Transformers

Pekik Argo Dahono

 Magnetic Circuits
Ampere's law :

H dl = NI
Hlc = NI
= NI is called magnetomotive force (mmf)
NI c
H= (magnetic field intensity) i
lc
B = H (flux density) +
permeability
N
B=
NI Ac
lc
= BA (flux)
A
= NI
lc
l lc
NI = c
A
=
lc
= is reluctance
A
Magnetic and Electric Circuits

E R

(a) (b)
 Inductance Concept

AN 2 I
= N = (flux linkage)
lc
d d
e= =N (Faraday's law)
dt dt
2
AN
L = /i = (Henry)
lc
 Magnetic Circuit
i
+ g
N
H c lc + H g g = NI Ac

Bc Bg
lc + g = NI
o NI
= lc
lc g lc
+
g
+ = NI r o Ac o Ag
Ac o Ag
r = / o = 2000 8000
(
c + g = NI ) Ac Ag
o Ac o Ac
lc g NI = N = N 2I
g g
c = g =
Ac o Ag o Ac N 2
L = /i =
g
Induction Voltage
i c
+
N
Ac

lc
= m sin t
d
e=N = N m cos t
dt
N m
E= = 2fNBm A = 4,44 fBm NA
2
 Magnetic Coupling
i1 i2

v1 N1 N2 v2

N12i1 N12i1 N1 N 2i2

1 = + +
1 = l1 + m1 + m 2 l1 m m

2 = m1 + l 2 + m 2 N1 N 2i1 N 22i2 N 22i2

2 = + +
m m l 2
1 = N11 2 = N 22
1 = (Ll1 + L1 )i1 + L12i2
N1i1 N 2 i2
l1 = l 2 = 2 = L21i1 + (Ll 2 + L2 )i2
l1 l 2
N1 N 2
Ni N i L12 = L21 = M = mutual inductance
m1 = 1 1 m 2 = 22 m
m m L11 = Ll1 + M self - inductance of first winding
L 22 = Ll 2 + M self - inductance of second winding
 Ideal Transformer

E1 = 4,44 fBm AN1

E2 = 4,44 fBm AN 2
E1 N1
=
E2 N 2
An ideal transformer neither dissipates nor
E1I1 = E2 I 2 stores energy
I1 N 2
=
I 2 N1
 Ideal Transformer

I 2 = E2 / Z L
N2
E1 2
N1 N2 E1
Z L = E2 / I 2 = = = Z1 / a 2
N1
I1 N1 I1
N2
Z1 = a 2 Z L
a = N1 / N 2
 Transformer Polarity

Substractive Additive
 Polarity Testing

IF V3 = V1 + V2 THEN ADDITIVe
IF V3 = V1 V2 THEN SUBSTRACTIVE
Practical Transformers
Practical Transformers : No Load
i1

v1 N1 N2 v2

E = 4,44 fNABm
Magnetic Material
 No Load Losses
Hysteresis loss, depends on:
core material
Voltage
Frequency
Eddy current loss, depends on:
Core material
Core lamination thickness
Voltage
Frequency
 Load losses
Copper losses are due to resistance of primary
and secondary windings
The stray load losses are losses due to the losses
in transformer structure and eddy current in
the windings.
The load losses are proportional to the square of
load current.
 Losses and Efficiency
Losses = Pnl + Pcu
Pcu = Rek I 22
Pout = V2 I 2 cos
Eficiency = = Pout / Pin
Pout V2 I 2 cos
= =
Pout + Losses V2 I 2 cos + Pnl + Rek I 22
2
Efisiensi maksimum jika Pnl = Rek I 2
 Comments
Efficiency and losses vary with the load and
power factor
Name plate efficiency is different to actual
efficiency
No load losses vary with voltage and frequency
Load losses is proportional to the square of load
kVA
Consider using total owning cost when selecting a
transformer
Equivalent Circuit of Transformer

R1 primary winding resistance

X l1 primary winding leakage reactance
Rc represents no load losses
X m represents magnetizing current
R2 secondary winding resistance
X l 2 secondary winding leakage reactance
Referred Equivalent Circuits
Simplified Equivalent Circuit

Rek = R1 + R'2
X ek = X l1 + X 'l 2
 Transformer Testing
No load testing
Short circuit testing
Load testing
 No Load Testing

Vnl2
Pnl =
Rc
Vnl2
Rc =
Pnl
I
Y = nl
Vnl

Bm = Y 2 G 2
G = 1 / Rc
X m = 1 / Bm
Short Circuit Testing

2
Psc = I sc Rek
2
I sc
Rek =
Psc
Z ek = Vsc / I sc
2 2
X ek = Z ek Rek
 Autotransformer
Step up Step down

V2 N2 V2 N2
=1+ =1
V1 N1 V1 N1
I1 N2 I1 N2
=1+ =1
I2 N1 I2 N1
System rating = V1I1 = V2 I 2
N 2 / N1
Autotrafo rating = system rating
N2
1+
N1
 Autotransformer
Advantages:
Much more efficient than transformer
Lower impedance
Capacity is smaller than the load kVA
Disadvantages:
No galvanic isolation
Lower impedance means high short-circuit
current
Three-Phase Transformers
Isolation Transformer
End