Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
2009/2010
career.cornell.edu
CONTENTS
Your Career Starts Here 2
TAKE ACTION 8
School-Year Activities 8
Internships and Summer Positions 9
One- to Two-Year Options 10
Graduate School 11
Job Search 12
Considerations for
Special Populations 15
Letters and Resumes Work Together 16
Correspondence 18
Letter Tips 20
Sample Letters 21
Resumes 35
Resume Building:
Descriptive Qualities 38
Action Verbs 39
Curriculum Vitae 40
Resume Tips 41
Sample Resumes 42
Interviews 57
Interview Tips 61
Questions from Employers 63
Questions to Employers 64
Illegal Interview Questions 65
Job Offers 66
EMPLOYER INDEX 67
2
Cornell Career Services
Develop Your Focus
Career Development Checklist
D
eveloping a career involves a three-step process, repeated as
often as necessary to choose your direction:
You develop a focus for your career path through the first two stages,
and then take specific steps to embark on that career. You can use this
checklist to track your progress. Simply return to an earlier phase of the
process if you change your mind along the way—as most people do.
I
t’s important to gain clarity about your interests and 2. Academic preparation: Completing a bachelor’s
strengths before you begin looking for opportuni- degree at Cornell with additional courses in
ties. Whatever you seek—a job, internship, graduate/ marketing and business management. Received A’s
professional school acceptance, fellowship, or volunteer in two marketing courses. Strong cumulative and
opportunity—you are likely to be among a strong pool of major GPAs.
candidates, much like when you applied to Cornell. The 3. Creativity: Completed courses in advertising
better you understand your focus and qualifications, the design and textile surface design at Fashion
better able you’ll be to convince an employer or graduate Institute of Technology. Served as member of
school that you’re the right candidate. Cornell Design League and co-chair of “Design
Days” program.
HereÕ s an Example: 4. Oral communication skills: Served as a teaching
Julia Gordon sought help from a career advisor during assistant for public speaking course at Cornell
her sophomore and junior years to determine her work and Vice President of Human Ecology College
values and interests, and the kinds of jobs that might Ambassadors.
be satisfying for her, given her skills and qualities (see 5. Competence in handling market data: Completed
examples below and the listings on page 38). She decided courses in statistics and survey research.
that marketing might be a good fit, so she focused on 6. Hard-working and self-starting: Financed 60%
finding a marketing-related position for the summer after of education through scholarships and part-time
her junior year to test her interest in the field. work. Completed independent work projects.
Earned praise on my initiative from three different
Julia researched the skills that are important in retail employers.
marketing and learned that employers are looking for
Focusing her efforts allowed Julia to evaluate how closely
bright, creative candidates with retail experience who
she matched the needs of potential employers. Clarifying
can conduct market research and present the findings
her goals enabled her to:
to groups. She then made a list of her related strengths,
• D
evelop a strong resume and incorporate her experience
backing each with facts and accomplishments:
in marketing. (You can see her resume on page 53.)
• Prepare effectively for interviews.
My Focus/Goal • Find a summer position with New York & Company.
A summer job relating to marketing, preferably in a • Receive an offer for a position in the company’s
retail environment in New York City. management-trainee program following graduation.
My Related Strengths and Evidence You can complete a similar exercise, no matter what your
1. Related experience in marketing and sales: focus is. The next page describes resources that will help
Worked in retail sales during the spring semester. you with this process. And remember, it’s fine to have
Designed a successful market survey for the store more than one focus, so long as you can describe each one
as part of a complete store marketing plan. clearly and convey your relevant strengths.
4
Cornell Career Services
Resources
A
s you can see from Julia Gordon’s example on the complete a user profile, you will create a key commu-
previous page, finding a focus can take time. Julia nication link to Cornell Career Services. You will have
spent two years using Career Services resources the option to receive emails targeted to the career interest
to explore options that led to her focus on pursuing a area(s) you select.
career in marketing. It’s not unusual to take that much
time. While many students are still exploring in their There are numerous additional CCS resources that can
final year, there are many advantages to determining your help you develop your focus. For example, there are
preferences much earlier. The following resources are “shadowing” programs with alumni, career fairs, resume
available to you: critiques, mock interviews, guest speakers, workshops
and talks, special internship and other events, and more.
Pick up a copy of the Career Event Calendar, or use the
CCS Staff Members online calendar on the CCS website.
Career counselors can help you assess your interests and
focus on one or more career fields that might be right for After using some of these resources, you’ll be ready
you. Specialty advisors can help once you have focused to make contacts with people in the field(s) you have
on a particular field, such as health, finance, or teaching. identified. The next section, Career Networking, describes
this process.
Career Libraries
The Career Library in 103 Barnes Hall has over 700
books, listings of 250 researched and catalogued websites,
and other materials as well. Its database can be searched
online through the CCS website (career.cornell.edu). It’s Never Too Early or
For example, you could search by “career exploration Too Late to Start
websites,” “careers environment,” “international intern-
ships,” “research employers,” or “interviews.” • It often takes several semesters/summers to
identify what you really want. Trial and error
can sometimes help you determine what
Additionally, each college career office has a library that
you don’t want, as well as what you do want.
focuses on career information pertaining to the academic
offerings of that college. • Early exploration can enable you to make
better academic choices, whether that
means choosing elective courses, selecting a
Special CCS Services major, or even changing majors or colleges.
One of the first services to use is Cornell’s career • The sooner you get experience that builds
networking system, CCNet. When you register and your transferable qualities and skills, the more
competitive you can be.
• The more contacts you make in a field
that interests you, the better. The job-
finding method most frequently reported by
Career Tip graduating Cornell seniors is personal
contact and referral.
Don’t go into an interview
unprepared! Get interviewing • It’s more likely that you’ll enjoy your college
advice and schedule a practice experience if you develop a goal that excites
interview with a CCS career or you. You are more apt to do better in your
peer advisor. studies, too.
• If you feel like you’re running out of time,
come in for individual assistance.
5
Cornell Career Services
Career Networking
O
ver the course of your work life, networking will motivate the interviewee to provide more substantive
be the single most effective method of advancing information.
your career. Even among Cornell graduates
seeking a first position, personal contact is extremely Learn about the contact’s career field, industry, and orga-
important. Over 20% of job seekers in Cornell’s Class of nization to prepare informed questions. Address issues
2008 found their job through networking, and it can be such as education and work experience required, entry-
especially important during a recession. level opportunities, career paths, greatest challenges,
sources of job satisfaction, short- and long-range goals of
Build a Contact List the organization and the individual, and work environment.
(See sample questions on the next page.)
Networking is an active, ongoing process in which you
identify people who can provide information, advice, and
more contacts. Follow Up and Stay in Touch
Identify contacts through: If individuals have taken the time to offer you advice,
• CornellÕ s Alumni Mentor Network (in CCNet)— they will look forward to receiving occasional updates
provides a link to alumni who understand the from you. Your goal is to keep communication lines
Cornell experience and can offer advice on courses, open after the initial interview or e-mail exchange.
transitioning to the workplace, attending graduate To do that:
school, etc.
• On-campus events—career fairs, alumni panels and • Write a brief follow-up note. Thank the individuals
speakers, and employer information sessions. for their time. State how you benefited from their
• Referrals—from professors, former employers, advice and what actions you will take based on their
friends, and relatives. If you mention a name suggestions. (See sample letter on page 31.)
familiar to a potential contact, you are more likely to • Keep contacts updated about your progress and deci-
gain access. sions, referrals with whom you have met, etc. Inform
• Affiliations—professional and community-based them when you are ready to start the job search, and let
organizations, fraternities and sororities, and other them know the outcome.
memberships.
• Secure permission before using a contact’s name.
• Research—LexisNexis, industry/trade publications,
employer websites, alumni magazines, and library
When embarking on the job search, it’s appropriate to ask
resources can help identify potential contacts.
• Job-shadowing (extern) programs, internshipsand contacts, “If you hear of an opening, would you let me
summer jobs—conducting information interviews know?” Ask if they will keep a copy of your resume on
while you’re in the workplace and obtaining referrals hand to refer when they hear of opportunities that would
from your supervisors and co-workers will help expand interest you. Ask again for referrals to other people you
your contact list. could contact.
6
Cornell Career Services
Information Interview Questions
Before the interview, decide what information and advice you hope to obtain and
develop a list of questions. During the interview, create a friendly rapport and ask
questions about the personÕ s career or position before asking for advice concerning
your own career.
You may want to ask some of the questions below. It is likely you will have more
specific questions as well.
Career Field
• How did you decide to enter this field?
• What do you like most about your work? Least?
• What education or training is necessary for this type of work?
• What are the entry-level opportunities in this field? How can I learn about openings?
• Do you have an advanced degree? Is one required in this field?
• Is the field changing? In what ways?
• What are the greatest challenges you face in your job/organization?
• Are internships, volunteering, or other experiences helpful to getting a job in this field?
• What do you consider to be the growth areas in the field?
• What are some related careers I might consider?
Organization
• What is the typical career path in your line of work in this organization?
• What formal or on-the-job training does your organization provide?
• Considering my skills, interests, and academic background, where might you see me
fitting into this organization or a similar one?
General
• If you were back in college, would you do anything differently in terms of coursework or
summer experiences?
• If you were just coming out of college and looking for this kind of work, how would you
conduct your job search?
• Can you suggest others whom I could speak with about this field? May I use your name
when I contact them? Should I make contact by email, phone, or letter?
7
Cornell Career Services
Take Action
School-Year Activities
S Student Clubs and Organizations
chool-year activities can be more valuable to your
career planning and preparation than you may Cornell has more than 800 student organizations
realize. They can provide the opportunity to: (sao.cornell.edu/so/) as well as many sororities and
fraternities. Some clubs are career-related, such as the
• Explore or demonstrate your career interests. Archaeology Club, Women in Communications, Literary
• Develop or hone skills sought by employers, Society, Women in Public Policy, or Zoo and Wildlife
graduate/professional schools, etc. Society. Others, such as Empathy, Assistance, and
• Add to your contact and referral network. Referral Service, or Student Ambassadors, allow you to
• Impress potential employers, graduate schools, or enhance your interpersonal skills.
others.
Campus Employment
Academics
There are many part-time jobs on campus and in the
Coursework: Take courses outside your major area of community; some can help you explore a career and all
study to build additional skills. can develop transferable skills. More than 6,000 Cornell
Example: An engineering student could take a finance students held part-time positions in 2008-2009.
course to develop expertise in that field. Examples: Working as a Resident Advisor can help you
explore a student-services career while demonstrating
Research: Many students supplement their curriculum by organizational, teamwork, time management, and inter-
conducting research with faculty members in areas of personal skills to prospective employers. Success in a
interest. For more information, go to research.cornell.edu/ dining services position can reveal that you are hard
undergrad/. working, punctual, and energetic, all making you more
Example: A student assisting with a research project will marketable.
likely develop skills such as teamwork, analysis, and time
management.
Volunteering
Teaching Assistantships: These positions can strengthen Contributing your time can actually pay big
some highly transferable skills. dividends in strengthening your resume, adding to your
Example: A “TA” uses good listening, organizational, network, and learning about options. Nonprofit employers
and interpersonal skills. need assistance both in the Ithaca area and in places near
your home.
Examples: Use Cornell’s Public Service Center to find
a local volunteer role in outdoor education; volunteer
at a nonprofit in your home city in January to use your
quantitative skills in the organization’s business
Career Tip function.
Complete your Student Profile in
CCNet, indicating which career
services you desire from us. Then Special Programs
we can keep you informed of Some programs have an academic component and many
events and opportunities that involve internships. Consider Cornell in Washington,
might interest you. Cornell Urban Semester and Urban Scholars programs,
co-op (for engineering students), Cornell Abroad,
and Cornell Career Services’ FRESH and Externship
Programs to shadow alumni.
8
Cornell Career Services
Internships and
Summer Positions
T
he terms “internship” and “summer job” are often “Additional Summer Programs” page in the “Summer
used interchangeably. A job usually involves Jobs & Internships” section of career.cornell.edu.
work for pay, regardless of its applicability to your
• Consider a special program, such as the “Develop
career. Formal internships may be paid or unpaid, and
Your Own (DYO) Summer Internship Program” or the
tend to offer hands-on learning about a career field of
“New York City Public Service Corps” (for Federal
interest.
Work/Study-eligible students). Application materials
No matter what it’s called, a summer experience can help are available in 203 Barnes Hall or in 203 Day Hall.
you explore your interests and give you a competitive Funding is limited, so apply early.
edge in your first full-time job search.
• Create your own internship. Speak with a career
Cornell Career Services can help you research career advisor about strategies for approaching employers
fields, employers, and options. See a CCS staff member who don’t have established internship programs about
for individualized assistance with your summer search. hiring you for the summer.
• Conduct a mail campaign, using resources mentioned
above to identify employers that appeal to you.
Discovering Opportunities Construct a strong resume and cover letter. Use a
“quality” rather than a “quantity” approach.
• Most people find their summer positions through refer-
rals and personal contacts. Search the Mentors database
in CCNet to connect with alumni for advice (not to ask
for a job). Your college career office may have other Tips for Finding
ways to help you connect with alumni. See the article
on page 6 for networking tips.
Summer Positions
• Visit your college career office for assistance and • Attend the Internship Information Event on
information focused on the unique nature and majors October 27, 11:00 a.m.-2:00 p.m., in
of the college and the specialized needs of its students. the Memorial Room, Willard Straight Hall.
Check listings in the Career Event Calendar
• Use the Career Library in 103 Barnes Hall. It offers for other CCS programs about summer
more than 100 internship resources and special files internships.
searchable by field and location.
• Conduct web searches. Links are provided from the • Use the same search methods and strate-
CCS website and through the college career office gies that you’d use to find a full-time job.
See the Job Search article on pages 12-15.
sites. Search engines, specialty pages, and organiza-
tion/employer-specific sites can help you find listings
• Increase your chances for success by
related to your particular interests.
having a clear target, a strong resume and
• Review responses of Cornellians to the Summer cover letter, and effective interviewing skills.
Experience Survey accessed in the “Surveys and
Salaries” section of career.cornell.edu. • Apply early. Deadlines for some programs,
especially government positions, occur in
• Access the Ò Jobs & InternshipsÓ section the fall.
of CCNet at career.cornell.edu. It includes
hundreds of internship postings for opportunities across • Combine volunteer and paid work positions
the country. Some employers will interview students on to create the best possible summer experi-
campus for summer positions (look for the icon that ence when one internship or job can’t meet
identifies them). Complete the online tutorial for a thor- all your needs.
ough introduction to the on-campus recruiting program.
• Schedule interviews during your school
• Use Cornell’s Student Employment Services website
breaks (Thanksgiving, winter, etc.).
to find local positions.
• Investigate other Cornell resources, such as the • Arrange for a job during winter session. This
Entrepreneurship and Personal Enterprise Program, could lead to a summer position.
Cornell Plantations, Cornell Tradition, etc. See the
9
Cornell Career Services
One- and Two-Year Options
S
ome Cornell graduates benefit from taking a year Research:
or two following graduation to clarify their career Science, health, and social science positions are available
goals or strengthen their credentials. Many enjoy at universities, research centers, think tanks, and health-
taking a break from academics before starting their care centers. There are positions in laboratory settings and
careers or attending graduate school. The options, often in a variety of work environments that focus on one of the
called “gap-year” opportunities, vary greatly. social sciences.
Below are some of the more typical experiences Cornell Recent employers: American Medical Association,
students have pursued, with recent employers of American Museum of Natural History, Brookhaven
Cornellians listed. National Laboratory, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Scripps
Research Institute, and Weill Cornell Medical College.
Fellowships:
Awards are available to pursue activities for a year in Service:
a variety of fields. Experiences are usually in academia Many structured service programs at both the national
or the public sector, and typically involve research, and international levels provide widely diverse “helping”
teaching, public policy, service, or other work for the activities. The programs typically provide for basic living
common good. needs and involve a stipend.
Recent employers: Catholic Relief Services, Congressional Recent employers: AmeriCorps, City Year, Bread for
Hispanic Caucus Institute, Congressional Hunger Center, the City, International Peace Operations Association,
National Institutes of Health, and NYC Urban Fellows. Lutheran Volunteer Corps, Partners in Health (Haiti), and
Peace Corps.
Teaching:
Research Tips There are one- and two-year opportunities to teach in a
formal classroom setting—public or private—or to tutor
To research the many one- to two-year and/or mentor. Some positions involve teaching English
options, search the database of the CCS abroad, while others involve teaching in locations such as
Career Library at career.cornell.edu and nature centers or museums.
follow the career library link. Try searching
Recent employers: The Hotchkiss School, Japan Exchange
by “gap year,” “senior fellowships,” and Teaching Program, NYC Teaching Fellows, Regina
“research centers,” “law employers,” and School (Thailand), Student Conservation Association,
“national service.” and Teach for America.
Career Tip
Paralegal:
Many private law firms as well as nonprofit and CCS offers a wide variety of
government organizations offer entry-level paralegal/ programs to assist you with career
legal assistant positions. Typically no previous training or planning, developing job-search
certification is required and there is high demand. skills, applying for postgraduate
study, and more. Stop by one of
Recent employers: Neighborhood Legal Services, New our offices to pick up a copy of our
York County District Attorney’s Office, Paul Weiss Career Event Calendar, or check
Rifkind Wharton & Garrison LLP, Tompkins/Tioga the schedule at career.cornell.edu.
Legal Aid, and U.S. Department of Justice.
10
Cornell Career Services
Graduate School
A
bout a third of Cornell seniors pursue further • Meet with an advisor in Barnes Hall for help in
education immediately after graduation, while applying for health-related programs, law school, or
many wait a year or more before applying. other graduate or professional programs. Call 255-5206
Delaying graduate school attendance allows you to gain to schedule an appointment.
professional experience and become certain of your • Attend Graduate and Professional School Days held
interest in a career field. each fall and speak with school representatives about
their programs.
Deciding to attend graduate school is a big commitment. • Obtain test bulletins and registration forms for the
First be certain of your career choice, then determine various tests in 103 Barnes Hall, or visit websites of test
whether an advanced degree is required. Talk with advi- administrators (for example, GRE for graduate research
sors in Cornell Career Services in 103 Barnes Hall as well degrees at gre.org).
as Cornell faculty and graduate students for their advice • Register with the Health Careers Evaluation Committee
and perspective as you make this decision. (HCEC) for recommendations for medical school
(career.cornell.edu/HealthCareers/HCEC/default.html).
11
Cornell Career Services
Job Search
E
very year Cornell graduates are highly successful and over a million are nonprofits. Finding the right one
in searching for positions following graduation. for you will take a concerted effort. A job search takes an
Cornell’s most recent annual survey of gradu- average of two to six months of organized effort. Cornell
ating students shows that 55% entered the workforce; Career Services offers many programs and services to
32% pursued graduate or professional studies; and 13% assist you with this process. You may also want to take
undertook other endeavors, including volunteering, advantage of personal contacts and other means as you
travel, etc. conduct your job search. Whatever your goal, using more
than one approach will increase your chances for success.
Additional information from the survey reveals that those
who were employed took positions in diverse employ-
ment sectors—about 80% in business/industry and 20% Conduct Thorough Research
in public-sector and nonprofit fields. You can see more Research is an integral and ongoing part of any job
details at career.cornell.edu, “Surveys and Salaries.” search. Effective research will result in determining your
“fit” within a career field or organization—whether for
A successful job search is one in which you land a posi- your first job or for successive ones. Here are some tips
tion that really suits you—a job where you enjoy the work to help you.
and the employer, that serves as a stepping stone in your
career, and that positively affects your lifestyle. This may Identifying jobs and requirements
sound like a tall order, but it’s much easier to make this • CCS Career Library in 103 Barnes Hall and/or college
happen if you effectively identify and research employers career office libraries.
before you begin your actual job search. By doing so you • Websites such as CCNet or indeed.com.
can: • Alumni, using the CCNet Alumni Mentor Network.
• Focus on employers that best suit you. Finding different sizes and types of employers
• Make a stronger impression as a job candidate. • CareerSearch, accessed through the Johnson
• Gain an important edge on your competition. Management School (JGSM) Library, a database
including three million employers.
• For public sector, sites such as idealist.org, firstgov.
Get Started gov, and nyc.gov.
There are more than six million employers in the United
Learning essentials about an employer
States. Some are very large businesses, but most are small
• Recent developments and news items, including changes
and mid-sized; more than 80,000 are government entities,
and plans.
• Products or services, current projects, innovative
approaches, competitors.
• Stock performance, if publicly traded.
Career Tip • Size, age, location(s), ownership, and key contact(s).
• Culture, philosophy, and work environment.
Career counseling can help you • General policies toward employees, including benefits.
clarify your career direction and • Approach to training and advancement.
identify possible career fields. • Resources such as Hoovers Online or other employ-
Make an appointment to see ment databases accessed through the JGSM Library.
one of our career counselors
today. Talking with a CCS staff member
• Advisors in your college career office.
• Specialty advisors in 103 Barnes Hall and the college
offices.
• Final check of your resume(s) and your focus.
12
Cornell Career Services
Connect With Employers Other Cornell Employment Services
Services Offered through CCNet Employer Career Fairs
An online tutorial at career.cornell.edu provides a compre- • Career fairs offer an on-campus forum to meet
hensive introduction to these CCNet features. employers, gather information, and network.
• Cornell Career Services sponsors a two-day career fair
Jobs and Internships for Cornellians in September with over 200 employers.
• An online listing of full- and part-time jobs, temporary • CCS also sponsors a nonprofit and government career
positions, and summer jobs is provided exclusively for fair in the spring.
Cornell students. • Some colleges sponsor industry-specific fairs during
• Positions for entry-level and experienced candidates in the year.
a wide range of career fields are added to the system
daily. New York Recruiting Consortium
• Access to job postings through a nationwide network • Arts and Sciences and Human Ecology seniors can
is also included. interview in New York City in January for positions in
New York.
On-Campus Recruiting • Employers represent banking and finance, consulting,
• Over 500 employers, primarily from the corporate retail, advertising, law, and various other fields.
sector, conduct interviews on campus for employment
after graduation and for summer internships. Communications Consortium
• Positions are typically in fields such as financial • Employers from a variety of career fields within
services, engineering, human resources, architecture, the communications industry interview students from
planning, hospitality, retail, sales, marketing, adver- Cornell and four other colleges.
tising, and scientific research. • Interviews for internships and positions following
• Some fast-growing smaller firms as well as government graduation take place in Syracuse in April.
and nonprofit organizations also recruit on campus.
Employer Information Sessions Options Beyond Cornell
• These sessions are hosted by employers—primarily
those recruiting on campus—to introduce students to Employer Websites
their organizations. • Employers frequently use online technology to manage
• Information sessions provide a forum for job seekers the hiring process.
to meet potential employers and for undergraduates to • Go directly to the “Careers” or “Jobs” sections of their
learn more about a particular employer or career field. websites.
• You can identify and apply for available positions or
submit your application for future consideration.
• Be prepared to cut and paste information from your
resume into the employer’s system when completing
online applications; this will facilitate your accurate
Career Tip data entry and prevent your being “timed out” of the
Be sure to have your resume system.
and job-search correspondence Advertised Openings
reviewed by a CCS career or • Respond to jobs posted in the classifieds and through
student advisor. Many of our online services, but be aware that many positions that
offices offer these critiques on become available are never posted on these sites.
a walk-in basis.
Targeted Mailings
• Send personalized letters to a select number of organi-
zations you have researched carefully.
13
Cornell Career Services
Job Search
Short-Term Jobs or Internships • Be aware that the agency’s primary client is usually the
• Demonstrate your skills and acquire new ones by taking hiring organization, so the agency may be more inter-
a short-term position, internship, or assignment through ested simply in placing you rather than in considering
a temporary agency. how well the placement meets your needs.
• Develop contacts and learn about unadvertised job • Refrain from signing up with an agency that charges
openings through these positions. you for their services.
Employment Agencies Volunteering
• Check the JobBank series of city guides in the CCS • Contributing your time as a volunteer can put you
Library in Barnes Hall, or use your favorite search in a key position to apply for future job openings,
engine to find employment agencies in your field or particularly with nonprofits, government agencies, and
geographic area. educational institutions.
• Learn and volunteer for tasks in all facets of the opera-
tion; small- and medium-sized firms seek staff who can
perform multiple functions.
How Graduates Found
Creating a Position
Their Jobs • Look for changes within an organization such as
mergers, growth, or restructuring to create a position
Services Sponsored by Cornell Career that uses your skills.
Services 50% • Convince the employer of the need for the position and
Interview through on-campus your qualifications for it.
recruiting 22% • Help with a grant or other funding application for a
CCS online listing or resume position you have proposed, if possible.
referral 9%
Previous externship/internship/
co-op/employment 10%
Career fair/forum contact on or
off campus 7%
14
Cornell Career Services
Considerations for Special Populations
M
any factors will have an impact on your or full-time jobs after graduation. Here are some ideas to
job-search strategy. If you’re an international help make your international career goals a reality:
student, a U.S. student interested in working
abroad, a graduate student looking outside of academia, q Identify the type of experience that you want—
or a student with a disability, you’ll need to pay attention paid work (long-term or short-term), volunteer work,
to additional considerations in your job search. internship, teaching English, etc.—and assess your
preparedness for it.
International Students and the Job Search
q Gather the financial resources you need for transporta-
Employment regulations, U.S. cultural nuances, and unfa- tion and other expenses. Expect to pay fees for work
miliar resources and job-search techniques can present permits and housing and job-search services, even for
challenges. Here is a checklist for your U.S. job search: volunteer positions.
15
Cornell Career Services
Cover Letters and Resumes. . .
Teaching Fellowship
Submit a letter of interest, resume, and recent college transcript to Joan
Lewis, Director, Lincoln School, Bay Street, Santa Barbara, CA 93105
Student Teacher
Teaching Fellowship Onteora Central School is a public
Glendale Day School is a private elementary school with a wide reputation the Catskill Mountain region seek
for educational excellence. Six teaching fellowships awarded annually are Previous experience working with
designed to help recent college graduates explore private school teaching. special education needs. Applican
Applications are invited from well-qualified college graduates who have have a meet the minimum requirem
an interest in teaching, are comfortable with elementary-aged children, is prefered. Submit resume, and r
and have tutored or taught previously. Submit a letter of interest, resume, college transcript to Tyler Brown,
and recent college transcript to Joan Lewis, Lower School Director, Director, Rt. 28, Boicville, New Y
Glendale Day School, 85 W. 61st St., New York, NY 10004. 14051.
Indicate in the middle para- I have also worked with young children on an individual basis. As a math tutor and as a mentor for
graphs that you understand troubled children, I have designed activities and lessons for individual youngsters coping with
position requirements and
academic or emotional difficulties. Currently, I volunteer three hours a week in a first-grade
demonstrate that you are
a good match for the job. classroom at a local elementary school, where I have gained experience working with children in a
Highlight and expand upon formal classroom environment.
experiences, skills, and inter-
ests stated in your resume. Working with young children, whether one-on-one, in groups, or in the classroom, requires
patience, energy, and dedication. I believe my paid and volunteer experiences, as described in my
Concrete examples help enclosed resume, have prepared me for the demands of a teaching fellowship. I would welcome the
demonstrate how Susan’s
opportunity to discuss available positions with you and can travel to New York any Friday. I am
experience has prepared her
to fulfill the requirements of arranging for my Cornell transcript to be sent to you and will contact you within a week to set up a
the position. meeting. If you would like to contact me sooner, you can reach me at (607) 277-4073 or e-mail me
at sgm14@cornell.edu. I look forward to speaking with you. Thank you for your time and
She summarizes her qualifica- consideration.
tions related to the position
and outlines options for Very truly yours,
ensuring that an interview will She remembers to
take place. She demonstrates sign her name.
initiative by saying she will
follow up with a phone call. Susan G. Moore
16
Cornell Career Services
Work Together to Get Results
ACTIVITIES Kappa Alpha Theta Sorority: Philanthropy Chair, 2006; Chaplain, 2008
Empathy and Referral Service: trained three hours per week for two years in active listening
skills; helped clients by rephrasing and reflecting their issues
17
Cornell Career Services
Correspondence
C
over letters are just as important as resumes in • Target the organization’s hiring needs by learning about
conveying your value to employers. tasks or positions for which you may be qualified.
You’ll use them to: • Visit the website and/or call the organization to obtain
• Introduce yourself to prospective employers and information.
motivate them to read your resume.
• State your career interests and highlight your strengths
in relation to job responsibilities and/or organizations.
• Demonstrate your writing skills, professionalism, and
courtesy.
Guidelines for Writing Letters
• Reveal your personality and enthusiasm for the Reach your professional goals by preparing
position, organization, and field. well-written and thoughtful letters.
• For more information and guidance, see the
You’ll need to develop several types of letters. After you
have drafted your letters, visit your college career office annotated cover letter on page 16.
or Cornell Career Services in 103 Barnes Hall for assis- • Learn the name and title of the person
tance to strengthen them. Samples of all these types of responsible for hiring in the department that
letters are found on pages 21-34. interests you; address your correspondence
to that person.
Information Interview Letters
• Convey that you are informed about the
Write to an individual working in a field of interest to
organization and knowledgeable about the
request an information interview. (Refer to the section
on career networking on page 6 to learn more about job responsibilities.
developing your career interests through information • Describe how your qualifications meet the
interviews.) employer’s hiring needs.
• T
he goal of your letter will be to arrange a meeting or
phone call to learn about the person’s work. • Demonstrate your competence in communi-
• S
tate how you identified the person, what you would cating—a critical skill you would bring to the job.
like to learn, and when/how long you would like to • Refer in your opening sentences to a personal
meet or talk with them by phone. or professional contact who has directed
• M
ake it clear you are seeking information, not applying
you to the organization, if applicable.
for a position.
Cover Letters
Letters of Inquiry Letters of Application
Explore employment possibilities through an inquiry Write to a prospective employer in response to a specific
letter when you are interested in working at an organi- job you have seen advertised or have identified through
zation, but don’t know if an opening exists. networking.
• Keep in mind that the primary purpose of cover
letters and resumes sent to employers is to obtain
interviews.
• Motivate employers through a well-written cover letter
Career Tip to read your resume to learn more about you.
Be sure to have your resume
and job-search correspondence
Follow-Up Letters
reviewed by a CCS career or
peer advisor. Many of our offices
Thank-You Letters
offer these critiques on a walk-in
Thank interviewers for meeting with you following
basis.
information or job interviews.
• Reiterate your interest in the field and the position.
18
Cornell Career Services
• Recall aspects of the interview that were especially • Request a written confirmation of the detailed offer if
helpful or enlightening. you have not received one.
E-Mail Etiquette
If you will be communicating with employers
Career Tip via e-mail, keep these guidelines in mind:
CCS offers a wide variety of • Use an appropriate subject header.
programs to assist you with career
planning, developing job-search • Include your cover letter and resume within
skills, applying for postgraduate the body of your message, since employers
study, and more. Stop by one of may not be able to open attachments.
our offices to pick up a copy of our
• Begin your message with “Dear Mr./Ms.” and
Career Event Calendar, or check
the schedule at career.cornell.edu. spell the recipient’s name correctly.
• Introduce yourself early in the message and
state your reason for writing.
• Be professional and positive; the language in
job-related messages should be more formal
than in other e-mail messages.
• Type your full name to “sign” your e-mail.
19
Cornell Career Services
Letter Tips
Do
• Use standard business-letter format and
generous margins.
• Single-space paragraphs and double-
space between paragraphs.
• Address the individual by name and use
his/her appropriate title.
DonÕ t
• Use the person’s full name if you don’t
know his/her gender (e.g., “Dear Pat
Smith”).
• Attract attention with a strong first
paragraph. Limit letter to 3-4 short
paragraphs.
• Use the passive voice.
• Refer to your enclosed resume.
• Include extraneous information.
• Highlight and expand upon the most • Repeat verbatim what’s in your resume.
relevant information in your resume, using
specific examples. • Point out weaknesses or lack of experience.
• Use correct grammar. • Begin too many sentences with “I.”
• Have someone proofread letters to make • Use jargon or excessive wordiness.
sure they are error-free. • Exceed one page.
• Use high-quality bond paper and enve- • Copy exact wording from letter examples in
lopes in white, ivory, or light gray. this Guide.
• Keep copies of your letters. • Assume spellcheck will identify all errors.
• Overlook signing your letters.
• Emphasize what you hope to get from
the experience, but rather what you can
contribute.
20
Cornell Career Services
Sample Letters
Application
A confident public speaker, I have participated in a training course for peer counselors,
completed a course in oral communication, spoken at rallies and festivals, and worked as an
educator in a variety of teaching situations.
Sincerely,
Jean Crawford
21
Cornell Career Services
Sample Letters
Application
Advertised Opening
Brian Saed
Director of High School Programs
The Princeton Review
2001 Route 46, Suite 410
Westport, CT 06880
I am eager to work with a progressive organization such as The Princeton Review after I graduate
from Cornell University in May. The scope of The Princeton Review’s training program and
philosophy of customer service are impressive. Please consider me for the Assistant Director
position with The Princeton Review that you advertised through Cornell’s online job listing.
The analytical skills I have gained as a biology major, as well as my practical managerial experience
in a variety of positions, would, I believe, make me a valuable addition to The Princeton Review.
I would welcome the opportunity to discuss my qualifications with you and will contact you
within a week to arrange a time to meet. I will be available between December 26 and January 15,
and on Thursdays or Fridays beginning January 19. Thank you for your consideration.
Sam Thomas
Enclosure: Resume
22
Cornell Career Services
Application
On-Campus Recruiting
While attending the St. Louis Consulting Group’s information session at Cornell University
on September 26, I was impressed to learn about the consulting group’s remarkable
achievements and growth over the last three years. I appreciate both the exciting vision
and distinct company culture conveyed by the team during the presentation and am confident
that I would thrive in this entrepreneurial firm. I am writing in application for the business
analyst training program.
Working with a dynamic and quickly growing company in a challenging position requires the
high level of energy, responsibility, and creativity I have demonstrated in academics, work
experiences, and campus activities. I would welcome the opportunity to discuss the business
analyst position at St. Louis Consulting Group with you at your convenience, and enclose my
resume for your consideration.
Lisa Swanson
Enclosure
23
Cornell Career Services
Sample Letters
Application
On-Campus Recruiting
Sincerely yours,
Sarah Kaufman
Enclosure
24
Cornell Career Services
Inquiry
I am writing to inquire about available full-time positions at the San Francisco AIDS
Foundation, and enclose my resume for your consideration. The Foundation’s initiatives
involving political advocacy, public-health education, and direct support to people with AIDS
and HIV appeal to me as an advocate of social justice and human rights.
My experience as a leader in political activism ranges from organizing and initiating programs
on campus to coordinating events in a statewide campaign. At Cornell, I established the first
Rock for Choice concert to benefit Planned Parenthood, and frequently speak at events
sponsored by COLA (Cornell Organization for Labor Action). In California, I was a grassroots
organizer on worker rights and made a presentation to the Mayor and City Council of Santa
Monica.
In the course of these experiences, I have demonstrated my motivation, energy, and passion
for caring and helping. I would welcome the opportunity to contribute these abilities to the
San Francisco AIDS Foundation and will call you the week of April 20 to discuss your needs.
If you would like to contact me sooner, you can reach me at (607) 272-7871. Thank you for
your time and consideration.
Sincerely yours,
Enclosure
25
Cornell Career Services
Sample Letters
Inquiry
After studying economic theory for four years, I have a strong desire to apply what
I have learned in a practical setting, working with data and analyzing economic phenomena.
Reading the Federal Reserve System: Purposes and Functions, I was struck by the broad array
of functions carried out by the Federal Reserve, the significant role it plays in both the money
and financial markets, and the influence it exerts on the economy as a whole. I would value the
opportunity to work as an assistant alongside some of the best people in the field for the Federal
Reserve, especially during this time of historic developments in the financial markets.
I look forward to speaking with you and learning more about the Federal Reserve.
I believe that with my strong background in economics and my experience as a researcher, I
would make a valuable contribution to your organization. I will call you next week to see if it
would be possible to arrange an interview.
Yours truly,
Enclosure
26
Cornell Career Services
Inquiry
Referral
Ms. Eileen Mineo, partner at Booz Allen Hamilton in Boston, suggested that
I inquire about your research associate training program. Through discussions
with Ms. Mineo and my own research of the consulting field, I have learned
a great deal about Booz Allen’s approach to management consulting. I am
seeking a position in a well established consulting firm and find appealing your
combination of excellent classroom instruction and rotational assignments
exposing trainees to strategy consulting and government consulting.
Enclosure
27
Cornell Career Services
Sample Letters
Inquiry
Summer Job
I will call you next week to see if we can schedule a time to discuss my
interests and qualifications. I will be in New York for winter break from December 16
to January 16, and could meet at your convenience during that period. I look forward to
speaking with you.
Sincerely yours,
Daniel Thomas
Enclosure
28
Cornell Career Services
Information Interview
The article in the March 26 Wall Street Journal featuring your work with the
Virginia Small Business Commission has motivated me to learn more about your
experiences in retail development. I am a business management major at Cornell
University and am seeking information about retail and warehouse management,
particularly for businesses in rural communities. I would appreciate hearing your
assessment of where the industry is headed and where you think job opportunities
will develop. Any suggestions for how to prepare to enter this field, both in terms
of experience and course work, would be very helpful.
Sincerely,
Christine O’Neill
29
Cornell Career Services
Sample Letters
Thank you
Job Interview
I thoroughly enjoyed meeting with you and your staff yesterday when I
interviewed for the financial analyst position. The discussions were highly
informative, and I was impressed with the planned addition of a mentoring
component to the training program. This is precisely the kind of training program
I am seeking.
Sincerely yours,
Wendy Peterson
30
Cornell Career Services
Thank you
Information Interview
Thank you for taking time to talk with me last Wednesday. I enjoyed your
introduction to the career-development field and appreciated the useful information
you provided.
On your recommendation, I will contact your colleague and co-author, Ms. Janice
Williams, as a follow-up to our discussion. I look forward to speaking with her
in the near future. Also, your referral to Alan J. Pickman’s Special Challenges in
Career Management has already proved helpful.
I appreciate your help and will keep you informed of my career progress.
Sincerely yours,
Linda Mills
31
Cornell Career Services
Sample Letters
Thank you
Information Interview
I appreciate your taking time to meet with me to discuss your career path in magazine
publishing and possible strategies for entering the field. I found the information you
provided about additional skills to complement my writing ability to be especially
useful.
Again, thank you for so generously sharing your time and insights. It was a pleasure
talking to you. I have thoroughly enjoyed the issue of The Wilson Quarterly you gave
me and found the article on the Victorians to be particularly fascinating. I will be sure
to look for the next issue when it arrives in the library.
Sincerely,
Seth Greenfield
32
Cornell Career Services
Accept Offer
In the event that you need to contact me before June 15, please
note that I can be reached at my parents’ home at 914/654-3210 from
May 25 through June 14.
Thank you again for your consideration and help during the
interview process. I greatly appreciated your informative and personal
approach.
Sincerely yours,
Margaret Long
33
Cornell Career Services
Sample Letters
Decline Offer
Brendan OÕ Rourke
Regional Sales Manager
Bingham Industries
1436 Eastman Avenue
Rochester, New York 13688
Thank you very much for offering me the position of Sales Trainee
at Bingham Industries. After considering this opportunity carefully,
I have made a difficult decision not to accept your offer. I believe
that at this point in my career another position I have been offered
fits more closely with my career interests and goals.
Sincerely yours,
Dwight Meyers
34
Cornell Career Services
Resumes
A Resume Formats
n effective resume reflects your career focus and an
understanding of how your experiences, skills,
and personal attributes contribute to your imme- The way you organize the content of your resume—by
diate goals—usually, employment or graduate school. work history or skill sets—will emphasize different infor-
mation about you. As you read the descriptions below,
Create a distinct version of your resume for each of your refer to pages 42-56 for an example of each format.
different career goals.
If you are not sure which format is most appropriate for
your immediate goal, contact a career services advisor
How Employers Use Resumes for assistance. For example, students who participate in
on-campus recruiting might decide to use the chrono-
Employers use resumes at various points in the hiring
logical format, whereas a first- or second-year student
process to: applying for an externship may find the functional format
• Determine whether to interview you, based on a a better option.
perceived “fit” between your skills and interests and the
organization’s needs.
• Develop interview questions or start a conversation Chronological Format
about your experiences, abilities, interests, etc. This is the most widely used and accepted resume style.
• Draw inferences about transferable skills—such as It is particularly effective when the job target is in line
attention to detail—from how well you present yourself with your academic background and experience. Content
on the resume. is organized by dates, giving the reader a clear indication
• Verify the accuracy of your information. Correct of career growth and continuity. This format:
reporting of your personal information—GPA, degree • Emphasizes education, job titles, and employers.
status, employment history, achievements, extracur- • Describes responsibilities and achievements.
ricular activities, etc.—is an important predictor of • Presents information within sections in reverse
ethical behavior in the workplace. chronological order (i.e., listing the most recent
experiences first).
To highlight your most relevant experience if it is not the
Goals in Creating a Resume most recent, divide your experience into sections such
Develop a resume that helps the reader answer the ques- as Related Experience, Computer Experience, or Other
tion, “How/what will this candidate contribute to the Experience.
organization?” The following guidelines will help you
demonstrate your potential: Functional Format
• Target your resume to reflect that you understand the Although less common for college students, functional
qualifications necessary to do the job and are familiar (or skills-based) resumes are appropriate if you have
with industry-relevant language and the career field. held a number of unrelated jobs, the position you seek is
• Illustrate that you have transferable skills related to outside your academic field, your relevant experiences
your career focus, or skills valued by all employers. are primarily from volunteer work, or there are significant
(See pages 4 and 38.) gaps in your work history. This resume style:
• Provide enough detail to enable the reader to evaluate • H ighlights skills and personal qualities and
your contributions rather than simply to review a list of de-emphasizes specific job titles, names of employers,
your responsibilities. and dates.
• Include results-oriented statements that show you have • Combines duties and accomplishments from all jobs
met or exceeded goals and expectations. and activities into broad categories that address the
• Quantify when possible, including numbers and/or employer’s needs—for example, writing, research,
descriptive words such as “doubled” or “increased.” communication, leadership, graphic design, etc.
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Cornell Career Services
Resumes
Combination Format • Degree(s) and date(s) received.
This style merges elements of the chronological and func- • Study-abroad experience, honors-thesis title, etc., as
tional formats. It accentuates skills and capabilities, and applicable.
includes employment information within the skill groups. • Cumulative GPA, if it is at least 3.0, and major GPA
The directness of the chronological format is retained, if it is considerably higher—carried to two decimal
and skills are grouped by functional categories. points. (Note that guidelines for science and technical
fields may vary. Check with your college career office.)
Elements of a Resume Beyond sophomore year, do not include your high school
Although all resumes contain somewhat standard elements, unless it is nationally recognized, is located in an area
there is no one “right way” to prepare a resume. You can where you want to work, or otherwise supports your goal.
change section names, add or omit sections, etc., to draw
attention to the content that is most pertinent to your career If you’re a transfer student, list the name of your first
focus or job target. Just remember to be consistent in school if your resume includes activities/experiences
applying stylistic approaches throughout your resume, and from that institution.
be sure that your final product is error-free.
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Cornell Career Services
Special note about scanned resumes and online appli- Improving a Resume
cations: Many employers now use electronic applicant
tracking systems to store a large volume of informa- The following examples demonstrate how various
tion submitted by candidates. These systems search on elements of a resume can be changed to increase impact.
keywords—usually nouns—to identify qualified candi-
dates. Use industry-standard language in your Experience Objective
section to convey your expertise with specific equipment, Before: To obtain a summer job where I can improve my
processes, technology, software, etc. Check with your understanding of operations research.
college career office for assistance. After: A summer position using operations-research skills
and knowledge of economic theory to solve manufac-
Special Skills turing problems.
In general, it is best to indicate your skills through
providing specific examples of how you’ve used them Experience
(for instance, in your Related Experience section). But, Before:
include in this section: • Wrote article for school paper on Latino students.
• Languages and level of expertise, such as • Suggested ideas for other articles.
“Conversational.” After:
• Computer languages and programs. • Wrote award-winning article published in The Cornell
• Additional related skills not mentioned elsewhere. Daily Sun on reasons Latino students chose Cornell
over other options.
Activities and Interests • Suggested follow-up article surveying peer institutions,
Although not required on a resume, your activities and resulting in a published series on Latino students at Ivy
interests may help convey additional information about League institutions.
you. In order of importance, list:
• Student organizations, professional associations, Section Title for Course List
community involvement, and committees, including Before: Relevant Courses
any offices held. After: Communication and Language Courses
• Interests such as music, sports, and the arts.
Include high-school activities only if directly relevant.
Some students choose not to include religious activities Activities
or those representing extreme political views. Before:
• Belle Sherman After-School Program
After:
References • Tutor, Belle Sherman Elementary After-School Program.
Do not include the statement “References available upon Developed group activities for fourth- and fifth-graders
request” on your resume. If you are asked for references, to learn and practice conversational Spanish.
provide a list on a separate piece of paper titled “List of
References for [Your Name].” Be sure to notify individ-
uals on your reference list that they may be approached Resources
by prospective employers.
There are many resources to help you write your resume:
• Books on resume writing in your college career office
or the CCS Library in 103 Barnes.
• The CCS resume-writing tutorial online at career.
Career Tip cornell.edu.
Don’t go into an interview • Sample resumes on pages 42-56.
unprepared! Get interviewing • Descriptive qualities and action verb lists on pages
advice and schedule a practice 38 and 39.
interview with a CCS career or • Critiques by a CCS staff member or peer advisor
peer advisor. who will review your resume to make suggestions on
content, presentation, style, terminology, proofreading,
etc.
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Cornell Career Services
Resume Building:
Descriptive Qualities
O
nce you have a clear focus, you will be ready to present your qualifications to employers, graduate
schools, organizations sponsoring fellowships, or service programs. As you compete with other candi-
dates, you can increase your chances of making the best possible impression by being able to discuss
your relevant strengths. In a 2007 survey by the National Association of Colleges and Employers, employers
identified personal qualities as well as specific skills among the top ten attributes they seek in candidates:
1. Communication skills (written and verbal) 6. Teamwork (works well with others)
2. Honesty/integrity 7. Computer skills
3. Interpersonal skills (relates well to others) 8. Analytical skills
4. Motivation/initiative 9. Flexibility/adaptability
5. Strong work ethic 10. Detail-orientation
This page and the next one will help you specify your qualities and skills. Personal qualities are evidence of
“soft skills” that relate to your emotional intelligence quotient (“EQ”). Many studies have shown that your “EQ”
is key to your success on the job, to your leadership ability, and to all your relationships. The following list of
descriptors of “soft skills” will help you convey your qualities on your resume:
You can present your personal qualities in a variety of ways, just as you can your skills. In general, qualities
are easier to describe in an interview, cover letter, application essay, or e-mail message than they are on most
resumes. In resumes, they are sometimes conveyed indirectly.
Example:
You could communicate your strong work ethic on a resume by noting that you worked an average of ten hours
per week at a part-time job during college. Also on a resume you could demonstrate your service orientation by
listing one or more volunteer activities. This would make your point in an indirect but effective way. In a letter
or interview, you could discuss these qualities directly and by name.
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Cornell Career Services
Action Verbs
O
n your resume, convey your experience and accomplishments through action statements. Use the past
tense of these verbs for previous achievements, the present tense for current activities. For suggestions
on verbs that convey specific skill areas, including analytical, organizational, technical, and more, see
the Resume section at career.cornell.edu.
accomplished confirmed facilitated monitored resolved
achieved consolidated familiarized motivated responded
acted as/on constructed fielded negotiated restored
adapted consulted finalized observed restructured
addressed controlled financed obtained revamped
adjusted converted forecasted operated reviewed
administered convinced formalized orchestrated revised
advised coordinated formatted ordered revitalized
advocated corrected formulated organized scheduled
aided corresponded founded oriented screened
allocated counseled furnished originated searched
amended created gathered overhauled secured
analyzed critiqued gauged oversaw selected
applied cultivated generated participated served as
appraised customized guided performed set up
approved dealt with headed persuaded settled
arranged decided hired planned shortened
ascertained decreased hosted polled simplified
assembled defined identified predicted sold
assessed delegated illustrated prepared solicited
assigned delivered implemented presented solved
assisted demonstrated improved preserved spearheaded
attained described improvised presided
specified
attended designated incorporated priced
spoke
audited designed increased prioritized
standardized
augmented determined influenced probed
streamlined
authorized developed informed processed
strengthened
balanced devised initiated produced
studied
bargained directed inspected programmed
submitted
benchmarked discovered installed projected
substantiated
broadened displayed instituted promoted
budgeted suggested
disseminated instructed proofread
built distinguished summarized
integrated proposed
calculated distributed interacted supervised
provided
canvassed documented interpreted publicized supplied
carried out drafted interviewed published supported
catalogued edited introduced purchased surpassed
centralized eliminated invented pursued surveyed
chaired employed inventoried quantified synthesized
checked encouraged investigated quoted systematized
chose enforced involved raised tailored
clarified engineered issued ranked targeted
classified enhanced launched rated taught
coached enlisted lectured recommended team-taught
collaborated ensured led reconciled tested
collected established leveraged recorded trained
combined estimated lobbied recruited transferred
communicated evaluated located redesigned transformed
compared examined maintained reduced translated
compiled exceeded managed referred transmitted
completed executed marketed refined trimmed
composed exercised maximized registered tutored
computed exhibited measured regulated unified
conceived expanded mediated reorganized updated
conceptualized expedited minimized replaced upgraded
concluded explained modeled reported validated
condensed explored moderated represented verified
conducted extracted modified researched wrote
39
Cornell Career Services
Curriculum Vitae
A
curriculum vitae, or CV, is a document that
presents professional qualifications, educa-
tion, research, professional experience,
Sample Curriculum
accomplishments, activities, and special skills. CVs are used Vitae Format
primarily by applicants for university teaching and research
Name
positions, or for fellowships and grants.
Address
Telephone
There is a good deal of flexibility in developing a CV, but
some general guidelines apply: E-mail Address
• A CV can vary in length from two pages to several Education
pages. Institution, major, minor or concentration,
• Titles and order of sections are arranged to highlight degree, and year. Ph.D. dissertation title, brief
strengths in relation to position requirements. description, and name of thesis advisor.
• Applicable accomplishments and skills should be
described to provide information for employers. Professional Employment
• Items within each category are listed chronologically, Title or rank, department, institution, and dates.
with the most recent appearing first.
• Choose category headings as appropriate to reflect Research/Teaching Interests
certifications/licensures, presentations/conferences, Short description of current and planned
workshops, training, languages, etc. research or teaching interests.
Research/Teaching Experience
Resources Research projects and courses taught.
Faculty advisors are often the best resource for determining Fellowships, Honors, Grants, and Awards
what constitutes effective content for your discipline.
Title, funding agency, amount of award,
The CCS Career Library in 103 Barnes Hall contains
co-investigators, and dates.
books with examples of CVs and formatting assistance
(keyword search: “CV”). Refer also to Cornell’s Career Professional Service and Activities
Guide Supplement for Graduate Students. An additional Service on national or regional boards and
excellent resource is The Chronicle of Higher EducationÕ s
college and university committees.
“The CV Doctor” series (chronicle.com/jobs/tools/
cvdoctor).
Membership in Professional Societies
Presentations
Papers or posters presented at conferences,
seminars, and invited lectures.
Career Tip
Complete your Student Profile in Publications
CCNet, indicating which career Books, papers, articles, chapters, etc.
services you desire from us. Then
we can keep you informed of References
events and opportunities that Names, titles, addresses, and phone
might interest you. num bers of three current references, and/or
name of dossier service managing your
reference packet.
40
Cornell Career Services
Resume Tips
Do
• Create a crisp, clean, professional
appearance with a simple, balanced, and
well-organized format.
DonÕ t
• Use more than two font types or sizes.
• Center the body of text with one-inch
• Round up your GPA. (Keep at 2 decimals
margins.
unless exact at 1 decimal.)
• Space sections so that the reader can
• Use flashy graphics or print that is difficult to
distinguish main headings from position
read, e.g., 1*
descriptions, activities, etc.
• Use “my,” “I,” or other personal pronouns.
• Maintain consistent indentation, capitalization,
font style, and spacing. • Exaggerate your experience or modify job
titles.
• Use the active voice.
• Include personal information such as social
• Quantify accomplishments when possible.
security number, age, marital status, etc.
• Begin phrases with action verbs that
• Abbreviate (except for states).
emphasize your accomplishments.
• Use trite phrases such as “seeking a
• Print hard copies on high-quality bond paper
challenging position” or “to obtain a
in white, ivory, or light gray.
meaningful position working with people.”
• Refer to samples in this Guide for well-
• Include your citizenship unless you’re
designed resumes.
concerned it might not be apparent from
• Have a peer or professional advisor critique your name and/or address. If you’re
your resume. uncertain, speak with a career advisor.
• Use the passive voice.
• Include generic interests such as reading,
traveling, sports.
• Include “References Available Upon
Request”; it will be assumed.
41
Cornell Career Services
Improving Your Resume
In these resume examples, we provide a wide range of experience, skills,
and formats. Labels indicating the different formats are intended to
provide a context, not to imply a particular format is uniquely suited to
the information presented in that resume. Look through the section and
take from the resumes what works best for you. Return to the section on Before
resumes (pages 35-37) for additional information.
SKILLS: 4Excel 4FASS 4Harvard Business Graphics 4dBaseIII Plus 4WordStar 4Display
Write 4Speak Mandarin Chinese
42
Cornell Career Services
After
General
1. Consistent style
2. Effective, accurate action verbs Min Kyung (Lillian) Chang
mkc34@cornell.edu
BUSINESS Financial Accounting • Human Resources Management • Marketing • Statistics
COURSES Business Management • Microeconomics • Macroeconomics • Calculus
ACTIVITIES/ ESL (English as a Second Language) Tutor for group of 5 student spouses.
INTERESTS Arts and Sciences Peer Advisor—Counsel students on academic courses of study.
President, Minority Business Students Association, 2008-2009.
Co-Chair, Chinese Students Association Annual Charity Fund Drive—raised $5,000.
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Sample Resumes
Chronological Resume
John S. Hughes
Current Address Permanent Address
124 Catherine Street 32 Lexington Avenue
Ithaca, NY 14850 Roanoke, VA 23901
(607) 277-5332 (815) 583-8549
jsh23@cornell.edu JHughes620@aol.com
HONORS/ Dean’s List for 2 years • Cornell Tradition Fellow • Marine Corps League Scholarship • John G. Lynch
AWARDS Foundation Scholarship • Delaware Scholastic Press 1st Place Award for Satire • Named Outstanding
Senior Athlete by Cornell Daily Sun
Editor 2007-2009
Journal of Law and Public Policy, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY
Proofread and edited articles. Formatted magazine, named one of top two college journals in country.
ACTIVITIES Cornell University MenÕ s Basketball, Captain: Provided leadership to team for two seasons.
Cornell University Glee Club, Vice-President: Planned, coordinated, and supervised all Glee Club social activities,
including events with alumni and other campus groups. Organized club participation in campus intramural sports.
Increased campus exposure of club through informal performances and distribution of information pamphlets.
DeWitt Middle School: Tutored sixth, seventh, and eighth grade students in reading, writing, mathematics, and
history. Focused on developing good writing and analytic skills.
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Functional Resume
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Sample Resumes
Combination Resume
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Cornell Career Services
Limited Experience
Government/Health Care
Laura Jones
lbj72@cornell.edu
206/341-8962
OBJECTIVE
A summer internship in government, with a focus on health-care policy issues.
EDUCATION
Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, College of Human Ecology. B.S. expected 2012
CAPABILITIES
• Academic background. Excelled in science courses in high school; entered college with 12 credits from AP
courses in biology, chemistry, and physics. Selected biology and society major at Cornell. Taking courses in
government and policy during freshman year.
• Leadership. Served as president of student body during senior year in high school. Organized efforts to
sponsor series of speakers from local government offices. Enacted changes in election procedures. Worked
closely with school administrators in helping students cope with death of a student.
• Strong interpersonal skills. Interact effectively with the public. Assisted hundreds of patrons daily during
after-school and summer job at fast food restaurant. Recognized by former teachers and supervisors as being
outgoing and friendly.
• Health-care experience. Served as hospital volunteer at local hospital for several years during high school;
volunteered in admissions over college breaks. Helped orient patients and assisted them in locating appropriate
hospital departments.
• Computer skills. Use variety of computer programs. Skilled in MS Word, PowerPoint, and Adobe InDesign.
WORK/VOLUNTEER HISTORY
Temporary Assistant, Alliance Home Services, Seattle, WA, June-July 2008
Fast Food Worker, Burger King, Seattle, WA, January 2006-August 2007
Volunteer, King County Hospital, Seattle, WA, October 2004-January 2009
ACTIVITIES
Prelaw Undergraduate Society, Cornell University, February-May 2009
National Honor Society, Nathan Hale High School, 2007-2008
Student Government, Nathan Hale High School, 2006-2009
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Cornell Career Services
Sample Resumes
Limited Experience
Labor
MARK DAVIDSON
3461 Dickson Hall Telephone: (607) 253-6201
Cornell University E-Mail: mcd13@cornell.edu
Ithaca, NY 14853
OBJECTIVE
EDUCATION
HONORS/AWARDS
• Two-time national qualifier in speech and debate competition June 2007 and June 2008
• Ranked 26th in U.S. in Foreign Extemporaneous Speaking June 2008
• Xerox Corporation Book Award for work in humanities in high school May 2007
• Two-time runner up at State Competition for Mock Trial March 2006 and March 2007
• National Forensics League Award of Superior Distinction (highest student honor) June 2006
• Lawrence Feldman Memorial Award June 2006
(awarded to student who best exemplifies teamwork without regard for personal gratification)
• Quill and Scroll Broadcast Journalism Award March 2007
LEADERSHIP SKILLS
• Graduation Speaker (elected), Horace Mann High School Class of 2008 June 2008
• President, National Forensics League, Horace Mann High School Chapter 2007-2008
• Varsity Speech Team, Cornell University Forensics Society January 2009 to Present
• Circle K Community Service Organization, Cornell University January 2009 to Present
• National Qualifier and New York State Extemporaneous Speaking Champion April 2009
• ILR Ambassador (provide information to prospective ILR students) Fall 2008 to Present
WORK EXPERIENCE
• Line Worker, Waterway Gas & Wash Company, St. Louis, MO Winter 2008, Summers 2007 and 2008
• Senior Student Advisor, Learning Consultants Inc., St. Louis, MO Fall 2007
• Camp Counselor, Jewish Community Center Association, St. Louis, MO Summer 2007
COMPUTER SKILLS
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Related Experience
Research
ALEXANDRA CRUZ
AWARDS ational Society of Collegiate Scholars • New York State Merit Scholarship • Science
N
Technology Entry Program Scholarship • United Federation of Teachers Scholarship
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Sample Resumes
Related Experience
Finance
Jennifer Quintana
jq25@cornell.edu
EDUCATION____________________________________________________________________________________________
Cornell University, School of Hotel Administration, Ithaca, NY
Candidate for Bachelor of Science Degree, May 2009; Cumulative GPA: 3.74
Concentration: Corporate Finance; Concentration GPA: 4.0
Dean’s List; Golden Key Honour Society
RELEVANT COURSES___________________________________________________________________________________
Finance Corporate Finance Financial & Managerial Accounting
Statistics International Marketing International Financial Management
Micro- and Macro-economics International Economics Advanced Hospitality Accounting
EXPERIENCE___________________________________________________________________________________________
DEUTSCHE BANC ALEX. BROWN, New York, NY January-July 2008
Equity Research Analyst
• Assisted Senior Equity Research Analysts covering lodging, timeshare, and skiing industries
• Created Pricing Integrity Study to investigate yield management practices of fifteen hotel brands
• Performed research and wrote Initial Coverage reports on one vacation rental and three skiing companies
• Attended quarterly earnings conference calls and wrote FirstCall notes on companies’ financial performance
• Updated an Economic Value Added (EVA) analysis of lodging C-Corps and lodging REITs
• Assisted in developing revenue and earnings models for vacation rental and three skiing companies
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Cornell Career Services
Focused Objective
Manufacturing
SANDRA GOODALL
Current Address Permanent Address
303 Dryden Road 74 Victor Road
Ithaca, NY 14850 White Plains, NY 10550
607-256-2962 706-239-8081
sg45@cornell.edu
OBJECTIVE A position applying operations research and economics skills to analyze and solve
manufacturing problems.
HONORS/ Dean’s List • National Action Council for Minorities in Engineering (NACME)
AWARDS Scholarship • Texas Instruments Scholarship • Cornell Engineering Minority Programs
Award for Academic Excellence • Mellon/Ford Research Grant • Carl R. Gilbert Memorial
Scholarship
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Cornell Career Services
Sample Resumes
Some Related Experience
Human Resources
KIM CARDELLA
kc22@cornell.edu
Permanent address: 16 Eastview Lane, Buffalo, NY 14120 • 716/268-4132
Current address: 614 Bryant Street, Apartment #3, Ithaca, NY 14850 • 607/257-6913
RELEVANT COURSES
Staffing, Training and Development • Macro/Micro Organizational Behavior • Macro/Micro Economics •
Labor and Employment Law • Human Resource Economics and Public Policy • Employee Relations • Staffing
Organizations • Training
WORK EXPERIENCE
ADDITIONAL Excel • Microsoft Word • Adobe InDesign • LexisNexis • Photoshop • Microsoft Access •
SKILLS PowerPoint
AWARDS Cornell Tradition • NYS Merit Scholarship • Cornell Club of Greater Buffalo Scholarship
ACTIVITIES Alpha Omicron Pi Sorority, Social Chairperson (Fall 2006), Alumnae Relations (Spring/
Fall 2007) • ILR Student Advisor • Society for Human Resource Management (SHRM) •
Attended 2008 SHRM National Conference in Las Vegas, NV
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Focus Outside Major
Marketing
JULIA P. GORDON
321 W. Buffalo Street #2A 12381 Lakewood Avenue
Ithaca, NY 14850 Syracuse, NY 13201
(607) 272-8181 (315) 358-1226
jpg322@cornell.edu
EXPERIENCE
Summer 2009 New York & Company, New York, NY
Marketing/Merchandising Intern, Sport Collections Department
• Prepared and maintained weekly size, color, and related selling reports for key department items
• Developed merchandise test forms; followed up on test merchandise
• Contributed to department and company-wide meetings
• Attended seminars on marketing strategies
• Participated in store’s daily activities, including assisting sales associates and interviewing customers
about preferences
Spring 2009 Cornell University, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Ithaca, NY
Public Speaking Teaching Assistant
• Lectured to 100+ class in absence of professor; prepared two complete lectures
• Evaluated and provided feedback on student outlines and speeches
• Graded mid-term examinations with quick turn-around time
• Modeled effective public speaking skills to class
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Sample Resumes
Related and Unrelated Experience
General Business
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Significant Related Experience
Research
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Sample Resumes
Graduate Student
Technical
Peter M. Chu
Current Address: pmc9001@cornell.edu Permanent Address:
112 Sage Place, Room 911 134 West 53rd Avenue
Ithaca, NY 14850-4479 Vancouver, BC, Canada V5Y 2W2
(607) 227-6051 (778) 320-7097
Relevant Design of Distributed Software Applications • Advanced Topics on Computer Systems • System Security •
Courses Operating and File Systems • Introduction to Relational Databases • Software Engineering • Software
Project Management • Empirical Methods in Machine Learning and Data Mining • Computer Graphics
SPECIALIZED Programming Languages: C, C++, Delphi, Java (J2EE, J2SE), SQL, VB, VB.NET
SKILLS Web Development: ASP, ASP.NET, ColdFusion, HTML, JavaScript, PHP, VB Script
Tools: Crystal Reports, Delphi Quick Reports, Impromptu, Matlab
Languages: Fluent in Cantonese and Mandarin; Proficient in Japanese
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Cornell Career Services
Interviews
A
job interview provides an opportunity for an attitude and conveys a professional demeanor. (Refer to
employer and candidate to meet, assess one “Practice” beginning on page 59 for more tips.)
another, and make an informed decision about • Schedule the call in a room free of interruptions. Never
whether to proceed in the hiring process. You’ll prob- interrupt a phone interview to take another call or speak
ably have several interviews with an employer before to someone who enters the room.
receiving a job offer.
Face-to-Face Interviews
The employer must learn about your qualifications in One or more employer representatives interview the candi-
relation to a specific position and will evaluate your: date. When two or more interviewers are involved, they
• Abilities—skills that match job requirements.* may meet with the candidate together or consecutively.
• Accomplishments—a pattern of success. Meetings can take place on campus; at the employment
• Personal qualities—attributes that are likely to site; or in a restaurant, hotel, or other facility.
contribute to your success with the organization.* Panel Interviews
• Enthusiasm—your desire to work for this employer in Several employer representatives, usually from different
this position. parts of the organization, interview the candidate at the
• Short- and long-term goals—a sense of direction and same time. The panel interview can be stressful because
interest in the career field. questions may come quickly on a variety of topics.
*See list of qualities and skills employers value on pages
4 and 38. Group Interviews
Several candidates participate together in a group inter-
As a candidate, you should take a critical look at the view. When a question is posed to the group, an employer
organization to consider your: can observe behaviors and assess candidates’ interactions
• Ongoing interest in the specific position—short- and and interpersonal, leadership, and teamwork skills.
long-term goals for challenging and interesting work. Videoconferencing and Internet Interviewing
• Comfort level with the employer—stability of business, These formats are cost-effective for an employer located
“fit” with supervisor and colleagues, etc. in a distant city, and may occur on or off campus using
• Advancement and promotion opportunities—training special equipment. Wear solid clothing that contrasts with
and mentoring programs, etc. your skin tone, focus on the interviewer’s image, speak
clearly, and avoid quick movements.
During pre-screening interviews, usually by telephone,
the employer narrows the applicant pool by identifying
the strongest candidates to invite for an interview. In Selection Interview Approaches
hiring/selection interviews, typically in a face-to-face
An employer chooses an interview approach that tests the
meeting, the employer determines whom to hire based on
job candidate’s skills, personal qualities, and fit for the
in-depth questioning.
job. Try to learn what kind of interview you will have so
that you can prepare fully.
Hiring/Selection Interviews TRADITIONAL INTERVIEWS
Descriptions of some selection interview styles follow. In the most widely used interview technique, an employer
Telephone and face-to-face interviews are the most asks questions that pertain to the job and your qualifica-
common of these for entry-level positions. tions for it. The interviewer may ask questions about what
you would do in certain hypothetical situations like those
Telephone Interviews
that would arise in the job. The employer generally asks
Sometimes employers find it efficient to conduct initial
similar questions of all candidates to compare and distin-
selection interviews by phone. The content may be similar
guish them from one another.
to other interviews you have, but additional preparation is
needed for these interviews: BEHAVIORAL INTERVIEWS
• Keep close at hand a copy of your resume, notes on the The behavioral approach to interviewing is based on the
organization, appointment calendar, and questions you premise that past performance and actions can predict
want to ask the employer. how a candidate will behave in similar situations in the
• Dress for the interview just as if it were in person; future. That is, if you have been successful previously in
you’ll perform more professionally. demonstrating capabilities and personal qualities neces-
• Practice ahead of time using a tape recorder. Strive sary to do the job, then you are likely to perform the
for a clear, confident voice that projects a positive same way again.
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Interviews
In traditional interviews, questions are often open-ended
and hypothetical. In the behavioral approach, the employer
asks for descriptions of your performance in an actual
Typical Interview Format
situation. For example, when interactions with others in 10% Introduction (small talk, ice breaker)
a work group are highly important, questions in the two 60% Focus on you
approaches could be:
• Traditional: How would you handle disagreeing with 20% Focus on the position/organization
a colleague’s approach to solving a problem you’re 10% Your questions and conclusion
working on together?
• Behavioral: Tell me about a time when you worked
on a group project and disagreed with another team websites of companies such as Capital One, Bain, and
member’s ideas. McKinsey; consult resources in the CCS Library (e.g.,
Ace Your Case! Consulting Interviews; Case in Point:
Successful Behavioral Interviewing Complete Case Interview Preparation, etc.).
The interviewer will be assessing your ability to identify • Learn common statistics that may be helpful in
a situation that is a good example of a particular skill
solving/substantiating your solutions (e.g., world popu-
to explain the role you played in the situation, and to
lation, U.S. population, number of U.S. households,
describe the results of your actions. If you frame your
etc.).
responses using the “STAR” approach, you’ll make the
interviewer’s task easier: • Schedule a mock case interview to gain confidence in
• Situation/Task: provide a good example from your past the process and develop approaches to different types
experience. of questions.
• Actions: specify what you did in that situation. Successful Case Interviewing
• Results: detail the outcomes of your efforts. During the interview, you’ll need to retrieve the pertinent
Sample Skills and Related Behavioral Questions information from the question, ask the interviewer for
Goal setting. Tell me one of the most significant goals more details, and make appropriate assumptions:
you’ve set at Cornell and how you achieved it. • Understand the question. Listen actively to the ques-
Time management. Describe a time when you had to set tion and take notes, if necessary. Summarize the
priorities to meet a deadline. question and verify the objective.
Problem solving. Tell me about a situation in which you • Think logically. Determine what additional informa-
might have missed an obvious solution to a problem. tion you need and the key issues you should address.
Decision making. Tell me about a time when you had to Ask questions to probe for additional information
make an unpopular decision. needed to analyze the problem, develop assumptions,
Leadership or supervision. Describe an instance in
and determine a solution(s).
which you had to motivate others.
• Analyze the information and establish a hypothesis.
CASE INTERVIEWS Substantiate your response and provide logical back-up
An interview including case questions is typical for for answers. Explain what case facts led to your
management consulting and analytical positions. conclusion. If your final answer seems flawed (e.g.,
Questions are usually about hypothetical situations and number too high), don’t be afraid to go back and
can be ambiguous in nature. The purpose is to test your reevaluate it.
analytical and problem-solving skills in assessing the • Organize and structure your response. Organize a
issues and developing a solution to the problem posed. response and use common frameworks (for instance,
Preparing for Case Interviews Porter’s 5 Forces, The 3 C’s, The 4 P’s, etc.). Keep in
Practice is the key to becoming adept at case questions. mind that the focus is as much on your approach as on
Prepare in advance so you’ll know what to expect. your solution.
• Familiarize yourself with the types of questions that • Have a conversation, but be concise. Talk through
may be asked. Attend employer information sessions your answer with the interviewer and explain your
and workshops; meet with a Cornell Career Services thought process. Confine your response to the question
(CCS) advisor; refer to sample case questions on asked.
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• Be innovative. Brainstorm creative solutions, and alumni and others in similar organizations to increase
don’t be afraid to offer alternatives. your knowledge of the career field and the industry. (See
• Be adaptable. Show ability to tailor your response to Career Networking on page 6.)
changing situations. Ask if you are on track with your
assumptions, but don’t let mistakes distract you. Stay Online resources such as wetfeet.com, vaultreports.com,
focused on your response. hoovers.com, LexisNexis, and CareerSearch.net provide
• Summarize. Make a summary or conclusion at the end. valuable employer information.
Types and Examples of Case Questions Identify Connections Between You and the Position
There are four main types of case questions: • List major points about yourself in relation to the posi-
• Brain teasers test your ability to think quickly “on tion. Note specific examples to support each point and
your feet” and to handle pressure. Example: How many decide how to present them.
street lights are there in NYC? • Analyze your academic, experiential, and extracur-
• Market-sizing questions test your quantitative skills ricular activities to discover what they reveal about
and ingenuity. Example: What will the market for your strengths, values, and interests.
laptops be in ten years? • Determine the answers to key questions: Why do I want
• Business-operations questions assess your knowledge
this job? How am I qualified? What makes me a prime
of basic business principles, such as revenues and costs,
candidate? What are my strengths and weaknesses rela-
fixed and variable expenses, etc. Example: A bank
tive to the position?
discovers that its customer turnover is 25% higher than
• Review your resume and be prepared to explain what
its competitorsÕ . Why?
you accomplished, why you performed tasks a certain
• Business strategy problems focus on your analytical
ability and strategic thinking for advising clients on way, what you gained from the experience, and how it
future directions, diversifying product lines, outsourcing helped prepare you for your desired career field.
labor, etc. Example: A sock manufacturer is consid- Develop Questions to Ask the Interviewer
ering exporting to Germany. What should we advise? Formulate questions covering a broad range of topics of
STRESS INTERVIEWS interest to you—business direction and goals, business
While not widely used, this approach is more typical of philosophy and management style, competitive stance
fast-paced positions where quick decisions under pressure and market growth projections, and career paths/career
are needed, for example, sales and trading. The interviewer enhancements—based on your research of the organi-
poses questions and comments in a challenging or aggres- zation and understanding of the position. (Refer to the
sive manner to evaluate your composure, confidence questions on page 64.)
level, and response to adverse situations. Interruptions, Take Advantage of Resources
quick subject changes, testing, and uncomfortable physical A search of the CCS Library holdings in 103 Barnes Hall,
settings are common in this interview technique. using the keyword “interviewing,” will help you identify
many resources on effective interviewing techniques,
Steps to Success in Interviewing including:
• Interview for Success: A Practical Guide to Increasing
Step 1—Prepare Job Interviews, Offers, and Salaries by Krannich and
Krannich.
Research the Position and the Organization • Sweaty Palms: The Neglected Art of Being Interviewed
Obtain a detailed job description, if possible, and be by Medley.
prepared to mention job responsibilities during the inter- • How to Make a Million Dollar First Impression by
view. Attend employer information sessions and read Goldman and Smythe.
the organization’s website and literature, news articles
on the employer, and other information sources to learn Step 2—Practice
about products and services; size (sales and number
of employees, locations, etc.); employer strengths, Analyze and Improve Your Communication Skills
values, and distinguishing characteristics; recent stock • Use proper language, grammar, and diction. Avoid
performance, if a publicly traded firm; key staff and orga- pauses using “um” and “uh,” and filler words such as
nizational structure; competitors and growth potential; “you know,” “like,” or “okay.”
and industry trends. Conduct information interviews with • Eliminate nervous mannerisms.
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Interviews
• Be aware of what your posture, gestures, and facial • Ask about next steps so that you understand the
expressions are communicating. For example, poor employer’s time frame for filling the job before leaving
posture may be viewed as lack of self-confidence. an interview.
Become Comfortable Talking About Yourself
• Familiarize yourself with the types of questions inter- Step 4—Evaluate
viewers ask (see page 63), and practice well thought-out
answers in front of a mirror, with a friend, or using a Make it a point to learn something from your interview
tape recorder. experience, even one that didn’t go as well as you had
• Rehearse responses, but don’t memorize them. hoped. Analyze your performance immediately after each
• Overcome any discomfort in discussing your strengths. interview, asking yourself:
• Be prepared to articulate your weaknesses. Try to • Was I properly prepared?
focus your weaknesses on job inexperience rather than • Was I able to keep the interviewer’s attention?
on personal limitations. Explain what actions you are • Which questions were particularly tough?
taking to correct the weaknesses. • Did I learn enough about the job? Did the interviewer
• Schedule a practice interview with a career advisor. learn enough about me to decide whether I’m right for
Simulating the interview can help you develop the job?
responses to questions and heighten awareness of your Meet with a career advisor to discuss difficult questions
body language. Videotaping of the interview may be or issues about the interview.
available to assist you in analyzing your performance.
Practice Interviewing Techniques Step 5—Follow Up
• Be sure you understand a long or complex ques- Following each interview, write a short and timely letter
tion before you answer. Don’t hesitate to ask for of appreciation to the interviewer. (See example on page
clarification. 30.) This will demonstrate professionalism and give you
• Take time to think about your answer before you begin; an opportunity to make another positive impression.
short pauses are acceptable. • Include any information or documents requested during
• Learn to generate answers that are neither too long the interview.
(over two minutes) nor too short (under twenty • Restate briefly any points you think you may not have
seconds). communicated effectively, or add an important point
• Frame your answer with introductory words when you may have forgotten.
appropriate, for example, “I see three main points that • S end a letter or e-mail to the key contact person who
relate to this issue. First, ...” arranged an on-site visit, and request that your thanks
be conveyed to others involved in the interview process.
Step 3—Perform • C onsider sending a separate letter to your potential
supervisor, if you interviewed with that person.
During the interview, your objective is to demonstrate
how you can meet the employer’s needs and goals. Expenses
• Focus your answers by emphasizing your accomplish- If claiming reimbursable expenses, submit original
ments and experience. receipts and state an accurate total in a timely manner.
• Be positive. Negative comments about past experiences Application Status
could give the impression that you’re hard to get along • C
all to ask for an update on your status if you haven’t
with. heard from the employer a week or so after the stated
• Demonstrate your enthusiasm and self-confidence by time frame.
relaxing and smiling. • R
ealize that activities and decisions may be delayed
• Watch for clues that the interviewer is connecting with during holiday and prime vacation periods.
you. Change your approach if he or she does not seem If you receive a rejection from an employer for whom
interested and relaxed, or fails to maintain eye contact. you would like to work, follow up with another letter
If the interviewer appears puzzled, stop and restate your reiterating your interest in the organization and
reply. If he or she seems to have lost interest, ask if you expressing your desire to be considered for other
have covered the point adequately. positions in the future.
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Interview Tips
F Grooming
irst impressions are lasting impressions. Research
shows that judgments are made in the first 30
seconds of an introduction. Typically people notice • Wear clothes that fit well and are clean and pressed. Be
your clothing, face, hands, and shoes immediately. Your sure there are no rips/tears, missing buttons, or lint, and
attire and appearance are non-verbal statements about remove tags from new clothes.
who you are and what you do. If you take care in your • Make sure your hair is clean and neat. Men should be
appearance, the interviewer can assume that you will take clean shaven or have facial hair neatly trimmed.
care on the job. • Check fingernails to ensure they’re clean. Wear only
neutral shades of nail polish.
• Make sure shoes are clean, polished, and in good
Attire condition.
• Practice good hygiene and avoid heavy use of cologne,
• Business attire consists of a two-piece suit in a conser-
perfume, and strongly scented body products such as
vative color (black, gray, navy) with a dress shirt/
after-shave or deodorant.
blouse and matching-color or dark shoes/pumps with
low or medium heels. Men should wear conservative
ties.
• Business casual attire varies from one organization to
another. In some settings this may mean a coordinated
jacket and slacks/skirt and shirt/blouse. In other offices,
khakis/slacks and a shirt/blouse may be the norm. No
tie is required for men.
Do
• Wear clothes that make you feel confident.
When deciding what to wear for different recruiting
events, consider the following guidelines: • Coordinate your belt and shoe colors.
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Cornell Career Services
Interview Tips
Etiquette Travel
Before the Interview • Accept the invitation only if you are seriously inter-
• R ecord a professional-sounding voice mail on your ested and haven’t accepted or intend to accept another
answering machine. Remove any inappropriate language, job offer.
music, and other recordings. Employers begin to form • Clarify before the visit what portion of expenses
an impression of you through phone contact. the employer will cover, if you will need to prepay
• Plan ahead for conflicts with other interviews, exams, reimbursable expenses, and who will make travel and
etc. Inform the employer immediately if for some good hotel arrangements. Submit receipts for reimbursable
reason you must cancel or change the date of your expenses.
interview.
• Arrive for your interview ten to fifteen minutes early.
• Treat administrative staff with the same courtesy you Social-Networking Websites
give interviewers.
• Be aware that some employers are using social-
During the Interview networking websites like Facebook and MySpace to
Do prescreen applicants before offering them an interview
• Turn off your cell phone. or extending a job offer.
• Give the interviewer a firm handshake. • Make sure that your content on these sites will not deter
• Be enthusiastic, confident, courteous, and honest. prospective employers.
• Be aware of your non-verbal behavior.
• Convey interest and knowledge of the position and
organization.
Meals
• Stress willingness, ability, and compatibility. • Consider the impression you will make at meals while
• Present the best of your background or qualifications. interviewing. Meals may seem less formal than on-site
• Listen to the questions carefully and give clear, concise, interviews, but they are just as important.
and thoughtful answers.
• Recognize that employers are evaluating you not only
• Thank the interviewer for his/her time and ask for his/
on your responses, but also on your demeanor: can you
her business card.
converse intelligently, demonstrate good manners, and
Don’t project a pleasant personality?
• Address the interviewer by his/her first name unless • Keep in mind that you should:
invited to do so. ° Place napkin in lap once everyone is seated, on seat
• Let the employer’s casual approach fool you into when stepping away, and loosely next to plate when
thinking you can drop your professional image. leaving event.
• Dominate the interview or appear arrogant.
° Not discuss food restrictions or aversions.
• Criticize yourself or discuss your personal problems.
• Speak or act in a nervous manner. ° Maintain excellent posture and do not lean elbows
• Ask questions the interviewer has already answered. on the table.
• Interrupt when the interviewer is talking. ° Avoid foods that are difficult to eat, have strong
• Bring up negative information about past jobs, smells, or may stick to your teeth.
co-workers, former employers, professors, etc. ° Order menu items that are mid-range in price, or ask
the host for his or her recommendation.
After the Interview
• Send your follow-up letters promptly. ° Choose a light meal—you will be talking more than
• Return phone calls during normal business hours as eating!
soon as possible. The longer you wait to return a call, ° Avoid alcoholic beverages in general. Consume no
the greater the likelihood that employers will assume alcohol unless you are of legal age, and even then do
you’re not interested in the position. not exceed one drink.
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Questions from Employers
Practice answers to typical interview questions to increase your confidence and
potential for success. The following are examples of questions an employer might
ask you. Understanding the employerÕ s goal in asking these questions will help you
prepare effective responses.
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Questions to Employers
Employers expect candidates to come to interviews prepared to ask questions.
Base your questions on your research of the organization and career field. Avoid
asking questions that you could answer through other means, such as reading
corporate literature or websites. Throughout the interview process, your goal will
be to assess your interest in the position and to demonstrate your enthusiasm.
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Illegal Interview Questions
Questions structured to obtain information regarding your race, gender, religion,
marital status, age, physical and/or mental status, ethnic background, country of
origin, vital statistics, sexual preference, or any other discriminatory factor are
generally illegal as grounds for making employment decisions.
With few exceptions, factors such as those listed above contribute nothing to your ability to perform a job, and
an employer must substantiate those cases where a direct relationship is thought to exist. Inquiries related to your
ability to perform a job, convictions of a crime, or other job offers or interviews obtained are not illegal.
How to Respond
If faced with a potentially discriminatory question during an employment interview, you are under no
obligation to provide an answer. Be aware that such questions might be examples of stress questions, and you
should be prepared to respond to them. Based on your personal preference and experience, you may choose to
answer such questions briefly, but you should understand that volunteering such information may have negative
consequences. Understanding the employer’s concern, however, might help you to structure a response.
Indirect Response
Address the employer’s underlying concern without directly answering the question. If an employer asks a
question about your plans for marriage or family, the underlying concern is likely to be your ability to travel
or to be at work during business hours, or your commitment to remain with the organization. Although you
need not answer the question directly, you might acknowledge the employer’s concern and give assurance
that your personal life will not interfere with your career responsibilities. Example: “I understand that you are
concerned about my abilities to carry out the responsibilities of this position, and I assure you I will be able to.”
Direct Response
A more direct but less comfortable response is to mention your concern that the issue has no apparent bearing
on your qualifications or ability to do the job. You may ask for clarification of the reason such information is
requested or how it relates to the job discussed. Example: “It’s not clear to me why you are asking about this.
Can you please explain?”
At Cornell
Organizations that recruit at Cornell are required to sign an Affirmative Action/Equal Opportunity Employer
statement asserting that they do not participate in discriminatory hiring practices. If at any time you feel
uncomfortable with the questions or actions of an on-campus interviewer (including those which could be
interpreted as sexual harassment), you should immediately inform staff at the career office that is hosting the
interview.
• Are you married? • Have you ever been arrested?
• Do you plan to have children? • What type of military discharge did you
obtain?
• What are your child-care ar range ments?
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Job Offers
W
hen you receive a job offer, you will of course Other Factors
be excited by and pleased at your success—and • Employer reputation and stability.
you should be. Even if you receive what seems • Job-related expenses, such as formal business attire and
to be a great offer, don’t be tempted to accept the posi- transportation.
tion without considering your options. It’s important that • Availability of safe, convenient, and affordable housing.
you accept a position for the right reasons to increase the • Facilities and working conditions.
chances you’ll be satisfied over the long term. • Distance from family and friends.
• Cultural, athletic, and entertainment activities in the
local community.
Considering the Offer • Any “catches,” such as a restrictive non-competition clause
Cornell Career Services has policies that require employers that would limit your options for subsequent positions.
to give you reasonable time to make your decision about
a job offer. (You can see the full offer policies at career. Negotiating a Salary Package
cornell.edu.) Come in to see a CCS career advisor if you Don’t assume that you are expected to negotiate a higher
need help with this process. salary. For some industries, such as investment banking,
base salary offers from on-campus recruiting for under-
Evaluate your choices objectively relative to your own graduates are not negotiable. Those employers have
personal/professional goals: what’s right for you isn’t large entry-level “classes” and want to start all first-year
necessarily right for someone else. For most entry-level employees on equal footing.
positions, the work itself, the level of responsibility, and
the opportunity to learn new skills should be weighed On the other hand, it is not considered impolite or unpro-
more heavily than the initial salary. Advancement oppor- fessional to negotiate if you have legitimate reasons for
tunities can make an initial salary differential negligible requesting reconsideration of one or more terms of an
within just a few years. offer. Just make sure you have all the information you
need to negotiate effectively. If the salary is fair, it is
It may be helpful to create a list of the “pros” and “cons” better to negotiate on other issues, such as a signing bonus.
of a job opportunity, considering factors such as work
environment, organization culture, and compensation: Negotiate with facts, not feelings. A statement such as
“I have had three internships in the field and will have a
Work Environment/Culture shorter learning curve than other new hires” is far more
• Comfort level with supervisor and potential colleagues. effective than “I feel that I am more qualified than the
• Formal training program and educational opportunities. average student.” You may be more qualified, but that
• Amount of travel required. is probably why the employer is offering you a position!
• Typical career path after the first or second year.
• Long-term advancement opportunities. If you decide to negotiate on salary, you will need to
• Locations of other branches of the organization. suggest a salary range based on how your industry rates in
Opportunity/requirement to relocate. national salary surveys. Be prepared to accept the low end
• J ob security. of that range. Use the following resources, adjusting for
Compensation Package inflation from the time of the survey to the present:
• S
tarting salary.
• Postgraduate surveys of Cornellians, available on the
• F
ringe benefits package, including health insurance,
CCS website (career.cornell.edu, “Surveys and Salaries”).
retirement contributions, tuition reimbursement, etc.
• National Association of Colleges and Employers
• C
omparative salary and cost of living information (if
(NACE) Salary Survey, available in the CCS Library
choosing between offers).
in Barnes Hall.
• V
acation and other leave-with-pay time.
• Salary calculators, cost of living, and relocation expense
• S
chedule for the first performance review and possible
estimates available through websites such as salary.com.
salary increase.
• S
igning bonus, if offered.
• R
elocation stipend.
Delaying Your Response
• S
pousal/partner assistance in locating a new position. Learn from the employer when you need to respond
• S
tock options, if applicable. to a job offer. Depending on the time of year, most
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organizations will allow you at least a few weeks, and Declining an Offer
sometimes even a few months, to make your decision. Thank the employer for extending you an offer. Explain
If that decision date approaches before you complete the that you are accepting an offer that better matches your
interviewing process for other positions, you can ask for needs or desires at this time. Keep the door open for future
an extension. Don’t wait until the last minute to request associations with the firm. (See the sample declining offer
an extension, though, and provide a specific date by letter on page 34.)
which you will make your final decision. (See the sample
e-mail requesting an extension of time to respond below.)
Protecting Your Good Name
In general, employers are likely to be more generous in Accepting a job offer means that you have concluded your
offering time extensions during the fall semester, and are job search with a commitment to join the organization. Once
more conservative during the spring semester. you submit your letter of acceptance, you should withdraw
from all pending job-search activity. If you are tempted to
Responding to an Offer accept an offer and continue hunting for a “better offer,” that
should be a signal to you that something about the offer is
On or before your decision date, you should verbally not right for you, and you should not accept it.
inform the employer of your decision on the offer and
follow up with a well-written confirmation letter. Remember, the way you handle such decisions reflects
Accepting an Offer your values, priorities, and ethical/professional conduct
Express your enthusiasm to be joining the organization; and will contribute to your professional reputation.
and reiterate salary, start date, and position title. Specify Employers have been known to withdraw offers when
when you will meet any conditions of employment, such they learn that new hires are continuing the job search.
as completing a medical exam or providing required docu- In addition, your behavior affects future relationships
ments. (See the sample acceptance letter on page 33.) between the employer and Cornell.
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Cornell Career Services
Remember to Submit Your Resume
Discover a career with more.
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On Campus Interviews
Thursday, October 15, 2009
Contact your career placement office for interview
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