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in this product as will improve its performance or broaden its capabilities.
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7'h'CHNOVATE
910 SOtn'HWEST 12TH AVENUE POMPANO BEACH }>'L 33060 USA
CABLE TECHNOVA TEL 30~ 9 46 4470
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:
Fluid Flow
Fluid flow is controlled with 16 needle valves and two 4-way 2-position valves:
V-I Steam Inlet Valve
This valve controls steam to inner passes of tubes I, 2, 3, 4 and 5; and single pass #6.
V-2 Hot Water Inlet Valve
Controls hot water supply to the mixer tank .
V-3 Cold Water Inlet Valve to Mixer
This valve controls the flow of cold water to the mixer tank.
V-4 Mixer Output Control Valve
This valve controls the flow of fluid from the mixer tank to the inner passes and pass 6.
V-5 Cold Water Supply Valve
This valve controls the cold water supply flow to the outer passes.
V-6 Flow Control Valve
Controls flow through tube #6.
V-7 Flow Control Valve
Controls flow through the inner pass of#5 tube assembly.
V-8 Flow Control Valve
Controls flow through the outer pass of the #5 tube assembly.
V-9 Flow Control Valve
Controls flow through perforated tube and the inner pass of the #4 assembly.
V-IO Flow Control Valve
Controls flow through the outer pass of the #4 tube assembly.
V-I I Flow Control Valve
Controls flow through the stainless steel inner pass of the #3 tube assembly.
V-12 Flow Control Valve
Controls flow through the outer pass of the #3 tube assembly.
V-13 Flow Control Valve
Controls flow through the inner pass of the #2 tube assembly.
V-14 Flow Control Valve
Controls flow through the outer pass of the #2 tube assembly.
V-IS Flow meter ou tpu t Valve
Controls flow output of the flowmeter.
V-16 Drain Valve
Controls flow output from either V-17 or V-18.
V-17 Directional Control Valve
In the ccw position fluid flow is directed through the outer pass of the # 1 tube assem bly from
left to right. Fluid flow in the outer passes of" tube assemblies 2,3,4, and 5 will thus be from right
2
Caution : Do not run steam thru flowmeter.
~ t
cold fluid ---;O)~ 0 ----------------:>-~ 0 ~ inner pass #1
~ ~
Left end ou ter pass #I ; and righ t drain
end of outer passes 2, 3,4,5
Parallel flow of inner and outer pass flui ds in tube assemblies 1,2,3,4 and 5:
The inner passes fluid supply 2, 3, 4, and 5, should always enter from the left end through the
respective flow control valve (V-7, V-9, V-II, V-l3). Exit of the inner pass fluid is from the right
end of inner pass of tube assembly # I.
Outer pass flu id supply is either from the left or right end depending upon the position of V-17
thus to obtain parallel flow of both the inner and outer passes of the tube assemblies 1,2,3,4 and 5.
V-I7 must be in the cw position and all or any of tube assem blies 2, 3, 4, 5 flow control valve
pairs V-7, V-8, V-9, V-10, V-II , V-12, V-l3, V-14, be open. V-6 in tube #6 should be shut.
Counter flow of the inner and outer pass fluids is accomplished by positioning V-17 in the ccw
position.
The standard model allows steady-state measurements only. The addition of a tank and
a circulation pump, however, provides the capability for studying the system in the
transitory state. Furthermore, the effects of viscosity and molecular structure of fluids
on the boundary layer, and consequently the (:hange of the heat transfer coefficient for
4
V-6 IT-I Tube 6 IT-2
V-I
Tube 5
V-7
Steam
V-9 Tube 4
Mixer Flow
~ Meter V-I I Tube 3
IT-8
V-3 ST-I Tube 2
V-13
IT-IO
ST-2
V-5
V-I7
Tube 1
V-2
V-IS V-16
Figure 2a.
IT - Inside Temp
-M- On-off and Control Valves
OT - Outside Temp
ST - Surface Temp
T-PT - Test Probe Temp.
~ Directional Valves
jL Thermocouples
5
8/
/
'"
F(/.eA/t.:!J(E~ - /NSr." C 4Y c=ro"'~~
,-
~:I
- ~:!
~
6C
l
T[r1P F"
so -
~
300" .
,-..-...{
-
Lt
H'", Air.
TAj'" K'..
........ ~
f
-
- i S7
r-r f'-n" ...-.cu
'-'
1-
~DR.'W~ Z>f?~/1o,/
Ct:lAl/ll~C ~
rlN<: PI. o~
:3fq'COPPC? r"l!J~ .5r1E1fr
.5lr-
rOlf'lr.
FlrrtlV~ -'/4 """'10/\/ ..sw''1T TYPr:(i) ffA1. . w~r-' P,f'ESSI.t>c- EiOa!u.
INLET ColO /'1A1: WET sr~~ ,t:'tf'f.'$SI/-f'E ~ot.6:3
HI/X r,H~-f'f r'/lr~ . 300''''
WUT 1101' .CONNEcTING ~/PC$/~C .
fz'Ct>P~~ T"lIlJ $",~r .T!'INr.
,rt rrtN'f ~'jHt()1V .$"',,1' rYp~(,)
convection can be evaluated. Since the surface free energy of a solid affects the
boundary layer thickness of a fluid and therefore the film resistance for heat flow, a
stainless steel center tube is used in tube assembly No.3 instead of a copper tube.
The flow of all fluids is regulated with needle valves. The rate of flow for hot and cool
liquids and air is measured with a single glass tube -type flowmeter. The flowmeter is
equipped with a fixed scale which is calibrated in cubic feet per minute, and a second.
scale which is marked in percent of maximum flow. This scale is movable and can be
adjusted for changes in viscosity of fluids with temperature or for calibration purposes.
The flowmeter is connected to the system as desired with another four-way valve.
FollOwing the mixer, a dial-type thermometer allows the coarse reading of the mixing
temperature. All important temperatures for heat transfer calculations are determined
with thermocouples. Fluid temperatures are measured after turbulent mixing at the
entrance and exits of each tube. In two of the tube assemblies the wall temperatures are
measured for the determination of the film coefficients.
6
ACTUAL TEST DATA
Thl' following table shows the Reynolds numbers obtained for the flow of water and air
at room temperature for five pounds per squar~ inch pressure.
Water Air
Tube
4
Flow (cfm) Re x 10 4 Flow (scfm) Re x 10
The curves in figures 3 through 6 represent actual test data. The rate of flow for all
tests was 72 lb/hr of hot water and 107 lb/hr of cold water. Hot water flows in the
inner tube.
NOTE
All curves show test temperatures obtained without outer
(shell) insulation of the tube assembly. For determination
of temperatures for insulated tubes see suggested reports
and calculations.
Figure 3 shows temperature curves obtained for parallel flow having tube assembly No.2
and No.1 in series. The entrance turbulence, affecting the heat flow up to a length of
28 inches, is clearly demonstrated. .
Figure 4 shows the temperatures and entrance effect for counter flow in tubes No.3 and
No.1. Tube No.3, the stainless steel tube, is in series with tube No.1, a copper tube of
the same dimensions. '.
7
170 r
r-:--
, ~ . /
J J 1
INSIDE FLUID TEMERATURES CALCULA TED
1 J J
" i' I
160
,
"" \
......
....... .
150
\~, ,
,
~ foo..... ' .... HOT WATER INSIDE, 72 Iblhr
r'-- "-
............. COLD WATER IN SHELL, 107 Iblhr
140
~
........
i'- ..............
.........
101..
CL
!AI
r---- r----
130 .......
r-- ~
IX
:;)
t-
c:
w
Do..
~
W ' 120
t-
)
110 I
100
~
EHTUHCE EFFECT ZONE
,
90
V
-"
- V~
-" "SHELL-SIDE TEMPERATURES MEASURED
80
V I I I I I I I
.4 8 12 16 20 24 27 32 36 .40 .48 52 56 60 .4 68 72
TUBE LEH~TH (in.)
8
170
~
, ~ ......
160
" ~
~
15 0-
"'" ~
.......... HOT WATER INSIDE, 72lblh,
COLD WATER IN SHELL, 1071blh,-
. ...............
14 0 ....... I
~
i'-..
I'-..........
~
I/..
C?- 130
w
Il:
...........
::J
I-
-c
........... " ......
~
w I
~ ......
~ 120
w
I-
110 "-
-..............
80
4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40 44 48 52 56 60 6.4
--- 68
r--, r--
72
TUBE LENGTH (in.)
9
Figure 5 represents temperatures when tube assemblies No.4 and No.1 are connected in
series. The hot water is sprayed against the inside of the inner tube. This results in a
deviation of both temperature curves from the logarithmic characteristic for parallel
flow. The true temperature characteristic is obtained by measurement of the tempera-
tures of the outer wall of tube No.4 in downstream direction.
Figure 6 represents the temperatures for the cross flow tube No.5 in series with No.!.
The outside wall temperatures measured on tube No.5 characterize the 0P viation of
cross flow temperatures from the logarithmic characteristic for parallel flow.
10
170 I I I I I
~,~
V INSIDE FLUID TEMPERATURE CALCULATED
~
160 '-
"- --............
" ~ ..........
,
..... , '~
~
15 0
'"
..... ,
.... ,
\ I HOT WATER INSIDE, 72lblhr
COLD WATER OUTSIDE, 107 Iblhr
......
,
-- ---
....
140
r-- -..............
u..
r--.. ~
--- --.
~ 130 t--.
w
0:
::I
I-
<
0:
~ 120
I
~
w
I-
110
100
., ,..-
...... - -
7 V
--- f.-- --
90 ...- "" /
,.. "" .7
V
80
;.<
./
4
I--""'"
8
lL
---
12 16
)I-
2o 24 28 32 36 40 44 48 52 56 60 64 68 72
TUBE LENGTH (in.) .
11
170
"
\
\' , ,
160
\ ,
,,
\
\ "
150 ~ "
"" ~
" r-. ...
- -
... ... ,
HOT WATER INSIDE, 72lbihr
COLD WATER OUTSIDE, 1041bihr
140
INSIDE FLUID '"
~ CALCULATED
.,/ ~ ,
-- --
r-- I'--
r-- r-- r--
'iL:'
'L
w
a.:
:;)
I-
~
a.:
130
I -
r--.F-
w 120
Q..
:(
W
I-
110
------
~
....--
11.
jV'" --
--
-'
100
x
./
/ ,. ..,
..-
I
/ . . '" '"
90
1/ /
/
/
/
/
Ir
80
8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40 44 48 52 . 56 60 64 68 72
TUBE LENGTH (in .)
12
SUGGESTED EXPERIMENTS
ThL' list of exrL'rin1l'nts is al'(omranil'd by instrudinlls for thl' tldw~ to he USl'll. till' valve positions,
inkt tL'mpcraturL's, !low ratl's and thL'rmOl'ouplL' rL':luings to bl' takl'n. Yahl', tube allU thermo(ouplc
dl'sign3tions are shown in Figllfl' ~a .
To I11ake the fullest U"l' ot" tIll' su~gest('d expL'filllcnts, thl'rc shoulu bl' avaibhk the following services:
Cold \\'atL'r (10F) - 10 G.P.~L
Hot W3ter (I (lO"F) _. Ma.\imull1 aV:libhk. up to 10 G .P.M.
Compressed Air (70"F 60 p.s.i. 1113.\) 4~ S.c.r.r-.1.
HL'ateu Compressed Air I I (lO "F flO psi . 1ll:IX) - 4~ S.C.F.M.
(or l'kdri( air healt'r of I ~/~ h W c:lp:l(ity)
S:lturated Slt'am (60 j1.s.i. max) - up to 100 Ib/hr.
Whl'rc Stt'3Ill or air i~ used. a suit:lbk prl'SSlIfl' regulation or r,'ducing v:t!\'l' should hl' fitted to the inlet
line . In aJdition, whl' n usin~ Sk,IIll, a steaIll trap should be fitlL'd to tht' aprropri:11L' ur:lin linl' .
Tutw (l of Slott ~loJ,'1 l)()~~ l':ln h~' rllfL'l'd inlo vihratilln hy tITl' rlll\\' llr tlllid IlHlllIgh it.
Thi, vibration t"Cl'lb b:l(k into Ihc Iluid 110\\' :lI1d C:lUSl'S il 10 plIJ...atl'. Tht' vibr:llllln (Licarly
1ll1tl(C:lbk by "singln~" of Iht' tllbl') l'xish fllr a very lilllilL'd 1111\\ r:llIgl': hoth :Iilu\'l' and Ill'll)'"
thi, rangl' viilr:llil)JJ :Ind j1l1kltilln arl' Il\ll prl'sl'nl. To l'valll:llL' th,' lrkll pI', plilsaling no\\" on
hl',l1 IransfL'r. USt' luh,', I :J11d (, ;IS for l'\j1L'rilllL'nt I .F.~ . Iktl'llllin: lite 11111\;11111" flow r:lngl' by
i1slt'ning fur till' '~lllrillg." Upl'\;IlL' tltl' l'ljlliplIlt' llt just helow tlti, r,l11gl', .ill\l ;Ihm ,' il. and in
tlh' Illiddk (lr it. Cllnlp:lrl' tht' rl'slilts rOI Ihl'St' 3 opl'ratin!! !low rale\.
PROCEDURE OF EXPERIMENTATION
A. SL'k(t rl'IJlih' flow dirl'ctiol1s for f1l1ius. This is dUIIl' hy setting IhL' four-wClY vJlve No. I
in posililln for l'ithn p:Ir:t1klfluw or sl'ries flu\\,. (Sel' t3hk of L':',Pl'fillll'IlIS).
B. RL':!ul:Jl,' flow or iiuids with thl' nl'l'dk \'Jivcs. (Aho l'stahlish tlll' tksirl'd hUI w;lter tempt'r-
al life lhi ng tht' mixl'r.l
C. Wait ft1r re:ldi11p lIntil 1L'lllpl'ralllfl'~ or fluids leaving thl' l'xdJangn altain a constant value.
RECORDING OF DATA
A. Dl'lL'rllline I1l1\\ LIlt' pn Illinu!l' ror both fluids.
B. \k:ISllrt' Il'Ill!ll'f:llurl's or bnth !luids at the l'ntrallL'l' and thL' exil for l'aeh tube.
C. \h,\ISllrl' lllltsidt' knlj)l'raturL's or thl' tUhl'S at four-indl intl'rvals in the dllwnstrl'am dirl'(-
lioll ot' Ihl' hut tluid.
27
SUGGESTED EXPERlfv'fNTS
I.A EFFect af Flow Directian Fluids (Hot & Cold Water) O uter I Surface & Test p~
Flow Rotes ('::$ 3G,P.M . )
o
Inl"t T"mp DiH .( ~ 90 F)
HIT f-.Ioteriol (Copper)
HIT Surfac e IS "1Oath)
- --- - - I -- - . . . _.
I . A..I Pora lie I Flow V-I,3,
6,7,B,
V-2,4,
5, IS,
V-13,14 eL1 1 Both Ways IT-9,
10, II
OT-I,
5,6
9,10, II 16
12
I.A . '2 i
- -I-.;-;r- IT-5,6I OT- I ,
I A 4 \I
II
'"
3,6
1
1 ..
---- - -
1 . A , , r -- Crass
Cross Flow 1&5 V-I,3,6, V-2,4.IV-7.B
V-2.4, V-7,B I .. :.h ...
9,10,11 5, IS, IT-3,4 OT-I,
.__ L_ 1'2,13,14 I6 11 : 2,6
Tubes Valves Valves Valves far
Expt. Variable for Investigation Fixed Parar,,;;ters Used Closed Open Flow Control Directional Valves Thermocouples to read
V.I7 V.IB Inner Outer Surface 8. Test Probe
IV
\0
..
w
o
~
low Inlet Temp. 18.2 V-I,6,7, V-2,4, V-3,13,14 Both IT-9, O~-I ,51
I.C.I
o
Difference (~ 20 F) . 8,9,10 5,15, Wo'f$ 10,' I -
11 12 16
I.C.2 Medium Inlet Temp.
o . . . .. . . . . I
Difference ( ~ 50 F) 1&2
I -
I.C.3 High Inlet Temp. . I &2 V-l,3,6, V-2,4, V-13,14 " " " " I
I -
Difference ( 900F or 7,8,9,10 5,15 I
higher) 11,12 16
Same as Expt.
I.A.2 I
f .
Tube
, v ......... 5 Vol
valves Vol
Valves Valves far
Expt . Variable for Investigation Fixed Porometers Used Closed Open Flow Control Directional Valves 1her~ ~.flI~~ read
._._ ..... - . -_._---
- . --V. 17 --v:ra ....... Inner Outer . Surface 8. Test Probe
.
' .. ~
I . D.6 Steam
and Cold Air " 18.2 " " " " ~
Only!
" " -
..._------ - -- - - -.-
w
W
tv
.... .--.
Tubes Valves Valves . Vol __ F
. UI
Expt. Variable for Investigation Fixed Parameters Used Closed Open Flow Control Directional Valves Terrrocoupies to read
V.17 V.18 Inner Outer Surface 8. Test Probe
~ -
7,8,9,10, 5, IS V-13,14 Both IT-9, OT-I,
11,12 16 Ways 10,11 5,6
~ -
HIT Surface " 1&3 V-I,3,6, V-2,4, ' ,V-II,12 " " "
7,8,9,10, 15,16
13,14
LQ Effect of Thermal
Insulation on Outer Repeat Experiments I.A.I through I .A.5 with the addition of Insulation to the shells of tubes
Tubes No . 1,2,4 and 5 .
2.1> I Effect of Flow Direction
2.A Repeat Tesf1 1 .A.l and 1 .A.2 with the addi. .01 Reading of -------------------------_________________________ -ST-I,2,3,4
-. -
2.8.1 ffFect Qf Elow Rate
2~B.2
2.B.3
2.B.4 Re peat Tesf1 1 B. 1 through 1 B. 9 with the add it lonal Read i ng of ---------------_________________________________ -ST-l,2,3,4
2.B.5
2.B.6
2.B.7
2.B.8
2.B.9
2.0.5
2.0.6
w
w
\'
w
~
3.A.I Effect of Flow Direc'tion Repeat 1 .A.I through 1 .A.5 with the additional Reading of -----------------------------------------~-------- - T-P:r
3.A.2 (at axial intervals of 3" on the bore metal strip of the tube shells)
3.A.3
3.Ao4
3.A.5
3.B.I Effect of Flow Rate Repeat Tesh 1 B.l through 1 B. 9 with the additional nead Ing of ---------------------------------------------- -T-PT
3.B.2 (at axial intervals of 3")
3.B.3
3.Bo4
3.B.5
3.B.6
3.B.7 '
3.B.8
3.B ,9
3.C.l Effect of Inlet ~peat Tesh 1 .C. 1, 1. C.2 and 1 .C .3 with the additional Reading 0,..------------------------------------------ -T-PT
3.C.2 Temp. Difference (at axial Intervals of 3")
3.C.3
3.0.1 Effect of Fluid T~E! Repeot Test~ 1.0.1 through I. D.6 with the additional Reading of--------------------------------------------- --T-PT
3.D.2 (at axial intervals of 3")
1 n 1
SUGGESTED REPORTS AND CALCULATIO N S
Establish the appropriate mean temperature difference for the two possible flows in the
double pipe heat exchanger: (1) for parallel flow of the fluids, (2) for counter flow of the
fluids, (3) for cross flow of the fluids, (4) for combined cross flow and parallel flow, and
(5) for corrugated tube and crossflow of air. The temperature difference between the
fluids is not constant along the tube assemblies. The factors affecting the mean tempera-
ture difference are to be found and evaluated.
EVALUA TION: Plot all temperatures as a functi on of the length of the tube assembly
(see figures 2, 3, 4 and 5). Determine mean temperatures for the following:
A. For parallel flow with equation (20), or the graphical method (see figure 11),
tJo - tJA
tJ =
ln In (tJOI tJA)
Figure 12 shows typical curves of the fluid temperatures with the length of
the heat exchanger in downstream direction and for parallel flow. The log-
arithmic mean temperature can be calculated for any selected length-section
of the heat exchanger.
B. For counter flow with equation (22), use the following graphical method.
tJ o - tJA
t1ln =
In (tJOI tJA)
35
..-::..:
C. For cross flow, as mentioned before, usually the operation for parallel flow
is used, and a correction factor employed.
GRAPHICAL METHOD: A graphical method which can be used with acceptable accuracy
for the determination of the mean temperature for any flow condition is illustrated
in figure 12. For any selected length JA of a heat exchanger, the procedure is as
follows:
A. Divide the area under both curves into equal sections t::.} along the abscissa.
B. Draw parallel lines to the abscissa so that a rectangle with an area equal to
the function (temperature gradient) is formed.
36
C. Calculate the area formed by the function f(th) for the length
area = fo A f (,,) dA
E. Determine the area between both curves for the arbitrary length by deducting
the area under the curve tc from the area under the curve ~.
37
where a is equal to the area between both curves for the length )=A, and
ah and a c equal the areas between curves f(t h ) and f(t c ) o\'er the length }=A.
F. Determine the mean temperature. With n equal sections, the area a can be
expressed as,
The product n t:..P, however, represents the total length and the remaining
quotient represents the mean temperature difference ~ . Then,
m
a
= "fA
(31)
The same method applies for the evaluation of the three tube combination No.3
and the corrugated tube No.6.
SUGGESTED CALCULATIONS
A. Calculate the logarithmic mean temperature differences for parallel flow and
counter flow of various fluids:
B. Calculate the logarithmic mean temperature difference for both flows and for
various Reynolds numbers:
This is preferably done with steam as the hot fluid and water or air as the
coolant.
38
CROSS FLOW AND QUASIEQUIVALENT PARALLEl flOW
This experiment treats the relationship between cross flow and its quasi -equivalent
parallel flow. To perform the experiment, tubes No.5 and No.1 are connected in series.
0
The heat exchanger is operated with hot water at approximately 170 F, flowing in the inside
tube at a rate of approximately 1.5 pounds per minute. Cooling water, at an approximate
rate of one to two pounds per minute, flows through the shell side. Temperature readings
are taken for both fl~ids at the beginning and end of the tube s, and at the outside wall of
the tubes at four-inch intervals.
.
Figure 13 shows typical temperature curves for the cooling fluid in cross flow (tube No.5)
to the hot fluid, and in parallel flow for tube assembly No. I.
th ;)- = temperature of bot (inside) fluid at the end of tube No.5 and entrance
of tube No. 1.
u.
o
~
w
~
~ MEASURED TEMPERATURES
~ FOR CROSS FLOW I
~
W
0..
::E
w
I-
I
TUBE LENGTH (inches)
39
EVALUATION
A. Plot temperature curves as they would occur for parallel flow. (Sulid portions
at right side and dotted portion at left side in figure 13.
B. Enter measured temperatures of cross flow tube No.5, the outside wall tem-
perature t=f(!), and plot curve starting at teo'
C. Divide the curve for the cooling fluid into equal sections as shown in figure 12,
and establish ~Hc for each section.
D. Calculate ~ th for the sections ~tc' In this calculation, the losses of the out-
side tube by free air convection and radiation are minor, and for reasons of
simpliCity, they are disregarded.
[Btu/hr]
(32)
The temperature gradients for the hot fluid now can be calculated.
F. Proceed as shown in figure 12 and determine the mean temperature for cross
flow, as discussed in the previous paragraph, using equation (31).
(33)
This experiment compares the actual mean temperature difference for combined cross
and parallel flow with the equivalent parallel flow. For this experiment tubes No.4 and
No.1 are connected in series. The test conditions are the same as in the previous
experiment for cross flow. Figure 14 shows fluid temperatures as a function of length.
)
I
1
I
I
I
I
TUBE NO.1 >-1
TUBE LENGTH {inches}
EVALUATION:
C. Determine the mean temperature difference for tube No.4 by using the graphical
method of integration as described previously for cross flow. Then, the mean
temperature difference can be calculated with equation (33).
NOTE: Although it is realized that the method of outside temperature measurement has
errors involved, the characteristic of the temperature curve, the method calcula-
tion and the educational value are untouched. For more accurate temperature
measurements, as it would be required for advanced student and research work,
thermocouples should be placed inside the tubes.
41
CORRECTION FACTOR FOR CROSS FLOW
The true mean temperature difference for cross flo\\' can be expressed as,
~
true, mean
= J
In
f (34)
where f is the dimensionless correction factor, and J 1n is the logarithmic mean tempera-
ture difference for parallel flow. Since with the graphical method the true mean tempera-
ture difference for any flow can be determined, and the logarithmic mean temperature
difference for parallel flow can be calculated with equation (20), the correction factor for
cross flow (and other combinations of flow) can be determined.
~ true! mean
f = lJl n
-h [ i Ll L (t~ - t~ )]
O-+A
=
(~O '- lJA ) / [In(lJo/ ~A)J
In ( l} 0 / lJA )
LlJ r r
f = fA L
O+A
(th - t c )
l}O - lJA
(35)
Figure 15 illustrates entrance turbulence effects on heat flow. Tubes No.1 and No.2 are
operated in series and for parallel flow, the hot water flowing in the inner tubes. All
water temperatures are measured as well as the outside wall temperature of tube No.2 in
intervals of three inches.
Usually the entrance turbulence is assumed to affect the heat flow to a length of travel
of,
i = 50 (D 1 - D 2 ) .
42
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
" I
"
LL.
o
w
\
a::
....::>
<
a::
w
0...
~
W
.... l' I
.--.....-~ I I
I I
I I
I I
I I
I I
TUBE NO.2 ~ I< TUBE NO. 1 ~
I I
TUBE LENGTH (inches)
Figure 3 shows the actually measured temperature variation as a result of the entrance
temperature relative to the logarithmic-mean temperature difference. The effective
length obtained by measurement is 28 inches, against the calculated length,
The general equation for the heat transfer coefficient between two fluids separated by a
wall is (using equation (1)),
q
h = (36)
43
The heat flo\\' is,
q = mC At (37)
P
The heat exchanger tubes are exposed to air and heat is transferred by free convection at
the outer (shell) tube. Therefore, the heat balance equation is,
[ Btu/hr]
where ql is the heat flow for the inner tube, q2 is the heat flow for the shell side of the
tube, and q3 is the heat flow for air convection. Hence, the fluid temperatures as ob-
tained by the experiment have to be corrected before the mean temperature difference for
the fluids can be determined. Considering the hot fluid in the inner tube and the cooling
fluid in the shell, the temperature gradient caused by q3 has to be added to both fluids.
In other words, with a perfect insulation there would be no heat flow through the wall of
the shell tube. This results in an increase of the temperatures for both fluids as shown
in Figure 16.
-
-- -- ----,I
I
I
I
I
I I
I I
I
I
TUBE NO. 1 <:;---
--:3:>"1.... TUBE NO.2 > 1
TUBE LENGTH {inches}
44
Using the heat balance equation,
= mc Cpc ~t c
,
Solving for ~th' the gradient for the hot fluid is,
This way, any mounted points can be calculated and the curves as they would appear for
our insulated heat exchanger can be drawn. The appropriate mean temperature difference
t?mean will be determined with anyone of the methods describ ed, and the heat transfer
coefficient can be determined for any desired length of the heat exchanger.
h = q
A t?mean
45
SUGGESTED C ALCl' L.-\TIONS : Detellnine the heat transfer ('oe lliden! 1'01'.
C. a stainless steel tube No.3 compared with a copper tube No.1 (tubes No.3 and
No.1 are in series),
D. fluid sprayed against the inner wall of a tube (tubes No.4 and No.1 in series),
Considering the outer shell of the heat exchanger insulated, then, heat flows through the
wall of the inner tube only. On its path of travel, the heat has to overcome the resistance
of the inner and outer boundary layer of the fluid and the wall material of the tube. With-
in each zone of resistance the flow of heat results in a temperature gradient t. t. The
overall transfer coefficient U can be written (see manual for Scott Conduction System,
Model 9051) :
1
U = (40)
If the temperature gradient for each zone is lmo",m, the coefficient for the zone can be
calculated. At tube assembly No.2 the temperature of -the outside wall of the inner tube
is measured with thermocouples. Furthermore, t he fluid temperatures are lmovm .
MiSSing is the wall temperature inside the inner tube, which can be calculated, since the
conductivity of copper, the thiclmess of the wall, and the heat flow are lmown.
46
where
dx = dL ;
however,
A = (d+2x) 71"
With
d+2x = z ,
then
dz = 2dx ,
and
~t =
q
1I"k
1Z2 dz
2z
z1
=
q
211"k f2
z1
dz
z
For x =0,
z1 = d;
z2 =d + 2L = D.
Then,
~t
w
=
q
271"k
[In z r=n zl=D
= -q- (In D - In d) ,
271"k
47
~t
w = (41 )
q
d2 = A~t
2 '
where
(42)
q
= (43)
48
DISCUSSION QUESTIONS
A. What are the dominating factors affecting the temperature difference between
two fluids separated by a tube wall?
B. Is the heat transfer coefficient for a heat exchanger tube constant over the
total length of the tube?
D. How is the heat transfer coefficient dependent upon the length -to-diameter
ratio of a tube?
E. Under what conditions will the mean temperature difference between the two
fluids of a heat exchanger increase as the flow rate increases?
F. How does the heat transfer coefficient for heat transfer with change in phase
(steam to water) compare with the one obtained for hot and cold water?
G. \\n en and why (for practical purposes) can a thin wall of a tube be neglected
for heat transfer calculations? What are the limiting factors?
H. The corrugated tube No.6, when at a higher flow rate, produces an audible
noise. What is the reason?
1. In the same tube, depending .on the flow rate, vortex-cavity waves are
produced. How do they affect the effective hydraulic diameter?
49