5. What are the possible implications of this type of injury?

Implications involve possible damage to surrounding tissue, including the muscles and
neurovascular structures in close proximity to the fractured femur. One of the most serious would be
necrosis of the femoral head in the event that the main blood supply to the joint (the acetabular branch
of the obturator artery) is cut off or damaged, warranting complete replacement of the joint. If it were a
case where the fracture was not malaligned or displaced, the injury would have posed a risk for
displacement (Iversen BF, 2016).

6. What are the possible complications if the patient underwent orthopaedic operation for such a
fracture?

Considering the patient is 70-years old, as mentioned in the management options, the ideal
solution in the case would be a total hip arthroplasty, or the complete replacement of the injured or
damaged joint with the use of prosthesis. Some complications include bleeding, infection, blood clots,
and loosening of implants (Hopkinsmedicine.org, 2016). Although this procedure may provide better
results than hemiarthroplasty (partial hip joint replacement), studies have shown that rates of
dislocation are higher among those who had total hip replacement (Orthobullets.com, 2016).

References:
Hopkinsmedicine.org. (2016). Arthroplasty | Johns Hopkins Medicine Health Library. [online] Available
at:
http://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/healthlibrary/test_procedures/orthopaedic/arthroplasty_92,
p07677/ [Accessed 10 Apr. 2016].

Iversen BF, e. (2016). Complications of fractures of the femoral neck. - PubMed - NCBI. [online]
Ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3579196 [Accessed 10
Apr. 2016].

Orthobullets.com. (2016). Femoral Neck Fractures - Trauma - Orthobullets.com. [online] Available at:
http://www.orthobullets.com/trauma/1037/femoral-neck-fractures [Accessed 10 Apr. 2016].

Simon Mears, M. (2016). Fixing Hip Fractures. [online] Hopkinsmedicine.org. Available at:
http://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/gec/series/fixing_hip_fractures [Accessed 10 Apr. 2016].

Case 2:1-2 Case 2 A 50-year old teacher came to the outpatient department because of
pain and swelling of her lower extremities associated with on and off cramps of both of
her affected extremities. P. E. revealed distended "worm-like appearance" veins on the
medial sides and lateral sides of her legs and thighs more apparent on prolonged
standing. Based on your history and P.E.

1. What vascular structures are most probably involved in this clinical condition?
Vascular structures affected are the deep and superficial veins. Superficial veins
include the great saphenous vein and its branches and the lesser or short saphenous
vein and its branches, as well as other non-named superficial veins in the legs. The
deep veins of the legs include the common femoral vein, femoral vein (previously called
the superficial femoral vein), popliteal vein, anterior tibial vein, posterior tibial vein,
and peroneal veins, among others.
2. What diagnostic examinations are requested to confirm your diagnosis? Duplex
ultrasound A type of ultrasound for assessing blood-flow and structure of the leg
veins. Magnetic resonance venography (MRV) A diagnostic procedure that produces
detailed, three-dimensional images. Magnetic resonance technology involves the use of
magnets, radiofrequencies and computers to produce the images. MRV also includes
the use of a contrast dye to help visualize the veins.

Reference: Varicose veins. (n.d.). Retrieved April 09 2016, from

https://www.ucdmc.ucdavis.edu/vascular/diseases/varicose_veins.html

"Perforator Vein Reflux | Perforator Venous Insufficiency | Perforator Veins | Venous

Insufficiency | Laser Perforator Veins | EVLT Perforator Veins |
Www.VeinsVeinsVeins.com | Vein Expert Buffalo Niagara Toronto | Leg Ulcer | Venous
Ulcer." Perforator Vein Reflux | Perforator Venous Insufficiency | Perforator Veins |
Venous Insufficiency | Laser Perforator Veins | EVLT Perforator Veins |
Www.VeinsVeinsVeins.com | Vein Expert Buffalo Niagara Toronto | Leg Ulcer | Venous
Ulcer. Web. 10 Apr. 2016.