Stress Ribbon and Cable-supported Pedestrian Bridges

ISBN 978-0-7277-4146-2

ICE Publishing: All rights reserved

doi: 10.1680/srcspb.41462.041

Chapter 4
Cable analysis

Analysis of the stress ribbon and cable-supported structure is The equilibrium of forces in the vertical direction can be
based on the understanding of the static and dynamic behaviour dened
of the single cable.
Vx
qx dx
Vx dVx 0
4.1. Single cable
We assume that a cable of area A and modulus of elasticity E acts Vx
qx dx
Vx
dVx 0 4:4
as a perfectly exible member that is able to resist the normal
force only. Under this assumption, the cable curve will coincide qx dx
dVx
Hy00 x dx
with the funicular curve of the load applied to the cable and to
the chosen value of the horizontal force H (Figure 4.1). where

Consider a cable supported at two xed hinges a and b loaded qx

y00 x

by a vertical load q(x). We have: H
1
l Xb
Xa xb; y00 x
4:5
Rx
h Yb
Ya yb; 4:1
H
h qx
tan
: Rx
l

For the given load q(x) and chosen horizontal force H the cable and
curve is determined by coordinate y(x), sag f(x), the slope of the
tangent y0 (x) tan (x) and radius of the curvature R(x). These qx
Hy00 x
values are derived from the general equilibrium conditions on
Qx
the element ds. See Figure 4.1 for denitions of notation. y0 x C1 4:6
H
The cable is stressed by a normal force N(x) that has vertical Mx
and horizontal components V(x) and H(x), dened: yx C1 x C2
H
Nx2 Hx2 Vx2 where Q(x) and M(x) are shear force and bending moment on a
Hx Nx cos x 4:2 simple beam of span l. The constants C1 and C2 are determined
from the boundary conditions:
Vx Nx sin x:
x 0; y ya; ya 0 C1 0 C2 ; C2 ya
For a vertical load H const, we have

dy x l; y yb; yb 0 C1 l C2 C1 l ya
Vx H tan x H Hy0 x
dx
hence
dVx H dy
Hy00 x 4:3
dx dx dx yb
ya h
dVx Hy00 x dx: C1 :
l l

41

Downloaded by [] on [25/09/17]. Copyright ICE Publishing, all rights reserved.

 Stress Ribbon and Cable-supported Pedestrian Bridges

Figure 4.1 Basic characteristics of the single cable We then have

X Qx
q(x) p0 x
H
h
px y0 x p0 x p0 x tan

l
H a x
4:7
Mx
Y b f x
H
q(x) A
N(x ) V(x)
h Mx h
yx x f x x tan

f (x ) H l
f(x ) y y(x ) b H
H )
x for q(x) constant (Figure 4.2). From Figure 4.2, we have
dy ds R(
H B

dx
f(x ) 1 1 q
p0 x ql
qx l
2x
H 2 2H
V(x ) + dV(x) N(x) + dN(x)
s h
I px p0 x p0 x tan

l

 4:8
Mx 1 1 1 q
f x qlx
qx2 xl
x
N H H 2 2 2H
h
yx f x x f x x tan

l

V x0
ql 4:9
q(x) max p0
2H
l
A0 B0
x
2
4:10
Q ql 2
max f
8H

M The length of the cable (Figure 4.3) is dened

s l q
s ds dx2 dy2 4:11
0 0

Figure 4.2 Uniformly loaded cable

(a) (b)

q q

H x H x H

h p0max f (x ) f max
y y(x)
f (x) H
p0(x )
p(x)

I /2 I /2
I

42

Downloaded by [] on [25/09/17]. Copyright ICE Publishing, all rights reserved.

 Cable analysis

Figure 4.3 Non-tension length of the cable: (a) initial stage and (b) final stage

(a) (b)

q(x)0 q(x)i

H0 a Hi a
b b
A0 Ai

b H0 b Hi

Ln
0 B0 Bi

Ln
Ds
i

Ds
s

I I

since then

dy l q l s

2
tan x y0 x and dy y0 x dx: 02 Qx h
dx s 1 y x dx 1 dx
0 0 H l
We then have l s


1 Q2 x cos2
2Qxh cos2

  1
ds2 dx2 dy2 dx2 1 y02 x 0 cos2
H2 Hl
s
l
and 1 Q2 x cos2
2Qxh cos2

1 dx: 4:13
0 cos
H2 Hl
s l q
s ds dx2 1 y02 x
0 0 We can express s as
l q 4:12
l
1 y02 x dx: 1
0 s 1 B1=2 dx 4:14
cos
0

Since
where
Qx h Qx
y0 x tan
Q2 x cos2
2Qxh cos2

H l H B : 4:15
H2 hl
and
Since
1
cos2
jBj < 1;
1 tan2

h it is possible to use the binomial formula:
tan

l

2



1 h B
p B 2 B 3
1 ; 1 B 1 x x x ... 4:16
cos2
l 1 2 3

43

Downloaded by [] on [25/09/17]. Copyright ICE Publishing, all rights reserved.

 Stress Ribbon and Cable-supported Pedestrian Bridges

Figure 4.4 Initial and final stage of the cable: (a) fixed supports and (b) flexible supports

q(x)i
x
q(x)0

q(x)i
H0, Hi y
a
q(x)0
Da v0 a
b x

A0, Ai Da vi H0 b0 x0
h Hi xi
A0 bi
h0
Ai
hi
b H0, Hi Db v0 b
y y0
Db vi yi H0
0 0 Hi
B0, Bi
B0
i
i Bi

DaH0 I0 DbH0
I Da Hi Ii DbHi

(a) (b)

If we use only the rst two terms, we have and

p

1 cos2
l 2
1 Bp 1 B s l Q x dx
1 cos
2H 2 0

1 l cos
l 2
1 B1=2 1 B Q x dx 4:18
2 cos
2H 2 0


1 Q2 x cos2
2Qxh cos2

1 The term
2 2H 2 Hl
l l
and hence D Q2 x dx QxQx dx 4:19
0 0

l l
1 Q2 x cos2
is usually determined by a Verescagin rule. The area Q(x) is
s dx dx
cos
0 0 2H 2 multiplied by the value of Qt, which occurs at the centre of
l  the gravity of the area (Figure 4.4).
2Qxh cos2

dx : 4:17
0 Hl
For example, for uniform load q(x) const (Figure 4.5(a)), we
Since have

l l 

 

1 1 l 2 1 q2 l 3
Qx dx 0 D Qx dx 2  ql   ql :
0 0 2 2 2 3 2 12

i.e. there is an equilibrium of forces in the vertical direction, For the cable of length l (Figure 4.2(b)), sag f, horizontal force
then H and uniform load q, the length of the cable is dened:
l
2Qxh cos2
l 1 q2 l 3 q2 l 3
dx 0 s 2
l
0 Hl 1 2H 12 24H 2

44

Downloaded by [] on [25/09/17]. Copyright ICE Publishing, all rights reserved.

 Cable analysis

Figure 4.5 Determination of D for: (a) a uniform load and (b) an arbitrary load

(a) (b)
q q(x )

Qi 1
1/2ql Qi
Q
Q
i1 i

2/3(1/2ql ) Qi,t
Q
Q

I /2 I /2 hi
I I

for For the vertical load,

p 2
ql 2 8f 2 s 1 y02 x dx
H and sl : H ds2 H l
8f 3l
s
EA 0 dx EA 0 dx
For a general load (Figure 4.5(b)) it is possible to divide the l "
2 #
H Qx h
length of the girder into the elements of the length h and substi- 1 dx
EA 0 H l
tute the course of Q(x) by a polygon. Then: 4:22
!
l X
n n h
X H cos2
l
l Qx dx
D Q2 x dx Di Q2 dx EA cos2
H2 0
0 0
i1 i1

H l 1 l
Qx dx :
It is possible to calculate the values of Di for each element: EA cos2
H 2 0

Qi
1 Qi Since
Di  h  Qi;t
2
l
l cos

where Qi,t is the value of Q(x) at the centre of gravity of the s Q2 x dx
cos
2H 2 0
element.
we have
4.1.1 Elastic elongation of the cable
Since l !
H cos2
2

s 2
l Q x dx 4:23
Ns ds ds EA cos
H2 0
; i:e: Ns H
H dx dx
and hence
we have
l !
s s 2H l cos2
2
Ns H ds2
s Q x dx

s ds 4:20 EA cos
cos
2H 2 cos
0
0 EA 0 EA dx !
2H l cos2
4:24
and D
EA cos
cos
2H 2 cos

l

  2H l
ds 1 y02 x dx: 4:21 s
:
0 EA cos
2 cos

45

Downloaded by [] on [25/09/17]. Copyright ICE Publishing, all rights reserved.

 Stress Ribbon and Cable-supported Pedestrian Bridges

The elastic elongation of the cable (Figure 4.2(b)) is Di

c
! ! EA


2H l 2H 8f 2 l H 16f 2

s s
l
l : and
EA 2 EA 3l 2 EA 3l
cos

4.1.2 Determining the horizontal force Hi d D;
2
For the load q(x)0, horizontal force H0 and temperature t0 the
length of the non-tension cable (Figure 4.4(a)) is dened: we can describe Hi in terms of a cubic equation, i.e.

Ln s0

s0 d c
b aHi 0
l cos
H0 l 1 Hi2 Hi 4:28
D

D
cos
2H02 0 EA cos2
H0 EA 0 4:25 aHi3 bHi2 cHi d 0:
l
D0 Q2x;0 dx: from which the unknown horizontal force Hi can be easily
0
determined.
For the load q(x)i, unknown horizontal force Hi and tempera-
ture ti, the length of the non-tension cable (Figure 4.4(b)) is 4.1.3 Influence of deformation of supports and
dened: elongation of the cable at the anchor blocks
In actual structures it is necessary to include possible deforma-
Lni si

si tions of supports and elongations of the cable at the anchor
blocks.
Lni Ln1 t
ti
4:26
l Deformations of supports for load 0 and i are dened:
Di Q2x;i dx
0
V V
ai Ai a
V V
a0 A0 a

where the temperature change
ti ti
t0 and i is a coefcient
H H

ai Hi a
H H
a0 H0 a
of thermal expansion. Since 4:29

V V
bi Bi b
V V
b0 B0 b
l cos

si D
H H
bi Hi b
H H
b0 H0 b
cos
2Hi2 i
and depend on values of the reactions and positive unit defor-
and
mations aV , aH , bV and bH . For load 0,
Hi l 1

si Di ; l0 Xb
Xa

H H
a0

b0
EA cos2
Hi EA
h0 Yb
Ya

V V
a0

bi0 4:30
we have
h
tan
0 0 :
Lni si

si l0

l cos
Hi l Di For load i,

D


cos
2Hi2 i EA cos2
EAHi 4:27

 li Xb
Xa

H H
ai

bi
l cos
Hi li Di
Lni

Di 0
cos
2Hi2 EA cos2
EAHi hi Yb
Ya

V V
ai

bi 4:31
h
If we denote tan
i i :
li
l
a ; The elastic deformations of the cable in the anchor blocks a and
EA cos2

b are dened for load 0:
l
b Lni
;
cos

an;0 kH0 4:32

46

Downloaded by [] on [25/09/17]. Copyright ICE Publishing, all rights reserved.

 Cable analysis

Figure 4.6 Elastic deformations of the cable at the anchor blocks where


li cos
i Hi li Di
H=1 Lni

Di kHi 0
cos
i 2Hi2 EA cos2
i EAHi
4:36
If we set
li li Di
a k; b Lni
; c
S EA cos2
i cos
i EA
and
1
cos
i
d Di ;
2
we obtain a cubic equation to determine Hi:
aHi3 bHi2 cHi d 0: 4:37
Ik Since the parameters a, b, c and d depend on the span li and
vertical difference hi (which depends on horizontal force Hi),
it is not possible to determine the unknown Hi directly by
solving Equation (4.37); it is therefore necessary to determine
and load i:
Hi by iteration. First, the unknown Hi is determined for zero
deformation of supports and zero elongation of the cable at

an;i kHi 4:33
the anchor blocks. For this force, the vertical reactions Ai and
Bi, span length li, vertical difference hi, parameters a, b, c and
where k ka kb (Figure 4.6) expresses the elongation of the
d and new horizontal force Hi are utilised. The computation is
cable at the anchor blocks a and b due to unit horizontal
repeated until the difference between the subsequent solutions
force H 1. ka and kb are dened:
is smaller than the required accuracy.
lka lkb
Ska Skb
ka ds kb ds 4:34 4.2. Bending of the cable
0 EA 0 EA
The bending of the cable is derived from the analysis of the
For the load q(x)0, horizontal force H0 and temperature t0, the single cable which is stressed by a known horizontal force H
length of the non-tension cable (Figure 4.4(a)) is dened: (Eibel et al., 1973).

Ln s0

s0

an;0 Figure 4.7 shows a single cable of the area A, moment of inertia
I and modulus of elasticity E that is xed to the supports a and
l0 cos
0 H0 l0
D0
Figure 4.7 Geometry and internal forces at the cable
cos
0 2H02 EA cos2
0
1 4:35

D
kH0 N(x) M(x)
H0 EA 0
l0 Q(x)
q(x)
D0 Q2x;0 dx
0 g
Hg , H x
For the load q(x)i, unknown horizontal force Hi and tempera- a b
q(x)
ture ti, the length of the non-tension cable (Figure 4.4(b)) is A h(x)
V(x) h
dened: N(x)
M(x) y(x)
H y, h Hg , H
Lni Ln1 t
ti j(x)
dh b
ds w(x)
Lni si

si

an;i M(x) + dM(x) B
dx H
l cos
i Hi li 1 j(x)
i Di

Di
kHi N(x) + dN(x)
cos
i 2Hi2 EA cos2
i Hi EA V(x) + dV(x)
li
Di Q2x;i dx I
0

47

Downloaded by [] on [25/09/17]. Copyright ICE Publishing, all rights reserved.

 Stress Ribbon and Cable-supported Pedestrian Bridges

b. The cable is loaded by load g(x) and q(x). Corresponding Since dx2  dx, dx2 can be neglected. We then have
horizontal forces are Hg and H.
Vx dx
H dx
dMx 0
It is assumed that erection of the cable is done is such a way that dx dMx
the load g does not cause any bending of the cable. For constant Vx
H
0
dx dx
g, the shape of the cable given by y(x) is the second-degree
parabola: dVx d2 x d2 Mx

H
0
dx dx2 dx2
h g h dVx
yx f x x xl
x x
qx
l 2Hg l dx 4:43
g g 2 h d2 wx
xl
x x Mx
EI
2Hg 2Hg l dx2
4:38 !

 d2 x d d2 w
g g h g l h
qx
H
2
EI 2 0
y0 x l
2 x
x dx2 dx dx
2Hg 2Hg l Hg 2 l
g 1 d4 wx d2 x
y00 x
: EI 4

H qx:
Hg Rg dx dx2

We then have
The shape of the cable for load q(x) is given by the coordinate
x yx wx
x yx wx
4:39 d4 wx d2 x
dx dyx dwx EI
H qx
dx 4 dx2
where w(x) is the deformation of the cable due to load d4 wx d2 yx d2 wx
EI
H
H qx
q(x)
g(x). dx4 dx2 dx2
d4 wx d2 wx d2 y 4:44
The cable is stressed by normal force N(x), shear force Q(x) and EI
H qx H
dx4 dx2 dx2
by bending moment M(x):


g 1
qx H
qx H
Nx H cos x V sin x Hg Rg
4:40 H H
Qx
H sin x V cos x: qx qx
g
Rg Hg
These values are derived from the equilibrium conditions on the
element ds. Equation (4.44) can be easily extended to express the elastic
support of the portion of the cable by Winklers springs
For vertical load with constant H, (Figure 4.8):

V 0 V 0
Vx
qx dx kwx dx
V dV 0
Vx
qx dx
V dV 0

qx dx kwx dV 4:45
4:41

qx dx dV
dV
dV
qx kwx :

qx dx
dx
The characteristic of the spring k(x) is a stress that corresponds
and to its unit deformation.

M 0 M 0
Vx dx
H dx Mx
12 qx dx2 4:42 Vx dx
H dx Mx
12 qx dx2 4:46

Mx dMx 0: kwx 12 dx2
Mx dMx 0

48

Downloaded by [] on [25/09/17]. Copyright ICE Publishing, all rights reserved.

 Cable analysis

Figure 4.8 Geometry and internal forces at flexibly supported cable Figure 4.9 Bending moments: (a) at support and (b) under point
load
M(x)
N(x)
(a) q
Q(x) q(x)
g
g
Hg , H x Hg , H x Hg , H
a b g
q(x) A h(x)
V(x) h Df(x) q
N(x)
M(x) y(x)
H y, h Hg , H
f(x)
dh b M
ds w(x)
M(x) + dM(x) B
k(x) H f(x)
N(x) + dN(x) k(x)
V(x) + dV(x)
dx F
I
q
g
(b)
Since dx2  dx, dx2 can be neglected and we then have: x x g
? ?
4 2
d wx d wx H g, F
EI 4

H 2
kwx qx
dx dx R g
4:47
H
qx
g
Hg M

The solution of Equation (4.45) can be written as:

wx wh x wp x 4:48

where the particular solution wp(x) corresponds to deformation

of the cable without bending stiffness; the homogenous solution
can be written:
x0
wh x Aex Be
x C Dx
r ql gl 4:50
H
4:49 w0p 0
q 0
g 0

 : 2H 2Hg
EI
A direct solution is possible only for special cases (Figure 4.9), The homogenous solution is:
for example the course of the bending moment M(x) in the
vicinity of the support of the cable loaded by uniform loads g For x 1, M 0, w 0, ex ! 1, and therefore A 0 and
and q and corresponding horizontal forces are Hg and H is D 0. Thus
solved for an innitively long cable.
wh x B e
x C
The particular solution is: w0h x
B e
x
q g
wp x x
yx l
xx
l
xx w00h x 2 B e
x
2H 2Hg
w0 x w0h x w0p x
qlx qx2 glx gx2



2H 2H 2Hg 2Hg For x 0
ql qx gl gx
w0p x


2H H 2Hg Hg w0 x 0
B e0

q g
 4:51
w00p x


q B
H Hg 

49

Downloaded by [] on [25/09/17]. Copyright ICE Publishing, all rights reserved.

 Stress Ribbon and Cable-supported Pedestrian Bridges

w00 x w00h x w00p x 2


x
e

q
 wi
1
2wi wi 1
Mx EJw00 x
r 4:52
H dx4

EI
p
Mx
 H  EI e
x
qEI
The bending moment at an innitively long cable that is loaded
by point load F and by uniform load q (Figure 4.9(b)) can be
derived similarly. For uniform load g that does not cause the
bending, the cable is stressed by horizontal force Hg; for
uniform load q and point load F the cable is stressed by hori-
zontal force H. The course of bending moment is dened:
F
x
Mx EI
q
2
e Ti i 1
r
H
 4:53
EI
q g

q

H Hg
Rather then solving the equations for different loading condi-
tions, the author developed a program in which the deformation
and corresponding shear forces and bending moments were
solved using the nite difference method (Tomishenko and
Goodier, 1970). This approach enables us to describe a local
stiffening of the cable and supporting of portion of the cable
by Winkler springs.
In the analysis, the cable was divided into short elements of
length h (in the actual structure, a cable of length 100 m was
divided into 10 000 elements of length of 0.010 m). The elements
can have different stiffness values given by EI and can be
supported by springs of different stiffness.
The derivations were substituted by well-known formulae
(Figure 4.10)
Figure 4.10 Finite difference method
d2 wx 1
dx2 h
4:54
d4 wx 1
4 wi
2
4wi
1 6wi
4wi 1 wi 2
h
In this way, a solution of Equation (4.47) was substituted by a
solution of a system of linear equations. From the discrete
values of the deections, the bending moments and shear
forces were determined.
From the discrete values of deformations, the bending moment
and shear forces were determined from:
EIi
Mi wi
1
2wi wi 1
h2
4:55
M
Mi
1
:
2h
The described analysis of the bending of the cable was veried
during the loading tests of the cables that were developed for
the Elbe Bridge (Figure 2.10). The cable was formed from 18
strands of 15.5 mm diameter that were grouted in steel tubes.
The tubes and mortar are composite with the strands and
contribute to the resistance of the strands to the live load
(Figure 2.42). The tested cable was loaded with a point load
situated at its mid-span (Figure 4.11). During the test, the
strain in the steel tubes at the mid-span and support sections
was carefully measured. The bending moment was calculated
from these strains. Figure 4.12, which depicts the arrangement
and results of the test, highlights that a good agreement of
results has been achieved.
During the analysis, the cable is initially analysed as a perfectly
exible member. The initial state is chosen as the state in which
erection guarantees that the cable is without bending. To
analyse loading, the unknown horizontal force is determined
and then used to determine the deformation, shear forces and
bending moments.
Figure 4.11 Loading test of the stay cable

h h h h

Wi 2 Wi 1 Wi Wi + 1 Wi + 2

50

Downloaded by [] on [25/09/17]. Copyright ICE Publishing, all rights reserved.

 Cable analysis

Figure 4.12 Deformation and bending moments of the tested In actual cables loaded by a uniform load, the bending moment
cable is nearly zero along the length of the cable. Signicant values of
bending moments originate only close to the supports and
P = 31.5 kN
1 1 under the point load (Figure 4.9); their course is exponential,
2 3 2 which must be taken into consideration when we analyse the
H 0.500 H = 1730 kN structures by modern non-linear programs by nite element
methods. To cover the concentration of stresses, a very ne
0.300 1.050 16.640 1.050 0.300
mesh of elements has to be used close to supports and point
19.340
loads.
part 1 part 2 part 3

To understand the difference between the behaviour of the beam

and of the cable, a stress ribbon and beam structure of span
I = 2.39 105 m4 I = 1.03 105 m4 I = 0.69 105 m4 L 33, 66 and 99 m loaded by uniform load and by vertical
M (kN m) 18 deection of supports are examined here. The stress ribbon was
modelled as a cable and analysed by the above process.
9
The structure has area A 1.25 m2, moment of inertia
0 I 0.0065104 m4 and modulus of elasticity E 36 000 MPa.
measurement The stress ribbon structures have sag at mid-span fL/2
9 calculation 0.02L, corresponding horizontal force Hg gL2/8fL/2
6.25(gL) 195.3125L. The dead load g 31.25 kN/m does not
y (mm) 0 cause bending of the structure.
20
Figure 4.13(a) and Table 4.1 show the deection and bending
40 moment in the beam and cable for load p 20 kN/m. It is
evident that the deections and bending moments in the stress
60
ribbon are very low.

Figure 4.13 Deformation and bending moments at beam and stress ribbon: (a) uniform load and (b) vertical deflection of support

(a) (b)
q=g+p
p
g g

y
1.00 m

Hg

Hg , HD Hg , Hq Hg , HD 1.00 m
HD

L L

M
stress ribbon
beam

stress ribbon
beam

51

Downloaded by [] on [25/09/17]. Copyright ICE Publishing, all rights reserved.

 Stress Ribbon and Cable-supported Pedestrian Bridges

Table 4.1 Comparison of the static effects Figure 4.14 Natural modes

L: m
f(1)
33.00 66.00 99.00

Mp Beam (MNm)
1.815
7.262
16.335

ML/2 Beam (MNm) 0.908 3.631 8.168
yL/2 Beam (m) 0.5271 8.4332 42.6933 f(2)
Hq Stress ribbon (MN) 10.180 19.768 28.939
Mp Stress ribbon (MNm)
0.106
0.339
0.594
ML/2 Stress ribbon (MNm) 0.034 0.039 0.036
yL/2 Stress ribbon (m) 0.115 0.0726 0.1679
f(3)

Figure 4.13(b) and Table 4.2 show the deection and bending
moment in the beam and stress ribbon stressed by a vertical
deection of support
1 m. With the increasing span
length, the bending moments in the beams are reduced propor- f(4)
tionally to the square of their length.

On the contrary, the bending moments in the stress ribbon have s

signicant values that in the longer spans are even higher that in

1 1 Hn2 EI2 n2
the beam. It is therefore necessary to carefully analyse the fn 4:57
2  l2 l4
bending of cables (or prestressed bands) in structures where
signicant vertical deformations can occur (e.g. in the cables
where H is horizontal force,  is mass of the cable per unit
of a cable-supported structure).
length, f is sag of the cable, E is the modulus of elasticity, A is
area and I is moment of inertia.
Note: the above-described analysis is hypothetical since a beam
of the above dimensions would fail.
The term
4.3. Natural modes and frequencies
EAf 2 2
The natural modes and frequencies of a single cable (Figure
2l 4
4.14) can be determined according the following formules
(Strasky and Pirner, 1986): in Equation (4.56) describes the normal stiffness of the cable
s

 that has to elongate when vibrating in the rst mode. This is
1 1 H EAf 2 2 EI2 the reason why, in some cases, the rst mode is higher than
f1 4 4:56
2  l2 2l 4 l the second mode.

The term

Table 4.2 EI2 n2

l4
L: m
in Equation (4.57) describes the bending stiffness of the cable
33.00 66.00 99.00 which, in engineering calculations, is insignicant.

Mp,a Beam (MNm)
1.291
0.323
0.143 Natural modes of vibrations are dened as:
Mp,b Beam (MNm) 1.291 0.323 0.143


Hq Stress ribbon (MN) 8.266 13.542 19.730 l
Mp,a Stress ribbon (MNm)
1.429
0.787
0.637 Xn i x

2
Mp,b Stress ribbon (MNm) 2.485 1.166 0.839 wx; t Ai cos2fi t Bi sin2fi t sin
i1
l

52

Downloaded by [] on [25/09/17]. Copyright ICE Publishing, all rights reserved.

 Cable analysis

where Ai, Bi are determined by the progression of the right-hand Strasky J and Pirner M (1986) DS-L Stress ribbon footbridges.
side of equations: Dopravni stavby, Olomouc, Czechoslovakia.
Timoshenko SP and Goodier JN (1970) Theory of Elasticity.
wx; 0 gx McGraw-Hill, New York.
w0 x; 0 hx:

REFERENCES
Eibel J, Pelle K and Nehse H (1973) Zur Berechnung von
Spannbandbrucken Flache Hangebander. Verner, Verlang,
Dusseldorf.

53

Downloaded by [] on [25/09/17]. Copyright ICE Publishing, all rights reserved.