UNIT I.

INTRODUCTION

1.1. Background
The ward is the patient’s home during his stay in hospital. It is the place in which he
spends his day, eats and sleep, and where his personal needs are catered for. A well-planed
ward provides a pleasant, safe, comfortable environment patient and staff.
The planning of ward units for new hospitals, and for modernization schemes in older
ones, has received a great deal of consideration. In the past, in patient were allowed up only
for short periods during convalescence. The modern practice of early ambulation has made it
essential to provide adequate space for recreation and sufficient bathing and toile facilities.
Bright colors have been used to create to cheerful atmosphere in the ward, and furniture has
been designed to suit the different need of patients.
Another problem on which hospital planners have focused their attention is the
reduction of unnecessary noise. The use of plastic equipment , and the provision of central
dish washing sterilizing department have been great help in eliminating noise.
The question of ward cleaning has also been taken into consideration by planners.
Nowadays the floors and walls are made materials that can withstand very frequent washing
and polishing. Furniture and fittings have been designed to permit easy cleaning and
maintenance.

1.2. Problem
1.2.1. How many kind of ward ?
1.2.2. What function of that ?
1.2.3. What is The Operate Theatre ?

1.3. Purpose
1.3.1. explained about how many kind of ward
1.3.2. explained about function of kind of ward
1.3.3. explained about what is the operate theatre

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 UNIT II.
CONTENS

2.1. DEFINITION AND FUNCTION OF WARD

Ward is a room which used to do some certain working and according to their area, in
hospital there are much room which determining patient with their treatment to do what will
they do. According to function of ward in hospital, patient room disease also determines what
disease patient felt.
Most of working nurse and doctor always in their room. Ward in hospital is divide
become assorted of room, for example if patient come, they will occupy waiting room for
patient and registering self in payment counter of hospital and then they will enter to nurse
room to checking self. After that patient will be sent to a room, where this patient suffer.
Here we can kow how many kind work in a ward, and in here patient will finishing their
time to take a rest. Ward of patient must be far from noise, convulsing, and bustle of rod way,
as we have known that hospital must be awake so that the patient can be recover swiftly

2.2. KIND OF WARD

1) Surgical ward
2) Medical ward
3) Orthopaedic ward
4) Gynaccological ward
5) Geriatric ward
6) Paediatric ward
7) Dermatological ward
8) Long-stay ward
9) Intensive care unit
10) X-ray department
11) Operating theatre
12) Dispensary
13) Laboratory
14) Maternity unit

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 15) Physiotherapy unit
16) Psychiatric unit
17) Admissions department
18) Anaesthetic room

2.3. DEFINITION OF OPERATING THEATRE

1) Operating Room
• Definition

An operating room (OR), also called surgery center, is the unit of a hospital where
surgical procedures are performed.

• Purpose

An operating room may be designed and equipped to provide care to patients with a
range of conditions, or it may be designed and equipped to provide specialized care to
patients with specific conditions.

• Description

o Or Environment

Operating rooms are sterile environments; all personnel wear protective clothing
called scrubs. They also wear shoe covers, masks, caps, eye shields, and other
coverings to prevent the spread of germs. The operating room is brightly lit and
the temperature is very cool; operating rooms are air-conditioned to help prevent
infection.

The patient is brought to the operating room on a wheelchair or bed with wheels
(called a gurney). The patient is transferred from the gurney to the operating table,
which is narrow and has safety straps to keep him or her positioned correctly.

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 The monitoring equipment and anesthesia used during surgery are usually kept at
the head of the bed. The anesthesiologist sits here to monitor the patient's
condition during surgery.

Depending on the nature of the surgery, various forms of anesthesia or sedation are
administered. The surgical site is cleansed and surrounded by a sterile drape.

The instruments used during a surgical procedure are different for external and
internal treatment; the same tools are not used on the outside and inside of the
body. Once internal surgery is started, the surgeon uses smaller, more delicate
devices.

o Operating Room Equipment

An operating room has special equipment such as respiratory and cardiac support,
emergency resuscitative devices, patient monitors, and diagnostic tools.

o Life Support and Emergency Resuscitative Equipment

Equipment for life support and emergency resuscitation includes the following:

• Heart-lung bypass machine, also called a cardiopulmonary bypass pump—takes over

for the heart and lungs during some surgeries, especially heart or lung procedures. The
heart-lung machine removes carbon dioxide from the blood and replaces it with
oxygen. A tube is inserted into the aorta to carry the oxygenated blood from the
bypass machine to the aorta for circulation to the body. The heart-lung machine allows
the heart's beating to be stopped during surgery.
• Ventilator (also called a respirator)—assists with or controls pulmonary ventilation.
Ventilators consist of a flexible breathing circuit, gas supply, heating/humidification
mechanism, monitors, and alarms. They are microprocessor-controlled and
programmable, and regulate the volume, pressure, and flow of respiration.
• Infusion pump—device that delivers fluids intravenously or epidurally through a
catheter. Infusion pumps employ automatic, programmable pumping mechanisms to

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 deliver continuous anesthesia, drugs, and blood infusions to the patient. The pump
hangs from an intravenous pole that is located next to the patient's bed.
• Crash cart—also called resuscitation cart or code cart. A crash cart is a portable cart
containing emergency resuscitation equipment for patients who are "coding" (i.e.,
vital signs are in a dangerous range). The emergency equipment includes a
defibrillator, airway intubation devices, resuscitation bag/mask, and medication box.
Crash carts are strategically located in the operating room for immediate accessibility
if a patient experiences cardiorespiratory failure.
• Intra-aortic balloon pump—a device that helps reduce the heart's workload and helps
blood flow to the coronary arteries for patients with unstable angina, myocardial
infarction, or those awaiting organ transplants. Intra-aortic balloon pumps use a
balloon placed in the patient's aorta. The balloon is on the end of a catheter that is
connected to the pump's console, which displays heart rate, pressure, and
electrocardiogram (ECG) readings. The patient's ECG is used to time the inflation and
deflation of the balloon.

o Patient Monitoring Equipment

Patient monitoring equipment includes the following:

• Acute care physiologic monitoring system—comprehensive patient monitoring

systems that can be configured to continuously measure and display various
parameters via electrodes and sensors connected to the patient. Parameters monitored
may include the electrical activity of the heart via an ECG, respiratory (breathing)
rate, blood pressure (noninvasive and invasive), body temperature, cardiac output,
arterial hemoglobin oxygen saturation (blood oxygen level), mixed venous
oxygenation, and end-tidal carbon dioxide.
• Pulse oximeter—monitors the arterial hemoglobin oxygen saturation (oxygen level) of
the patient's blood with a sensor clipped over the finger or toe.
• Intracranial pressure monitor—measures the pressure of fluid in the brain in patients
with head trauma or other conditions affecting the brain (such as tumors, edema, or
hemorrhage). Intracranial pressure monitors are connected to sensors inserted into the

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 brain through a cannula or bur hole. These devices signal elevated pressure and record
or display pressure trends. Intracranial pressure monitoring may be a capability
included in a physiologic monitor.

o Diagnostic Equipment

The use of diagnostic equipment may be required in the operating room. Mobile x
ray units are used for bedside radiography, particularly of the chest. These portable
units use a battery-operated generator that powers an x ray tube. Handheld
portable clinical laboratory devices, called point-of-care analyzers, are used for
blood analysis at the bedside. A small amount of whole blood is required, and
blood chemistry parameters can be provided much faster than if samples were sent
to the central laboratory.

o Other Operating Room Equipment

Disposable OR equipment includes urinary (Foley) catheters to drain urine during

surgery, catheters used for arterial and central venous lines to monitor blood
pressure during surgery or withdraw blood samples), Swan-Ganz catheters to
measure the amount of fluid in the heart and to determine how well the heart is
functioning, chest and endotracheal tubes, and monitoring electrodes.

• Function

Operating theaters had a raised table or chair of some sort at the center for performing
operations, and were surrounded by several rows of seats (operating theaters could be
cramped or spacious) so students and other spectators could observe the case in
progress. The surgeons wore street clothes with an apron to protect them from blood
stains, and they operated bare-handed with unsterilized instruments and supplies. (Gut
and silk sutures were sold as open strands with reusable, hand-threaded needles;
packing gauze was made of sweepings from the floors of cotton mills.)

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In contrast to today's concept of surgery as a profession that emphasizes cleanliness
and conscientiousness, at the beginning of the 20th century the mark of a busy and
successful surgeon was the profusion of blood and fluids on his clothes.

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 UNIT III
FINISHING

3.1. Conclusion

3.2. Suggestion