CHAPTER 8 TECHNICAL DATA, FORMULAS AND CHARTS

TECHNICAL DATA, FORMULAS AND CHARTS

Diagram for local district heating plants and heating and power plant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .162

Diagram for heating and domestic hot and cold water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .163

Heat emission from radiators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .164

Conversion chart for radiators in one-pipe systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .165

Reduction of heat emission from radiators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .166

Heat losses from uninsulated pipes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .167

Pressure drops in steel pipes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .168

Resistance in heating systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .169

Sizes of steel pipes for heating systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .169

Flow chart for thermostatic radiator valves in one-pipe system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .170

Flow chart for thermostatic radiator valves in two pipe system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .171

Flow chart for p control valves for risers or circuits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .172

Flow chart for control valves in heating systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .173

Flow chart for control valves in district heating systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .174

Flow chart for p control valves in district heating systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .175

Heat requirements for domestic hot water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .177

Flow limiters for one-pipe circuits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .178

Calculation of one-pipe systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .180

Calculation of two-pipe systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .182

SI-units, Greek alphabet, Physical properties for water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .184

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Diagram for local district heating plants connected to a heating and power plant.

Flue gas
cooler Safety
valve
Safety 130 C
valve 70 C
Accumulator
130 C

Boiler
70 C
Exp. tank Heat meter
Heat exchanger

Flue gas
cooler Safety
valve
Safety 130 C
valve 70 C
Accumulator
130 C
Boiler

70 C
Exp. tank Heat meter
Heat exchanger

130 C
Flue gas
70 C Safety
cooler
valve
Heating and Safety 130 C
power plant valve 70 C
Accumulator
130 C
Boiler

70 C
Exp. tank Heat meter
Heat exchanger

Local heating plant

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Diagram for heating and domestic hot and cold water.

Flow meter

p - control Domestic hot water

Expansion tank Domestic cold water

> 6 storeys Flowmeter

< 6 storeys Control valve

90 C
65 C
Domestic hot water 60 <6 >6 Storeys
Heat meter Circulation
Domestic cold water
120-70 C

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Heat emission from radiators.

n = 1,3 troom = 20 oC tflow = 90 oC t = 25 oC

t oC 40 30 25 20 16

emission
Two-pipe system with thermostatic
Heat

valves. 12
Measured 1 : tflow 75 oC, t 8 oC
Heat requirement : 0,83, Q = 2,47 1,2
4 90
tflow 80 oC : 2 t 16 oC, Q = 1,23 1,1 10
Every point along the horizontal line 1,0
0,83 gives the same heat emission. 5 3 80
0,9 1 8
0,8 6 2 70
0,7
6
0,6
60 5
0,5
0,4 4
50
0,3
0,2
0,1
0
0 0,5 1,0 1,5 2,0 2,5 QQ
The influence of gravity forces on heat emission from a radiator in a two-
pipe system
For a correctly sized radiator 3 ( with manual radiator valve in a two-pipe
system ) the heat emission will increases only by 5% when the flow
increases by 23%, 4 , depending on gravity forces. The temperature drop
across the radiator however will decrease by 5 oC and that is significant,
because it reduces the capacity of the whole system all the way down to
the heating and power plant.

Resuls t for one- and two - pipe circuits, and required pump capacity
when thermostatic valves utilize internal and external heat gains.
Two-pipe circuit One-pipe circuit
Point Heat Flow t Circuit resi- Pump ca- Flow t Pump ca-
gain % % oC stance % pacity % % oC pacity %

3 0 100 25 100 100 100 25 100

5 10 66 33 44 29 100 22,5 100
6 20 47 39 22 10 100 20 100

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Conversion chart for radiators in one-pipe circuits.

Fc tflow oC
60 65
2,0

70
1,9

1,8

1,7
75
1,6

1,5 80

1,4

1,3 85

1,2
1 90
2
1,1

1,0

0,9

0,8
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

t oC

Conversion chart for panel and section radiators in one-pipe circuits.

Enter the current tflow and temperature drop and find the conver-
sion factor, Fc.
Multiply the heat requirement by Fc and select size of the radiator
according to the new value.

Example.
Calculated heat requirement: 1.230 W.
tflow : 82 oC, t: 15 oC, 1
Fc = 1,16 2
Converted heat requirement: 1.230 x 1,16 = 1.427 W.
Formula for calculating Fc:

t1 - tr
( ) n n
F=
[ 49,33 x ln
t1 - t2
t2 - tr
] Panel radiator
Section radiator
Convector
1,28
1,29
1,3 - 1,33

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Reduction of heat emission from radiators fixed in some type of enclosure

Alternative a+40
10 - 100 mm 30 - 100 mm openings

a
> 100 mm

No enclosure Shelf with Shelf close to Open fronted Encased with Encased with Acceptable
0% opening the wall recess with a grille in front small grille in cabinet.
0% 10 -2% shelf > -15% front. Not -8 - 10%
12 -6% recommended.
> -30%

The control unit has to sense the room temperature to be able to control it.

Radiation from a radiator depending on the treatment of the

surface.
Material Surface treatment Radiation %
Steel, cast iron 100
Oil paint 100
Aluminium or
copper bronzes 75
Zinc white 101
Lead white 99
Enamelled White 101
Matt green 96
Aluminium 8

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Heat losses from uninsulated horizontal pipe.

Heat emission
W/m pipe DN/0 80/89 65/76
400

50/6
300
40

32

200 25
0

20

15

10
100

0
20 40 60 80 100 120

Temperature above room temperature oC

For vertical pipe reduce by 20%

One-pipe above another reduce by 12%
Three pipes above each other reduce by 20%

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Pressure drop in steel pipes for heating installations.

m3/h DN mm l/s
200 50
150 3,0 40
150 30
100
70 125 20
50 15
100
40 10
30 2,0
7
20 80
5
15 4
65
10 3

7 50 2
5 1,5
4 1
40
3
,7
32
2 kPa/m 1,0 ,5
1,5 ,4
l/h 1000 25 ,3

700 ,2
20 ,15
500
400 ,1
300
15 ,07
200 ,05
150
10 0,5 ,04
0,4 ,03
100
0,3
70 ,02
0,2
50 m/s ,015
40 ,01
,05 ,07 0,1 0,15 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5
5 7 10 15 20 30 40 50 mmWG/m

k = 0,00003 m
Density = 1.000 kg/m3

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p for values at differnt rates.

Symbol Units Coefficient of resistance, The values for the coefficient of resis-
tance for tees, elbows and bends.
Branch tee 1 The pressure drop is calculated from:
p = 0,5 2 ,
Through tee 1

Elbow, smooth 0,2

Bend 1

m/s value
3
2
1
1,0
24 3
0,5
0,3 6
0,2
0,1
,01 ,02 ,03 ,05 0,1 ,2 ,3 ,5 1 2 3 4 5 7 10
p kPa

Recommended portion of pipe losses for different systems or part of

systems.
Type of system Unit Friction %
Heating Small buildings 50 - 60
Large buildings 60 - 70
Sub-stations Primary and secondary side 20 - 30
Distribution pipe net work Primary side 80 - 90

Sizes of steel pipes for heating systems. Working pressure 1,0 MPa (10 bar)
Nominal diameter External diameter Wall thickness Internal diameter
mm inch mm mm mm
8 1/4 13,50 2,25 9
10 3/8 17,00 2,25 12,5
15 1/2 21,25 2,75 15,75
20 3/4 26,75 2,75 21,25
25 1 33,50 3,25 27,00
32 1 1/4 42,25 3,25 35,75
40 1 1/2 48,00 3,50 41,00
50 2 60,00 3,50 53,00
65 2 1/2 75,50 3,75 68,00
80 3 88,50 4,00 80,50
100 4 114,00 4,00 106,00
125 5 140,00 4,50 131,00
150 6 165,00 4,50 156,00

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Flow chart for RTD-G 15, 20 and 25

RTD - G 15, 20 and 25

l/h Valve size l/s

1000 ,3
700 25 20 ,2
500
15 ,1
300 ,07
200 ,05
100 ,03
70 ,02
50
,01
30
0,1 ,2 ,3 ,4 ,5 ,7 1,0 2 3 4 5 7 10 20 kPa
pvalve

0,01 ,02 ,03 ,05 ,07 ,1 ,2 ,3 ,5 ,7 1 2 mWG

,001 ,002 ,004,006 0,01 ,02 ,03,04 ,06 0,1 ,2 Bar

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Flow chart for thermostatic valves in two-pipe system

RTD - N 15
Pre-set value l/s
l/h
500
300 ,1
N ,07
200 7 6 ,05
100 5 ,03
4
70 ,02
50 3
2 ,01
30
,007
20 ,005
1
10 ,003
7 ,002
5
,001
3
1 2 3 4 5 7 10 20 30 kPa
pvalve

0,1 0,2 ,3 ,4 ,5 ,7 1 2 3 mWG

0,01 ,02 ,04 ,06 0,1 ,2 ,3 Bar

Pre-set value 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 N
kv values 0,04 0,08 0,12 0,20 0,27 0,36 0,45 0,60

RTD - N 20 - 25
Pre-set value l/s
l/h
500
N ,1
300
7 ,07
200 6 ,05
5 4
100 ,03
70 3 2 ,02
50
1
30 ,01
,007
20
,005
10 ,003
7 ,002
5
,001
3
1 2 3 4 5 7 10 20 30 kPa
pvalve

0,1 0,2 ,3 ,4 ,5 ,7 1 2 3 mWG

0,01 ,02 ,04 ,06 0,1 ,2 ,3 Bar

Pre-set value 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 N
kv values 0,10 0,15 0,17 0,25 0,32 0,41 0,62 0,83

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Flow chart for p control valves for riser or circuit in heating systems.

ASV-P, PV 15-40 and ASV-M 15-40

m3/h kvs-value l/s
20 5
10 3
7 2
5 10
1,0
3 6,3 0,7
2 4,0 0,5
2,5 0,3
1,0
0,7 1,6 0,2
0,5
1 0,1
0,3
,07
0,2 ,05
0,1 ,03
1 2 3 4 5 7 10 20 30 40 60 80 kPa
pvalve

0,1 0,2 ,3 ,4 ,5 ,7 1 2 3 4 5 7 8 mWG

0,01 ,02 ,04 ,06 0,1 ,2 ,3 ,4 ,5 ,7 ,8 Bar

Working range:
ASV-P 10 kPa
ASV-PV 5 - 25 kPa.
Minimum available p for good functioning: 8 kPa.

Example
Q: 300 l/h. p riser: 7kPa. p radiator including valve: 5 kPa.
p-control kv 1,6. pvp = 3,4 kPa, 1
Necessary p = 7+5+8 = 20 kPa.

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Flow chart for control valves in heating systems.

m3/h kvs-value l/s

200 50
145 100 30
100
63 20
50 40
10
30 25 7
20 16 5
10 3
10
7 6,3 2
5 4,0
1,0
3 2,5 0,7
2 1,6 0,5
1,0 1,0 0,3
0,7 ,63 0,2
0,5 ,4
0,1
0,3
,07
0,2 ,05
0,1 ,03
1 2 3 4 5 7 10 20 30 40 60 100 150 200 kPa
0,1 0,2 ,3 ,4 ,5 ,7 1 2 3 4 5 7 10 15 20 mWG
pvalve

0,01 ,02 ,04 ,06 0,1 ,2 ,3 ,4 ,5 ,7 1,0 1,5 2 Bar

Formulas. Q
Q 2
p : bar. Q: m3/h. kv =
Q
p
; p = ( )
kv
; Q = kv p ;
Q
Q 2
; Q = 100x kv p ;
Q
p : kPa. Q: l/h. kv = 0,01
p
; p = 0,01 (
kv )
Q
Q 2 kv
p ; p = 36 kv ; Q = 36 p ;
Q
p : kPa. Q: l/s. kv = 36 ( )

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Flow chart for valves in district heating systems.

m3/h kvs-value l/s

200 50
145 100 30
100
63 20
50 40
10
30 25 7
20 16 5
10 3
10
7 6,3 2
5 4,0
1,0
3 2,5 0,7
2 1,6 0,5
1,0 1,0 0,3
0,7 ,63 0,2
0,5 ,4
0,1
0,3
,07
0,2 ,05
pvalve

0,1 ,03
1 2 3 4 5 7 10 20 30 40 60 100 150 200 kPa
0,1 0,2 ,3 ,4 ,5 ,7 1 2 3 4 5 7 10 15 20 mWG
0,01 ,02 ,04 ,06 0,1 ,2 ,3 ,4 ,5 ,7 1,0 1,5 2 Bar

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Flow chart for p control valves in district heating systems.

AVP 15 - 32
m3/h kvs-value l/s

20 5
10 3
7 2
5 10
1,0
3 6,3 0,7
2 4,0 0,5
2,5 0,3
1,0
0,7 1,6 0,2
0,5
1 0,1
0,3
,07
0,2 ,05
0,1 ,03
1 2 3 4 5 7 10 20 30 40 60 80 kPa
pvalve

0,1 0,2 ,3 ,4 ,5 ,7 1 2 3 4 5 7 8 mWG

0,01 ,02 ,04 ,06 0,1 ,2 ,3 ,4 ,5 ,7 ,8 Bar

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 CHAPTER 8 TECHNICAL DATA, FORMULAS AND CHARTS

Flow chart for p control valves in district heating systems.

IVD-IVFS kvs 0,63 - 25,0 m3/h

AFP kvs 50 - 125 m3/h

m3/h kvs-value l/s

200 50
125
100 30
80
20
50 50
30 10
25 7
20 20 16 5
10 3
10
7 6,3 2
5 4,0 1,0
3 2,5 0,7
2 1,6 0,5
1,0 1,0 0,3
0,7 ,63 0,2
0,5
0,3 0,1
,07
0,2 ,05
0,1 ,03
1 2 3 4 5 7 10 20 30 40 60 100 150 200 kPa
pvalve

0,1 0,2 ,3 ,4 ,5 ,7 1 2 3 4 5 7 10 15 20 mWG

0,01 ,02 ,04 ,06 0,1 ,2 ,3 ,4 ,5 ,7 1,0 1,5 2 Bar

p-regulator, working range: IVD 5 - 50 and 20 - 250 kPa.

AFP 20 - 120 and 50 - 250 kPa
Maximum p valve IVF kvs: 0,63 and 1,0 = 1.000 kPa
2,5 = 630 kPa
4,0 - 25 = 800 kPa
Maximum p valve AFP: 1.200 kPa

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Heat requirement for hot water according to the Swedish Board of District Heating

Domestic hot water, Q L/s. Effect, P kW

2,5
400
2,0 350
300
1,5
250
1,0 200
150
0,5 100
50
0 0
1 10 50 100 150 200 250
Number of apartments.

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Flow limiter, ASV-Q 15, Flow limiter, ASV-Q 20

3 Set values
m /h p v kPa
20 30 40 50 60 70 80
1,0 8
0,9
0,8 6,5
0,7
0,6 5
0,5 4
0,4
3
0,3
ASV-Q Capacity l/h Set value
2
15 100 - 800 1-8
20 200 - 1400 2 - 14 0,2
25 400 - 1600 4 - 16
32 500 - 2500 5 - 30 0,15

1
0,1

0,07
0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6 0,7 0,8
p v Bar

Set values
p v kPa
3
m /h
20 30 40 50 60 70 80
2,0
14
1,5 12
10
1,0 8
0,9
0,8
0,7 6
0,6

0,5 4
0,4

0,3

2
0,2

0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6 0,7 0,8

p v Bar
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 CHAPTER 8 TECHNICAL DATA, FORMULAS AND CHARTS

Flow limiter, ASV-Q 25, Flow limiter, ASV-Q 32

Set values
p v kPa
3
m /h
30 40 50 60 70 80
2,0
16
1,7 14
1,5 12
1,2 10
1,0 8
0,9
0,8
0,7 6
0,6
0,5
4
0,4

0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6 0,7 0,8

p v Bar

p v kPa
3
m /h Set values
30 40 50 60 70 80
4,0
30
3,0 25
20
2,0
15
1,5

1,2 10
1,0
0,9
0,8
0,7
0,6 5
0,5

0,4
0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6 0,7 0,8
p v Bar

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Calculation of one-pipe system

5 4 3 2 1,5 m

1200 1200 1200 1200 1200 1200 1200 1200

0

1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000

1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000

1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000

3 x 12 = 36 m

6
1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000

1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000

1

1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000

1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000

1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000

1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000

1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000

1200 1200 1200 1200 1200 1200 1200 1200

10 m 6m 6m 6m 6m 6m 6m 6m
10 9 31 m 8 7 5 4 3 2
6

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Calculation of one-pipe system

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Calculation of two-pipe system

1200 1200 1200 1200 1200 1200 1200 1200

5 4 3 2 1

3m
1000 1000 1000 1000 6 1000 1000 1000 1000

1000 1000 1000 1000 7 1000 1000 1000 1000

1000 1000 1000 1000 8 1000 1000 1000 1000

1000 1000 1000 1000 9 1000 1000 1000 1000

1000 1000 1000 1000 10 1000 1000 1000 1000

1000 1000 1000 1000 11 1000 1000 1000 1000

1000 1000 1000 1000 12 1000 1000 1000 1000

1000 1000 1000 1000 13 1000 1000 1000 1000

1000 1000 1000 1000 14 1000 1000 1000 1000

1000 1000 1000 1000 15 1000 1000 1000 1000

3m

1200 1200 1200 1200 16 1200 1200 1200 1200

31 m 3m 6m 6m 6m

17

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Calculation of two-pipe system

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 CHAPTER 8 TECHNICAL DATA, FORMULAS AND CHARTS

SI-units.
Effect, P. Pressure, p.
W kcal/h Pa kPa bar mWG
1 0,85985 1 0,001 0,00001 0,0001
1,163 1 1.000 1 0,01 0,1
100.000 100 1 10
10.000 10 0,1 1

Flow, Q (). Temperature, t ().

l/s m3/h Kelvin K Celsius oC
1 3,6 0 -273,15
0,278 1 273,15 0
373,15 100

Greek alphabet.

alfa beta gamma delta epsilon seta eta theta iota

kappa lamda my ny xi omikron pi ro sigma

tau ypsilon phi chi psi omega

Physical properties for water.

Temperature Pressure Density Isobaric heat
oC p kPa kg/m3 capacitivity
cp J/ (kg x K)
0 - 999,84 4218
10 - 999,70 4192
20 - 998,205 4182
30 - 995,65 4178
40 - 992,2 4178
50 - 998,14 4181
60 - 983,21 4184
70 - 977,78 4190
80 - 971,80 4196
90 - 965,33 4205
100 1,3 958,35 4216
110 43,26 951,0 -
120 98,54 943,1 4245
130 170,11 934,8 -
140 261,36 926,1 4287
150 375,97 916,9 -

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8 STEPS - CONTROL OF HEATING SYSTEMS 185