INTRODUCTION - WHAT IS LOGGING?

In situ meas. (vs. depth) of

Rock properties
Fluid properties
When
Openhole (before casing)
While drilling (LWD / MWD)
After drilling (wireline)
Cased hole
Casing
Interpret
Geological properties
Lithology
Formation tops
Thickness of units
Petrophysical properties Open hole
Porosity
Permeability
Fluids and saturations
Production properties

Baker-Atlas
 VALUE AND LIMITATIONS
OF WELL LOG DATA
Strengths
Provides remotely sensed values of reservoir
properties and fluids
Among the most abundant reservoir data
Presentation results fairly well standardized
Allows evaluation of lateral (map) and vertical
(cross section) changes in reservoir properties
and fluids

Limitations
Indirect measurements
Vertical resolution
Depth of investigation
 A FEW SIGNIFICANT MILESTONES
IN PETROLEUM EXPLORATION
First oil well E. L. Drake, Titusville, PA, 1859

Anticlinal trap theory I.C. White (popularized) 1885

Geophysical tools (magnetic, gravity, seismic evaluation) 1911

Geophysical well logging Schlumberger, 9/5/27

Depositional systems analysis Fisher, Brown and others (UT) , 1960s

Sequence stratigraphy (Mitchell, Vail et al., Exxon; Fisher, et al., UT), 1970s

3-D Seismic, computers, 1980s

4-D (time-lapse) seismic; seismic attributes, computers 1990s

Frontiers multicomponent and spectral seismic imaging of reservoir

and fluids, computers
SURFACE ELECTRICAL MEASUREMENTS
CONRAD SCHLUMBERGERS ASSISTANT, 1914
From Schlumberger

(SEE NOTES)
 From Schlumberger

EARLY SURFACE
GEOPHYSICS

Resistivity map
made by C. Schlumberger, 1912
 DIEFFENBACH
NO. 2907, RIG 7

Pechelbronn, France

First well logged with

Geophysical tools

_______

September 5, 1927

From Schlumberger
 145 m
SEGMENT OF THE
150 m FIRST WELL LOG
Schlumberger
155 m

160 m

165 m

170 m

175 m

155 m

180 m See notes

From Schlumberger
SEGMENT OF THE FIRST WELL LOG Schlumberger

215 m

220 m

225 m

From Schlumberger
SEGMENT OF THE FIRST WELL LOG Schlumberger

From Schlumberger
HEADER FIRST WELL LOG
Schlumberger, 1927

From Schlumberger
From Schlumberger
HENRI DOLL LOGGING OKLAHOMA
WELL, 1930

From Schlumberger
ANOTHER FUN DAY IN THE OIL PATCH

From Schlumberger
 OPEN HOLE LOGGING MEASUREMENTS
Passive
Caliper
Gamma Ray
Spontaneous
Potential (SP)
Active
Acoustic
- tc, ts, Ac, As

LOGGING TOOL
Nuclear
- b, N, Pe, 1, 2
Electromagnetic
- R, tPL, EATT
 CASED HOLE LOGGING MEASUREMENTS

Passive
Gamma Ray
Temperature
Flow Velocity
Caliper
Active
Acoustic
Nuclear
Electromagnetic
Mechanical
 SOME QUESTIONS ADDRESSED BY
LOG INTERPRETATION
Geophysicist / Geologist
Are the tops as predicted?
Are potential zones porous?
Formation intervals?
Lithology?
Hydrocarbons?
What type of hydrocarbons?
Commercial quantities?
Drilling Engineer
Hole volume for cementing?
Any keyseats or doglegs?
Packer placement for testing?
Best place to set a whipstock?
Reservoir Engineer
How thick is the pay zone?
How homogeneous is the
zone?
Porosity?
Permeability?
Production Engineer
Which zone(s) to complete?
What production rates?
Any water production?
Is zone hydraulically isolated?
Will well need stimulation?
What stimulation would be
best?
WHAT DOES AN OPENHOLE LOG COST?
IT DEPENDS ON...
Well type
Vertical/Deviated
Deep/Shallow
Hot/Normal
Measurements
Depth charge
Survey charge
Time / location / special procedures
Land/offshore
Service charge
Equipment availability
Rig time
Wireline/LWD
 TYPICAL OPEN HOLE WIRELINE COSTS

Land Offshore
Service Charge $1-3K $6-10K

Depth Charge 30-50 50-100

(per msmt-foot)

Survey Charge 30-50 50-100

$12-25K/day jack-up
Rig Time $4K/day $100K+/day floater
 EXAMPLE LOGGING JOB COSTS

DIL+BHC+GR DIL+BHC+GR
Land well Offshore well
Logged interval 8-10K ft. Logged interval 8-10K ft.

Service Chg $1,500 Service Chg $6,000

Depth Chg 11,500 Depth Chg 22,000
10,000x(40+40+30) 10,000x(80+80+60)
Survey Chg 2,300 Survey Chg 4,400
2,000x(40+40+30) 2,000x(80+80+60)
Rig time 3 hrs 500 Rig time 3 hrs 2,300
TOTAL $15,800 TOTAL $34,700
FACTORS ADDING TO LOGGING COSTS

Hostile well conditions Double+

Deviated more than 60deg
Hotter than 300 deg F (150 deg F)
LWD/MWD Triple++
Local conditions
Crew on standby
Remote location
Schlumberger and ChevronTexaco Set New Gulf of Mexico Record for Well Depth and Pressure

Service Delivers Real-Time Well Placement in Ultra Deepwater

HOUSTON, December 15, 2003 - Schlumberger Oilfield Services and ChevronTexaco announced today
they have set new measurement-while-drilling (MWD) and logging-while-drilling (LWD) depth and
pressure records for the Gulf of Mexico. These results were recorded while drilling the ChevronTexaco
deepwater Tonga Exploratory Prospect located in Green Canyon Block 727.

True vertical depth of 31,824 feet was reached exceeding the previous depth record by 700 feet, with a
maximum-recorded downhole pressure of 26,138 psi in the Tonga #1 well. Schlumberger delivered continuous
real-time surveys, allowing the well trajectory to be kept on target during the entire drilling and logging process.
"The Schlumberger tools functioned flawlessly under the extreme conditions of depth and pressure. We were
able to capture and transmit 100 percent of the data in real time, without lost time or trips, which was critical to
the success of this ultra-deep exploration well." Drilling operations for this record-setting well located in 4,695
feet of water and approximately 150 miles southwest of New Orleans were conducted from Transocean's
Discoverer Deep Seas drillship.

Schlumberger Oilfield Glossary

hostile environment
1. n. [Drilling]

A particularly difficult set of well conditions that may detrimentally affect steel, elastomers,
mud additives, electronics, or tools and tool components. Such conditions typically include
excessive temperatures, the presence of acid gases (H2S, CO2), chlorides, high pressures
and, more recently, extreme measured depths.
LOGGING IS COMPARITIVELY INEXPENSIVE!
Vertical Land Well Costs

Misc.
Mud
7%
Trouble 20%
15%

Wireline
Logging
8% Rig Time
25%
Steel
25%

Total cost to drill a well: $75 to $200 per foot!

 WIRELINE
LOGGING
EQUIPMENT
DETAILS OF WIRELINE LOGGING RIGUP

Modified from Halliburton (EL-1007)