Relay Protection

RELAY PROTECTION
Power system analysis and planning Dept.

National Load Dispatch Centre
Tel: 04.22201297
Fax: 04.22201307
Email: ppt@nldc.evn.vn
CONTENT
I INTRODUCTION
1
II PROTECTION SCHEME
III CRITICAL SHEDDING SCHEMES

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IV RELAY PROTECTION COORDINATION
V INFORMATION COLLECTION AND FAULT ANALYSIS
2
CONTENT
I INTRODUCTION

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1. CAUSE AND CONSEQUENCE
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1. CAUSE AND CONSEQUENCE
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2. Relay protection system tasks
Relay protection system tasks
Minimizing
Sustaining
Disconnecting damage to
the safety
the faulty part human,
operating
out of system equipment or
state for the
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to minimize electricity
rest of the
damages supply
system
discontinuity
6
3. Relay protection system requirements
Relay protection system requirement
Fast
Sensitivity Selectivity Reliability Economics
operation
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A B
~ N
I> I>
7
3. Relay protection system requirements
Required time for main protection to eliminate fault
Voltage Maximum Maximum Maximum

levels short circuit fault fault
clearance withstand
current (kA)
time(ms) time (s)
500kV 40 80 3
220kV 40 100 3
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110kV 31.5 150 3

4. Protection classification
Base on acting principle:

Unit protection diagram
Non-unit protection diagram
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Feature unit diagram non-unit diagram
Principle Compare input/output signal of Base on measuring object
protected zone
Protection zone Limited by signal measuring Limited by sensitivity or network
device position configuration
Sensitivity Not depend on load current Protections based on phase
current are depended on load
Acting time/ Simutaneously satisfaction Simutaneously satisfaction in
Selectivity certain cases
Backup capability No Yes

for different
protection zone
Price Usually higher especially when the Depend on used technology.
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signal interchange station needed.
Application Can be applied to all voltage level, Each basic relay type rarely used
however is limited due to high on main transmission network ,
cost, usually appllied to main however, for combined types (e.g.
transmission network. Distance relay) are widely used
for all voltage level.
Classifying based on signal processing

method:
Analogue protection: signal is processed in
analogue form.
Digital protection: analogue signal is transfered to
digiatal before processing.
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5. Back up protection
Remote back up (protection zone back

up)
Usually applied to radial network, relays and circuit
breakers are backed up by similar equipment on the
in-front adjacent line (from power source)
Remote back up is mainly based on time
coordination principle.
Local back up(equipment back up)

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Back up of protection circuit, measurement circuit,

feeder, circuit breaker coil etc.,
6. Power system protection principles
Overcurrent principle
Differential principle
Impedance principle
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6.1 Overcurrent principle
Operating principle
Relay measure current signal
Current magnitude> set value relay starts,
signal is sent to trip CB after delayed time.
A B
~
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I>>
t
Measurement current
Phase current (I)
Negative sequence current (I2)
Zero sequence current (3I0)
A
~ B
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C
3I0
7SJ61
Operating level
Instantaneous tripping
Delayed tripping
Operating bases on independent characteristic
Operating bases on dependent characteristic
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Coordination of overcurrent
protection
Time coordination
Magnitude coordination
Combined time and current magnitude
A I> B I> C I> D
HT
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t ta = t + tb
tb = t + tc
tc = t1
L
Setting
Instantaneous over current protection
Ik = Kat * INngmax
Delayed over current protection
Time coordination
Ik = (Ktc /Ktv)*Kmm* Ilvmax
Combined time and current magnitude
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coordination
Ik = Kat * INng
Improving sensitivity, including directional

characteristic or low voltage checking
Directional overcurrent protection (67)
I> I> I>

2 4 6
~ 1 <I 3 N <I 5 <I
~
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Overcurrent protection with voltage

checking (51V)
I(A)
I2
I1
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U(V)
Uk
Responsive characteristic
Measurement signals: U, I
~ B
C
3I0
7SJ61
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6.2 Differential principle
Compare in - out
currents of protected
object Isl = I1 + I2
Normal
I1 = -I2
Isl = 0
I1 I2
Internal fault
I1
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I1 = I2
Isl = 2I1>0
I2
Setting
Isl > Ikcbmax
To improve the sensitivity of relay using
restrained differential principle
Idiff = |I1 + I2|
Ibias = (|I1| + |I2|)/2
Relay will compare Idiff with Ibias to
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recognize the fault

Normal operation
Idiff = |I1 + I2| = 0 I1 I2
Ibias = (|I1| + |I2|)/2 = I1
Idiff < Ibias not operating
Internal short circuit

I1
Idiff = |I1 + I2| = 2I1
Ibias = (|I1| + |I2|)/2 = I1 I2
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Idiff > Ibias Relay operates

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Information interchange between 2 differential relays

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6.3 Impedance principle
Relay operates when:

Z = Ur/Ir < Zset.
Short circuit power direction is
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same as relay set direction.

Operating zones
Independent operating zone: 1 4
zones
Operating zone with supporting

channels
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Zone 1:
80-85% line inductance or
impedance is protected.
Delay time t1=0s.
A B
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zone 1
Zone 2:
Protect the whole line
Delay time t2 = t1 + t.
Z2= 120% line inductance or
impedance is protected.
Zone 2 must not surpass zone 1 of
21 relay at rear.
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Zone 3:
Protect the whole line and back up
for the adjacent line
Delay time t3 = t2 + t .
Inductance or impedance of zone 3
(Z3) must not surpass zone 2 of the
adjacent 21 relay.
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A B C D
Zone 3 Zone 2
Za3 Zb3
Za2 Zb2
Zc2
Za1 Zc1
Zb1
A B C D
F21 F21 F21
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Independent zone coordination

Permissive overreaching transfer

trip (POTT)
100% line length is protected
Z1B = 120125% line inductance or
impedance
Operating time 0s
Operating conditions:
Recognize fault in protected zone
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Receive tripping signal from the opposite end
F21 F21
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POTT Diagram
(permission overreach transmit trip)
Circular characteristic: MHO.

Quadrangular characteristic:Quadrilateral.
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CONTENT
I INTRODUCTION

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2. Protection scheme
Generator protection
Transformer protection
Line protection
Bus-bar protection
Breaker failure
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2.1 GENERATOR PROTECTION
Differential protection (87G)

Stator frame earth fault protection (64,
59N/27N, 67N)
Over-current protection (50/51, 51V)
Under-impedance protection (21)
Rotor frame earth fault protection
(64R)
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Unbalance protection(46)
Field loss protection(40)

Stator overload protection (49)
Over-voltage protection (59)
Under-voltage protection (27)
Directional power (reverse power)
protection (32)
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Frequency protection (81)

Over-fluxing protection (24)
Pole slip protection (78)
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GENERATOR DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION
Protects against phase-phase

internal fault in generator
Calculates differential current from
phase currents, uses restraint
function related to phase current
and harmonics
Setting current: Ist > Iunbl
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GENERATOR DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION
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90% STATOR EARTH FAULT PROTECTION
Prevent internal earth fault in

stator
Supervise 3U0 voltage at terminal
or at star-point of generators
Can protect only 90-95% of
generators stator winding,
starting from the terminal.
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100% STATOR EARTH FAULT PROTECTION WITH
3RD HARMONIC
Can protect 100% of the stator

winding
Supervise the 3rd harmonic of
3U0 voltage at terminal and
star-point of the generator
Can not protect the generator
when the generator is not in
service
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3RD HARMONIC
Generator
~ B
3U0 (150Hz)
7UM
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3U0 (150Hz)
3RD HARMONIC
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3RD HARMONIC
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3RD HARMONIC
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3RD HARMONIC
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UNDER-IMPEDANCE PROTECTION(21G)
Prevent faults in generator, bus-bar,

back-up for differential protection
Use power swing restraint lock
~ B
C
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21G
Reverse Forward
UNDER-IMPEDANCE PROTECTION (21G)
~ B
21G
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Forward
UNDER-IMPEDANCE PROTECTION (21G)
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UNBALANCE PROTECTION (46G)
Prevent unbalanced load that leads

to negative sequence magnetic field
Calculate negative sequence of the
fundamental phase current
Setting based on the heat
dissipation characteristic of the
generator
tperm = K/(I2 / IN )2
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K unbalance constant
UNBALANCE PROTECTION (46G)
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FIELD FAILURE PROTECTION (40)
Avoid loss of excitation or low

excitation that cause local heat
dissipation on rotor
Maintain system stability
Process current and phase voltage
to detect fault
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FIELD FAILURE PROTECTION (40)
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DIRECTIONAL POWER PROTECTION (32)
Calculate active power using current and

voltage signal
Prevent motor-mode caused by loss of
feeding power
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ROTOR EARTH FAULT PROTECTION (64R)
Prevent earth fault in

excitation circuit that leads to
unbalanced magnetic field
Supervise rotor-to-ground
resistance
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OVER-VOLTAGE (59)
Prevent over-voltage due to manual

excitation adjustment, AVR failure,
load rejection, islanding
Process positive voltage signal

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FREQUENCY PROTECTION (81)
Prevent low frequency due to lack of

generation / governor failure
High frequency due to lack of load or

frequency control failure
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OVER-CURRENT (50/51)
Back-up for differential and other

protections
Use DT/ IDMT characteristics
Setting must be coordinated with
adjacent line protections
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OVERCURRENT (50/51)
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2.2 TRANSFORMER PROTECTION
o Main protection:
Electrical based Relay:
Differential protection (87T)
Restricted earth fault differential protection
(87REF)
Non-electrical based Relay:
Gas detector relay 96
Low oil level relay 33
Thermal relay 26:
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Oil temperature relay 26O

Winding temperature relay 26W
Tap changer gas detector relay 80
Oil pressure relay 63
o Back-up protection:
Over-current protection (F50/51, 67/67N)
Overload protection (F49)
Over/under- voltage protection (59/27)
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EVNs regulation regarding 500/220 kV

transformer protection:
Main protection no.1:
Combination of functions : 87T, 49, 64, 50/51,
50/51N, current signals from each side are taken
from the inside-transformer CTs.
Main protection no. 2:
Combination of functions: 87T, 49, 50/51/50/51N,
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current signals are taken from CT of all CB

connecting to transformers ends.
Back-up protection for the 500 kV

winding:
Combine functions: 67/67N, 50/51, 50/51N,
27/59, 50BF, 74,
Current signal taken from the CT of the 500
kV side transformers CB
Voltage signal taken from the VT connected to
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the 500 kV bus-bar

Back-up protection for the 220 kV

winding:
Combine functions: 67/67N, 50/51,
50/51N, 27/59, 50BF, 74
Current signal taken from the CT of the
220 kV side transformers CB
Voltage signal taken from the VT
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connected to the 220 kV bus-bar

Back-up protection for the medium

voltage winding:
Combine functions: 50/51, 50/51N, 50BF, 74
Current signal taken from the inside-transformer CT at
the 35 kV side
Technology protection:
Thermal relay(26)
Pressure relay (63)
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Gas relay (96)

High oil level relay (71) is always equipped with
transformer and sends tripping order to CB at both sides
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ELECTRICITY
OF VIETNAM
2.3 LINE PROTECTION
Differential protection (F87L)

Distance protection (F21)
Directional over-current protection
(F67/67N)
Over-current protection (F50/51,
F50/51N)
Over/under-voltage protection (F59/27)
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Auto-recloser (F79)
2.3 LINE PROTECTION
EVNs regulation regarding 500kV line

protection:
500kV lines having 2 independent optic
fibers:
o Main protection no.1: combine functions: 87L,
67/67N, 50/51, 50/51N, 85, 74
o Main protection no. 2: combine functions: 87L,
67/67N, 50/51, 50/51N, 79/25, 27/59, 50BF, 85
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o Back-up protection: combine functions: 21/21N,

67/67N, 50/51, 50/51N, 79/25, 27/59, 50BF, 85, 74
2.3 LINE PROTECTION
500kV line having only 1 optic fiber:

o Main protection: combine functions: 87L,
21/21N, 67/67N, 50/51, 50/51N, 79/25, 27/59,
50BF, 85, 74
o Back-up protection: combine functions:
21/21N, 67/67N, 50/51, 50/51N, 79/25, 27/59,
50BF, 85, 74
For differential protection , optic fiber is used for signal
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transmission
Distance protections at two ends are coordinated via PLC
2.4 BUS-BAR PROTECTION
Main protection:
Bus-bar differential protection (87B)
Back-up protection:
Over-current protection (50/51, 50/51N)
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2.5 BREAKER FAILURE (50BF)
If a tripping order is not executed within a period of

time T after being sent to CB, breaker failure protection
will send tripping orders to other relevant CBs
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2.5 BREAKER FAILURE
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2.5 BREAKER FAILURE
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3. PM3 GEN-TRANSF. GROUP PROTECTION
1st scheme
7UM511 7UM515 7UT512 7UT513 7UT512
Underexcitation Overflux generator Transformer Ttransforme

differential differential r differential
Overvoltage Stator earth fault
100%
Frequency Sstator earth

fault U0>
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Reverse power Frequency
Phase OC Rotor earth fault

3. PM3 GEN-TRANSF. GROUP PROTECTION
2nd scheme
7UM516 7UM512 7SJ511 7SJ511
Impedance Over/undercurrent Phase/earth Phase/earth

fault OC fault OC
Stator earth fault Stator earth fault

U0> U0>
Unbalance load Frequency

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Reverse power Rotor earth fault

4. PM3-T500PM LINE PROTECTION
7SD 523 7SA 522

(2nd scheme) (1st scheme)
Differential Distance (F21)

(F87L) POTT
SOTF
Back-up overcurrent (51/51N)
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CONTENT
I GII THIU CHUNG V RLE BO V
II BO V CC PHN T TRONG HT

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IV PHI HP THC HIN CHNH NH RLE BO V
V THU THP THNG TIN V PHN TCH S C

III. CRITICAL SHEDDING SCHEMES
1. Load shedding scheme with respect to

frequency (F81)
2. Critical load shedding scheme at
220kV/110kV substation in Northern
network
220kV/110kV substation in Southern
network
4. Power rejection with fault in 500kV line
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Nha Be Phu Lam

5. Power rejection South East region
83
frequency(F81)
Objectives:
Load rejection balances the power
and demand, to adjust the system
frequency into the limited range
(over 49Hz).
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84
frequency(F81)
Effects:
o Keep power system stability, prevent
from blackout because of lack of
generation
o Restore system frequency with transient
process when fault
o Reduce hot reserve power in the system
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85
1. Load shedding scheme with
respect to frequency(F81)
Amount of load shedding(%)
Frequency(Hz)
The North, The Centre The South
49,0 5 5
48,8 5 5
48,6 5 10
48,4 5 15
48,2 5 10
48,0 5 10
47,8 10 10
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47,6 15
47,4 10
Total 65 65
86
220/110kV SS in the North
Objectives:
A load of ~ 950MW is shed at 220/110kV
substations in the Northern power network, to
prevent blackout of the North due to frequency
reduction.
Setting values:
Group 1: f 48.0 Hz and t = 0.2 s
Group 2: f 47.8 Hz and t = 0 s
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87
220/110kV SS in the North
No Substation name Group
1 220kV Dong Hoa Group 1
2 220kV Thai Binh Group 1
3 220kV Nam Dinh Group 1
4 220kV Bac Giang Group 1
5 220kV Ninh Binh Group 1
6 220kV Phu Ly Group 1
7 220kV Dinh Vu Group 1
8 110kV Dong Anh Group 1

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9 220kV Pho Noi Group 2
10 220kV Mai Dong Group 2
11 220kV Ha Dong Group 2
88
220/110kV SS in the South
Objectives:
A load of ~ 1000MW is shed at 220/110kV
substations in the South to prevent blackout
due to frequency reduction when serious fault
(loss gas supply for thermal power plants Phu
My - Ba Ria)
Setting values:
Group 1: when f 47,5 Hz and t = 0.0 s
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Group 2: when f 47,5 Hz and t = 0.5 s
89
220/110kV SS in the South
No Substation name Shedding routes
1 220kV Vinh Long 171
2 220kV Ca Mau 172, 173
3 220kV Rach Gia 171, 173, 174
4 220kV Tra Noc 173
5 220kV Cai Lay 174, 175, 133, 134
6 220kV Ba Ra 175
7 220kV Da Nhim 173, 175
8 110kV Nha Be (group 2) 171, 834, 835

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9 220kV Phu Lam (group 2) 178, 180, 135, 136
10 220kV Hoc Mon (group 2) 135, 136
11 220kV Tri An (group 2) 172, 173, 176
12 220kV Long Binh 180
90
4. Power rejection: Hiep Phuoc, Phu My
22, 3, 4
Objectives:
To prevent overloading 220kV line Nha Be
Phu Lm when fault occurs on 500kV line Nha
Be Phu Lam
Operating conditions:
Power in 500kV line Nha Be Phu Lam
reduces from 500MW to under 50MW in 0.2
seconds, and
Simultaneously trip CB565, 585 Nha Be, and
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Current in 220kV line Nha Be Phu Lam

reaches one out of six setting values
91
22, 3, 4
Setting levels
Level 1: 3002A/1569A trip 1 or 2
Hiep Phuoc units.
Hiep Phuoc units and 1 Phu My 22 unit
(or Phu My 3).
Hiep Phuoc units, 1 Phu My 22 unit (or
Phu My 3) and 1 Phu My 4 unit.
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92
22, 3, 4
Setting levels
Level 4: 3820A/2320A trip 1 or 2 Hiep
Phuoc units, 1 Phu My 22 unit and 1 Phu My
3 unit.
Level 5: 3955A/2455A trip 1 or 2 Hiep
Phuoc units, 1 Phu My 22 unit, 1 Phu My 3
unit and 1 Phu My 4 unit.
Level 6: 3002A/1569A sending warning
signal after 5 seconds.
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93
22, 3, 4
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94
5. Power rejection of South East region
Objectives:
To prevent overloading and losing connection
of one circuit if the other one is faulted in
case of 220kV double line Phu My 1 Long
Thanh or Long Thanh Long Binh.
Operating conditions
One circuit fault of Phu My 1 Long Thanh
line and the other circuit is overloaded
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155%
One circuit fault of Long Thanh Long Binh
line and the other is overloaded 134%
95
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96
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97
CONTENT
I INTRODUCTION

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98
1. DECENTRALIZATION IN RELAY SETTINGS
CALCULATION
National power system dispatching level

(A0)
Calculate settings of protective relays and
automatic devices in 500 kV system
Approve settings of protective relays of power

plants having P> 30 MW
Calculate settings of under-frequency load

shedding relays of the entire system
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Verify the coordination of protective relays

and automatic devices under the supervising
authority.
CALCULATION
Regional power system dispatching level

(Ax)
Issue settings of under-frequency load
shedding relays in compliance with
requirements of NPS Dispatching level
Calculate settings of relays and automatic

devices in 220/110 kV power system under
controlling authority
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Verify setting values of protective and

automatic devices of the distribution networks
under the supervising authority
CALCULATION
Distribution network dispatching

level
Calculate settings of relays and
automatic devices for the distribution
networks under controlling authority
Monitor and check setting work and

performance of under frequency load
shedding relays in the distribution
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networks under the controlling authority

2. RELAY SETTING COORDINATION BETWEEN A0
AND POWER PLANTS
Relays protecting generator, step-up

transformer and auxiliary transformer are
calculated and set by power-plants
themselves.
To ensure safety, reliability for the national
power system, A0 will check all protection
functions that are related to the NPS
Frequency protection (81)
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Over-current protection (50/51)

Over/under-voltage protection (59/27)
Distance protection (21)
3. PROTECTION SLIP SETTING UP COORDINATION
Connecting units provide technical

documents of electrical devices and
protection system to dispatching unit
Documents provide enough no Dispatching unit sends

information for setting up feedback text to
protection setting slip
connecting unit
yes
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Dispatching unit issues relay protection

setting slip
Connecting unit registers with dispatching

unit the time to set relay parameters in
accordance with protection setting slip
Approved by no
dispatching unit?
yes
On shift dispatching no
engineer allows relay setting
in accordance with slips?
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yes 1
Connecting unit sets relay parameters in

accordance with protection setting slip
Connecting unit signs on the cover page of the

protection slip to confirm relay setting
completion
Connecting unit sends signed cover pages to

dispatching engineer by fax
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Dispatching engineer confirms into the

operational logbook and send fax papers to relay Finish
department for archiving
CONTENT
I GII THIU CHUNG V RLE BO V
II BO V CC PHN T TRONG HT
III CC HT SA THI C BIT TRN HT VN

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IV PHI HP THC HIN CHNH NH RLE BO V

1. Purposes
Purposes:
to determine cause of the fault to
propose overcoming and preventing
methods
Implementation sequence
1. Fault information collecting
2. Making and submitting fault reports
3. Fault analyzing
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2.Fault information collecting
Power plants/Power transmission

companies collect information:
Fault occurring instant, faulty components;
Equipment operating state prior to fault occurrence;
Fault occurrence details;
Incident/fault managing process of system operator;
Events record, faults record, oscillation record, fault
navigating,related to fault which has just occurred
and information is provided from recording devices in
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substation;
Actual setting value in protection relays, automatic
devices in substation have operated and/or start
when fault occurring.
2. Fault information collecting
Dispatching levels control the information

collecting process:
Fault occurring instant, faulty components, weather/
working/fault occurring location condition
Equipment operating state prior to fault occurrence.
Fault occurrence details :
Incident/fault managing process dispatching
engineer A0/Ax;
Information which is related to fault and provided
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from all recording devices under accessing authority

of the dispatching level.
3.Making and submitting fault reports
Power plants/Power transmission

companies are responsible to:
Making and submitting fault reports to a controlling
dispatching level (A0 or Ax).
Information which is accessed from recording devices is
included in email to controlling dispatching level by
following addresses:
phantichsuco.A0@evn.com.vn;
phantichsuco.A0@gmail.com to A0
phantichsuco.Ax@evn.com.vn;
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phantichsuco.Ax@gmail.com to Ax
Fault report deadline: no later than 24 hours from fault

occurring instant.
3. Making and submitting fault reports
Regional load dispatching centres (Ax)

are responsible to:
Making and submitting fault report to A0.
Fault report deadline: no later than 48 hours from

fault occurring instant.
National load dispatching centre is
responsible to:
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Making and submitting fault report to EVN.
Fault report deadline: no later than 72 hours from

fault occurring instant.
4. Coordinating fault analyzing.
Tasks of Power plants/Power transmission

companies :
Analyzing fault bases on collected information:
Determining cause of fault;
Assessing relay protection systems;
Assessing equipment operating programe.
Making and submitting fault analyzing report to

www.nldc.evn.vn
A0/Ax when required by A0/Ax;

Proposing fault preventing methods (if available)
3. Coordinating fault analyzing.
Dispatching levels tasks:

Basing on fault report and collected information to
analyze and determine cause of the fault;
Assessing reliability, safety of devices, quality of
system operation, relay protection system
operation;
Proposing fault preventing methods (if available)
www.nldc.evn.vn

Relay Protection

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RELAY PROTECTION

Power system analysis and planning Dept.

III CRITICAL SHEDDING SCHEMES

IV RELAY PROTECTION COORDINATION

V INFORMATION COLLECTION AND FAULT ANALYSIS

III CRITICAL SHEDDING SCHEMES

IV RELAY PROTECTION COORDINATION

V INFORMATION COLLECTION AND FAULT ANALYSIS