7 SARS 1200 DM-1981

Earthworks ( r o a d s , s u b g r a d e )

5.2.2.4 Tem o r a r s L o c l c , l l i n ~ oC m a t e r i a l s . Where t h e e a r t h w o r k program is such t h a t s e l e c t e d material c a n n o t

b e ;lacG: d i r e c : l y i n t h e a p p r o p r i a t e posltion, t h e Engliieer may a u t h o r i z e t h e removal of s u c h m a t e r i a l
to temporary s t o c k p t l e s . S t o c k p l l e sites s e l e c t e d hy t h e E n g i n e e r s h a l l b e p r e p a r e d by c l e a r i n g and
11ghL g r a d i n g .
The s e l e c t e d material s h a l l be s t o c k p i l e d in s u c c e s s i v e l a y e r s o v e r t h e Eull s t o c k p i l e area to
dimensLons ilia1 a r e a p p r o x i m a t e l y t h o s e r e q u l r e d by the E n g i n e e r . The a r e a o c c u p i e d by t h e s t o c k p i l e
s h a l l be so shaped and t i d i e d a f t e r removal or t h e s t o c k p i l e t h a t e r o s i o n by wind and w e a t h e r is
minlmizod.
5.2.2.5 D i s p o s a l OF s u r p l u s or u n s i r t t a b l e m a l e r u . S u r p l u s o r u n s u t t n h l e m a t e r i a l from e x c a v a t i o n s
( i n c l u d i n g w a s t e or o v e r s h e material b l a d e d oEE t h e r o a d ) s h a l l be d i s p o s e d oE as d i r e c t e d . S p o i l
material s h a l l not be compacted b u t s h a l l he s p r e a d , s h a p e d , and g i v e n a f r e e d r a t n i n g smooth s u r f a c e
such a s is n o r m a l l y ohtalnab Le w i t h c a r e f t r l b u l l d o z e r o p e r a l i o n s .
5.2.2.6 C a t c h w a t e r mounds and c h a n n r l s and m i t r e k a n k s and c h a n n e l s . Where shown on t h e drawings or o r d e r e d .
c a t c h w a t e r mounds and c h a n n e l s (see (a) and (h) on Drawing DM-2) and mitre b a n k s and channeLs s h a l l be
c o n s t r u c t e d t o d i m e n s i o n s and detaLls as d l r e c t e d .
5.2.3 Treatmeill of t h e Ro,ld-ned
5.2.3.1 N a t u r a l d r a i n i n g OF road-bed. Any d r a i n a b l e w a t e r l o g g e d road-bed. such as s a t u r a t e d material o v e r l y i n g
less p e r v i o u s stra&-first be d r a l n e d hy t h e i n s t a l l a t i o n of a l l permanent s u r f a c e and s u b s o i l
d r a i n a g e shown on t h e d r a w i n g s o r a s may be d l r e c t e d . Hollows i n r o c k c u t s s h a l l be l i n k e d t o e n s u r e
e f f e c t t v e d r a i n a g e b e f o r e a n y o t h e r c o n s t r u c t t o n is s t a r t e d on such c u t s .
5.2.3.2 Removal of u i i s i i t t a b l e ground-
a) Road-bcd m a t e r i a l t h a t o c c u r s below the f o r m a t i o n l e v e l and is c o n s l d e t e d by t h e E n g i n e e r t o be of a
q u a l i t y that wlll b e d e t r i m e n t a l t o the perEorinance of the completed r o a d , s h a l l b e removed to s u c h
w i d t h s and d e p t h s as o r d e r e d . and d i s p o s e d of as d i r e c l e d . The e x c a v a t e d spac.es s h a l l t h e n b e
b a c k f l l l e d w i t h approved liiiported materlal. A l t e r n a t i v e l y . i f so o r d e r e d , t h e road-bed material s h a l l
b e s t a b t Lized.
b ) The E n g i n e e r may also o r d e r t h a t material t h a t i s too w e t to p r o v i d e a s t a b l e plaLEorm f o r t h e
c o n s t r u c t i o n of the s u b g r a d e he removed and r e p l a c e d w i t h s u i t a b l e d r y m a t e r i a l . The C o n t r a c t o r w i l l
b e p a i d f o r such work p r o v i d e d t h a t t h e E n g i n e e r i s s a t i s f i e d t h a t , d e s p i t e a d e q u a t e t e m p o r a r y d r a i n a g e
p r o v i d e d by t h e ConLracLor and permanent d r a i n a g e o r d e r e d by t h e E n g l n e e r , t h e w e t c o n d i t i o n s are not
l l k e l y t o he remedied w i t h l n a r e a s o n a b k e t i m e , and p r o v i d e d E u r t h e r t h a t t h e wet c o n d i t i o n s c o u l d not
r e a s o n a b l y have b e e n f o r e s e e n o r a v o i d e d by t h e plannlng of c o n s t r u c t i o n work for a d r y p e r i o d .
5.2.3.3 T r e a t m e n t of road-bed
a ) P r e p a r a t i n n and c o m l > a c t 2 t l OF road-hcd. Any p o r t i o n of the road-bed t h a t lies w i t h i n t h e s e l e c t e d
l a y e r and t h a t , w i t h t h e e x c e p t i o n of its d e n s f t y . is i n t h e opinion of the E n g i n e e r s u l t a b l e f o r u s e
i n p l a c e . shall he s c a c i E i e d t o t h e d e p t h d i r e c t e d , w a t e r e d , and compacted t o t h e d e p t h and p e r c e n t a g e
o f m o d i f i e d ABSHTO maximum d e n s i t y o r d e r e d .
l f n e c e s s a r y , road-bed m a t e r i a l may h a v e to be t e m p o r a r i l y b l a d e d o f t t o windrow in o r d e r t o a c h i e v e
t h e n e c e s s a r y d e p t h of compactton.
Where a d d i l l o n e 1 m a t e r l a l has t o he imported t o o b t a i n the r e q u i r e d l e v e l s and l a y e r t h i c k n e s s e s , t h e
i n - p l a c e material s h a l l he s c a r i f i e d , t h e n e c e s s a r y i m p o r t e d material p l a c e d , and t h e t w o materials
mixed and compacted t o t h e f u l l d e s l g n a t e d d e p t h of t h e l a y e r . The lmported material w i l l be measured
u n d e r 8 . 3 . 4 ( c u t t o f i l l o r borrow t o i l l , as a p p r o p r i a t e ) . and t h e i n - p l a c e material w i l l b e measured
u n d e r 8 . 3 . 3 ( t r e a t m e n t of road-bed).
b ) I n - p l a c e t r e a t m e n t of road-bed i n i n t e r m e d i a t e o r h a r d r o c k mater&
1) Where shown on t h e d r a w i n g s or d i r e c l e d , t h e road-bed s h a l l be t r e a t e d in p l a c e by t h e b r e a k i n g up
o f u n d e s i r a b l e f o r m a t i o n s of h a r d or r o c k y materials i n o r d e r t o a c h l e v e a unlEorm s t a n d a r d oE
c o m p a c t t o n or t o improve drainage, o r b o t h .
T r e a t m e n t tn p l a c e s h a l l c o n s i s t of r i p p i n g or b l a s t i n g Lo a d e p t h below f o r m a t i o n l e v e l t h a t i n c r e a s e s
from t h e c e n t r e OF t h e road-bed t o t h e e d g e s on n o r m a l l y cambered s e c t i o n s . U n l e s s o t h e r w i s e i n d i c a t e d
on t h e d r a w i n g s o c d i r e c t e d ,
i) t h e d e p t h helow formatton l e v e l of r i p p i n g In t h e c e n t r e of the road-bed s h a l l be a t least 300 mm,
and a t t h e e d g e s OF t h e road-bed s h a l l b e a t least 500 mm, and
i t ) t h e d e p t h below f o r m a t i o n l e v e l of. d r i l l i n g and b l a s t i n g s h a l l h e a t l e a s t 700 mm a t t h e c e n t r e of
t h e road-bed and a t least 1 000 mm a t the e d g e s oE t h e road-bed.
On s u p e r e l e v a t e d s e c t i o n s t h e t r e a t m e n t s h a l l , i E so d i r e c t e d o r shown on t h e d r a w i n g s , h a v e a uni form
c r o s s f a l l and a minimuin d e p t h of 400 mm i n t h e case oE r i p p i n g and 8 5 0 mm i n t h e case of b l a s t i n g .
2) A f t e r r i p p i n g or b l a s t l n g t h e m a t e r l a l s h a l l be p r o c e s s e d as f o l l o w s :
I ) Where t h e E n g i n e e r i n s t r u c t s t h e C o n t r a c t o r to r i p t h e in-sttu m a t e r i a l t h e whole of t h e material
s h a l l he s i z e d b y r o l l i n g or knapping u n t i l t h e maxlmum d i m e n s i o n of any c l o d o r spa11 is n o t more t h a n
t w o - t h i r d s oE t h e t h i c k n e s s of t h e l a y e r , a f t e r compactton.
U n l e s s o t h e r w i s e a p p r o v e d , t h e material s h a l l t h e n be compacted as s p e c i E i e d in 5 . 2 . 4 . 2 .
ii) Where t h e E n g i n e e r i n s t r u c t s t h e C o n l r a c L o r to b l a s t t h e i n - s i t u material, and where, i n t h e
o p l n i o n of t h e E n g i n e e r , r i p p e d material c a n n o t he compacted a s s p e c i f i e d i n 5 . 2 . 4 . 2 , t h e whole oE t h e
material s h a l l b e p r o c e s s c d and compacLed as s p e c i f i e d i n 5 . 2 . 4 . 2 ( d ) e x c e p t t h a t no E i n e material s h a l l
b e added.
S u r p l u s maLerial a r l s i n g Erom b u l k i n g a f t e r t r e a t m e n t i n p l a c e by t h e p r o c e s s e s s p e c i C i e d in (i) and
( i t ) above s h a l l he removed t o f i l l or t o s p o i l . as d i r e c t e d .
SARS 1200 11M-1381 8
Earthworks ( r o a d s , s u b g r a d e )

5.2.4 Fil 1
5.2.4.1 P r e p ra t to2
a ) G e n e r a l . A l l material used i n the c o i l s t r c l c t t o n of f i l l s s h a l l be broken down d u r i n g e x c a v a t i o n and
d u r i n g p l a c i n g and colnpaclion of t h e materLa1 as s p e c i f i e d i n 5.2.4.2. O v e r s i z e material t h a t c a n n o t
b e broken down t o the maximm p e r n i i s s i h l e s l z e s p e c i f i e d i n 3.2.3 s h a l l be removed and used o r d i s p o s e d
o f as d i r e c t e d .
b ) Benching. On ground w i t h a s l o p e g r e a t e r t h a n one v e r t i c a l t o s i x h o r i z o u t a l and o n t h e s i d e s of
e x i s t i n g einhankments that are t o be widened, t h e e x i s t i n g s u r c a c e s h a l l be c u t away, a s shown on
Drawing DM-1, to forltl benches on wliLch t h e CLll is t o b e c o n s I r r r c l e d , e a c h bench b c t n g cut as t h e f i l l
is compacted and b r o u g h t u p . ExcepL on areas of s o l i d rock, t h e dimensions of b e n c h e s s h a l t h e
s u f f i c i e n t L o pcrmlt t h e o p e r a t i o n oE p l a c t n g and compaction q u i p m e n l . The s l o p e o r embankment s h a l l
bc giveit a n l n i t i a l bench a t the toe of t h e f i l l a s s e t o u t from t h e d e s i g n a t e d l e v e l s and cross-
sect i o n s .
On areas of s o l i d r o c k , t h e dimensions of benches may h e smalkr t h a n t h o s e r e q u i r e d f o r the o p e r a t i o n
of equipment, and the benches may c o n s i s t of s t e p s or s e r r a t i o n s c u t i n t o t h e s l o p e , w i t h t h e s t e p s or
upper s u r f a c e s of serrations s l o p i n g Inwards, t o e n s u r e a s a t s f a c t o r y bond between t h e s l o p e and t h e
f i l l . Vie f i l l on areas of solid r o c k s h a l t p r e f e r a b l y c o n s i s t oE rock. The material s h a l l he p l a c e d
a t t h e toe of t h e F i l l i n a s i n g l e l a y e r t o t h e minimum eleval.Lon LhaL w i l l p e r m i t t h e e f f e c t i v e
o p e r a t ton of p l a c i n g and compacting equipment.
M a t e r i a l e x c a v a t e d from benches. i f s u i t a b l e . s h a l l be i n c o r p o r a l c d i n t o t h e f i l l (see 8.2.4.4, 8.3.4,
and 8.3.7).
5.2.4.2 P l a c i n g and compact&!
a ) G e n e r a l . Except where t h e y are i n conf l l c t wiLh the r e q u i r e m e n t s of (b)-(g) below. the r e q u i r e m e n t s
of S u b c l a u s e 5.2.3 of SARS 1200 D or S u b c l a u s e s 5.2.3 and 5 . 2 . 4 of SABS 1200 DA. as a p p l i c a b l e . s h a l l
apply.
b) Spreading-. The t h i c k n e s s of each i n d i v i d u a l Layer s h a l l be t h e optimum f o r t h e t y p e of material
u s e d , t h e maximum s i z e of t h e p a r t l c l e s i n the material, and the compacLion equipment used. The
material shall he s p r e a d and mixed t o form a l a y e r of a p p r o x i m a t e l y u n t f o r m l y g r a d e d material o v e r the
whole w i d t h of t h e f i l l . Fill s h a l l be p l a c e d i n s u c c e s s i v e l a y e r s parallel t o t h e f i n a l road s u r f a c e
wherever this i s pract tcah Le and provided t h a t tlie c r o s s f a l l s a r e a d e q u a t e for d r a i n a g e . The con-
s t r u c t i o n of t a p e r e d l a y e r s s h a l l be r e s t r i c t e d t o t h e bottom l a y e r s of f i l l where t h i s may be
u n a v o i d a b l e b e c a u s e of c r o s s f a l l , t h e t a p e r i n g o u t o i illls, or t h e s u p e r e l e v a t i o n o f t h e f i n a l r o a d
s u r f a c e . Each l a y e r s h a l l be watered and conipacted i n t h e manner and t o t h e d e n s i t y s p e c i f i e d i n ( E )
below o r In 5 .2 .5 , as a p p l i c a b l e .
c) Breaking down oE mnLerIa1_. Where b r e a k i n g down of m a t e r i a l t o a s i z e smaller t h a n 600 m n ( s e e 3.2.2(h
h a s been o r d e r e d . t h e material s h a l l b e s p r e a d o v e r t h e f u l l w i d t h o f t h e road and f u r t h e r reduced i n
s i z e hy the u s e of heavy rollers. hand tools, and o t h e r s u i t a b l e equipment.
The material s h a l l t h e n be e v e n l y s p r e a d o v e r the f u l l w i d t h o f t h e road and f u r t h e r reduced i n s i z e by
t h e use of heavy r o l l e r s , hand t o o l s . and o t h e r s u i t a b l e equipment. During t h i s p r o c e s s t h e material
s h a l l be f r e q u e n t l y scariELed and h l a d c d t o e n s u r e t h a t o v e r s l z e materLa1 is h r o u g h t t o t h e s u r f a c e of
t h e l a y e r . The loose l a y e r Lhlckness s h a l l be s u i t e d t o t h e s i z e of tlie p a r t i c l e s t o b e b r o k e n down
and s h a l l n o t be so t h i c k ~ l i a tthe e f f e c t i v e n e s s of the breaking-down p r o c e s s 1s a d v e r s e l y a f f e c t e d .
O v e r s l z e material t h a t c a n n o t be broken down t o t h e s i z e g e n e r a l l y o b t a i n a b l e f o r t h e rest of t h e
material s h a l l he bladed o f f t h e road and d i s p o s e d of o r used e l s e w h e r e as o r d e r e d . The E n g i n e e r may
d i r e c t t h a t o v e r s l z e rnaLerial t o t h e e x t e n t oE up t o 5 X by volume of material used b e removed i n L h l s
manner w i t h o u t a n y a d d i t i o n a l payment b e i n g made.
d ) Rock f l l l s
1) Provided t h a t t h e t h i c k n e s s of any uncompacted l a y e r . o t h e r t h a n a l a y e r any part of which t s w i t h i n
1.5 m of the f i n i s h e d road l e v e l (see ( 3 ) below). d o e s n o t exceed 750 mm, r o c k s h a l l be d e p o s i t e d i n
l a y e r s of t h i c k n e s s a t l e a s t enough to accommodate material. o l tnnximum d l m e n s i o n n o t e x c e e d i n g 600 mm.
O v e r s i z e ( e x c e e d i n g 600 mm) m a t e r i a l s h a l l be b r o k e n down to s i z e o r , where by t h e n a t u r e oE t h e
material t h i s is i m p r a c t i c a b l e , removed as s p o i l ,
2) The rock f i l l s h a l l h e s p r e a d and s o r t e d by means of gradLn,: p l a n t of a d e q u a t e mass and power t o
o b t a i n a unlform l a y e r t h i c k n e s s . A f t e r the material h a s been s p r e a d , t h e i n t e r s t i c e s s h a l l b e f i l l e d
w i t h smaller r o c k o r h e - g r a l n e d raiterial and i E , a f t e r the a ~ l d i t t o nof s u c h material. t h e r o c k l a y e r
is s t i l l t o o rough to r o l l , s u f f i c i e n t f i n e - g r a l n e d material s'iaL1 be added t o b l i n d t h e s u r f a c e , or
the unevennesses shall he b r o k e n down b y kuapplng. The l a y e r i h n l l t h e n b e watered and g i v e n a d e q u a t e
compactton w i t h a v i b r a t i n g r o l l e r u n t i l a s a t i s f a c t o r y l o c k i s o b t a i n e d . l f t h e l o c k o r t h e v o i d i n
t h e f i n i s h e d l a y e r is n o t t o t h e s a t i s f a c t i o n of Lhe E n g i n e e r , h e may o r d e r s p o t dumping and hand
d i s t r i b u t i o n of s u l t a h Le f i n e material, t h e a p p l i c a t t o n of C u r i h e r w a t e r between p a s s e s , and s u c h
a d d i t i o n a l r o l l i n g a s he may c o n s i d e r n e c e s s a r y f o r a d e n s e stable embankment f i l l t o b e o b t a i n e d .
3) The upper p o r t i o n of Lhe f i l l below t h e s e l e c t e d l a y e r and w i t h l n 1 . 5 m of t h e f i n i s h e d road l e v e l
s h a l t h e c o n s t r u c t e d i n l a y e r s of t h i c k n e s s n o t exceedin(:'300 rnin b e f o r e compaction.
e) Watering and mlxln~-. Enough water s h a l l be added. and t h o r o u g h l y mixed i n t o t h e material t o b r i n g
t h e m a t e r i a l t o t h e optimuin m o l s t u r e c o n t e n t f o r the compact ion e q u i p m c n l used and the d e n s i t y
r e q u i r e d . p r o v i d e d always t h a t compacton of m a t e r i a l t h a t is u n s t a b l e under t h e p a s s a g e of t h e r o l l e r
s h a l l n o t he a t t e m p t e d .
f ) Compaction. The d e g r e e o f coinpaction s h a l l he
1) f o r material other t h a n s a n d and r o c k f i l l
2) or sand ...................................
.. a t l e a s t 90 X: o modified AASIlTO maximum d e n s i t y ;
a t IeasL 100 X of m o d i f i e d AASIlTO maximum d e n s i t y ; and
3) f o r r o c k f i l l ............................... no s p e c i f i e d dc!nsity.
Compaction s h a l l be c a r r i e d out i n a series of c o n t i n u o u s oper.rLions c o v e r i n g t h e t u l l w i d t h of t h e
l a y e r , and t h e l e n g t h of any s e c t t o n of a layer b e l n g compacted s h a l l p r e l e r a b l y be n o t less than 150 tu
and not more t h a n can he p r o p e r l y compacted w l t h t h e a v a i l a b l e equlpment. The E n g i n e e r may o r d e r the
C o n t r a c t o r t o r e d u c e t h e l e n g t h of any s e c t i o n of a l a y e r b e i n g compacted i n a s i n g l e o p e r a t i o n i f . in
h f s o p i n i o n , p r o p e r compaction of such a layer is n o t h e i n g acliieved by the C o n t r a c t o r .
The t y p e s oE compaction equlpment used and t h e amount of r o l l i n g done shall he such a s t o e n s u r e t h a t
s p e c i f i e d d e n s i t i e s are o b t a i n e d w i t h o u t damage t o lower l a y e r f ; ur s t r u c t u r e s . During compaction t h e
l a y e r s h a l l b e m a i n t a i n e d t o t h e r e q u i r e d s h a p e and c r o s s - s e c t L o n . and a l l h o l e s , r u t s . and l a m i n a t i o n s
s h a l l be removed as the work p r o g r e s s e s .
g ) D a c k f i l l and c o i n p a c t I 5 l t s t r i r c t i i r e s . ( S e e S u b c l a u s e 5.2.'1.2 of SARS 1200 D o r S u b c l a u s e 5.2.3.2
o f SABS 1200 I)&, as a p p l i c a h l e . ) With the excepLion of sand and r o c k f i l l . t h e material used as f i l l a t
s t r u c t u r e s s h a l l h e compacted t o a t least 90 X of modified AASllTO maximum d e n s i t y and sand s h a l l b e
compacted t o a t l e a s t 100 X of modified AASHTO maximum d e n s i t y .