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CHAPTER

14 Skeletal, Muscular, and


Nervous Systems
LESSON 2 The Muscular System
Before You Read BIG Idea
The muscular system enables
You already know that muscular strength and endurance is an the limbs and other parts of
important part of overall fitness. On the lines below, describe the body to move.
some activities that you can do to improve this element of
your fitness. As you read, add information about other ways to
Study Coach
care for your muscular system.
K-W-L Chart Make a three-
column chart. In the first column,
list what you know about the
muscular system. In the second
column, list what you want to
know about this topic. As you
read, use the third column to
Read to Learn summarize what you learned
about the topic.
What Muscles Do
Like rubber bands, muscles stretch to allow a wide range of K W L
Copyright by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

motion. This elasticity allows muscles to move the bones or


organs to which they are attached. In this way, your muscular
system allows you to move.
Some muscles in your body are always at work. Even when
you are sleeping, muscles help you breathe, make your heart
beat, and move food through your digestive system. These
processes are involuntaryyou do not have to think about
these processes to control them. At other times, such as when
you run or ride a bike, you are using muscles that are under
voluntary, or conscious, control.
1. Contrast What is
How Muscles Work the difference between
voluntary and involuntary
A muscle is made up of hundreds of long cells called muscle muscles?
fibers. Major muscles in the body are made up of hundreds
of bundles of these fibers. These bundles contract, or shorten,
when they are stimulated by nerve impulses. When they relax,
the bundles extend, or stretch. Some nerves stimulate many
muscle fibers, such as those in your calf muscle. In other areas
such as your eyes, a nerve may provide impulses to only two
or three muscle fibers.

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What are the types of muscles in your body?


The body contains three types of muscle tissue:
t Smooth muscles. Smooth muscles act on the lining of
the bodys passageways and hollow internal organs. These
muscles can be found in the digestive tract, the bladder,
and the lining of the blood vessels. Smooth muscles are
involuntary muscles.
t Skeletal muscles. These are muscles attached to bone that
cause body movements. Skeletal muscle tissue is striated,
2. Compare and or striped. Most of your muscle tissue is skeletal. Almost
Contrast How are all skeletal muscles are voluntary. Often, movement
cardiac muscle and skeletal occurs when one muscle contracts while the other muscle
muscles similar? How are relaxes. The biceps and triceps muscles of the upper arm
they different?
are one example of this. To bend and straighten your arm
at the elbow, these muscles have opposite jobs. The flexor
is the muscle that closes a joint. In this example, the
biceps is the flexor. The extensor is the muscle that opens
a joint. In this case, the triceps is the extensor. When the
biceps contracts, the triceps extends and the joint closes.
When the biceps extends, the triceps contracts and the
joint opens.
t Cardiac muscle. This is a type of striated muscle that
forms the wall of the heart. Cardiac muscle is responsible

Copyright by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.


for the contraction of your heart. The heart contracts
about 100,000 times each day to pump blood throughout
your body. This action is involuntary.

Muscle Movement
Skeletal muscles work in pairs to produce movement.

biceps muscle (exor)

3. Identify Which muscle


contracts to close the joint?
triceps muscle
(extensor)
tendons

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Caring for Your Muscles


Regular physical activity will keep your muscles strong and
healthy. Muscles that remain unused for long periods of time 4. Identify What types
will atrophy, or decrease in size and strength. Muscle tone is of foods are good for the
the natural tension in the fibers of a muscle. The following muscular system?
tips can help you care for your muscular system and maintain
muscle tone:
t Get regular exercise.
t Eat foods that are high in protein.
t Practice good posture to strengthen back muscles.
t Use proper safety gear and equipment to protect muscles
during physical activity.
t Warm up properly and stretch before exercising. Cool
down after exercising to prevent injury.

Understanding Muscular Problems


Your muscles might be sore after an all-day hike or bike
ride. Muscle soreness is painful, but it usually fades in a short
time. Other muscle problems are far more serious:
t Bruises. Bruises are areas of discolored skin that appear
after an injury, usually a blow to the body. The injury
breaks the blood vessels beneath the skin. Blood leaks
out, resulting in a bruise. Large bruises can be treated
Copyright by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

with an ice pack to reduce initial swelling.


t Muscle strains or sprains. These result from
overexertion. With these injuries, muscles become
stretched or partially torn. Treat a strain by applying ice
and resting the affected area.
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5. Explain How is the teen


in the photo protecting her
muscles from injury?

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The Skeletal Muscles

extensor muscles Facial Muscles sternocleidomastoid


(dorsal surface) frontalis
temporalis
orbicularis oculi
masseter
teres orbicularis oris exor muscles
trapezius (inside of arm)
rhomboid biceps
deltoid
triceps
biceps (of arm) pectoralis major
latissimus dorsi serratus oblique
external oblique
(muscle of abdomen)

gluteus maximus sartorius


adductor muscles
(pull legs toward body)
abductor muscles quadriceps muscles
(pull legs away from body)
adductor muscles
biceps (of thigh)
(pull legs toward body)

patella (kneecap)
semitendinosus
gastrocnemius

Copyright by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.


peroneus peroneus
gastrocnemius soleus
anterior tibial

Achilles tendon

t Tendinitis. Tendinitis is the inflammation of a tendon.


It can result from injury, overuse, or natural aging.
6. Analyze What functions
do the facial muscles have?
Tendinitis can be treated with anti-inflammatory
medication to reduce pain and swelling.
t Hernia. A hernia occurs when an organ or tissue
protrudes through an area of weak muscle. Straining to
lift a heavy object can cause a hernia in the abdomen.
Hernias can be repaired through surgery.
t Muscular dystrophy. Muscular distrophy is a disorder in
which skeletal muscle fibers are progressively destroyed.
This is an inherited condition for which there is no cure.
However, muscle weakness can be delayed through
exercise programs.

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