Jurnal Ilmu Kebencanaan ISSN

Pascasarjana Universitas Syiah Kuala pp. 1-13

The Knowledge and Attitude of the Health Workers of the Pidie Jaya Regional Public Hospital
and their Relationships withPreparedness in Facing Flood Risks

Fakhrurrazi 1, Mulyadi 2 Nizam Ismail 3

1)
Master of Disaster Management,Postgraduate Program ofSyiah Kuala University, Banda Aceh
2.3)
Masters of Disaster Management,Postgraduate Programof Syiah Kuala University,
Banda Aceh23111, Indonesia
fachrur_arrazi@yahoo.com, mul.0862@gmail.com , nizam_ismail@yahoo.com

Abstract : Preparedness in facing flood risk requires health workers to acquire vast knowledge and
good attitude. However, the contrary can be found in the Regional Public Hospital of Pidie Jaya, where
the health workers are still not fully prepared to face disasters. The purpose of this research was to
discover the relationship between the knowledge and attitude of the health workers of the Pidie Jaya
Regional Public Hospital and preparedness in facing flood risks in Pidie Jaya Regency. The study was
conducted using the quantitative analysis method. The research was conducted in September 2015 at
the Pidie Jaya Regional Public Hospital. The sample used in this research was thirty health workers,
consisting of 11 men and 19 women who represented the Intensive Care (IC), inpatient, and polyclinic
units. The research results indicated that 60% of the health workers possess good knowledge, 56,7%
possess good attitude and 53,3% displayedunpreparedness.Conclusion of these findings were: (1) there
was a significant relationship between the health workers knowledge and preparedness in facing
disaster risks, as the statistical test indicated a p-value of 0,011 (H0 is rejected if p<0,05), and (2) there
was a significant relationship between the health workers attitudes and preparedness in facing disaster
risks,as the statistical test indicated a p-value of 0,004 (H0 is rejected if p<0,05).

Keywords: : Knowledge, Attitude, Preparedness, Flooding risk

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INTRODUCTION
Flood occurs during almost every rainy
season in Indonesia, whether caused by natural
factors or human actions. As of the time of the
writing, Indonesia ranks 6thout of 163 flood risk
countries (Price, 2008 in Dodon, 2013). Based
on the data published by the National Disaster
Management Authority (2014), throughout
2014, Indonesia suffered 86 floods, causing
142.823 deaths and injuries, 59.587 damaged
and submerged houses, as well as damages to
20 worship, 10 education, and 9 health
facilities.
Floods can be caused
numerousfactors. In Aceh Province, much of it
is caused by deforestation. Building
provincial roads, opening of new farmlands and
illegal loggingshave caused a large scale forest
conversion at UluMasen forest area, which
covers 738.000 hectares of land. This forest
area includes the highlands of Aceh Besar,
Aceh Jaya, Aceh Barat, Pidie, andPidie Jaya
Regencies, as well as the borders ofBireun. In
2008, 179 new roads were opened in the forest
area, 105 illegal logging locations were found
and 112 locations were converted
farmlands (Fauna and Flora International,
2011).
In the regency of Pidie Jaya, illegal
loggingswhich took place
UluMasenforestaffected the water discharge
of Meureudu River during the rainy seasons,
instigating flood in almost every year to the
regency: 2010, 2011, 2012 and
According to a study by Azmeryet al (2009),
Meureudu River is categorized as a majorly
troubled and flood prone river, thus during
rainy seasons, the river is unable to contain its
water discharge. As a result, several parts of
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Pidie Jaya suffer from floods, which
thengeneratesecondary impacts to hospitals,
such as the huge surge of flood victims seeking
help from health workers.
Based on the authors observation
during a flash flood disaster which happened in
Pidie Jaya in 2010, the health workers of the
Pidie Jaya Regional Public Hospital seemed to
be in a combination of confusion and chaos.
Most health workers went home at once to find
news about their families, while others received
a direct instruction from the Regent of Pidie
by Jaya through the agency head to form a health
command post in the Regents Residence. Both
of lead to a disruption in the hospitals services.
At the time of the disaster, there were
only about five health workers who stayed
behind in the Intensive Care Unit. However,
they were in a state of panic during the
treatment of the endless stream of flood
victims. This indicates their unpreparedness in
facing disasters. Interviews with several health
workers revealedthat they were never given
training in emergency management. Based on
into the aforementioned issues, this research entitled
The Knowledge and Attitude of the Health
Workers of the Pidie Jaya Regional Public
Hospital and Preparedness in Facing Flood
in Risk was conducted.
LITERATURE REVIEW
Hospital and Flood
2014. Jaji and Kirno (2002) stated that hospitals
function as the main resource for the handling
and treating of flood afflicted victims.An
indirect disaster impact occurs to a hospital if it
resides near a disaster area and is not afflicted
by flood.In such situation, the hospitalmust take
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in victims of the disaster. It must also provide
assistances in the form of health workers, drugs
and medicine and logistics. The hospital can
also send health teamsto disaster areas to
provide medical care and support public health
experts in handling infectious diseases, water
supplies and sanitations.
Kodoatie and Sugiyanto (2002) asserted
that because of the close relationship between a
disaster and hospital, a hospital must be perfect
in itsbuilding structure, human resources and
management. Considering the significant role
of a hospital, every acting officer of the
hospital must create scenarios and
responsibilities to prepare an action plan that
could happen in its area. There are seven
important points that must be observed by the
acting officers that can affect the hospitals
capability to respond to a possible heavy
casualty disaster:
1. The hospitals ability to provide extra
spaces to respond to hugespikes of demands
in order tohandle and treat patients.In other
words, if a disaster with heavy casualties
were to happen, the victims would require
immediate and simultaneous
assistance.However, at the same time, the
ICU is unable to accommodate every
patient. In this case, temporary spaces
such as general and specialist clinics
needs to be prepared. If these extra spaces
could still not accommodate the patients,
other temporary and makeshift spaces, as
well as the parking lot, must be prepared
and used.
2. Drugs and supply must be prepared. A large
amount of victims will also require a great
amount of drugs and medical devices. The
hospital must purchase and borrow to fulfill
the surge of demandfor these items.
3. A new disaster commando structure is not
necessary. The available hospital structure
is adequate enough to be made into a
disaster preparedness structure, as building
a new one will be inefficient. If the
available structure is used, the hospital
director will be able to directly lead and
instruct required and appropriate actions.
4. Preparing strong and sturdy infrastructures.
In some countries, especially Japan, the
sturdiest buildings are schools and hospitals.
5. Preparing trained staffs. The hospital staffs
must be given periodical training and ability
development in order to prevent massive
loss of victims.
6. Compiling a perfect disaster response
procedure at the hospital. This is important
because the procedure must be followed and
implemented by the hospital staffs.
7. Preparing a hospital function-based disaster
planning.
Kodoatie and Sugiyanto (2002) added that
for the last point, the acting officers must
realize that during a flood, the hospitals
necessities will be depending on two factors:
internal, consisting of human resources and
hospital facilities; and external, such as
electricity, water and fuel.If the aforementioned
infrastructures and necessities were to be
destroyed by a flood, the hospital may be
paralyzed, thus unable to carry out its function.
Knowledge
According to Notoadmojo (2012),
knowledge is the result of the sensing of a
particular object. Knowledge is a source
whichgrounds a persons action. With sufficient
knowledge, one is able to perform an action or
solve a problem that he faces. As such, every
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man must increase his knowledge, making it
the foundation for his actions.
Yavaet al (2013) claimed that health
workers who possess bachelors, masters or
higher degrees have statistically significant
knowledge over those who only possess high
school degrees. Similarly, health workers who
have taken pain management postgraduate
program have statistically
knowledge over those who did not; those who
have read books or papers on his field of
expertise also have significantly
knowledge scores compared to those who did
not.
Dodon (2013) asserted that knowledge on
disasters is the main reason for someone to
perform protection actions or preparedness
efforts. The possessed knowledge influences a
health workers attitude and care so as to be
ready and prepared in anticipating a disaster.
The knowledge and attitude indicators consist
of knowledge on disasters and its causes and
symptoms, as well as understanding the
required actions during a flood. A communitys
knowledge and attitude towards a disaster can
be seen by their understanding of appropriate
preparedness actions during a disaster.
In their research,Firmansyahet
(2014)discovered a strong and
relationship between knowledge and flood and
landslide preparedness behaviors. In other
words, the increase of knowledge
subsequently improve preparedness behaviors.
The research indicatedthat knowledge is a
product of the five senses, or ones ability to
understand an object through his senses,
comprising of senses of sight, hearing, smell,
taste and touch. There are several factors that
influence knowledge, such as
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occupation, age, hobby, experience,
environment culture and information.
A further research done by Bradford et al
(2012) in Thiekenet al (2014) stated that flood
experiences significantly affect the knowledge
of flood victims. This will result in an easier
implementation of specific information
regarding the necessary steps to take during a
significant flood. Therefore, it could be concluded that the
health workers sufficient knowledge on flood
will make them more prepared to face such
higher disasters and to handle a ceaseless stream of
victims at the hospital. The health workers
preparedness depends on how well they
understand about flood preparedness.
Attitude
Chaiklin (2011) explained that attitude is
a mental position relating to a fact, condition,
feeling or emotion towards a certain fact or
condition.Sarwono (2012) added that attitude
can also be defined as a tendency to response
(positively or negatively) to a person, object or
particular situation. Attitude contains an
emotional or affective evaluation (happiness,
hatefulness, sadness, etc.) in addition to
cognitive component (knowledge on the
al subject) and conative aspect (the tendency to
positive act). A persons attitude can change after he
received new information on a certain object
through persuasion and social peer pressure.
will Firmansyahet al (2014)asserted that
attitude is a determining factor of a behavior as
it is related to perception, personality and
motivation. Attitude is defined as mental
preparedness, which is learned and organized
through experience. It has certain influences on
howa person responds to another person,
education, object, and situation relating to himself. An
attitude can be positive or negative. Positive
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attitude is identifiedwithan inclination to As Nirmalawati (2011) described,

approach, like, or hope for a certain
object,while negative attitude with an
inclinationto avoid, dislike, and loathe a certain
object.
According to Marat (2011), there are
numerous techniques that can be used to
measure attitudes, varying from the simplest to
the most complex. The simplest technique is
accomplished by instructing a person to choose
between one of two options, for example: like
or dislike, positive or negative, agree or
disagree, and so on. Conversely, the most
complex technique is done by instructing a
person to choose between one of more than two
options. These options usually comprise of
more detailed responses, such as: strongly
agree, agree, disagree, strongly disagree, and
dont know.
The findings of Dorothy et al (2013)
indicated that most health worker candidates
are reported to be late for work, frequently
absent without permission, using cellphones
during office hours, and showing disrespect
towards patients. Nevertheless, those who were
accepted by the hospitals showed commitment
to the clinical tasks.
Preparedness
Preparedness is a series of activities done
to anticipate disasters through organizingand
using of appropriate and useful
measures(Indonesian Republic Law No. 24 of
2007).Carter (1991) defined preparedness as
actions that enable agovernment, organization,
society, community, and individual to be able
to respond to disaster situations quickly and
appropriately, such aspreparing disaster
management plans, maintenance, and personnel
training.
personnel training is done pre-disaster. Pre-
disaster activities are very important as it is the
earliest step in preparing to face a disaster.
Ristriniet al (2012) added that preparedness is a
critical stepin managing disasters. It must be
followed-up by the government, private sector,
and society. Preparedness must be implemented
in the form of regulations, program planning,
funding and development ofdisaster
preparedness agencies or organizations.
Rahman (2014) claimed that preparedness
is one of many parts of a disaster management
cycle. In short, preparedness is a series of
activities doneto anticipate disaster by
organizing and using of appropriate and useful
measures.
Adi (2013) specified three preparedness
approaches in facing a flood threat: (a) self-
strengthening, by building a levee and
reinforcing the flood control structure; (b)
avoiding danger zones, by locating in a
relatively safe area, for example: not living in
the lowlands or floodplains; (c) living in
harmony with danger, by understanding
disaster behaviors, which in turn will help one
to adapt to said disasters. To realize this, a
longtime and lengthy development as well as
internalized consciousness in the community
are required. This will result in excellent
preparedness and capacity to face a flood
disaster.
RESEARCH METHOD
Research Time and Location
The research took place in the Pidie Jaya
Regional Public Hospital in September 2015,
beginning from proposal preparation, securing
of research permission, and data collecting,

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followed by data processing and research report 2. Documentation Method

writing. Documentation method is the collecting of
data, in which the researcher studies written
Research Design objects, such as books, magazines,
The method used in this research was the documents, and regulations (Arikunto,
quantitative analysis method. This method 2002). This method was used to obtain data
emphasizes on the breadth of data, thus the data on the number of flood victims coming to
or research results are considered as a the hospital.
representation of the whole population.
Variable Measurement
Population and Sample A two-point interval was used to measure
The population in this research consists of the knowledge of the health workers. For
378 health workers of the Pidie Jaya Regional positive statements (statement 1 to 7), a point is
Public Hospital. Sampling was done using the given to a correct answer (B) and zero point to
cluster sampling technique. The sample of this a wrong answer. In negative statements
study was 30 health workers who were chosen (statements 8, 9, and 10), a point is given for a
as representatives of their respective fields wrong answer (S), while zero point is given for
according to their duties and functions. The a correct answer (B).
respondents are detailed as follow: 10 The attitude variable measuring scale in
respondents from the Intensive Care Unit this research refers to the Likert Scale, wherein
(ICU), 10 from the inpatient unit, and 10 from each question contains a response category of a
the policlinic unit. five point (1-5) scale. Each response is given a
score or grade. The response scores for the
Data Collection Technique positive statements, namely SA, A, NQA, D,
The techniques used in this research to SD were 5, 4, 3, 2, and 1 respectively; whereas
collect data are as follow: for negative statements, namely SA, A, NQA,
1. Questionnaires D, SD were 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 respectively.
A questionnaire is a data collecting The health workers attitude variable was
technique using several forms which also measured using a two-point interval. For
containwritten questions and addressed to the positive statements, a point is given for a
one or more individuals with the purpose of Yes response and zero for a No response.
obtaining answers or responses and Conversely, a point is given for a No response
information needed by the researcher and zero for a Yes response to the negative
(Mardalis, 2008). This research used statements.
questionnaires containing structured
questions in the form of open questions.
These questionnaires were used to obtain
data on knowledge, attitude, and
preparedness of the health workers of the
Pidie Jaya Regional Public Hospital.
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Data Analysis Technique 2. Bivariate analysis

1. Univariate Analysis
The hypothesis was accepted if the value of
a. Independent Variable X 2 count is greater than X 2 with a significance
The univariate analysis was carried out by of 95% ( = 0,05) using the following formula:
clarifying each variable with the following
(O E ) 2
formula:
X2

x
x Description:
E

n
Description: X 2 = Chi Square
O = Observed value
x = Mean score E = Expected value

x = Total score RowTotal ColumnTotal

X
n = Sample GrandTotal

1. Categorized as sufficient, if x > x If there was a value of E 5 as much as

2. Categorized as insufficient, if x x 20% in a table cell, the Yates Correction was
used, with the standards set as follow:

b. Dependent Variable
1. Howas rejected if p. Value <0.05
Univariate analysis was performed to clarify
2. Hawas accepted if p. Value 0.05
the work discipline related factors variable in
an ordinal scale, namely: Only a 2x2 contigency table was used in this
research. Data processing was done using SPSS
1. Categorized as disciplined, if x > x
version 17.0. Sabri and Hastono (2006)
2. Categorized as undisciplined, if x x
elaborated several guidelines regarding the chi-
The categorized results were then square test in the SPSS program:
tabulated into a frequency distribution table
1. If an e (expected) value of less than 5 is
with the respective percentage value of each
found in a 2x2 table, Fishers exact test
category, calculated using the following
should be used.
formula:
2. If there is no e < 5 value in a 2x2 table, the
fi continuity test should be used.
P= x100%
n
3. If the table is larger than 2x2, for example
Description:
3x2, Pearsons chi square should be used.
P = Percentage
fi = Observed frequency
RESEARCH RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
n = Number of respondents who turn into
sample Univariate Analysis
Health Workers Knowledge
The responses given by the respondents
on the health workers knowledge variable can
be seen in Figure 1.

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floods.Attitude in facing flood risks can be

60 trained continuously so as to improve their
40 preparedness, such asthrough trainings and
60% Good Poor
40% disaster simulations. Handayaniet al (2005)
20
emphasized the importance of flood
0
Good Poor
simulations in order to understand appropriate
and accurate flood mitigation.
Figure 1.Bar Graph of Frequency of Health
Workers Knowledge Variable
Health Workers Preparedness
Based on the above figure, 18 or 60% of The responses given by the respondents
thehealth workers had good knowledge on on the health workers preparedness variable
floods. The knowledge level cannot be can be seen in Figure 3.
separated from the variety of information that
have been read, heard, or watched by the health
60
workers. This is because the ability to answer
40 Prepared
the questions is very dependent on the amount
53,3%
of information received by the respondents. 20
46,7% Not
Prepared
This conclusion runs in accordance with the
0
Prepared Not Prepared
findings of Fiati and Latubessy (2015), which
suggested that humans naturally have an
Figure 3.Bar Graph of Frequency of Health
inclination to always understand nature, Workers Preparedness Variable
wherein they have a close intertwining bond to
each other. Based on the above figure, 16 or 53,3% of
the health workers were not prepared to face

Health Workers Attitude flood risks. A joint simulation done by a

The responses given by the respondents hospital with a competent agency/institution is

on the health workers attitude variable can be an appropriate step to prepare the hospital and

seen in Figure 2. all its personnel to face the annual flood. This is
in conformity with the conclusions of
Wulandari (2014), who exclaimed the
80
importance of disaster area simulation and
60

40
scenario development, with support from
56,7% Good Poor

20 43,3% relevant agencies to determine basic simulation

0
by taking secondary disasters and area capacity
Good Poor
into consideration.

Figure 2.Bar Graph of Frequency of Health

Workers Attitude Variable

Based on the above figure, 17 or 56,7% of

the health workers had good attitudes on

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Bivariate Analysis workers, in which most of their daily activities

Relationship between Health Workers do not consist of emergency/critical actions.
Knowledge and Preparedness
Therefore, ICU workers possess more
significant knowledge than those of other units.
The relationship between the knowledge
This conclusion is in line with Dewi
and preparedness variablesof the health
(2013), who asserted that preparedness in
workers can be seen in Table 1 below.
facing flood requires health workers to be
Preparedness
Not Tota X2(P- knowledgeable and able to use their abilities in
Knowledge Prepared
prepared l value)
f % f % every aspect of life. In conclusion, a rich
Good 12 66,7 6 33,3 18 knowledge on disaster can enable one to be
Poor 2 16,7 10 83,3 12 0,011
Total 14 46,7 16 53,3 30 prepared to face floods.

Table 1. Cross Table of Knowledge and Relationship between Health Workers

Preparedness Attitude and Preparedness
Table 1 above shows that out of 30
The relationship between the attitude and
respondents, 12 (66,7%) of them had good
preparedness variablesof the health workers can
knowledge and prepared to face flood risks.
be seen in Table 2 below.
The statistical test resulted in a p-value of 0,011
(p < 0,05), which means that Ho was rejected Preparedness
Not X2(P-
while Ha was accepted. It could then be Attitude Prepared Total
prepared value)
concluded that there was a significant f % f %
relationship between the health workers Good 12 70,6 5 29,4 17
Poor 2 15,4 11 84,6 13 0,004
knowledge and preparedness to face flood
Total 14 46,7 16 53,3 30
risks.
This conclusion is in agreement with the Table 2. Cross Table of Attitude and
Preparedness
findings of Yavaet al (2013), which claimed
that health workers that have read books, Table 2 above shows that out of 30

papers, and obtained information from mass respondents, 12 (70,6%) of them had good

and electronic media, achieved significantly attitude and were prepared to face flood risks.

higher scores compared to those who did not. The statistical test resulted in a p-value of 0,004

These results also indicated that the (p < 0,05), which means that Ho was rejected

respondents knowledge level on a particular and Ha accepted. It could then be concluded

work unit group affected their responses to the that there was a significant relationship

statements given by the researcher. Health between the health workers attitude and

workers who work in the Intensive Care Unit preparedness to face flood disaster risks.

(ICU) had more sufficient knowledge than This conclusion is also in agreement with

others. This is because their main the findings of Yavaet al (2013), who stated

responsibilities and functions directly connect that there were differences inresults between

to emergency/critical actions. This differs with health workers of different units. ICU workers

the duties of inpatient and policlinic health

Volume , No. , 2015 -9


achieved higher scores compared to those
working in other units.
Attitude is a behavior determining factor
as it is connected closely to perception,
personality, and motivation. Attitude is defined
as mental preparedness, which is learned and
organized through experiences. It holds an
influence over how a person responds to
another person, object, and situation relating
tohim. An attitude can be both positive and
negative. Positive attitude can be identifiedwith
an inclination to approach, like, or hope for a
certain object, while negative attitude with an
inclination to avoid, dislike, and loathe a
certain object (Firmansyah et al, 2014).
The attitudes of the Pidie Jaya Regional
Public Hospital health workers are closely
linked to coping behavior, which
psychologically can reduce dynamic pressure.
Behaviors in which an individual interact with
his surroundings with the purpose of solving an
issue or problem, such as: preparing an
evacuation location in a hospital, providing
necessary medicines and medical devices, and
training and preparing skillful health workers
who can respond quickly to handle the
ceaseless stream of flood victims coming to the
hospital. However, in reality, the health
workers of the Pidie Jaya Regional Public
Hospital still have poor attitudes in addressing
annual flood risks. This is caused by the lack of
coping behavior trainingthat is given to the
health workers.
CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
Conclusions
There are several conclusions that can be
drawn from the results above. Among them are:
1. There was a significant relationship between
the knowledge of thehealth workers of the
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Pidie Jaya Regional Public Hospital and
preparedness to face flood risks.
2. There was a significant relationship between
the attitudes of thehealth workers of the
Pidie Jaya Regional Public Hospital and
preparedness to face flood risks.
3. 18 health workers, representing 60% of the
sample, had sufficient knowledge on floods,
56,7% or 17 health workers had good
attitude on floods, and 53,3% or 16 health
workers were unprepared to face flood
risks.
Suggestions
There are several suggestions that can be
given based on the results above:
1. The health workers of Pidie Jaya Regional
Public Hospital need to read and participate
in trainingswhether conducted by the
government or private sectorsmore in
order to improve their preparedness.
2. The Pidie Jaya Regional Public Hospital
needs to add more disaster workshops,
trainings, and simulations periodically, at
least three times a year to improve its health
workers preparedness.
3. The government must pursue further efforts
in increasing the preparedness of health
workers. This can be done through the
development of regulations and programs,
as well as through funding and developing
of disaster preparedness institutions and
organizations.
3. Further researches to perfect the authors
findings are necessary. It can be done by
adding more sub-variables, such as mental
and non-mental attitudes, to perfect the
results of this research.
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Firmansyah, I., Rasni, H. dan Rondhianto.

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