic If we had this perfect Hibbard material shielding. Also, if liquid oxygen could be
use. These coatings absorb about 100 with a cutoff wavelength of about 5 microns maintained on a trip to Mars, stored on
or higher coating our sphere it could reach the moon or held in deep space depots, it

Figure 3. This image shows how each wavelength Figure 4. The line shows the temperature of a sphere at one AU coated with a Hibbard material compared to
regime is treated by the Solar White coating. the predictions for the Solar White material composed of different materials (5 mm thick except for the one at
Image: Robert Youngquist 40 mm). Image: Robert Youngquist
would enable significant mission scenario We located several potential materials

advances. In 2015, we pointed out to the from which to create a Solar White coating
NASA Innovative Advanced Concepts and developed a theoretical performance
(NIAC) Program the need for the develop- model (published in Optics Letters in March
ment of an improved cryogenic, selective 2016). Figure 4 shows the predicted equilib-
surface. NASA agreed and awarded us a rium temperatures for a sphere coated with a
Phase I grant. We started the work with op- 5 mm layer (one 40 mm layer) of Solar White
timism and ignorance, learning daily and composed of different materials. This is com-
discovering that all of our proposed ap- pared with the Hibbard material, indicating
proaches failed. Then, at a high frustration how close we have come to that theoretical
point, we discovered the solution, a coating ideal. Incredibly, several common materials,
that theoretically reflects nearly all of the including table salt, are predicted to reach
suns radiation, making it appear white to temperatures below 60 K.
almost the entire solar spectrum. We named Figure 5. This photo shows visible light scattered by
it Solar White. Knowing the predictions from our a thin disk composed of pressed, finely ground, salt
(NaCl). Image: Robert Youngquist
model, we pressed finely ground NaCl
The Solar White coating operates in powder into a thin disk. Figure 5 shows designers. It does not radiate efficiently
the visible portion of the spectrum, just like its performance reflecting visible light. and should not be used to cool down a
white paint. It has numerous, very small We were excited, but this was as far as heat-generating spacecraft. However, we
transparent particles that scatter the incom- we could go under Phase I funding. In predict that our Solar White coating can
ing light backward. But unlike white paint, order to continue the work we submit- reflect more than 99.9 percent of the suns
our coating is composed only of materi- ted a Phase II proposal to NIAC, asking energy, and in some cases more than half
als that are transparent across most of the it to verify our models using powdered of the infrared energy of 300 K objects.
suns spectrum, from the ultraviolet to the versions of Solar White and to develop So with a proper design, objects that do
infrared. So a very broad band of radiation a rigid version of this coating that might not produce heat, such as cryogenic tanks
is scattered, not just the visible, as shown in eventually be used on spacecraft. In May and superconductors, will be able to reach
Figure 3. Also, at waves so long that scat- 2016 NIAC chose our proposal for fund- cryogenic temperatures in the presence
tering becomes inefficient, the coating has ing and we are now preparing to start the of the sun and even with limited infra-
an underlying metallic layer that is highly next phase of the project. red emission from nearby structures and
reflective for long wave radiation. At very planets. We believe our new Solar White
long wavelengths the coating becomes The Solar White coating meets a coating may be an enabling breakthrough
black, emitting radiation and allowing the different need than the thermal control permitting previously impossible deep
sphere to cool down. coatings currently available to spacecraft space cryogenic capabilities.

SPOTLIGHT ON A CORPORATE SUSTAINING MEMBER (CSA CSM)
Meyer Tool 3-Stage Hydrogen Heat Exchanger

Sandia National Laboratories recently
commissioned Meyer Tool & Mfg., Inc. to
design and build a heat exchanger to cool
hydrogen gas from 300 K at 1 MPa to 10 K.
Calculations showed a minimum of 3,520 W
of cooling was necessary to cool a 1 gm/sec of
hydrogen gas stream to the desired tempera-
ture. To achieve the necessary cooling, Meyer
engineers chose to design a three-stage heat
exchanger using saturated liquid nitrogen at
80 K and saturated liquid helium at 4.2 K, both
cryogens available to the process.
We successfully met our customer per-

formance requirements with this custom heat
exchanger, says Ed Bonnema, vice president
at Meyer. The design utilized conservative
contingency factors to ensure the thermal and
hydraulic performance requirements were met,
while utilizing an understanding of cryogenic Figure 1 illustrates key features of the heat exchanger. Image: Meyer Tool & Mfg., Inc.
fabrication best practices to achieve a compact,
cost effective product. Thus the design bal- hydraulic design and ones that met the cus- nested coils, an outer 304LSS 1 OD x .065
anced our dual commitment to providing our tomers performance requirements. tube and an inner OD x .035 tube inner
customers with the lowest total cost of owner- coil. The hydrogen gas flows in the inner tube
ship while reducing their project risk. The engineers then utilized the thermal while the helium vapor flows in the annular
design of the heat exchanger to develop a 3D space between the two tubes. The second
Meyers manufacturing team performed model and a 2D set of fabrication drawings. stage requires approximately 492 W of cool-
all the machining, welding, assembly and test The design was compact, easy to fabricate and ing. The hydrogen gas continues to the third
operations necessary to fabricate the 3-stage cost effective. It nested the three stages and a stage in a OD x .035 w tube coil contained
heat exchanger at its vertically integrated copper thermal shield attached to the nitrogen in a liquid helium bath. The liquid helium is
facility. Key to the fabrication of the 3-stage vessel to minimize the external heat leak to contained in a 15 liter pressure vessel. The
heat exchanger, and true of most cryogenic the heat exchanger. hydrogen gas enters the third stage at ap-
equipment, is the proper sequencing of opera- proximately 38 K and exits the third stage at
tions and quality control hold points. Critical In the first stage, the hydrogen stream is 10 K, a process that requires approximately
manufacturing processes included ASME cooled from 300 K to 80 K as it flows through a 69 W of cooling. The sizing of the second stage
Section IX qualified welding and brazing, tube coil immersed in boiling liquid nitrogen and third stage coils requires a heat balance
in-process cold shocking and helium leak bath. Cooling the hydrogen gas required ap- between the two stages and iterative calcula-
testing, temperature sensor installation and proximately 2,960 W. The coil was a formed tions. However, as properties of the fluids are
routing, superinsulation blanket fabrication 304LSS OD x 0.35 wall tube contained relatively constant in the ranges considered,
and installation, and final pressure and he- within a 304LSS vessel annular type pressure coupled with selecting conditions based on
lium leak testing. vessel. Engineers added a contingency to the experience, the calculations rapidly converge
design after calculating the coil's length. They on a result. Engineers calculated lengths nec-
A simpler two-stage heat exchanger de- also examined pressure drop in the coil and essary for the second stage and third stage
sign was considered but discarded as the liquid found it to be negligible. coils and contingencies were added.
helium consumption was nine times the rate
required of the more complex 3-stage design. In the second stage, engineers used cold The hydrogen cooling process is moni-
helium vapor from the third stage liquid he- tored with pairs of redundant silicon diode
Meyer engineers performed thermal lium bath to further cool the hydrogen gas temperature sensors located at three key
and hydraulic calculations to define the re- before it reaches the third stage. Using the points in the heat exchanger. The liquid levels
quired heat transfer surface area and resul- sensible heat from the cold helium vapor of the nitrogen and helium baths are moni-
tant pressure drop in each of the three stages, reduces the helium consumption of the heat tored with level gauges while a diaphragm
selecting tubing and vessel sizes that would exchanger. The second stage is a counterflow valve is used to control the incoming hydro-
lead to quick convergence on a thermal and tube-in-tube heat exchanger consisting of two gen stream flow rate. www.mtm-inc.com

Braemar Creates a Niche in the LNG Market

Navigating the current LNG market
can be precarious, but midscale groups like
Braemar Engineering are finding success by
focusing on small to midrange projects often
ignored by large engineering, procurement
and construction management companies.
We are not a Bechtel, we are not a KBR.

Were boutique, says Alexander Harsema-
Mensonides, director of marine business
development at Braemar. And that brings
with it an interesting set of clients. Clients
that are away from the mainstream, clients
that are innovating, clients that are rethink-
ing the business model, clients that do not The first commissioning of cargo at the Sabine Pass LNG Terminal, February 2016. Image: Cheniere Energy
want to do it the normal way. We help them
realize their dreams. Were basically an in- liquefaction plants, shipping and import/ If you have a ship thats going to operate
strument. Our service is facilitating from an export facilities, towards a product sold in for the next 30 years, during that 30 years a
engineering perspective. smaller volumes on short or medium term lot of things are going to happen with the
contacts. supply of oil and the supply of gas. Using
Braemar Engineering was formed in LNG as a marine fuel, he says, is also a good
1993 as Wavespec Limited and now operates LNG export, Harsema-Mensonides way to comply with emission regulations.
as a division of Braemar Shipping Services, says, is currently the flavor of the month,
a consultancy group that addresses a broad and Braemar has handled lot of upfront However, it is not currently a cheap
range of marine concerns including ship- development for LNG import and export way, he says. But a reduction in LNG costs
broking, environmental consulting, port terminals. For example, the firm provided is something that Harsema-Mensonides
agency and logistics, loss adjusting and lo- owners engineering for all Cheniere foresees in the coming years as companies
gistical support. Energy, Inc. LNG projects in the US, in- begin using LNG as a replacement for tra-
cluding the Sabine Pass liquefaction project, ditional fuels. Part of this will also be an in-
The engineering division specializes in handling initial feasibility studies, concep- creased demand for marine LNG in the US,
both onshore and marine LNG, working on tual design support and regulatory support. he says, including LNG bunkering, LNG
import and export terminals, peak shaver distribution by ship and LNG fueled vessels
facilities, LNG barging, LNG as marine fuel The key to export, according to like ferries and cargo ships.
and more. Were basically owners engi- Harsema-Mensonides, is having customers
neers, says Harsema-Mensonides. You lined up before a project begins. Youre Before this can happen, however, LNG
can hire an EPC, but if youre not capable of not going to get financed for something if must overcome sustained opposition in the
reading the reports and understanding the you dont have customers. So, its vitally US. Well placed bad publicity does more
reports that the EPC is writing, then you important that we look at the off-take side, harm than ten people out in the industry
still have a problemThere are so many en- the commercial side, together with the trying to downplay it, says Harsema-
gineering tasks where we basically translate regulatory side and the technical side. Mensonides. Before a project begins, he
what the guys want from a very high level Chenieres Sabine Pass facility, for example, encourages companies to engage the com-
into much more operational goals. This includes BG Gulf Coast LNG, Gas Natural munity. Whether it's an oil terminal, a gas
includes assistance with feasibility studies, Fenosoa, Korea Gas Corporation and others terminal, an LNG terminal or a dynamite
project outlines, Federal Energy Regulatory as customers. Were not LNG merchants factory, inform the people about what its
Commission reports and overall engineer- [but] we can point you in the right direction going to do for them, what its going to
ing issues. because weve been in the business long mean for them, what the upside is and what
enough to know basically everybody who the downside is, he says.
Harsema-Mensonides first began buys LNG.
working in the LNG market in 1999. He The industry, he stresses, has a viable
joined Braemar in 2008. Over that time, he On the marine side, Harsema- track record. Vessels dont sink. Vessels
says, LNG has slowly morphed from a com- Mensonides says there are a lot of interesting dont blow up, he says. LNG facilities will
modity sold primarily in bulk on long term projects popping up, especially as shippers not explodethey will not poison the well."
contracts to projects involving dedicated consider the long term cost of ownership. www.braemar.com

The Scoop on LN2 Ice Cream Installations

LN2 infused ice cream has become a
staple at parlors across the globe, with
operations ranging from small portable
single mixing stations used for catering to
large stores with multiple stations. Several
companies have even patented produc-
tion methods, requiring new proprietors
to diligently research infringement issues.
CryoWorks, Inc. offers many of the

components and equipment used for these
LN2 ice cream installations, including pip-
ing, valves, controllers, dewars and tanks.
Despite advances in automation,

many parlor owners prefer to enter the Under the counter installation with VJ dispensing KitchenAid mixer with dewar, SRV assembly, VJ
LN2 market with hand mixing as the up- valve and automation control system attached to flex hose, VJ dispensing, automation controller and
KitchenAid mixers. Image: CryoWorks, Inc. mountings bracket. Image: CryoWorks, Inc.
front costs can be less, according to Tim
Mast, Sr., VP and co-owner of CryoWorks. steady flow of on-demand low pressure Installation is a simple process, says Mast,
liquid, says Mast. This results in a whether the parlor chooses to go it alone, hire
More complex installations use gravity fed system that produces a softer a subcontractor or contact CryoWorks for
pipe to route the LN 2 supply to the dis- dose of liquid nitrogen. turnkey services. www.cryoworks.net
pensing locations. Mast says that many
customers use both of CryoWorks pip-
ing solutionsVJ flex and VJ rigidfor
such applications.
Flexible piping, he says, is popular

when customers need pipes to run under
the counter to individual risers that pen-
etrate the countertop to reach dispensing
valves. But many installations run above the
counter, either right on top of the counter
or overhead. In this case, a flex connection
to the supply is usually made and then tran-
sitioned into rigid pipe to run along the top
of the counter or in the ceiling overhead.
The connection to the dispensing valve is
then made using flex lines. When multiple
dispensing stations are used, tees branch off
the rigid section into flex lines that connect
to each individual dispensing valve.
Mast says another available option

for overhead piping is using a phase
separator, a non-pressurized reservoir
device that sits overhead and regulates
flow to maintain liquid level and to
bring the liquid down to atmospheric
pressure. Lines off the bottom of the
separator are routed with VJ flex lines
down to the dispenser valves. If slop-
ing is done correctly, this allows for a

Cool Pair Plus Offers Life Support To Aging MRIs

Replacing broken or aging MRI or re-
search equipment with new units is expen-
sive, and so many hospitals, imaging centers
and research installations turn to third parties
to help maintain systems well past end-of-life.
One of these is Cool Pair Plus (CPP).
CCP has provided MRI cryogenic

equipment and service since 1995, offering
exchange and repair for MRI coldheads and
compressors from multiple OEMs (including
Sumitomo, Balzers, Leybold, and APD) and
onsite magnet repair service for GE, Siemens
and Phillips MRI systems. Additionally, the
company works on cryopumps and other
cryogenic equipment for research and pro-
duction facilities. Sumitomo cold head inside Cool Pair Plus facility. Image: Cool Pair Plus
Repairing and refurbishing coldheads can handle the installation themselves or take the customer. If levels go beyond a certain point
and compressors is a very niche market. We advantage of CPPs turnkey services. set by the customer, the system sends email
are satisfying this very specific need in the and text alerts to help ensure quick responses.
healthcare and research industries, says Dick A multitude of problems can develop Helium is expensive, Branca says, so you
Branca, director of sales at CPP. as equipment ages, according to Mykleby. want to continually monitor your equipment
Some of these compressors are end-of-life and take action as soon as you can.
One of CPPs biggest challenges, Branca with the OEMs themselves, but were still
says, is maintaining these old systems with supporting them and were still running them CPP is also in the process of complet-
OEM level quality. The customer wants to through the same quality programs that we ing its ISO audit for the ISO 13485 standard.
reduce the cost of ownership as best they have for all of our other equipment as well. For us, the ISO certification process has gone
can. But they want the quality to be similar, So were literally keeping these systems func- smoothly and relatively quickly, says Padilla.
if not the same, to what they receive from tional when the OEM has said they're not I think its because we have had an organiza-
the OEM, he says. The challenge we face is touching these anymore. tional-wide commitment to quality all along.
when the equipment is as old as it is. www.coolpair.com
But even relatively young systems have
Each piece of equipment serviced by service issues, according to Mykleby. The cryo-
CPP is subjected to rigorous quality control systems run 24/7, and right now we have a mean
standards. Coldheads, for example, that are time between failures of 32 months. He says the
inoperable because of valves, bearings and overall cryogenic system includes a multitude
other interior parts, are completely replaced. of partsseals, bearings, valves, o-rings and oil
Compressor cases are even sent to an auto filtrationthat simply wear out over time.
body shop that smooths out dings and applies
a fresh coat of paint, often resulting in better Cool Pairs commitment to quality and
than new appearances. customer satisfaction is a focus throughout all
of its repair and refurbishment work and ap-
CPP also reverse engineers newer equip- plies to the older end-of-life systems and the
ment, including Sumitomos A3 coldhead, so newest equipment in the field, according to
it can rebuild units just hitting the market. Eric Padilla, CPPs quality manager.
Weve done all the R&D, all the reverse
engineering, and were actually servicing To help its customers better address poten-
these now and installing them, says Sean tial service needs, CPP has introduced daVinci,
Mykleby, CPPs product support manager. a remote monitoring and management system
that continuously monitors everything from
The CPP facility in Algonquin IL is packed helium pressure and level to room humidity,
with equipment ready for shipment. Customers and reports this information to both CPP and

Annular Air Leaks in a Liquid Hydrogen Storage Tank
by Angela G. Krenn, NASA Cryogenic Propulsion Systems (NE-M5), angela.g.krenn@nasa.gov and Dr. Robert C. Youngquist, robert.c.youngquist@nasa.gov,
NASA Kennedy Space Center
The structural failure of a liquid hydro-

gen tank doesnt occur frequently, but the
consequences are severe when it does. Late
in 2011, the outer tank wall of a 90,000-gal-
lon vertical LH2 tank cracked at NASAs
John C. Stennis Space Centers B-1 test facil-
ity, requiring millions of dollars and many
months to repair. It is important not only to
fully understand the failure mechanism of
this event but also to establish preventative
protocols for other tanks, especially consid-
ering the vast distribution of LH2 tanks in
use by both the government and industry.
As it turns out, the mechanism that led to the
LH2 tanks structural failure at Stennis was
a somewhat complex sequence of events.
First, engineers noted a pressure rise in the Figure 1. Photo of B-1 tank cracks. Image: NASA
annulus, the result of two rupture disc as-
semblies leaking air into the annular space
from the top of the tank. Annular space sep-
arates the inner and outer tank walls and is
evacuated to improve thermal performance.
Any breaches of the outer structure result in
air being sucked into the evacuated space.
Though the pressure rise at Stennis was

significant, rocket engine testing requirements
necessitated continued operation of the tank.
The nominal fill and drain of the tank in sup-
port of testing resulted in cryo-pumping air
into the annulus. At LH2 operating tempera-
tures and cryo-pumped annular pressures, all
of the constituents of air froze except for trace
amounts of helium and neon.
Consequently, tons of air had frozen

into the annular space by the time engineers
began to drain the tank after testing was
completed, to facilitate rupture disk assem-
bly repairs. Air leaking into the annulus is
often experienced by users at some point in
a tanks life cycle, yet may not be detected
until significant frozen air has accumulated.
The storage tank drain caused a gradual Figure 2. Bottom view of B-1 tank cracks. Image: NASA
warming of the tank walls, resulting in the
eventual melting of the tons of ingested air LH2 tanks like the B-1 tank at Stennis led to a loss of ductility that ultimately re-
that dripped to the inner surface of the outer have outer walls made of carbon steel. sulted in the cracks seen in Figures 1 and 2.
wall. Enough melting air was present to sig- Carbon steel, unlike stainless steel, loses
nificantly chill the outer wall, as evidenced its ductility at temperatures around 245 K. An extensive research effort by NASA
by the large ball of ice visible in Figure 1. Instrumentation placed at the bottom of the engineers found that several other tanks
B-1 tank indicated temperatures reached have experienced or are currently experi-
To minimize fabrication costs, many less than 90 K. Those reduced temperatures encing air leaks, but the investigators found

no study detailing how to prevent such effects in some locations and other locations has been ingested into the annulus, spray-
leaks from resulting in cracks. Anecdotally, the may be difficult to reach. Infrared heaters are a ing water on the outer surface of the tank
tanks were either removed from service im- great source of heating power but do not meet throughout the warming process will prevent
mediately upon leak discovery or were simply Class 1 Division 2 maximum temperature re- structural failure of the tank wall. The key is
operated sacrificially to failure. But what can be quirements. Placing them 25 feet away from to ensure that no ice buildup is permitted at
done when immediate removal from service or the tank wall, as required, may result in sig- any time. This method provided adequate
run-to-failure are not viable options? nificant gaps in coverage due to obstructions heating, caused no increase in hazard and
lying between the heaters and the tank wall. sufficiently covered all areas. Additionally,
NASA engineers analyzed two methods many LH2 spheres are equipped with a water
to safely remove the frozen air from the annu- In the end, the engineers discovered a deluge system, which would minimize imple-
lus of an LH2 tank. First they considered what simple solution. If a significant mass of air mentation costs.
would occur if the pressure in the annulus
could be kept below 0.15 kPa during the tank
warming process.The main constituents of air
are nitrogen and oxygen, which have triple
points of 63 K / 12.5 kPa and 54 K / 0.15 kPa
respectively. Upon warming, the frozen air
sublimates instead of liquefying, eliminating
the fundamental cause of the structural fail-
uredripping liquid air, but evacuation data
unfortunately showed an exponential drop
in molecular removal as pressure decreased.
Consequently, a detailed analysis of imple-
mentation of this technique on a real-world
air leak reveals unreasonable time-scales for
successful accomplishment of air removal, on
the order of tens of years.
NASA engineers, realizing that the air

must be allowed to liquefy to remove it in
a reasonable time period, then considered
how best to prevent embrittlement damage..
In this scenario, the liquid air will then fall
onto the outer tank wall, and if the amount
is substantial this will cause the outer tank
wall to become too cold and brittle to remain
structurally sound. Engineers thereafter de-
termined that the only remaining mitigation
approach is to supply heat to the outer tank
to keep it warm. Through detailed analysis,
they discovered that successfully prevent-
ing ice from forming on the outer surface
of the tank would be sufficient to prevent
the carbon steel from dropping below its
minimum ductility temperature.
Several methods of adding heat were

considered. Polyimide heaters bonded di-
rectly to the tank wall could provide more
than enough heating power. They are flexible
and meet Class I Division II requirements, but
they offer only localized heating. Therefore,
a potentially large number of heaters would
be required to prevent cold spots from form-
ing between the heaters. Blowing warm air
across the surface of the tank with fans could
work, but wind conditions may counteract the

LIGO Collaboration Prepares Cryogenic Update
by Prof. Rana X Adhikari, California Institute of Technology, rana@ligo.caltech.edu; Dr. Brett N. Shapiro, Stanford University, shapirob@stanford.edu
In the past year, the Laser Interferometer

Gravitational-wave Observatory (LIGO) has
twice observed gravitational waves from the
merger of black holes in deep space. To make
this observation, researchers must be able to
measure phase shifts in the light equivalent
to motions of ~10 -19 meters over the 4 km arm
length of the interferometers.
In order to make such a sensitive mea-

surement, the laser power impinging on the
interferometers mirrors exceeds 100 kW
(continuous). In addition to filtering out the
vibrations from the environment, the mi-
croscopic thermal vibrations of the mirror
surface must also be tamed.
The LIGO interferometers operate at

room temperature and so each eigenmode of Figure 1. A sketch of a cryogenic LIGO mirror inside a vacuum enclosure. Image: LIGO Collaboration
the mirror is vibrating with 1/2 kB (300 K) of
thermal energy. The trick to making sensitive The remaining challenge is to build a thin film order to give it vibration isolation down to the
displacement measurements in the presence of Bragg coating for the silicon substrate. This 10 -10 meters level. This isolation is important
thermal noise is to not look where the noise is: coating must be able to have a high Q (> 10 5) because a small amount (~30 ppm) of light will
the mirror materials are engineered to have such and absorption below 1 ppm. scatter off the mirror, bounce off the inner shield
a high mechanical Q (low internal friction) that and find its way back to the interferometer. The
the energy is well contained within the narrow One of the toughest engineering challenges phase of this returning light will be contami-
frequency band of the high Q eigenfrequencies. in a cryogenic laser interferometer is to extract nated with the velocity of the inner shield, and
Still, the residual thermal noise far from the several watts of heat from the mirror without can potentially mask the phase shift induced by
resonance does set a limit to how small a motion disturbing the mirror motion at the 10 -19 meters the gravitational radiation.
may be measured interferometrically. level. Thermal straps of OFHC copper could
remove the heat but would connect the mirror The inner shield will be cooled through
In order to take the next big step in to the noisy cold head. An exchange gas could flexible copper straps due to its vibration
gravitational-wave astronomy, this thermal also be used for the initial cooldown but would isolation requirement. These straps limit the
noise limit must be surpassed. We can either produce an acoustic short between the vacuum amount of heat that can be extracted from
find higher Q materials or operate the system chamber and the mirror. Radiative cooling is it. Thus, to minimize the heat load on this
cryogenically. Happily, nature has conspired ordinarily quite weak, but a mirror this large shield, an outer shield surrounds the inner
to make these properties go hand in hand (45 cm dia., 50 cm thick) should be able to radiate one. The outer shields vibration is much less
and the LIGO Scientific Collaboration is now ~10 W while operating at 123 K. critical since it is largely inaccessible to the
making designs and measurements to enable laser beam. Consequently, it will be mounted
a near future upgrade of this sort. The LIGO Figure 1 illustrates the chosen design for rigidly to the ground and cooled to 77 K via
Collaboration is exploring the optical absorp- the cooling of the mirrors inside LIGOs up- liquid nitrogen pipes. The inner shields flex-
tion and noise characteristics of single-crystal dated vacuum enclosure. The primary source ible copper straps will be mounted between
silicon, how to synthesize a 200 W laser with a of the heat absorbed into the mirror will come this outer shield and the inner for conductive
two micron wavelength and testing of various from the interferometers laser, depositing heat transfer between the two.
UHV compatible, high-emissivity coatings to ~10 W into the mirrors surface.
enable efficient radiative cooling. The aim is While radiative cooling works well in the
to have a room-size prototype demonstration The design features a dual shielding system steady state, it would take weeks to cool down
within three years. employed to maintain the mirror at 123 K, the from room temperature. Either a UHV compat-
desired temperature in the presence of this heat ible heat switch or an exchange gas will thus be
Many crystalline materials have a Q load. An inner shield at about 80 K surrounds used during each initial cooldown to achieve the
inversely proportional to temperature. The the mirror. This shield will collect the ~10 W desired state in about one day, thus allowing for
~150 kg silicon mirrors that will be needed radiated away by the 123 K mirror. This inner frequent incursions into the vacuum envelope
for the LIGO upgrade should have a Q 109. shield is suspended from wires and springs in to make repairs and upgrades.

Predicting Language Deficits After Stroke
Loss or impairment of the ability to
speak is one of the most feared complications
of strokeone faced by about 20 percent of
stroke patients. The extent of that impairment,
however, is difficult to predict. Health prac-
titioners currently use structural magnetic
resonance imaging (MRI) after stroke to as-
sess lesions in the cortical tissuethe brains
gray matter. But the extent of cortical damage
does not often correlate with the severity of
language deficits, according to Dr. Leonardo
Bonilha, a neurologist at the Medical
University of South Carolina (MUSC), as lan- Features of gray-matter cortical regions (left) and white-matter tracts (right), reflecting their importance
guage is not seated in a single brain region but in predicting speech fluency scores. Regions/connections are marked in red when they strongly influence
speech fluency, in blue when their influence is moderate, and are left uncolored when the influence is weak
actually involves white matter connections or non-existent. Image used courtesy of Dr. Leonardo Bonilha and Dr. Grigori Yourganov of the Medical University
between many regions. of South Carolina, who own the copyright for the image. Published in the June 22 issue of the Journal of Neuroscience
(DOI:10.1523/ JNEUROSCI.4396-15.2016).
Bonilha leads a group of researchers from
MUSC and the University of South Carolina that the connectome is something that com- Aphasia Battery (WAB) score for each of
that uses whole-brain connectome imaging bines your congenital information, that is, the studys 90 patients from either a fea-
to investigate the brains of stroke victims. what you are born with, plus your life experi- ture relevant to imaging of the gray mat-
Connectome refers to the totality of a brains ences, says Bonilha. That personalized infor- ter damage by structural MRI or a feature
white matter connections. White matter acts mation, he hopes, will one day guide therapy, relevant to connectome imaging of the
as insulated wire in the brain, connecting one helping clinicians and patients to better un- brains white matter fiber tracts.
area of the brain to another. It is named for derstand treatment options.
the myelin sheaths (insulation) that cover the This WAB score was then compared
many axons (wires) that make up the brains The team created its connectomes to those obtained via traditional behav-
fiber tracts. through a combination of T-1 and T-2 ioral testing, and the researchers found
weighted MRI together with additional the connectome-based was as accurate
In 2010, the National Institutes of diffusion tensor imaging and robust pre- as cortical lesion mapping for predicting
Health initiated the Human Connectome and post-processing. It used a Siemens WAB scores. In fact, it was better at pre-
Project, a multi-year study attempting to Magnetom Trio, a Tim System 3T MRI, for dicting auditory comprehension scores
comprehensively map the connections the scans, though the imaging used to build than was lesion-based imaging using
in some 1,200 healthy adults. Though it the connectomes could have been obtained structural MRI and only slightly less accu-
shares a research focus on the connectome, using any conventional MRI machine, ac- rate at predicting speech fluency, speech
Bonilhas research team was not part of cording to Bonilha. repetition and naming scores.
that consortium, but rather is one of the
first groups to use whole-brain connectome The processing system used to combine The team also discovered that connec-
imaging to examine unhealthy brainsin those images, however, is not something cur- tions in the brains parietal region are par-
this case lesions formed by stroke in adults rently available on the market and was in ticularly important for language function,
with post-stroke aphasia. Its research was fact developed specifically for this research. especially fluency. This region is less likely to
published in the June 22, 2016 issue of the There are several caveats when it comes to sustain damage after stroke, even in patients
Journal of Neuroscience. processing the images that have large brain who experience aphasia, suggesting that
lesions, Bonilha says. We made a lot of op- damage or preservation of the brains connec-
Bonilhas team demonstrated that map- timizations, sequences, diffusion parameters, tions in this region could play a key role in
ping the brains white matter connections etc., in processing steps to accurately measure determining who will experience aphasia and
after stroke helps predict which patients will the connectome. who will have the best chances for recovery.
have language deficits and how severe those
deficits will be. The findings also suggest that Once the images were combined, the Its important to know how brain
connectome-based analysis could be used to team used a type of machine learning al- damage relates to language problems,
inform a more individualized approach to gorithmsupport vector regressionto Bonilha says. But its also very important
stroke care. analyze the imaging results and make to use this information in the clinical sce-
predictions about each patients language nario...to guide therapists to choose the best
The connectome is a personalized map, deficits. In essence, an algorithm was types of therapy and also foster the persons
comparable with the human genome, except created that could derive the Western ability to recover.

Oh, Canada! Tips on CRN
and International Code
Manufacturing to global codes and
standards is at times a tricky endeavor, filled
with both a myriad of forms and a litany of
corresponding inspections, from ASME to
PED, NBIC, GOST, DOSH and beyond.
In Canada, these inspections are further

complicated for manufacturers seeking to
export fittings, piping systems and pressure
vessels. Companies exporting to Canada
must obtain a CRN, or Canadian Registration
Numberissued by a Canadian provincial Bob Price (left) with Acme Cryogenics Tim Robertson
government such as Ontario (TSSA), Alberta during a recent inspection. Image: TUV Rheinland
(ABSA) or British Columbia (BC)before
shipping products to Canadian clients. Its Acme decided to contact TUV Rheinland
a process that can take from three to six because of past difficulties and a need to expe-
months, and it is one that is often overlooked dite the approval, according to David Rakos,
according to representatives from TUV director of quality and engineering at Acme.
Rheinland AIA Services, LLC., an ASME He says the company once had a CRN request
accredited authorized inspection agency to ABSA drag out for over a year Many times
that provides multiple types of inspection when we discuss CRN you get lots of groans
services. from people because they know what a diffi-
cult endeavor it can be.
The failure rate of registration is ap-
proximately 50 percent, says Bob Price, a re- But this time it went really, really
gional supervisor for TUV Rheinland. Most smoothly, he says. Rakos submitted the
of it is common mistakes that are overlooked, documents compiled by TUV Rheinland
like they forget to include a certificate of au- to Canadian representatives on July 7
thorization or maybe something is missing and received approval two weeks later.
from the drawings and calculations. Having done this numerous other times,
thats the first time that we submitted
Many manufacturers are turning to something for review that we did not
companies like TUV Rheinland to help en- have to go back to them (Canada) and
sure a smooth entrance into Canada and provide additional information.
other areas of the world where regional laws
can be difficult to interpret. As it did for Acme Cryogenics, TUV
Rheinland can review and audit a companys
Price recently visited Acme Cryogenics, quality program, drawings and calculations,
Inc. (CSA CSM), to conduct physical inspec- matching it against a checklist designed spe-
tions, witness pressure tests, take measure- cifically for submittal to TSSA, ABSA and BC.
ments and review TSSA documentation Its message to manufacturers regarding the
on a cryogenic piping system. The overall acquisition of CRNs, according to Bernard
process, he says, is complicated because Hrubala, TUV Rheinlands global business
Canadian rules require CRNs for individual development leader, is get it now.
parts used by manufacturers, in this case for
a cryogenic bayonet fitting used in a vacuum It would be money well spent because
insulated piping system. once you have it then you can advertise it,
Hrubala says. In other words you can put
Acme had used the bayonet before in your product online and say here it is and I
smaller vessels, but there was no way to prove have the Canadian registration number. So
to Canada that it would work in a larger vessel that people who are looking to buy a product
without conducting new burst tests. will say Great, this person already has it.

Novel Properties of Low-Defect Nitrogen-Doped
Graphene Using Hyperthermal Ion Implantation
by Dr. Adam L. Friedman, adam.friedman@nrl.navy.mil; Dr. Cory D. Cress, cory.cress@nrl.navy.mil, Dr. Jeremy T. Robinson, jeremy.robinson@nrl.navy.mil; and
Dr. Olaf M.J. van t Erve, olaf.vanterve@nrl.navy.mil, all from US Naval Research Laboratory
An interdisciplinary team of scientists

at the US Naval Research Laboratory (NRL)
Electronics Science and Technology and
Materials Science and Technology Divisions has
demonstrated hyperthermal ion implantation
(HyTII) as an effective means of substitution-
ally doping graphenea hexagonally arranged
single-atomic-thickness carbon sheetwith
nitrogen atoms. The result is a low-defect film
with a tunable band structure amenable to a va-
riety of device platforms and applications.
Hyperthermal ion implantation (HyTII)

offers a controllable method of producing
high-quality substitutionally doped gra-
phene with nitrogen, an n-type dopant that
has potential for graphene electronics and
spintronics applications where high carrier
concentration, uniform doping and minimal
vacancy defect concentration is desired.
Unlike other doping methods, HyTII re-

sults in a low-defect implanted graphene film
with uniform dopant coverage. In this process
(pictured in Fig. 1(a)), N+ ions are extracted 100 m
from a hot filament, accelerated, velocity fil-
tered and incident on the graphene films. A Figure 1: (a) Schematic of the doping process (b) Optical image of a completed device with the N-doped
narrow range of implantation energies (30-50 graphene channel outlined in the white dashed line. The scale bar is 100 m. Image: US Naval Research
Laboratory, Washington DC
eV) result in N substitution into the graphene
lattice with low-defect concentration. The im- between the poles of a 0.5 T electromagnet -5.5 percent at 0.5 T. This suggests that sub-
plantation dose is estimated by interpreting (Fig. 2(a)). stitutional N dopants perturb the lattice less
Raman spectroscopy data. than defects, which are known to form at
Localization is a major contributor to the higher N+ implant energies. Also, when the
In order to enable applications, the magnetoresistance (MR) in doped, disordered NRL group examined the temperature depen-
basic electronic properties of the N-doped and functionalized graphene films at low dence of the conductance, it was shown that
graphene must be determined. To this end, temperature. Here, broken chiral symmetry the main contributor to the behavior is due to
transport experiments as a function of ap- leads to intervalley scattering and electronic band structure changes rather than defects,
plied magnetic field (B) and temperature for self-intersecting scattering paths that results and results in a bandgap tunable with N dose.
a variety of implantation beam energies and in constructive quantum interference, the
doses were performed. amount of which decreases with increasing B. This is the opposite of other graphene dop-
ing methods where defects dominate the behav-
The resulting data can be fit by existing This manifests as a decrease in resistiv- ior. Additionally, they observed a crossover
models that reveal information about how the N ity. The effect is only visible at cryogenic from strong (insulating-like) to weak (metallic-
dopant alters the bandstructure of the material. temperatures. Fig. 2(b) shows the MR vs. B like) localization as a function of carrier concen-
for a lightly doped device at room tempera- tration (n) that is suppressed for larger doping
The researchers used lithographic ture and at 10 K. The peak observed about concentrations (shown in Fig. 2 (c)).
techniques to pattern the graphene film B=0 is the manifestation of localization and
into electronic devices (Fig. 1(b)). The is not visible at room temperature. Sources:
devices were placed in a cryo-free, vari- C.D. Cress, et al. ACS Nano 10, 3714-3722 (2016)
able temperature cryostat Janis Research The team discovered that all N+ energies A.L. Friedman, et al. Phys. Rev. B: Rap.
Company LLC (CSA CSM) mounted result in a larger MR, reaching approximately Comm. 93, 161409(R) (2016).

Figure 2: (a) Picture of the experimental set-up (b) B sweeps taken at room temperature (red) and 10K (black) (c) The transition from weak to strong localization
is suppressed for higher Raman D/2D ratios, which are correlated to nitrogen dopant density. For un-doped devices and low-doped devices, the transition occurs
around the charge neutrality point. For higher doped devices, the transition is suppressed. Image: US Naval Research Laboratory, Washington DC

SCW Student Scholarship Established
CSA has established the T.H.K.
Frederking Space Cryogenics Workshop
(SCW) Student Scholarship, an award
honoring our first CSA Fellow, Dr.
Traugott Frederking, who generously
sponsored selected students to attend
SCW to help develop their technical
maturity by exposing them to current
leaders and emerging developments in
the field.
During his career, Dr. Frederking

mentored many students at UCLA, said
Lou Salerno, a former CSA president, on
the occasion of Frederking being named a
CSA Fellow. He is both a knowledgeable
and kind mentor, and has often funded
conference attendance out of his own
pocket for his students.
Salerno, CSA board member Dr.

Sidney Yuan (Frederkings last gradu- Lou Salerno presents Dorothea Frederking with a certificate establishing the SCW scholarship fund
ate student) and Dorothea Frederking, commemorating her late husband.
the professors widow, have funded
the scholarship. The fund was kicked An application form for the first two
off this past July in Los Angeles with scholarship awards will be posted on the
a certificate presented by Salerno to SCW website in late August, with winners
Mrs. Frederking, followed by a cel- to be selected by the co-chairs of the next
ebration at a luncheon at the UCLA SCW, Dr.Ali Hedayat of NASA Marshall
Faculty Club. Space Flight Center and Dr. Franklin
Miller of the University of Wisconsin-
Dr. Frederking Madison. Funding will defray student
was a professor registrations and some travel expenses for
emeritus of chemi- two students to attend SCW.
cal engineering at
UCLA and an ex- The 27th Space Cryogenics Workshop
pert in the field of will be held July 5-7, 2017, at the Hyatt Lodge
cryogenics. After at McDonalds Campus, a resort and conven-
his death in 2001 tion space in Oak Brook IL, a leafy suburb just Dorothea Frederking with Dr. Sidney Yuan.
he was remem- west of Chicago and a short distance from ei-
bered by his peers Dr. Traugott Frederking. ther OHare or Midway airport. The 2017 SCW venue overlooks scenic
as a humble and modest man, hesitant to lakes, lush gardens and acres of verdant
take credit for some of the most seminal SCW began in 1980 as a one-day event forest. Attendees and their guests can take
work in cryogenics. Among the projects held in conjunction with the International advantage of the 70-foot indoor lap pool,
he worked on in his long career were the Cryogenic Engineering Conference and the health club and the rejuvenating spa,
miniaturization of heat exchangers and now stands alone under the aegis of CSA. It as well as the facilitys nature, jogging and
the development of lossless operation brings together scientists and engineers from bike trails.
for superconducting magnets. around the world who are actively involved
in the field of cryogenics as it relates to space Nearby attractions include the Morton
Salerno, retired from NASA Ames, applications. Arboretum, Brookfield Zoo, Oak Brook
and Yuan, senior engineering specialist at shopping center, numerous golf courses
The Aerospace Corporation, inaugurated The conference paper presentations and the excitement of nearby Chicago.
the scholarship with Mrs. Frederking on will be held in state-of-the-art Hamburger
what Salerno described as all in all, a University, where attendees can enjoy a com- Detailed information available at https://
perfect day. fortable and ultramodern business setting. www.spacecrogenicsworkshop.org.

In Memoriam
for the attainment of very low temperatures. Genius Grant, in 1988 and the National Medal
Gschneidners efforts greatly improved the of Technology in 1989. She also received the
regenerator materials needed to increase cryo- Department of Energys E.O. Lawrence
cooler efficiency below 60 K. Award and the Robert R. Wilson Prize of the
American Physical Society.
Our respect for Professor Gschneidner is
shared widely in the science and engineering Edwards began her tenure at Fermilab in
community as evidenced by the exceptional 1970 under the laboratorys original director,
awards he received over the years, including Robert Wilson. She had previously worked
the Russell B. Scott Award by the CEC in 1995 with Wilson as a research assistant at Cornell
and the 1997 US DOE award for The Giant University and joined him at the nascent lab,
Magnetocaloric Materials. eventually heading up the Accelerator Division.
Edwards was a force of nature known

for her forward-thinking vision, her unrelent-
Dr. Karl A. Gschneidner ing determination to get things done and her
1930-2016 penchant for coloring outside the lines when
by Ben Helvensteijn, Ali Kashani and it came to solving problems.
James Maddocks, Atlas Scientific
Her continuous drive was some-
We take this time to reflect on the life and thing that amazed me, said engineer Paul
work of Dr. Karl A. Gschneidner, a scholar Czarapata, deputy head of the Fermilab
and a jovial colleague who loved life as much Accelerator Division. It seemed like nothing
as he loved his work. His joy of life made him could slow her down.
a pleasure to be around and to cooperate with
on his research efforts. We will sorely miss She is remembered for getting down
Gschneidners upbeat presence. in the dirt, actively and directly working on
accelerator components, sometimes pulling
Personally, we first had the fortune of all-nighters to make sure everything was
acquainting ourselves with Gschneidner Dr. Helen Edwards fine-tuned.
after attending a paper presentation in 1997 1936-2016
on what he called the giant magnetocaloric by Andre Salles and Leah Hesla, Fermi National Fermilab shut down the Tevatron in 2011.
effect. His demonstrated aptitude at deci- Accelerator Laboratory As part of a labwide shutdown ceremony,
phering the factors relevant to tailoring rare Edwards, wearing a cowboy hat, pushed the
earth materials to targeted science and engi- Helen Edwards, one of the most vital buttons that finally turned off the particle
neering purposes had attracted our interest. contributors to the success of Fermi National beam. It was a fitting end for the trailblazing
We explored various ways to cooperate on Accelerator Laboratory over its five-decade machine that she brought to life.
developing tailored regenerator materials history, died on June 21 at the age of 80.
suitable for cryocoolers and this led to fruit- Edwards worked at Fermilab for 40
ful projects over many years while giving Edwards was a giant in the field of ac- years, serving most recently as a guest scien-
us the enjoyment of working with Karl on celerator science, best known for overseeing tist from 1992 to 2010. Through the last years
a regular basis. the design, construction, commissioning and of her life, she worked on the next generation
operation of the Tevatron, which for 25 years of superconducting accelerators, helping to
Gschneidners insight into materials was the most powerful particle collider in the shape the future of particle physics.
science advanced the state of the art of re- world. Her vision was superb. She was a
generative cryocoolers, a technology that is great architectthe architect of the Tevatron Edwards was a member of the American
fundamental to advanced, high-tech research as a system, said John Peoples, Fermilabs Academy of Arts and Sciences and the
development and applications. A critical director from 1989 to 1999. She was terrific National Academy of Engineering.
key to improved cryocooler performance is for Fermilab, and terrific period.
the design of the regenerator, a temperature It is impossible to overstate her role
shifting flow passage consisting of a porous Her work on the Tevatron earned her in making Fermilab what it is today, said
matrix with a high heat capacity that allows the MacArthur Fellowship, also known as the Fermilab Director Nigel Lockyer.

CONFERENCE CONNECT
38th International Conference on resonance at 750 GeV, hinted at in 2015, had
High Energy Physics not reappeared in the 2016 data set.
More than 1,400 physicists from Conference organizers hosted two public
around the world converged in Chicago events, a lecture on gravitational waves and
for ICHEP 2016, held August 3-10 at the the Windy City Physics Slam, a competition
Sheraton Grand Chicago. Robert Zimmer, that pitted five physicists in a battle to cre-
president of the University of Chicago, atively explain their experiments with music,
welcomed attendees to the conference, en- dance and props.
couraging them in the spirit of famed ar-
chitect Daniel Hudson Burnham to make At a press event, directors from the
no little plans because they lack the power worlds major institutions undertook a
to stir peoples blood. similar endeavor, summarizing with grace Formal opening of ICHEP. Image: ICHEP Press
and humor decades of research, arguments
The conference program covered 16 to contextualize funding levels and efforts particle physics. Its the most fundamental of
topics, from the Higgs boson to neutrinos to to attract the next generation of scientists. all sciences. So if you want to understand how
dark matter to cosmology, and included up- things work you have to study and work and
dates from several experiments. Physicists There is nothing more gratifying in life contribute to the advance of particle physics.
from CERN confirmed, for example, that than contributing to the progress of knowl- www.ichep2016.org
its LHC experiments, now operating at 13 edge, said Fabiola Gianotti, director-general
TeV, had once again observed the 125 GeV of CERN, during the event. And there The 39th ICHEP will be held in Seoul
Higgs boson but that evidence of a possible is nothing more fundamental in life than from July 4-11, 2018.

CONFERENCE CONNECT
Space Tech Expo Recap who said that being able to integrate com-
by Bryony Day, Marketing Executive, Smarter Shows, mercial and government SSA capabilities
bryony.day@smartershows.com is essential to creating a safe, responsible,
operational environment.
The space industry is entering a new
epoch, with players old and new com- In another segment, Maj. Gen. Roger
ing together to create innovations at a Teague (SAF/AQS) provided perspective
rapid pace. The annual Space Tech Expo, on the USAFs need to create enhanced
designed to satisfy the needs of indus- mission assurance for Department of
try leaders, decision makers and buyers Defense space capabilities in alignment
across the supply chain, was held this year with Gen. Hytens Space Enterprise Vision
from May 2426 in Pasadena CA. Each (SEV). Announced in April, the SEV seeks
year we strive to make the expo bigger Attendees enjoying a session at Space Tech Expo. to enhance US space forces ability to
and better and this years event fulfilled Image: Cryogenic Society of America deter others from interference and attack,
this promise, garnering a 20 percent in- defend US space systems if deterrence
crease in attendance figures and some of Among the conference highlights was fails and contribute to the defense of al-
the best feedback in the shows history. the SSA keynote panel featuring Michael lied space systems.
Gazarik (Ball Aerospace), Tim Maclay
Relocation from Long Beach (OneWeb), Jean-Luc Froeliger (Intelsat) and The next Space Tech Expo will be
proved to be successful for both ex- Lt. Col. Michael T. Swart (USAF). The dis- held May 23-25, 2017, in Pasadena CA.
hibitors and attendees. The convention cussion was led by Col. Charles Galbreath, www.spacetechexpo.com
centers facilities were well suited to
hosting high-profile exhibitors includ-
ing NASA, JPL, SMC, GE Aviation,
Honeywell and Orbital ATK. These
large organizations were keen to con-
nect with the small to medium enter-
prise (SME) companies in attendance,
recognizing the flexibility and inno-
vative progression SMEs bring to the
space landscape. In turn, the SMEs and
other attendees benefited from the sup-
port and experience of primes to forge
mutually beneficial relationships.
These benefits were further dem-

onstrated at the new Government/Mil/
Primes Requirements Day in the Free
Sessions Theater. Attendees and exhibi-
tors flocked to hear leading organizations
such as JPL, NASA, Northrop Grumman
and Boeing present upcoming program
requirements and to explore opportuni-
ties for collaboration throughout the space
supply chain.
In addition, the conference provided

companies such as USAF, Airbus, SpaceX
and DARPA a space to discuss new op-
portunities and one in which to debate
both current and future challenges facing
the space industry.

Product Showcase
In the interest of enhancing the value of Cold Facts and helping prospective customers find cryogenic products and services, we offer this
Product Showcase. We invite companies to send us short releases (150 words or fewer) with high resolution JPEGs of their new products.
This editorial feature is open to all companies and related manufacturers.
Le-tehnika Oxford Instruments

SRI474 cryocooler OptistatDry
Le-tehnika specializes The new OptistatDry
in the development of minia- TLEX model provides
ture cryogenic coolers, from cryogenic temperatures for
production and assembly of sample-in-exchange-gas
components to integration into applications at tempera-
complex systems. tures from <4 K to 300 K.
Its sample cooldown is less
Their product range than 45 minutes.
includes miniature coolers
based on the Joule-Thomson This new top-loading
effect (self-regulated, fixed cryogen-free cryostat is
orifice, actively controlled, fast ideal for customers whose
cooldown) and coolers based samples are not appropri-
on Stirling cycle (rotary drive). Their cryocoolers are designed ate for sample-in-vacuum arrangement. Some samples are
for cooling IR detectors or superconductive materials to cryo- not suited to a vacuum environment due to poor thermal
genic temperatures (below -150C, -238F or 123 K). conductivity, including powders, or because they are in liq-
uid form. For such cases, the sample-in-exchange-gas op-
The company recently developed two new Stirling cryocool- tion is a better solution. In addition, those who are running
ers. The integral rotary Stirling cryocooler SRI421 (0,25W@80K) short experiments and want to maximize the throughput of
is designed for smaller devices. It requires little power consump- samples will find the new TLEX version even quicker for
tion, has low acoustic noise and provides an expected MTTF of sample exchange and just as easy to use as the OptistatDry
15,000hrs. The integral rotary Stirling cryocooler SRI474 (0,75@80K) sample-in-vacuum version. A range of different designs of
is for larger devices. It was developed for use with IR detectors top-loading sample rods and sample holders are available
that need higher cooling power or temperatures lower than 77 K. to meet customer needs.
http://cryocoolers.eu http://www.oxford-instruments.com
Cryotherm is a sensor short circuit or sensor wire

breakage.
CRYO LC: Level measurement
and control device for Whether installed in a control
cryogenic liquid nitrogen cabinet or as an independent device,
the Cryo LC can be operated concur-
Cryo LC works under different pres- rently with a minimum of two displays
sures and can be applied to all sizes of ves- and operating units for both local and
sels and systems in which its level probe remote operation. The unit provides
can be fitted. It consists of the basic device, modular construction, fast assembly and
display, operating panel and housing. easy operation in addition to individu-
ally adjusted level controls and level
The unit has two functions: level probes. Cryo LC also features switch-
measurement and automatic level con- on protection, a safety measure against
trol. An alarm is set off, both optically and falls below the lowest level or rises above manipulation and faulty operation
acoustically, if the level of liquid nitrogen the highest one. Alarms also occur if there www.cryotherm.de

Technifab Products makes the TechniSwitch the most efficient
and safe unit in the industry.
Vacuum Jacketed
TechniSwitch The TechniSwitch provides a con-
tinuous liquid nitrogen supply by au-
Technifab Products, a designer and tomatically switching from an empty
manufacturer of vacuum jacketed pipe and to a full dewar. Its password-protected
custom cryogenic equipment, recently in- programmable logic controller (PLC) en-
troduced its vacuum jacketed TechniSwitch. sures accurate cryogen control and saves
The TS-VJ tank switcher is ideal for use in money by reducing downtime during
laboratories or medical settings where tank replacement. The unit also features
cleanliness is critical, low noise is preferred an alarm system that alerts operators re-
and an outside liquid nitrogen tank is not garding tank status, thus minimizing em-
accessible or possible. Added benefits such ployee man-hours during tank changes
as low heat leak, minimal nitrogen boil- and effectively reducing operating costs.
off, no condensation and touchable casing https://technifab.com
ILK Dresden including helium cryostats with cooled ra-

Customized cryosystems diation shields (not LN2 based) and vacuum
multilayer insulation; nitrogen cryostats
ILK Dresden designs, develops and with vacuum multilayer or foam insulation,
manufactures customized cryostats, es- single or multichannel mode; and custom-
pecially non-metallic units for various made cryostats, metallic and non-metallic,
applications. These cryostats are charac- pulse-tube or Gifford-McMahon)
terized by a long holding time of vacuum
and hence exhibit a very long storage ILK also develops and produces
time of the cryogenic fluid. In order to a large variety of customized cryosys-
use the cryostats in any arrangements tems. At the Joint Institute for Nuclear
and structures, they can be designed and Research in Russia, for example, they de-
built as completely position-independent. veloped a helium refrigerator system with
cooling power of up to 300 W @ 4.4 K.
ILK focuses on a range of systems http://www.ilkdresden.de/en
Lake Shore convenient solution for precision moni-
Cryotronics, Inc. toring of Lake Shore Cernox, platinum

or silicon diode sensors. Temperature
240 series sensor input values are communicated directly with
the PLC master device, eliminating the
module
need to use additional costly analog
Lake Shore benchtop instruments conversion equipment or complex PLC
are trusted throughout the world for programming to generate temperature
precision cryogenic measurement. Now values.
the same measurement performance can
be achieved in distributed PROFIBUS In addition, module-to-sensor cable
applications using the companys 240 runs of up to 300 m are possible using
series sensor input modules, which are fusion reactors and any physics or in- 240 series modules, making them ideal
currently available on a pre-sale basis. dustrial cryogenic process control ap- for cryogenic temperature measure-
plication employing PLC-based control, ments in hazardous environments.
Ideal for particle accelerators, the DIN rail mounted modules offer a www.lakeshore.com.

People, Companies in Cryogenics
A new approach to gas exploration to eliminate all emissions associated with at Cornell University and currently works
has uncovered a huge helium gas field in refrigeration. It will undergo a three-month as a scientist at Fermi National Accelerator
Tanzania, a discovery that could address trial during which time its anticipated to Laboratory (CSA CSM).
the increasingly critical shortage of this vital save some 1.6 tons of carbon dioxide, 37kg of
yet rare element. A research group from nitrogen oxides and 2kg of particulate matter The PAST awards will be presented at
Oxford and Durham universities developed compared to a similar sized diesel system. the 2016 North America Particle Accelerator
the approach, together with Helium One, a Conference, held in Chicago from Oct. 9-14.
Norway-headquartered helium exploration
company. The team discovered that volcanic NASAs Goddard Space Flight Center
activity provides the intense heat necessary to awarded Timothy Martin, director of Sumitomo (SHI) Cryogenics of
release the gas from ancient, helium-bearing engineering from Northrop Grumman America, Inc. (SCAI), a CSA CSM, has an-
rocks. It had previously used mass spectros- Corporations Aerospace Systems sector, nounced a joint collaboration with Synergy
copy to measure the quantity of noble gases with its Robert H. Goddard Exceptional Systems Corp. (SynSysCo) for the distribu-
present in North American natural gas fields, Achievement Award for Engineering. The tion and service of Sumitomos Marathon
speculating at the time that reservoirs of he- award recognized Martins work on the MIRI CP Cryopumps across North America.
lium almost certainly exist in the Rocky cryocooler for NASAs James Webb Space
Mountains. Telescope. SynSysCos support of the Marathon
CP line includes the opening of Synergy
Martins team successfully completed Cryogenics at SynSysCos facility in Montrose
The US Food and Drug Administration the development, fabrication, integration, CO. The 6,000 sq. ft. facility will support
issued a consumer update in July warning testing and delivery of the cryocooler to the sale and distribution of the complete
against the use of whole body cryotherapy NASAs Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) last Marathon CP product line, including stan-
(WBC) as a treatment for a range of conditions year, where it underwent cryogenic tests. dard and low-profile cryopumps, ranging
including asthma, chronic pain, fibromyalgia, The cryocooler is now back in Northrop in size from eight to 20 inches, plus helium
multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis and Grummans Space Park Facility in Redondo compressors and related accessories.
weight loss. Beach CA where it will be integrated with
the Webb telescopes spacecraft.
The warning follows an informal review Jeffrey Parrell, 2006 recipient of CSAs
of WBC related medical literature by the FDA. Roger W. Boom Award, has been promoted
Based on purported health benefits seen in The IEEE Nuclear and Plasma Sciences to president at Oxford Superconducting
many promotions for cryotherapy spas, con- Society Particle Accelerator Science and Technology. He formerly served as vice
sumers may incorrectly believe that the FDA Technology Technical Committee (PAST) president and general manager.
has cleared or approved WBC devices as safe has awarded Sam Posen the 2016 IEEE PAST
and effective to treat medical conditions, says Doctoral Student Award for his contributions
Aron Yustein, MD, a medical officer in the to the development of niobium-tin super- Air Products, a leading industrial gases
FDAs Center for Devices and Radiological conducting radio-frequency accelerator cavi- company, recently offered a free webinar that
Health. That is not the case. ties. Posen conducted his doctoral research explains the fundamentals of liquid nitrogen
based cryogenic grinding. Exposing material
The FDA says there is not enough infor- to liquid nitrogen can help prevent melting
mation available regarding the physiological or decomposition, or help achieve embrittle-
effects of WBC, including its impact on blood ment, resulting in a higher yield of particles in
pressure, heart rate and metabolism. But risks, the desired target range, more uniform par-
it says, are readily apparent and include con- ticle size distribution, higher production rates,
ditions ranging from frostbite to eye injury improved product quality, and enhanced
and even asphyxiation. process safety due to nitrogens inertness. The
webinar is available for replay at http://www.
airproducts.com/Microsites/cryogrind.aspx
Sainsburys, a major UK-based retailer,
has become the first company in the world
to introduce a refrigerated delivery truck The augmented reality phenomenon of
cooled by a liquid nitrogen powered en- Pokmon Go has made its way into the world
gine. Dearman Technology and its partners of high-energy particle physics, according to
designed the zero-emission cooling unit Sam Posen. Image: Fermi National Accelerator Symmetry Magazine. Its players have been
dubbed the Dearman Engine. It is expected Laboratory detected at laboratories across the world, from

Meetings
Fermilab to CERN, accelerating across the
landscape in flavors of red, yellow and blue,
we continue to focus on lean initiatives and
operational excellence given challenging & Events
the three teams of the Pokmon universe. Its energy markets, said Thomas.
kind of fun playing with everyone here, says
Bobby Santucci, an operator at Fermi National
Applied Superconductivity Conference
Accelerator Laboratory. Its not so much We regret to report that William Beale,
September 4-9
about the game. Its more like messing with founder of Sunpower Inc. (CSA CSM), passed Colorado Convention Center, Denver
each other. away in his home on July 24. He was 88. In http://2csa.us/e
1964, he invented the free-piston Stirling en-
gine that subsequently became the foundation 12th International Workshop on Low
Temperature Electronics (WOLTE-12)
LEGO is officially reviewing a commu- of his company. Prior to founding Sunpower, September 18-21
nity proposal to create a Women of NASA he taught mechanical engineering at both Tempe AZ
set. The collection would feature five notable Boston and Ohio Universities. He is remem- http://2csa.us/fr
women from the agency, including astronauts bered as a lifelong inventor, philosopher and
Sally Ride and Mae Jemison. If produced, it philanthropist. Global Helium Summit 2.0
September 12-13
will include several easily recognizable vi- New Jersey, Doubletree by Hilton Somerset
gnettes, from a mini space shuttle to a tiny Hotel & Conference Center
reproduction of the Hubble Space Telescope. The Science Coalition, a non-profit and http://2csa.us/g2
A decision is expected by January. non-partisan organization of more than 60
of the leading public and private US research 2016 North American Particle
Accelerator Conference (NAPAC2016)
universities, awarded US Rep. Bill Foster October 9-14
of Illinois 11th District its 2016 Champion Sheraton Towers, Chicago, Illinois
of Science award. It recognizes members http://2csa.us/es
of Congress whose actions and votes re-
7th International Workshop on
flect a belief in the importance of basic sci- Cryogenic Operations
entific research and the key role of federal October 25-27
funding in its facilitation. Foster, the only Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia IL
physicist in Congress, was nominated for http://2csa.us/fc
the award by Northern Illinois University,
1st Asian ICMC and CSSJ 50th
Northwestern University, University of Anniversary Conference
Illinois and University of Wisconsin-Madison. November 7-10
It was presented during the 38th International Kanazawa Opera House, Kanazawa, Japan
Image: Maia Weinstock http://2csa.us/creativecommons
https://flic.kr/p/JiTqRN Conference on High Energy Physics held in http://2csa.us/er
Chicago. 3rd International Workshop on
Superconducting Sensors and Detectors
The recently published Handbook of (IWSSD2016)
The National Conference on Weights November 14-17
Measurement in Science and Engineering,
AIST Tsukuba Campus, Japan
Volume 3 (ISBN 978-1118647240) includes and Measures has adopted new rules for the http://2csa.us/fw
a chapter from Dr. Ray Radebaugh on cryo- sale of natural gas used as vehicle fuel. The
genic measurements. It includes a review changes will affect regulation 2.27 in NIST Pittcon 2017
of commercially available sensors and Handbook 130. Moving forward, CNG and March 5-9
McCormick Place, Chicago IL
discusses the modifications necessary for LNG will be measured in terms of mass
http://2csa.us/g3
their use at cryogenic temperatures. and sold in units of GGE (gasoline gallon
equivalent) for CNG or DGE (Diesel Gallon 14th Cryogenics IIR International
Equivalent) for CNG and LNG. The move Conference
Chart Industries, Inc. (CSA CSM) has will standardize sales across the US. Prior to May 15-19
Dresden, Germany
named William C. Johnson as its new presi- the decision, gasoline liter equivalents were
http://2csa.us/e9
dent and chief operating officer. He joins Chart also acceptable. Many organizations lob-
after serving as president and CEO at Dover bied for the changes, arguing the adoption 27th Space Cryogenics Workshop
Refrigeration & Food Equipment, Inc., a sub- of DGE units was essential for making LNG July 5 7, 2017
sidiary of Dover Corporation. Johnson suc- comparisons to diesel fuel. Oak Brook, IL
http://2csa.us/scw
ceeds Sam Thomas as president, with Thomas
remaining as the companys board chairman Get your people and company news A full listing of upcoming events is available
and CEO. We expect Bills addition of opera- mentioned in upcoming issues. Email Brian at www.cryogenicsociety.org/calendar.
tional and strategic talent will bring enhanced Dudley at editor@cryogenicsociety.org
value for the company and its stakeholders as today.

Index of Advertisers
Acme Cryogenics, Inc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 Take a moment to join CSA
American Magnetics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 today and receive your own
Applied Superconductivity Conference. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 copy of Cold Facts.
CAD Cut, Inc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 Rates: circle $ amount
Individual: $75 Student or retiree: $35
CCH Equipment Co. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
Corporate, number of employees:
Chart Industries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 1-10, $450 11-25, $660 26-50, $870 51-100, $1,290
101-500, $2,340 501-1,000, $5,250 1,000+, $7,000
Cryo Industries of America, Inc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Government/Non-profit, $450.
Cryo Technologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Inside Front Cover
ALL foreign add $40, remit in US $ on US bank. No bank transfers.
Cryocomp. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 Special Lifetime membership: US, $600; outside US, $750.
Cryoconnect. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Charge your membership
Cryofab, Inc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Inside Back Cover
__Discovery __Visa __MasterCard __AmEx
Cryogenic Control Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
Account number Expiration Security code
Cryogenic Machinery Corporation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Cryomech, Inc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Back Cover Signature
CryoWorks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 Please print

Eden Cryogenics and Hyper Tech . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Gardner Cryogenics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 Name Title
Gasworld . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 Company
HPD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Address
Indium Corporation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
City State/Country Zip + 4
International Cryogenics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Janis Research Co., Inc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 Email Website
Lake Shore Cryotronics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 Phone Fax
Linde Cryogenics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Inside Back Cover What is your involvement in cryogenics?

Magnatrol Valve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Send to:
Master Bond . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
New Memberships Cryogenic Society of America
Oxford Instruments Nanoscience . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 218 Lake Street Oak Park IL 60302-2609
Fax: 708-383-9337
PHPK Technologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Inside Front Cover
SGD, Inc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
Join CSA online!
STAR Cryoelectronics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
http://2csa.us/join
Sumitomo SHI Cryo America . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Cold Facts is the official technical magazine of The Cryogenic Society
Sunpower . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 of America, Inc. 218 Lake Street Oak Park IL 60302-2609
Phone: 708-383-6220 Ext. 302 Fax: 708.383.9337
Technifab. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 Email: csa@cryogenicsociety.org Web: www.cryogenicsociety.org
A non-profit technical society serving all those interested in any phase
of cryogenics
Tempshield Cryo-Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 SSN 1085-5262 CSA-C- 3858 August 2016
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ICC19 Conference Recap .................................... 8 Cryogenic Coatings for Deep Space.....................

Heat Measurement in Cryogenics | 26

Braemar Engineering Cryoworld BV Lake Shore Cryotronics, Inc.

Cryo Technologies HPD National High Magnetic Field Thermal Space

Cryofab, Inc. Indium Corporation Niowave, Inc. Valcor Scientific

11 Large Pulse Tube Coolers Deliver 1,280 W at 77 K COLUMNS

16 Cryostats for Space, Superconductivity and More 21 Defining Cryogenics

17 Solving Wiring Issues in a Closed Cycle Optical Cryostat 22 Space Cryogenics

18 New Cryostat Design Volume 24 Cryo-Oops

26 Short History of Heat Measurement in Cryogenics SPOTLIGHTS

32 Braemar Creates a Niche in the LNG Market

42 Low-Defect Nitrogen-Doped Graphene 50 PRODUCT SHOWCASE

45 SCW Student Scholarship Established 52 PEOPLE & COMPANIES

ON OUR COVER 53 CALENDAR

The Cryostat-500 instrument shown here is

Cold Facts | August 2016 | Volume 32 Number 4 5 www.cryogenicsociety.org

SIDNEY YUAN, The Aerospace Corp.

Cold Facts | August 2016 | Volume 32 Number 4 6 www.cryogenicsociety.org

Cold Facts | August 2016 | Volume 32 Number 4 8 www.cryogenicsociety.org

Cold Facts | August 2016 | Volume 32 Number 4 9 www.cryogenicsociety.org

Onboard the carrier is an advanced

Cold Facts | August 2016 | Volume 32 Number 4 10 www.cryogenicsociety.org

Callaghan Innovation and Fabrum

These industrially robust cryocoolers

The largest cryocooler, the PTC1000,

The gas company provided an indus-

Cold Facts | August 2016 | Volume 32 Number 4 11 www.cryogenicsociety.org

To support future space missions, Three-Stage Centrifugal Five-Module

The resulting radiative heat flux to

Under NASA funding, Creare (CSA

Turbo-Brayton cryocoolers are ideal for

The key mechanical components of the

Cold Facts | August 2016 | Volume 32 Number 4 12 www.cryogenicsociety.org

Recuperator Fabrication and

six-inch ruler The key step in fabrication of the

ity to repair joints.

Off-axis cameras were used to en-

Cold Facts | August 2016 | Volume 32 Number 4 13 www.cryogenicsociety.org

The thermal ineffectiveness results are shown in Figure

In addition to thermal performance, an earlier version of the

Conclusions and Future Work

Creare, in collaboration with Mezzo Technologies and Edare

Future work includes the fabrication of the remaining re-

Creare gratefully acknowledges NASA for their support of this

A paper further detailing this recuperator was presented at

2. Deserranno, D., Zagarola, M.V., Li, X. and Mustafi, S.,

3. Chaa, J.S. and Yuan, S.W., Aerospace Report TOR-2013(3905)-4

4. D. Deserranno, M. Zagarola, D. Craig, R. Garehan, T. Giglio,

Cold Facts | August 2016 | Volume 32 Number 4 15 www.cryogenicsociety.org

Demand for large capacity cryostats in

The demand for large capacity cryostats

Cold Facts | August 2016 | Volume 32 Number 4 16 www.cryogenicsociety.org

Montana Instruments has worked to solve many of these com-

The Fusion is based on the proprietary thermal design

Cold Facts | August 2016 | Volume 32 Number 4 17 www.cryogenicsociety.org

Jaroslaw Fydrych, Hardcover $129.00 Wolfgang Stautner,

Cold Facts | August 2016 | Volume 32 Number 4 18 www.cryogenicsociety.org

Cold Facts | August 2016 | Volume 32 Number 4 21 www.cryogenicsociety.org

Space Cryocooler Status and Developments

Cold Facts | August 2016 | Volume 32 Number 4 22 www.cryogenicsociety.org

development of a 4 K regenerator using

In the higher temperature regimes, a

Cold Facts | August 2016 | Volume 32 Number 4 23 www.cryogenicsociety.org

Cold Facts | August 2016 | Volume 32 Number 4 24 www.cryogenicsociety.org