TABLE OF CONTENTS

Foundation Types - 5
General Bearing Capacity - 6
Lateral Earth Pressures - 22
Retaining Wall Design - 35
Anchored Bulkhead - 42
Pile Capacity - 47
Piles in Clay - 55
Piles in Sand - 58
Settlement - 65
Consolidation Time Rate - 71
Slope Stability - 74

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National Council of Examiners for Engineering and Surveying
http://www.ncees.org/

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 STUDY REFERENCES
Foundation Engineering; Peck Hanson &
Thornburn
Introductory Soil Mechanics and Foundations;
Sowers
NAVFAC Design Manuals DM-7.1 & 7.2
Foundation Analysis and Design; Bowles
Practical Foundation Engineering Handbook;
Brown
Pavement Analysis & Design; Huang
4
 Foundation Type Selection

Shallow Bearing Footings: Adequate Bearing Capacity

Acceptable Settlement
Mat or Raft: Low Bearing Pressure & Usually Minimum Settlement

Deep Foundations: Higher Load Capacity & Minimal Settlement

Drilled Piers: (Caissons) Large Load Capacity; Good Quality Control

Generally Limited to < 100

Driven/Auger or Injected Piles: Moderate Load Capacity

Can Extend >> 100

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General Bearing Capacity: Terzaghi-Meyerhof

1/
2 B N + C Nc + q Nq - Df
Note: q = Df

6
 General Bearing Capacity

Qa = Qnet =Qult - Df = (1/2 B N +C Nc+q Nq- Df)/ F

F F

Where: Qa = maximum net allowable bearing pressure

F = factor Qnet = maximum net bearing pressure
of safety
(typ. 2-3) Qult = ultimate general bearing capacity
7
General Bearing Capacity

Qnet (at Df) = qd = (1/2 B N + C Nc+ q Nq - Df)

8
 General Bearing Capacity

Qnet(at Df) = qd = (1/2 B N + C Nc+ q Nq - Df)

N = footing width & soil weight factor, accounts

for friction along bearing failure line (1 if =0)

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 General Bearing Capacity

Qnet(at Df)= qd = (1/2 B N + C Nc+ q Nq- Df)

Nc = soil cohesion factor, accounts for cohesion

along bearing failure line (5.3 if =0)

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 General Bearing Capacity

Qnet (at Df) = qd = (1/2 B N + C Nc+ q Nq - Df)

Nq = surcharge factor, accounts for weight

above the bearing failure line (1 if =0)
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 General Bearing Capacity

Qnet (at Df) = qd = (1/2 B N + C Nc+ q Nq - Df)

Df = net bearing correction, reduces the

ultimate bearing capacity by the weight of the soil
and foundation above the bearing surface
12
 INFINITELY LONG FOUNDATION

Sometimes

Qnet = (1/2 B N + C Nc+ q Nq - Df)

considered
ZERO
Note: multiply N factors by shape corrections for other shape footings
13
 Bearing Factor Corrections for Rectangular
and Circular Foundations
Shape Nc Correction N Correction

Square 1.25 0.85

Rectangular L/B=2 1.12 0.90

L/B=5 1.05 0.95

Circular (dia. = B) 1.2 0.70

14
 Calculate Allowable Bearing Capacity

Use factor of safety = 3

Interior Square Footing
floor slab DL=75 kips LL=50 kips

0.5

Soil moist unit weight=120 pcf

1.0
footing Unconfined Strength qu=1.8 ksf
Groundwater
1.0 A) 2000 psf
B) 2500 psf
C) 3000 psf
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 Bearing Capacity Shallow Footing
Interior Column Footing
floor slab DL=75 kips LL=50 kips

0.5

Soil moist unit weight=120 pcf

1.0
footing Unconfined Strength qu=1.8 ksf
Groundwater
1.0

Qa = Qult - Df = (1/2 B N + C Nc+ q Nq - Df) / F

F
since 0=0 N=1 Nq=1

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 Bearing Capacity Shallow Footing
Interior Column Footing
floor slab DL=75 kips LL=50 kips

0.5

Soil moist unit weight=120 pcf

1.0
footing
Possible
Unconfined Strength qu=1.8 ksf
Groundwater
1.0

Qa =Qult - Df = (1/2 B N+ C Nc+ q Nq - Df)/ F

F
Assume a reasonable footing width B = 7.9 feet
From Tables Nc=5.3; for square footing shape factor=1.25
N= 1; shape factor = 0.85
Nq = 1; no surcharge shape factor
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 Interior Column Footing
floor slab DL=75 kips LL=50 kips
0.5
Soil moist unit weight=120 pcf
1.0
footing qu=1.8 ksf
Groundwater
1.0 C=1/2 qu =1.8 / 2

= 0.9 ksf or 900 psf

Qa= (0.85)1/2(120-62.4)7.9(1)+1.25(900(5.3)+[(2.5)120(1)-(2.5)120]
3
Qa = 193+5963 = 2052 psf net allowable
3
Answer is A
Footing Size= (75,000+50,000)/2000 = 62.5 ft2 = 7.9
say 7 11
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 Interior Column Footing
floor slab DL=75 kips LL=50 kips

0.5

Soil moist unit weight=120 pcf

1.0
footing

Groundwater
1.0

Recalculate for sand with water at bearing level:

=300

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 Interior Column Footing
floor slab DL=75 kips LL=50 kips

0.5

Soil moist unit weight=120 pcf

1.0
footing

1.0
Groundwater =30 0

Overburden above water- moist unit weight

Qult= b BN + Df Nq
Base failure submerged unit weight

20
 Square Interior Column Footing
floor slab DL=75 kips LL=50 kips

0.5

Soil moist unit weight=120 pcf

1.0

=30
footing

Groundwater 0
1.0

7.9

Qult= b BN + Df Nq
= (120-62.4)7.9(17)0.85 + 120(2.5)20=9,288 psf
shape factor net=9,288-2.5(120)= 8,988
for FS= 3; 8,988/3= 2,996 psf
say = 3000 psf net allowable
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 Lateral Earth Pressure
h= vk = dk
k depends on
loading condition
Active
d At Rest
Passive
equivalent fluid
pressure = k
v=d
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 Active Lateral Earth Pressure
(load primarily gravity or surcharge - vertical)

Minimum pressure
achieved when soil
Ka strains toward wall
& mobilizes shear
resistance
W S

= 45+ /2
ka=tan2(45-/2)

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 Passive Lateral Earth Pressure
The maximum
Kp pressure
F achieved when
S
structure is
= 45- /2 pushed toward
soil - lateral
kp=tan2(45+/2) =1/ka bearing failure at
limit
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At Rest Lateral Earth Pressures

The pressure
maintained
when no
movement
or relief
occurs

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 At Rest Earth Pressure

h= v k0 = dk0
strain in elastic zone; stress at equilibrium (not in failure)

k0= /(1- ) where = Poissons ratio

or k0 =1- sin
(for sand and normally consolidated clay)
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Rankine Analysis

If = 0; ka=tan2(45-/2)

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28
Active Lateral Earth Pressure
pa= d ka

ka= tan2(45-/2)

d pa=d tan2(45-/2)
Pa

Pa=1/2d pa= ka d2 / 2

pa=dka
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 Calculate Active Pressure
Total Force per Foot of Wall

= 122 pcf
A) 3690 pounds
= 24
B) 615 pounds/ft2
12
Pa C) 307 pounds

30
Calculate Active Pressure Total
Force per Foot of Wall

= 122 pcf ka=tan2(45-24/2)= 0.42

pa= 12 x 122 x 0.42
= 24
= 615 psf
12
Pa= 122(0.42)122/2
Pa
= 3689 pounds force
Answer is A

pa=dka
31
 Calculate Total Force Due to
Passive Earth Pressure
Ground surface

= 122 pcf

= 24
12
A) 2,800 pounds force
Kp
B) 3,470 pounds force
C) 20,818 pounds force

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Calculate Total Force Due to Passive
Earth Pressure
Ground surface

= 122 pcf kp=tan2(45+24/2)=2.37

= 24 pp= 12 x 122 x 2.37

12 = 3470 psf
Kp Pa= 122(2.37)122/2
= 20,818 pounds force
Answer is C

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 c- Soils Lateral Earth Pressure
Active Case
Cohesionless
H
pa=H tan2(45-/2) Pa

For C & Soils

pa=H ka
pa= H tan2(45-/2) -2C tan (45-/2)

Pa= 1/2H2 tan2(45 - /2) -2C H tan (45 -/2)

For Passive case change
pa= negative signs to positive
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Lateral Earth Pressures

active coefficient=Ka=tan2(45-/2)

=100pcf 1-sin
10
or
1+sin =0.33
O=30o
passive coefficient = Kp = tan2 (45+ /2)
Pa = tan2 (45+30/2) = 3
1 4
3

max active pressure at base of wall

pa=KaH=100(0.33)11=363 psf

Pa= Resultant Force=1/2 Ka H2=1/2 KaH(H)

=1/2 363(11)=1997 pounds/ft
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=100pcf 10
=30
o

Pa
y
3 1 4

Moment due to force acts at 1/3 wall height

y= 11/3 = 3.67 Pay= 3.67(1997)=7329 ftlbs/ft
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 Overturning- Take Moments About A
Item Force Arm Moment
wall 10x150V -4.5 -6750
footing 8x150V -4 -4800

=100pcf 10
backfill 30x100V -6.5 -19500
=30o
passive 150H 1/3 -50
Pa
V5700 -31100
3 1 4 Pa 1997 3.67 7329
1 Pp = 1/2 Kp H2
A = 1/2x 3x100x1= 150 plf

Overturning FS = Resisting/Driving = 31100/7329 = 4.2

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 Sliding Resisting Forces:
Base Friction + Passive Pressure at toe
Passive Pressure at toe
=100pcf 10

=30o
Pp = 1/2 Kp H2 = 1/2x 3x100x1
Pp = 150 plf
Pa acts at 1/3 above base

Bottom Friction = Fb = weight x tan 2/3

3 1 4

1
Pp
Fb A
Kp = tan2 (45+ /2) = tan2 (45+30/2) = 3

Fb = 5700 tan (2/3)30 = 2075

Sliding FS = Resisting/Driving = (2075+150)/1997 = 1.1
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 Calculate Eccentricity
Item Force Arm Moment
wall 10x150 -4.5 -6750
footing 8x150 -4 -4800
=100pcf 10 backfill 30x100 -6.5 -19500
=30o
passive 150 1/3 -50
V = 5700 = -31100
3 1 4
Pa 1997 3.67 7329
1
A Moments = 23771 ft-lbs
Distance to Resultant X-axis: ( moments/ vertical forces)
M/ V = 23771/5700 = 4.2 from point A
Middle 1/3= 2.7 to 5.3, eccentricity= e = 4-4.2 = 0.2 beyond middle
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 central axis
Item Force Arm Moment
wall 10x150 -4.5 -6750
footing 8x150 -4 -4800
=100pcf 10
backfill 30x100 -6.5 -19500

=30o
Q= V= 5700
Pa 1
3 4

e=0.2 1

Base Pressure = Q/A Mc/I; or Q/A Qec/I; where I = bh3/12

h = heel to toe distance and b = 1 foot width into page
= 5700/8 (5700x0.2 x 4)/(1/12 x 1 x 83)= 712.5 106.8
= 819.3 psf (heel) & 605.7 psf (toe) heel increases due to moment sum 40
 or
=100pcf 10
X-axis reaction = Q/B(1 6e/B)
=30
o = 5700 / 8 (1 + 6 x 0.2 / 8)
Pa = 819.3 psf (heel)
3 1 4

e=0.2 1

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 Anchored Bulkhead
free earth method

Ka = tan2 (45 - /2) = 0.27

8 Kp = tan2 (45 + /2) = 3.7

Active Pressure = Ka H
12 T=110 pcf at anchor
=35 = 110 (0.27) 8= 237.6 psf per linear foot
at base of bulkhead
14
= 237.6 + (110-62.4) 0.27 (26)= 571.8 psf
per linear foot of wall
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 Anchored Bulkhead
Kp = tan2 (45+ 35 /2) = 3.7

8 237.6 psf Passive Pressure = Kp H
below dredge line
12
= (110-62.4) 3.7 (14) = 2465.7 psf

14 Lateral Passive Force = 1/2 Kp H2

571.8 psf = 1/2 (2465.7) 14 = 17259.9 lbs/ft

2465.7 psf
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 Toe Failure Factor of Safety?
At toe failure, bulkhead will rotate about the anchor

Lateral Active Forces:

8 950.4 lbs
237.6 psf (Linearly Increasing)

= 1/2 Ka H2
12
= 1/2 (237.6)8 = 950.4 lbs/ft
6177.6 lbs
= 1/2 (571.8-237.6)26= 4344.6 lbs
14 4344.6 lbs
(Uniform Forces)
571.8 psf 237.6(26)= 6177.6 lbs

17259.9 lbs
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 Toe Failure Factor of Safety?
At toe failure, bulkhead will rotate about the anchor ?

Resisting Moments
FS =
Driving Moments
8 950.4 lbs
237.6 psf Driving Forces:
950.4 x-8/3= -2534.4 ft-lbs
12
6177.6 x 26/2= 80308.8 ft-lbs
6177.6 lbs 4344.6 x (2/3)26= 75306.4 ft-lbs

14 4344.6 lbs Resisting Forces:

-17259.9[12+14(2/3)]=-368211 ft-lbs
571.8 psf
FS= 368211/(75306.4+80308.8-2534.4)= 2.4 45
17259.9 lbs
 What Force in Anchor for FS = 3?
Sum horizontal forces

8 950.4 lbs
237.6 psf
T = Pa- Pp/3
12
=950.4+6177.6+4344.6-17259.9/3
6177.6 lbs = 5719.3 lbs/ft of wall
14 4344.6 lbs if anchors at 5 OC

571.8 psf
Force per anchor = 28,597 lbs

17259.9 lbs
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 Pile Capacity
End bearing piles Friction or cohesion pile

Friction (Side Shear) + End Bearing

47
 Pile Capacity
End bearing piles
AT = Tip Area (B2or R2)
C = cohesion
q = overburden pressure
Nc & Nq Deep Bearing Factors

Tip capacity= AT (c Nc+q Nq)

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Pile End Bearing Factors
Cohesive Soil

Note: for Z/B >4 Nc=9

49
 Pile End Bearing Factors
Cohesionless Soil

* & ** limit to 28 if jetting or bailer used

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 Pile Capacity - Total Strength, Alpha Method
Friction or cohesion pile
C= Cohesion
= adhesion/cohesion ratio
d= pile diameter
L= pile length
K= earth pressure coefficients
P= overburden pressure
= pile material friction angle

Side Shear = adhesion + friction

= C dL + KP tan dL
51
Adhesion to Cohesion Ratio

52
Pile Earth Pressure Coefficients

53
Pile Material Friction Angle

54
 Pile Capacity - Clay
10
10 diameter concrete pile

qu=2800 psf ; c=1400 psf

m=120 pcf O=0

50
d=diameter = 10 =0.83 End Area=
0.832
12 4
A=0.54 ft2

surface area=dL=0.83x50=130.4 ft2

55
 Pile Capacity - Clay

concrete driven pile;

10
C=1400 psf 0.6
Tip capacity=A(CNc+qNq)

50 =ACNc=0.54(1400)9=6804 lbs

Side Shear = C d L

=1400(0.6)130.4=109,536 lbs

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Pile Capacity - Clay

Total Capacity

= 6804 + 109536
= 116,340

or
= 58 tons ultimate

for FS = 2

Working Capacity
= 29 tons

57
 Pile Capacity - Sand
Load Capacity in Sand Depends on Confining Pressure
10

Do end bearing and

side shear therefore
50 increase infinitely
with depth?
A) Yes
B) No

58
 Pile Capacity - Sand
Answer is B No - Tests show confinement
effects are constant below critical depth

10
Critical Depth
20d for dense sand
20d = 16.6
15d for medium sand

50
10d for loose sand

59
 Pile Capacity - Sand

10 Confining Pressure
Po = 0
20d = 16.6

m=120 pcf Max P = 16.6(120-62.4)=956.2 psf

50

P= 956.2 psf
60
 Pile Capacity - Sand
10

Nq=21; K=1.5

=3/4=.75(30)=23o (A) =30

956
Tip Capacity=At Pmax Nq 16.6 psf

50
=0.54(956)21
(B)
= 10,841 lbs

956 psf
61
 Side shear (friction)=KP tan dL

10
Section A:

=1.5 (956 / 2) tan 23 0.83 (16.6) (A)

956
= 13,174 lbs 16.6 psf
50

(B)

62
956 psf
 Side shear (friction)=KP tan dL

Section B
10
=1.5(956) tan 23 0.83(33.4)

= 53,012 lbs (A)

956
16.6 psf
50

(B)

63
956 psf
 Side shear (friction)=KP tan dL

Total Capacity = tip + side shear

= 10841+13174+53012 10

= 77027 lbs (A)

= 38.5 tons Ultimate 956

16.6 psf
50

for FS = 2, = 19 tons (B)

64
956 psf
Settlement Calculation

S= H = (H x e)/(1+eo)

or

S= HCc/(1+eo)log (p0+ p)/p0

65
 Footing Settlement
P=150 tons
Calculate Bearing Pressure
Q = 150x2000 = 3000 psf sand
102 2 m=118 pcf
2 10x10
What is the stress change GW
sand sat=124 pcf
5
Pat mid-height in clay layer? =30o
clay
Gs=2.70 qu=0.9 tsf
A) 680 psf
12 w=52% LL=64 Cv=0.01 ft2/day
B) 3000 psf Sr=100% PL=19

C) 2000 psf rock

66
 Footing Settlement
P=150 tons
Calculate Bearing Pressure
Q = 150x2000 = 3000 psf sand
102 2 m=118 pcf
2 10x10
GW
sand sat=124 pcf
5
Pat mid-height in clay layer =30o
P 150x2000 clay
P=
(B+Z)(L+Z) = (10+11)2 Gs=2.70 qu=0.9 tsf
12 w=52% LL=64 Cv=0.01 ft2/day
= 680 psf Sr=100% PL=19

Answer is A rock

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 Calculate e0
sand
e = wGs 0.52 (2.7) 4
= = 1.404 5 sand
S 1
12 clay
Calculate Unit Weight of Clay
rock
(Gs + e) (2.7 + 1.404) 62.4
sat = = = 106.5 pcf
(1 + e) (1 + 1.404)

Calculate effective stress at mid height of clay layer

= =
= 4 x 118 + 5 x124 + 6 x 106.5 - 11 x 62.4
= 1045 psf

68
 Calculate settlement of sand
clay layer 4
Note: moisture is close to LL, void ratio is 5 sand
high & loading is large; expected
settlement will be large. 12 clay

Cc=.009(LL-10) after Skempton rock

Cc=.009(64-10)= 0.49
S=H = [Cc/ (1+eo)] H log [(+ )/ ]

= [0.49 / (1+1.404)]12 log [(1045+680)/ 1045]

= 0.53 or 6.4

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 Calculate settlement e-log p
using e-log p curve
1.5
e1
P1= 1045; e1 = 1.395 1.4

Void Ratio (e)

P = 680 psf 1.3
e2
1.2
P2= 1725; e2 = 1.288
1.1
S=H = He/ (1+eo) 1
0.9
P1 P2
= 12(1.395 - 1.288)/(1+1.404) 0.8
0.1 1 10 100
= 0.53 or 6.4
Pressure (ksf)

70
Rate of Consolidation
Avg. Degree of Time
Top drainage
Consolidation Factor
U% Tv
10 0.008
20 center
Soil layer 0.031
30 0.071
40 0.126
Bottom50drainage 0.197
60 0.287
70 0.403
80 0.567
90 0.848
100
Tv = Cv t /H2
71
How Long Will it Take to Achieve 70 Percent Consolidation?
P=150 tons

A) 16 years
sand
B) 4 years 2 m=118 pcf
2 10x10
Degree of Time
GW
sand sat=124 pcf
Consolidation Factor 5
U% Tv 0=30o
10 0.008 clay
20 0.031
Gs=2.70 Cc=0.49 qu=0.9 tsf
30 0.071
40 0.126 12 w=52% LL=64 Cv=0.01 ft2/day
50 0.197 Sr=100% PL=19
60 0.287
70 0.403
Porous Rock
80 0.567
90 0.848

72
100
 Time to 70 Percent Consolidation
P=150 tons
t = Tv (H/2)2 = 0.403 (12/2)2
Cv 0.01 sand
2 m=118 pcf
= 1450.8 days 2 10x10
or Degree of Time
GW
sand sat=124 pcf
Consolidation Factor 5
U% Tv 0=30o
4 years
10 0.008 clay
20 0.031
Answer is Gs=2.70 Cc=0.49 qu=0.9 tsf
30 0.071
B 40 0.126 12 w=52% LL=64 Cv=0.01 ft2/day
50 0.197 Sr=100% PL=19
60 0.287
70 0.403
Porous Rock
80 0.567
90 0.848

73
100
Circular Failure Stability
Homogeneous soils
No surcharge
No tension cracks
= zero
Circular arc failure
No water on slope

74
 Slope Stability by Charts
Cohesion = 650 psf =0 d = D/H=15/25 = 0.6
T = 100 pcf
2
FS = N0C/(T H)
1
H= 25
= 27

D=15

75
N0=6.2

76
 Slope Stability by Charts
Cohesion = 650 psf =0 d = 15/25 = 0.6
T = 100 pcf
2 FS = N0C/(T H)
1 FS = 6.2(650)/(100 x 25)
H= 25 FS = 1.6
= 27

D=15

77
Thanks for participating in the PE review course on
Foundation Engineering!

More questions or comments?

You can email me at:

gtv@gemeng.com

78