Documente Academic
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Declaration
The undersigned student, declare that this report is an original work and has not been presented in
any other university, and that all sources of materials used for the report have been duly
acknowledged.
Student
Name Signature
Ephrem Beyene
Advisor
Name Signature
Feysel Nesru
Acknowledgement
First and for most I would like to thank God for everything he did for me. And next Unity
University and the department of civil and mining engineering for giving me the chance to see and
correspond what is theoretical with that of the actual practice at site. My gratitude also goes to
MGM CONSULT, the supervisors, the site engineers, other stuff members and all workers for
helping me in everything I needed, giving me advice and sharing their knowledge willingly
especially Mr. TEWODROS.
Finally, I would like to thank my mentor Mr. FEYSEL NESRU, for his kindly cooperation and
advice throughout the internship period.
Summary
I have been working in the construction company for the past four months. & this internship
program has increased my practical knowledge on the construction management field plus it
helped me to develop the practical skills that I should have in order to become a competent
engineer in the practical world.
The final report covers the overall things I have covered through the four-month internship
while staying in MGM CONSULT. Since I have been working in the office and site I have tried
to list down all the tasks that I have been accomplishing & also I have tried to give the brief history,
the mission, the current location & the organizational structure of MGM CONSULT.
So on the part of the overall experience, I briefly write especially the office work which I have
been doing and what I have seen & learnt from the office. As we all know this internship encourage
not only your practical & theoretical skills but also many things like developing your
communication skills, team playing skills, leadership skills, work ethical related issues and
practical skills. Throughout this internship program I was able to develop those skills too.
List of figures
Fig 1.0 company organization and work flow ............................................................................................... 2
Fig. 1.1 projects done by the company ......................................................................................................... 3
Fig 2.0.0 bulk excavation based on depth classification (directly from BOQ) .............................................. 8
Fig 2.0 bulk and pit excavation together with footing pads ......................................................................... 9
Fig 2.1 pit excavation made in row ............................................................................................................... 9
Fig 2.2: Back fill under retaining wall .......................................................................................................... 10
Fig. 2.2 compaction of backfill for bulk excavation .................................................................................... 11
Fig. 2.3 slump test cone .............................................................................................................................. 17
Fig 2.4 slump cone ...................................................................................................................................... 17
Fig. cubic boxes for sample taking .............................................................................................................. 18
Figure 2.3 Reinforcement of footing pad. ................................................................................................... 19
Fig 2.4: concrete casting for footing pad ................................................................................................... 19
Fig.2.5 Column formwork with chute at the top( the pannels serve as chute). ......................................... 20
Fig.2.6 the foundation of basement wall after concrete is casted ............................................................. 21
Fig.2.7 shows grade beam and the top 100 mm slab being casted ............................................................ 22
Fig.2.8 formwork for suspended slab ......................................................................................................... 23
Fig.2.9 stair formwork and rebar ................................................................................................................ 24
Fig 2.10: rebar placed on site ( also shows improper handling of rebar) ................................................... 25
Fig.2.11 beam rebar cage ............................................................................................................................ 26
Fig.2.12 slab rebar with kebelato................................................................................................................ 26
Fig.2.13 column section at different locations ........................................................................................... 27
Fig.2.14 column rebar on site ..................................................................................................................... 27
Fig.2.15 section of typical shear wall .......................................................................................................... 28
Fig 2.16 Fixing of formwork ........................................................................................................................ 30
Fig. Edge beam formwork definitions ......................................................................................................... 31
Fig. interior beam formwork definitons...................................................................................................... 31
Fig.2.17 elements of column formwork ...................................................................................................... 32
Fig. componenets of slab Formwork........................................................................................................... 33
Fig 2.18: Grade beam .................................................................................................................................. 34
Fig 2.19 Hard Core....................................................................................................................................... 38
Fig 2.20 Suspended slab & bar arrangement .............................................................................................. 39
Fig 2.21 Typical takeoff sheet ..................................................................................................................... 41
Fig 2.22 Bar schedule .................................................................................................................................. 42
Figure 2.23, slab analysis excel template.................................................................................................... 45
Figure 2.24, meanings of a,b and c. ............................................................................................................ 45
Figure 2.25, stair design template. ............................................................................................................. 46
Figure 2.26, ETABS 9.7.4 window................................................................................................................ 46
Fig. 2.27 Live loads from EBCS-1-1995 ........................................................................................................ 47
Fig. 2.28 Earthquake parameters calculation ............................................................................................. 47
Fig 2.29, Typical floor plan of building ........................................................................................................ 48
Fig 4.1: Block A, Block B and Block C building in 3D ..................................................................................... C
CHAPTER ONE
1.2 Vision
To become the primary firm in the construction sector by executing projects in a safe and timely
manner to deliver outstanding results for its stake holders.
1.3 Mission
To design and supervise quality buildings, roads, bridges and others with proficiency that meet the
required standards by creating strong links with in the construction industry to produce and supply
industrial products necessarily in building construction both for national and international markets
through strong manpower and begin to undertake projects at an international level.
1.4 Main objectives
Play active developmental role in the construction sector
Expanding into the design of railways and bridges
Establishing joint- venture investment projects with various international companies with
emphasis on construction related areas.
Attaining high levels of professional and technical efficiency while keeping pace with the eve
revolving technological advances in the industry.
MGM Consult provides consultancy services for Consultations, Investigations, Design, Contract
Administration and Supervision, Calculation, Preparation of Economic and Technical reports of
civil work projects.
A comprehensive range of services are offered in the following sectors:
Building Engineering
Road Engineering
Unity University Ephrem Beyene
Department of Civil Engineering 1 2017
Internship Report MGM CONSULT PLC
Bridge Engineering
Contract Administration
Hydraulic Engineering
MGM offers its clients the benefits of its CAD service providing AutoCAD capabilities with the
use of various design soft-wares. The CAD, ARCHICAD, Eagle point & SDR Mapping
Technology is used in all facets including the drafting and design of buildings, roads & bridges.
The structural design for all building and bridges is performed using advanced software packages
such as SAP2000 V14, ETABS Non-linear Version 9.01, Auto-STAAD pro and a systematic use
of Excel-2010 spread sheet in post processing to ensure maximum safety, economy and reliability.
1.5 Companys Organizational Structure and Work flow
Any companys success highly depends on the organization of the staff and proper management.
The design team consists of professional engineers who are hardworking, driven and dedicated to
every project they are assigned to. MGM has a core team of senior executives with over 10 years
of experience. MGM has a clearly defined hierarchy that has proven to be efficient. The resident
engineers and site supervisors take full responsibility of the projects they are assigned to. They
execute decisions with absolute confidence. They have a work ethic that creates a harmonic
relation with contractors and clients. These and other factors assure the companys success
throughout the years.
Consistently meeting and exceeding our customer's expectations for consultancy quality an
D performance based on ISO 9001-2008;
Timely delivery of services to meet our customer's requirements;
Continuous improvement of our processes, and systems from feedback of our customers & personnel;
Ensuring our personnel & affiliated companies are properly trained so they are better able
to serve our customers.
To develop, implement and improve ISO 9000 quality management system in design &
construction service in 2016
CHAPTER TWO
B. Office work
A. Site work
In the site work practically I observe site clearing, setting out(partial), earth and excavating work,
structural works i.e. (footing pad, footing column, beam and elevation column), masonry work,
hard core work, suspended slab working, checking and supervising concrete ratio/mix/ etc.
B. Office work
In the office work I have been work on different parts such as:
- Takeoff analysis
- Reports
- Preparation Schedule
- Checking balance of material in bar schedule (optimization)
- Read contract document, proposals, etc
From each part of work, I tried to understand some basic working principle and some relation
between data collector and office engineer.
Fig 2.0.0 bulk excavation based on depth classification (directly from BOQ)
The depth is a critical factor since machinery output decreases as we go deeper and even shallow
depths could be done by daily laborers for cheap price while large depths necessarily dictate the
use of excavators.
Fig 2.0 bulk and pit excavation together with footing pads
2.4.1.1.4 Pit excavation
pit, the word itself, is defined as a Deep hole in the ground according to oxford advanced
learners dictionary. And even according to engineering its an excavation done with length and
width the same as that of the isolated footings (with working space of 0.25 m) and depth
according to the necessary requirements such as bearing capacity of soil.
Pits are made for each isolated footing shown on basement(ground) floor slab, column, and
foundation layout drawing. And the payment is made for the volume that is excavated only for
the isolated footing and may be with the working space included. But sometimes excavating
individual holes in the ground with the help of machinery is less economical than excavating the
entire row of pits, so contractors follow the later method in order to reduce machinery cost.
Procedure
Check bulk excavation depth
Set out the position of each pit
Fix sibago (local term)
proceed the necessary pit excavation for row of isolated footings with excavators
2.4.1.1.5 Backfill
Back fill means replacing excavated soil by selected material from another place or from previous
excavation from the same site and compacting the new soil. Compaction is necessary to achieve
firm strata with less voids.
We can perform compaction using two methods
- Hand compaction
- Machinery compaction
The former is used when we are working on small scale projects and the latter for projects with
more consideration is necessary.
While compaction is performed, regularly water is sprinkled over the soil that is being compacted.
Water is necessary to attain maximum dry density. The attainment of maximum dry density is later
checked by sand replacement or any accurate method.
Fills that are required at the site mostly are:
Fill around footing
Fill around masonry
Fill below hard core
One consideration that should be made while performing backfill and compaction is column
alignment. During heavy compaction most of the time the alignment of columns might be
disturbed. In order to avoid this problem, use less compaction force from machine around column
and compensate with hand compaction.
Concrete is very important for the structural elements as in beams, slab, column, retaining wall,
concrete pavement, shear wall etc.
Concrete is selected because of its unique advantages such as;
Concrete is highly resistance to compressive force
It is highly resistance to fire
It is good insulator
Easily molded into any shape
Water proof, if it properly mixed, vibrated, chiseled and plastered.
Two types of concrete could be observed in any site:
- Lean concrete
- Reinforced concrete
Lean concrete
Lean concrete is concrete of 5mm thick with class, C-5 with minimum cement content of 150kg/m3
of concrete. Approximately at ratio of 1:5:7. Lean has the following advantages;
o Advantages of Lean Concrete
It protects all sub-structure element from extra moisture
It acts like hard stratum
It prevents the soil particles that are present under sub-structure from any relative
movement.
o Common lean concrete is placed under
Footing pad
Grade beam
Floor slab
Masonry foundation
Retaining wall.
Reinforced Concrete
Reinforced concrete is composite material made of concrete and steel. Plain concrete possesses
high compressive strength, but little tensile strength which makes it week in bending, shear,
torsion. use C-30 for shear wall and column and C-25 for beams, floor slabs, retaining walls and
foundation. The ratio of concrete in 1:2:3 (100kg, cement: two box of sand: three box of
aggregate) the size of box is 40x50x16 cm for C-30 and 40x50x18 cm for C-25.
Reinforced concrete is more advantageous than lean concrete because of its high strength in both
tension and compression. In RC the steel provides the tensile strength and concrete provides the
compressive strength.
The tensile stresses developed in the section are transferred to reinforcing steel by bond between
the interfaces of the two materials.
Reinforcing steel and concrete may work readily due to the following reasons;
- Bond between the bars and surrounding concrete prevents slip of the bars relative to the
concrete.
- Proper concrete mixes provide adequate impermeability of concrete against bar corrosion
- Sufficiently similar rates of thermal expansion for the two materials introduce negligible
stresses between steel and concrete under temperature changes.
Cement Portland cement is a finely ground material consisting primarily of compounds of lime,
silica, alumina, and iron. When mixed with water, it forms a paste which hardens and binds the
aggregate to form a hard durable mass called concrete. In my site they used ordinary Portland
cement (OPC), because the OPC have a good quality than (PPC).
Aggregates
Sand, gravel, and crushed stone are the aggregates most commonly used in concrete to provide
volume (as a filler material) at low cost. The selection of the aggregate to be used is very important
in making concrete. The characteristic of the aggregates greatly influence
- The properties
- Mix proportion
- Economy
Test on Sand (Jar test)
Jar test is conducted to check if sand is free from silt. In order to perform this test, only need a bottle
used for water containment (for example the bottom of yes water). And follow the following procedure
i. Pour some water in the bottle
ii. Put the sand sample in the bottle
Unity University Ephrem Beyene
Department of Civil Engineering 13 2017
Internship Report MGM CONSULT PLC
iii. Sake well until all the silt and sand are separated
iv. Leave the bottle until all the sand and silt are settled
v. Measure the height of silt and height of sand and compare with the standard.
Test result
Measure the thickness of the total sample (H), without disturbing the settled
sample.
Then to find the silt content find the percentage of the silt as;
% = 100%
Volume of sample = ( 2 ) H
Therefore % = ( ) 100
Admixture
Admixture is a chemical additive used to enhance some characteristics of concrete. Some of the
types of admixture are:
- Super plasticizer
- Accelerators
- Retarders
- Water reducing admixtures
- Etc.
2.4.1.2.3 Concrete Mixing
Mixing of materials is essential for the production of uniform concrete. Mixing should ensure
that the ingredients of concrete become homogenous, uniform in color and consistent.
The design of concrete mixtures (mix design) involves the determination of the most economical
and practical combination of ingredients to make the concrete workable in its plastic stage and to
make it develop the required qualities when hardened. Generally, a properly designed concrete
mix achieved three objectives. These are: workability of the fresh concrete, required quantities of
the hardened concrete and the economy.
There are two methods adopted for concrete mixing. These are:
Hand mixing _Practical for small scale concrete works
Machine mixing _ obviously it gives better and uniform mixes than hand mixing and
generally recommended. The size of mixer used on the site is 700lt.
It is seen from experiment that the strength of concrete will increase with increasing time of
mixing, but for mixing time beyond 2 min, the important in compression strength is not very
significant.
-
2.4.1.2.4Working with concrete
Placing of Concrete
Once the concrete arrives at the project site, it must be delivered to its final positions without
segregation. Placing could be through different techniques. The following are common placement
techniques
- Using chute to place it from higher to lower place
- Using crane and bucket to place it from lower to higher place
Curing
The curing time may depend on concrete type, the type of the structural element and environment
of the working station. There are two setting times of concrete namely, initial setting time and final
setting time. The former one is setting time from placing of concrete up to dismantling of the
formwork. It is 24 hrs for columns and beams. The final setting time is the time from dismantling
of formwork to the final setting of concrete. It is 28 days for all structural elements since concrete
attains its full strength on 28s day.
Tests on Concrete
Two important things should be checked to see the adequacy of concrete. One is slump test, which
checks workability of fresh concrete, and the other is cubic test, which checks whether the desired
strength of concrete is attained.
I. Slump test
Slump means to fall or sit down heavily according to oxford advanced learners dictionary and this
definition goes exactly what we asses with the engineering slump test. Slump test is used to
measure workability or consistency of concrete mix. Before we go into some details lets introduce
the equipment used for slump test
10 cm
30 cm
20 cm
Fig.2.5 Column formwork with chute at the top( the pannels serve as chute).
2.4.1.2.7 Concrete work for basement wall (retaining wall)
Basement wall or retaining walls are provided when large depth bulk excavation is undertaken and
the upstanding soil mass needs something to keep it in place.in the site what one can observe is
that the provision of basements requires the provision of retaining walls.
In most sites retaining walls are made to start from grade beams or ribbed mat girders in order to
be more economical. But in our site the design dictates that the retaining walls should be provided
with their own strip footing. And we can say that they exactly act as cantilever retaining wall.
To cast the concrete of retaining walls the first step is:
excavating in a kind of trench manner to arrive at the desired level.
Placing the side formworks of the foundation for basement wall
Placing the rebars of the foundation for basement wall
Placing rebars for the stem of the wall
Then pouring concrete into the foundation first
Then while performing column concrete the stem is also done together
Fig.2.7 shows grade beam and the top 100 mm slab being casted
2.4.1.2.9 Concrete work for basement slab
The slab on ground (basement slab) serves as parking when the building starts serving function.
The way we cast the concrete of basement slab is:
Once the column between the basement and ground floor together with the retaining
walls at the outer perimeter are fixed we pour the concrete of the basement slab
except one third from the basement wall (this is to make the basement wall and the
slab monolithic
Fig.2.8 Basement slab with one third left for monolithic casting
Fig 2.10: rebar placed on site ( also shows improper handling of rebar)
The steel observed at site is available in the form of round bars and steel wire. The rounded bars
are used as main structural elements and steel wires are used for ting of bars together or with
formwork.
The bending of reinforcement bar is done with adequate bending tools bar; heat is strictly not
allowed for bending of reinforcement bars. The required bars are placed in position according to
the drawings, and firmly bound together with pliable mild steel wire, diameter 1.0-1.6mm in
accordance with the standard technical specification.
form work has disadvantages, like possibility of warping, swelling and shrinkage of the timber. In
order to prevent this, we have provided impermeable coating. Steel form work is comparatively
costly but it has many advantages.
it can put to high numb
it provides easy of striping
it ensures an even and smooth concrete surface
it possesses great rigidity
it is not liable to shrinkage or distortion
Requirements of good form work
A good form work should satisfy the following requirements:
The material of form work should be cheap and suitable for reuse.
It should be water proof so that it does not absorb water from concrete.
It should be strong enough to withstand all coming loads (dead load of concrete and live
load during pouring etc)
It should be stiff enough so that deflection is minimum
It should be as light as possible.
The surface of form work should be smooth to afford easy stripping.
Fixing form work
I observed how much they care while fixing form works. It should be properly fixed to avoid
loss of concrete material and unwanted shape on the structure. Proper fixing also minimizes great
chiseling to remove the unwanted shapes. The foremans check that the form works fixed for
elevation columns are vertical enough by using plumbing bobs.
Before the column, beam or slab is cast the carpenter foreman check the necessary thing like
Vertical and horizontal alignment for column
The level of the panel for the grad beam
Any defects on the panel
The cleanness of formwork &its greasing by gas
2. I beam: - serves as a support for the plywood and make horizontally align surface for the
plywood.
3. Props: - they are vertical members that made from steel and they are the main parts of the
formwork as they support the plywood and I beam loads in other way they support all the loads
transfer from plywood to beam and from beam to the prop.
First prop was erected on the ground. Then I beam laid at the top of the erected props. After I beam
was laid the props pined on the ground by using a nail. Finally, the plywood is laid on I beam and
pined it by using a nail.
2.4.1.6 Structural elements in terms of construction and supervision
2.4.1.6.1Beam work
A beam is a structural element that is capable of withstanding load primarily by resisting bending.
The bending force induced into the material of the beam as a result of the external loads, own
weight, span and external reactions to these loads is called a bending moment.
Beams generally carry vertical gravitational forces but can also be used to carry loads from slab
horizontally. The loads carried by a beam are transferred to columns, which then transfer the force
to adjacent structural compression members.
- Construction:
The construction of beam is the same as the case of column, but in this case the form work is set
up in the horizontal direction, while in the case of column it is laid vertical. The placing,
compacting and curing processes are the same.
Generally, in the beam construction the main thing is the appropriate overlap place of top and
bottom bar based on structural plan. I have tried to see the top bar overlap on the mid span and the
bottom bar overlap on the support.
Supervision
- Before casting
- During casting
- After casting
A. Before casting
conformity of the formwork with approved formwork design
cleanliness, smoothness and treatment with release agent for the surface of formwork
conformity with the approved formwork design i.e. dimension, shape, strength, method
of fixing, rigidity, bracing detail and method of removing the formwork
reinforcement diameter, number and overlap length (40 times diameter of the
reinforcement) should be cheeked
position of overlap of reinforcement as per the design
stirrup spacing should be cheeked
check provision of spacer (type, shape, dimension, spacing and method of fixing it to
maintain the required concrete cover)
check stock balance (volume of required material for the required concrete volume)
man power
equipment
B. During casting
A. cheek the availability of enough man power and machineries
B. the appropriate use of vibrator
C. cheek the mix ratio (1:2:3) and the mix itself
D. Way of the execution of the work (way of mixing, way of placing, distance the concrete
travel...)
C. After casting
Cheek the time frame for the removal of formwork (16 hr)
Proper curing (7days)
Cheek if there is segregation
Check if there is bulging of the beam
Maintenance and handling of executed works
the quality of formwork (cleanliness, smoothens and treatment with release agent for the
surface of formwork)
conformity of the formwork with the approved formwork design
grout tightness and sufficiency of rigidity to prevent disturbance due to pressure of
concrete, effect of vibrator and other load
provision of spacer with the required dimension
provision of opening for maintaining pouring height of concrete without segregation
the vertical and the horizontal alignment of the columns should be checked by any method
approved by the engineer (here in our case with tumbi (plumb bob)
column height should be checked
column spacing should be cheeked
stock balance should be checked (that means the quality and quantity of the materials
required to execute the required concrete volume)
Here I Would like to show you a typical elevation column before it is casted and after the formwork
is prepared
B. During casting
cheek the availability of enough man power and machineries
the appropriate use of vibrator
cheek the mix ratio (1:2:3) and the mix itself
Way of the execution of the work (way of mixing, way of placing, distance the concrete
travel from the mixing station to the casting station etc...)
C. After casting
cheek the time frame for the removal of formwork (16 hr)
proper curing (7days)
cheek if there is segregation
Here in our site there is: solid slab and we use solid slab only at the whole part of the building.
Methodology
the vertical wooden supports for the beam and for precast assembled in place with
sufficient spacing (0.5-1m)
put the reinforcement (meshes and the main beam reinforcement as per the design)
Execute the necessary works such as sanitary, electric, etc... works
then we can cast the slab with thickness as per the design
Unity University Ephrem Beyene
Department of Civil Engineering 38 2017
Internship Report MGM CONSULT PLC
1 2 3 Description
Concerete work in ribbed slab Foundation
1. C25 concerete in footing pads
F2( 1.5x1.5x0.35)
3 1.5
1.5
0.35
2.3625 m3 in F2
F3( 1.7x1.7x0.45)
6 1.7
1.7
0.45
7.803 m3 in F3
Fig 2.21 Typical takeoff sheet
The column with number 1 is called timising column and its used when the same types of
elements (same in terms of length, width and height) are encountered. Its purpose is to state how
many times the given quantity appears on the drawing.
The column with number two is called dimensioning column. And its function is to place what
we have taken off from the drawings in to the takeoff sheet. The internationally accepted
placement of dimensions is, First length, second width and third height or depth. (length and
width could be interchanged according to the interest of the quantity surveyor).
The column with number 3 is called squaring column. Here is the product of the first and and
second column are placed. (only product is allowed)
While using takeoff sheet the last column with heading Description is used when some form of
explanation is need to say, where the length, width or height come from, when some
mathematical operation like squaring or the square root of a number are taken, to place drawing
to be more explicitly and generally anything in the interest of the quantity surveyor that he/ she
thought is very descriptive of what is done. This column is frequently used by experienced
peoples to avoid confusion and to make inspection of errors very easy.
BAR SCHEDULE
Total length in meter for different diameter of bars
Number
Number
Length of of bars in
Location Dia. of bar Shape of bending of the RC 6mm 8mm 10mm 12mm 14mm 16mm 20mm 24mm 32mm
one bar one
members
member
F2 12 1.9 8 3 45.6
F3 12 2.3 11 6 151.8
F4 12 2.3 16 3 110.4
Total length of bars(m) 0 0 0 307.8 0 0 0 0 0
Weight per meter length (kg/m) 0.22212 0.39488 0.617 0.88848 1.20932 1.57952 2.468 3.55392 6.31808
Total Weight of bars (kg) 0 0 0 273.4741 0 0 0 0 0
lengthy and repetitive procedures that are very difficult to put in the takeoff sheet format shown above
are done in bar schedule. Bar schedule is especially important while dealing with the rebar for different
structural elements.
In order to fill out the above table properly the following steps should be taken.
Identify the type bar present
Then calculate the number of bars present based on the spacing and the length on which
these bars are placed
Calculate on how many members these bars are present on a single floor system
Then calculate the total length by multiplying the total number of bars with the length of
single bar
Now based on predetermined conversion factor we can calculate the total mass of bar in
kilograms.
The office he owns is a general consulting office working on structural Design, supervision and
when possible even construction. The office is found on B and C building around bole. The
office consists of a draftsman, structural Engineers and a construction manager. Each of which is
concerned with different tasks which I would explain later.
The cross section of column is decided based on load it is supposed to carry from floors
above it. And it depends on the function of the building and the concrete grade it is made
from.
The general method for column is
i. Determine design load based on the weight of floor slabs and live loads
ii. Determine the tributary area of column by taking half the c/c column spacing in
all directions
iii. Once the tributary area and design load are obtained, multiply the tributary area
with the number of floors and design load to obtain the approximate design axial
load of the column. In this method eccentricity is neglected since we need to
obtain preliminary dimensions only.
iv. Once the design axial load is obtained, by dividing it with the design strength of
concrete we would obtain area of the column section. By assuming the column to
be square, circular we can obtain its side dimension or diameter.
3. Once the size of beam, column and slab are obtained we can proceed to design of slabs.
Slab design is done in a typical excel template which simplified the process. The template
looks like the figure below. The template is capable of analyzing and designing
rectangular and trapezoidal panels. All you have to do is provide the sides of the
rectangle or trapezoid.
4. Once the slab design is completed we will proceed with the design stairs. In the practical
design of stairs excel templates play a vital role. And the template looks like the figure
below
Once the stairs are designed and proportioned we will proceed with the next step.
5. Now we have all the data to proceed with the 3D modeling of the building in ETABS
9.7.4, which is commonly used in the current practice. The software is shown in the
figure below. Modeling should be carefully done since it represents the entire building
during different scenario. And any failure to do the model correct is every failure in terms
of output. And most experienced engineers have no problem with modeling.
6. Once the 3D model of the building is done different software parameters are feed by
either calculating them or from EBCS-2-1995 or EBCS-1-1995. For example, live loads
from EBCS-1-1995 and earthquake parameters calculations are shown below
2
Live load per Rib = 0.4m x 5.0kN/m = 2.0kN/m
2
q = 3.0kN/m ( for Restaurant)
2
Live load per Rib = 0.4m x 3.0kN/m = 1.20kN/m
2
q = 2.0kN/m ( for Bed rooms)
2
Live load per Rib = 0.4m x 2.0kN/m = 0.80kN/m
from EBCS -8
a 0 = 0.05 Z = 0.05
F b = Sd (T) W ZIC
Fb W
Rw
Sd (T)= a . b . g
a = a 0. I
=2.00
page # 29
1.2 S
C b 2.5
T 2/3 C = 0.075 (for RC moment resisting frames in SI
units)
Once this data is feed and some parameters like p-delta and load combinations defined,
the analysis is run to obtain design axial load, bending moment, Shear force and even
torsion for different frame sections. (by default ETABS considers any section drawn
between two stories to be column and horizontally drawn members to be beam)
7. Once we have the output from ETBAS we will use Eurocode-2-2004 to design the frame
section in order to obtain the amount of reinforcement necessary each section.
8. From the reactions at the base obtained from ETABS we can design the foundation if
geotechnical investigation of the subsoil is available. Foundation design is done by using
excel templates. If it is ribbed mat the slab template shown in the figure above is used.
And if isolated footings are to be designed then we use separate template prepared for
this purpose.
9. After obtaining the result from ETABS, slab and stair design from excel, we can know
communicate with the draftsman to proceed with the detailing. The draftsman needs the
beam and column layout directly printed from ETABS to include it in the layout. And in
turn he would give us a printed out preliminary detailing with fake rebar spacing but
accurate rebar length. and we would adjust the fake spacing to make it same with the
calculated values.
10. After the detailing process is finished we would send the file to the project owner, either
architect or the client himself.
2.4.2.2.2Project I am assigned
When I arrive at the design firm I was assigned with a B+G+8 building which is shown in the
figure below.
the fact that we come from the supervision site that means we were in the consultant side
and they were from the contractor side, there is a trend that the two are looking each other
as a cat and rat. So they consider us a watch dog for our office so they dont even talk with
us. But through time we let them to know our work and objective that we are here not as
a snitch, rather to learn from them. And we told them that cant let happened without them.
But one thing to be noted here is that when we see any default at any building in our site
we dont pass without reminding them and thanks to them they respect every suggestion
we recommend to them. So we can say that we were lucky of having these types of
relationship.
CHAPTER THREE
Practical skills
Theoretical knowledge
Interpersonal communication skills
Team playing skills
Leadership skills
Work ethics related issues
These aspects are discussed below.
Material management: I was practically able to see how construction material are managed and
controlled in ways that are efficient and wastage reducing. Controlling construction materials
staring from the time it is taken out of store up to the time it is implemented on the work.
Take off and quantity works can be mentioned among such controlling methods.
The other practical skill I have got is how to work as a group with other people to perform tasks.
I was able to understand people and also let them understand me while working so that the work
can be effectively performed.
There is different theoretical knowledge I was enlightened in my four month stay. Many of these
knowledge I gathered were from the office work, such as, I was able to differentiate between bill
of quantity, takeoff sheet and rebar schedule, different excavation types, about expansion joint and
so on.
Also I was able to collect a good knowledge in the software area. The office engineers
recommended as to take some course on Ms. project software, which comes very handy when
contractors try to develop planning and scheduling. So we learned that software. I will introduce
some of the software I came across while I was on internship
The problem of inter personal communication arises when two or more engineers for example
come up with different work methodology and they want the method they proposed to be
implemented, when the consultant and contractor engineers dont agree on the work being
executed and so on.
The solution for above and any other problem that arises from inter personal communication is to
know this small principle, let the most logical idea with least cost and most efficiency win even
if its not mine. This principle is told to me by the one of the site engineers and its very nice to
have.
- Confidence
- Effective communication
- Devotions are very important.
Cooperation: - Each worker should interact and cooperate with each other while working.
That is because it is through such system problems could be easily solved.
CHAPTER FOUR
Generally, I did my internship program in MGM CONSULT. I have practiced in two section of
work. They were the site section and office. However most of the time I worked in office. On the
site, I have tried to see almost all sub structure and super structure.
The field practice has played a tremendous role in equipping students with the practical knowledge
of understanding and implementing field exercises in civil engineering. It helped me to develop
self-confidence and introduced me to the world of construction. It helps the student to practically
understand the theory they learned in the class. It also familiarized me with the knowledge required
to monitor construction sites.
When I was starting my internship, the status of the project was on construction of supper structure
for the main block and the beginning of block C. As we all know super structure includes many
tasks such as slabs, beams, columns, blocket (HCB) and finishing works and at the foundation
laying out, excavation. Among the this I tried to look the main things and as I mentioned before
we were gaining some interesting and educating things from the sites.
This internship practice period was important for both the students and from various campuses
and workers of the real estate projects. Because when we (the students) tried to explain the
theoretical knowledge what we knew to the workers, they (the daily professionals) were also tried
to explain the practical skills they have experienced.
In working places, it is important to know the technical (site) words, because it enables me to
briefly communicate with the employees in the project. So I want to give my greatest appreciation
to both the skilled and unskilled workers who participated in this real estate development projects.
In general, these four consecutive months refined me and I widened practical skills and theoretical
knowledge. So that, in my opinion because of its paramount importance, the internship program
should continue in a well-organized manner.
4.2 Recommendation
Based on my four-month internship practical work, I would like to recommend the company the
following terms:
Consultants should avoid ordering extensive tests which would cause the project cost to go
higher
Sometimes backfill material is ordered to be brought from far borrow site which would cause
the transport cost to be higher and as far as possible near borrow sites should be investigated
than far sites.
Engineers should always be on site since daily laborers doesnt care about the project as far as
they get paid and from what I have seen many engineers take too much tea breaks.
Most site engineers are very busy doing the work that is expected from them, so internship
students should understand and learn from observation than too much questions, ask but be
specific.
Most of the time skilled daily laborers are not selected through careful methods, they are just
assigned without testing this causes some works to be less quality than expected.
Most of the time mix design isnt carried out on site causing the concrete that is proposed on
the specification not to attained so please carry out mix design or mix testing to see if the
proposed mix design can achieve the desired concrete strength.
Improper placing of rebars on site is very common and discussing practice. Rebar is metal
composed of iron and when iron is exposed to water and mud it will corrode and most engineers
say the rebar has protection layer and its okay but its not logical and please stop this
practice.
Mixing concrete in good proportion for testing purpose and using poor quality concrete for the
actual construction is a common practice to obtain more money than the contract agreed
amount and please work for your consciences.
References
1. Abebe Denku, 2007: Text book of building construction
Appendix
Admixture: -is a material added to change one or more properties of fresh or hardened
concrete.
Aggregate: - Material such as sand or gravel used with cement and water to make concrete,
mortar, or plaster.
Cast: - Object (part of a building such as beams, slabs, and columns) formed by a mold.
Christy or props: A support placed beneath a slab or a beam to keep it from shaking or
falling.
Expansion joint: are joints which are provided to accommodate the expansion of adjacent
building parts and to relieve stresses that may otherwise be developed.
Hammer: a hand tool with a heavy rigid head and a handle; used to deliver an impulsive
force by striking (in masonry work or for carpenters).
Iron saw: a hand tool having a toothed blade for cutting re-bars.
Mason: A craftsman who works with stone or brick or in general, who works masonry.
Overlap: a re-bar that lies over another re-bar (the overlap of steel reinforcement should be
4*the diameter of the bar)
Trowel: A small hand tool with a handle and flat metal blade; used for scooping or spreading
plaster or similar materials