Justification on teaching-learning materials.

1. Videos (The Walking Papyrus & Places in school)

There are several reasons on why I choose videos as the teaching-learning material. William
(2012) stated that a video can increase student motivation and enhance learning experience.
Motivation is important in learning because it is one of the principles of good pedagogy. Motivation
is also important to ensure the pupils can learn well and do the activities given by the teacher. So,
the videos help me to motivate pupils to learn in the classroom. Futhermore, Allam (2006) stated
that the creative challenge of using moving images and sound to communicate a topic indeed
engaging and insightful, but additional that it also enables pupils to acquire a range of transferable
skills in addition to filmmaking itself. Video can also create fun in the classroom. This is suitable
with one of the principles of learning and teaching which is the learning environment is supportive
and productive.

Video helps in promoting pupils self - confidence and willingness to take risks with their
learning. Dancing, singing or watching the videos together will build positive relationships among
the pupils and also relationship between pupils and the teacher. Furthermore, video can capture
pupils attention especially for those pupils who learn through visual. These videos are being used
in set induction and closure. However, this video also can help to develop critical thinking as it
can give information to the pupils. Acquisition of information is one of critical thinking implies in
education nowadays. The video Places in school helps to give them new knowledge as the
pupils may not know about a few places in school shown in the video because they do not have
them at their own school. The videos bring technology to the class environment. The addition of
technology into the classroom can help to transform the classroom experience more fun. This is
suitable with one of the needs in 21st Century Learning. The videos fulfill the pedagogical principle
of the curriculum that is stated in Standard Document KSSR Year 3 which is integration of salient
new technologies. Emergent technologies can be used in language teaching in order to enhance
communication.

Besides, the videos also help the teacher in conducting singing and dancing activities in
the classroom. Dancing helps the children to develop emotional literacy. (Meekums,2008 ; Laura
Elizabeth, 2010). According to Park (1996) in Laura Elizabeth (2010), emotional literacy is
described as developing in school pupils a capacity to know what it is they feel; to express those
feelings in appropriate ways and to emphatise with the feelings of others. Singing can lead to
higher self-esteem in children. Broh (2002), in Susan Haslam stated that students who
participated in musical activities talked more with parents and teachers. Songs give benefits in
children social communication skills. This activity is suitable with one of the principles of the
curriculum that is stated in Standard Document KSSR Year 3 which is learning is fun, meaningful
and purposeful.

2. PowerPoint presentation (places in schools)

The PowerPoint presentation that I have made as the teaching-learning materials contains
pictures of places in school which suits the content of lesson. It helps in engaging multiple learning
styles in the classroom and improve pupils focus in the lesson. Besides, the pictures will increase
the visual impact in the classroom. Pictures on the PowerPoint presentation help to develop
writing skill because pictures or images lie with our cognition and ability to pay attention. Pictures
will give the pupils some ideas before writing. It is also help to motivates the pupils in the
classroom. Motivation is one of the principles of good pedagogy. (Mitra Alizadeh, 2016). When
pupils have motivation to learn, they will understand better and give good cooperation during the
learning session.

PowerPoint presentation also help teacher to expose the pupils with ICT. This material
can help in increasing Higher Order Thinking Skill (HOTS). Teacher will encourage brainstorming,
or consideration of alternative explanations. For example, teacher ask the pupils Why we have
to keep quiet in the school library?. Then, teacher will say Lets brainstorm some possible
answer. The pupils may give answers such as so we wont disturb pupils that want to study or
maybe the pupils will say because its a rule and so the teacher will not scold us. This material
also can be used to develop critical thinking skill by asking the pupils to predict a consequence.
For example, What would happen if you run on the stairs?. The pupils will give answer such as
I will fall or teacher will scold me. This material can teach moral value which is follow the rules
in the school. The signages that they have learnt are part of the school rules.

PowerPoint presentation is very useful for the teacher while giving lecture to the pupils.
Lecture with the PowerPoint presentation is important to send out the messages and contents of
the learning before they start to focus on the writing skill. Lecture allows the instructor maximum
control of the learning experience. Lecture is also important to guide the pupils in the classroom.
Teacher can ask questions to the pupils based on the presentation shown to the pupils during
lecture to promote thinking skill. Lecture can be presented to large audiences. In Malaysia, a class
usually has a large number of pupils in between 30-40 pupils. Lecture appeals to those who learn
by listening. The PowerPoint presentation is particularly suitable for introducing a subject. To
ensure that all students have the necessary background to learn a subject, we can present basic
information by using PowerPoint presentation. Thus, we can offer pupils with varied backgrounds
a common understand. (Sabra Brock, 2011).

3. Worksheets

In this lesson plan, I use three kinds of worksheets which is Matching Game, Jumbled Words
and Replacing Pictures. Worksheets help to develop the writing skill as they are using the
language that they have learnt in writing. Worksheets also can be a tool for discovery and learning.
(Dave Ellison,2008) This means the pupils write to develop, modify and refine their thinking and
produce a finished product such as short sentences or even a paragraph. Writing is also helping
the pupils to restructure knowledge which improves Higher Order Thinking Skills (HOTS) and it
also helps to improve conceptual learning. The worksheets help in providing a learning
environment that promotes independence. This is important as it suits the principle of learning
and teaching. When the pupils do the worksheets individually, they will know their own ability.

The worksheet of Replacing Pictures is made based on their level. It is important to

consider about the pupils needs, backgrounds, perspectives and interests. This is to ensure the
pupils can learn well in the classroom. Through the worksheets, pupils are challenged and
supported to develop levels of thinking and application. They will think and apply whatever they
have learnt to finish the worksheets given. Worksheets also important as a tool of assessment.
This helps teacher to determine whether the pupil understand the learning or not and to evaluate
the achievement of learning. Assessment in learning is very important to be done as it is a
requirement from the pedagogical principles of the curriculum stated in Standard Document KSSR
Year 3.

Matching Game requires the pupils to match the signages with the correct meanings. It
helps to develop the critical thinking skill as the pupils need to make discrimination. They have to
recognise the differences signages that have different meanings. The pupils will do this worksheet
in groups and this can create cooperative learning among the pupils. Jumbled words require the
pupils to arrange a sentences. This will encourage thinking skill which is analysing. The pupils will
analyse which words will be the first, second and so on until the sentence is completed.

Replacing Pictures require the pupils to replace the pictures with suitable phrases. This
will show whether the pupils remember and understand the lesson they have learnt or not. This
worksheet is made according to their level and pupils will do this worksheet individually. The
worksheets also can help to fulfill the requirement of 21st Century Learning need which is
collaborative. Collaborative helps to develop stronger communication skills. Putting ESL students
in groups gets them speaking up and practicing the language that they are trying to learn. (Michael
Connel, 2006). Pupils in the groups can encourage each other. Encouragement comes is when
lower level pupils see the accomplishments of higher level pupils. This motivates them to learn
more so that they can achieve to a higher level.

4. Flash cards

The flash cards that I made are used in Musical Box activity. Flash cards with pictures of places
in school will be pasted on the board by the teacher. Then, the flash cards with the meanings of
the signages will be pasted on the suitable places by the pupils. Flash cards are important to
appeal to visual learners, as a very high proportion of learners have this type of intelligence
(Ghunning Thomas, 2013). Flash cards will engage active recall among the pupils. When
someone is using flash cards, they force themselves to remember a word or concept and they
will develop their thinking skills. Flash cards are handy resource and easy to be brought into the
classroom. Learning with flashcards can be a fun and interactive educational experience for the
pupils in the classroom.