102 Physics for Competitions Vol.

II

%
i e . .,

D 180x60
asl' =
18Gx60
rad P - i -0.40
i .
e
., P~ -1 + 2.5 = l.S D Ans.
, 71 x 11 x 10
d> , Problem 52. A man who wears glasses ofpower 3 dioptre
.

i e . .,

-
m
180x60
must hold a newspaper at least 25 cm away to see the print
i .
e
., d> 3.2 m Ans. clearly. How far away would the newspaper have to be if he
So the minimum distance between the pillars at which they took off the glasses and still wanted clear vision?
are just resolved {i.e., distinct) from 11 km is 3.2 m.
Problem 49. A person cannot see distinctly any object
Solution: As here u = -0.25 and /= -5 = (1/3) m. from
111
placed beyond 40 cm from his eye. Calculate the power of the lens-formula P = -7 =-.we have
f v u
lens which will enable him to see distant stars clearly.
[MNR 1995] 3 = 1-1-
v -0.25
Solution: As the person cannot see objects clearly beyond or (1 /v) = 3 - 4 = -1 m, i.e., v = -1 m
0 4 m his far point is 0.4 m. He wants
i e the lens shifts the object from 25 cm to 1 m for clear
.
,
. .,

to see distant stars clearly i.e., distance ,

vision i.e., his near point is 1 m. So in absence of glasses, he
,

of object is infinity. So he should use

must hold the newspaper at a distance of 1 m away from his
lens which forms image of distant
eyes for clear vision. Ans.
object (m = -) at a distance of 40 cm
Problem 53. (a) What is the focal length of the reading
in front of it.
glass required by a person whose near point is 90 cm? {b) How
1 1
far would the person have to hold a book to be able to read
_

0 40
-

.
_ _
-

rf it while wearing reading glasses with a power of 2.0 D?

10 Solution: (a) As least distance of distinct vision is 25 cm
i e . .,
P= ~ = -2SD Ans.
while near point 90 cm u- - 25 cm and v = -90 cm. So from
,

Problem 50. (a) What is the power of the eye glasses worn 1 1 1
lens-formula P = ~f~ we have
~ "

by a person whose far point is 5 m? (b) Locate the virtual v u

image of an object 2 m in front of the eye glasses .

1

Solution: (a) As here far point is 5 m while for normal eye 7 -

90 -25
j

it is
1 13 . . ,
u - -oo and v = -5 m i e = J4 6 Cr
. .,

/ 430 0' J -

So J _
L _ I_ P [or P - 2.9D]
-

5 -OO / (b) As the power of specks is 2 D, i.e., /= (1/2) m -- 50

i e
. .,
P = - 0.2 D (dioptre) (or f ~ -5 m) cm and near point is 90 cm so from lens formula, ,

(b) If the object is at a distance of 2 m J _

i =
. 1 -14
1 J 90 u 50 ''e- u 450
J_ . i = _L_I
-

_ =
1e"
_

v -2 -5 v -5 2 or u = (-450/14) = -32.1 cm
1 7 10 ,
i the person should hold the book at a distance of 32.1
e
. .,

= "

u To 0r V ~ m cm from the lens {i.e., eye) for clear vision. Ans.

i
.
e., the virtual image ofobject (which is at 2 m) will be formed 3.7 Optical Instruments
at a distance of 1.43 m from the lens on the same side. Ans.
(A) Film or Slide Projector
Note: From this example it is dear that if far point is lesser than infin- It projects magnified image of an object on a screen and is
ity the specks form the image of distant object at far point The
shown diagrammatically in Fig. 3.92.
.

image of near objects in this situation is formed at a distance

greater than D ( = 25 cm). This is why persons wearing specks
for myopia can see near objects clearly without taking off spec-
tacles.

Problem 51. A far sighted man cannot focus distinctly on

objects closer than 1 m. What is the power of the lens that will
permit him to read from a distance of 40 cm?
Carbon Condensing Film or Projection
Solution: As here near point is 1 m and distance of object arc lens Slide lens
is 0.40 m both in front of lens , from lens formula,
P = 4r = -- i>we have Fig. 3.92
/ v u
 Refraction From Curved Surfaces and Lenses 103

In it inverted object is placed between Fand 2Foiprojection

lens so mat real magnified image is formed between IF and 4000 -7
~

,
/
on the other side The image is truly inverted (i.e. left is
.
,

or /-7 cm =70 mm [as (1/4000) (l/7)]

tamed into right with upside down simultaneously) with respect
i e
.focal length of projection lens is 70 mm.
.,
Ans.
to object and as object is placed inverted the image becomes ,

Problem 55. A slide projector lens has a focal length 10

erect. In case of film or slide projector :
cm. It throws an image of a 2 cm x 2 cm slide on a screen 5
(1) If a slide of thickness t and refractive index u is introduced
m from the lens. Find (a) the size of the picture on the screen
between projection lens and screen the slide will produce
a shift
and (b) the ratio of illumination of the slide and the picture
on the screen.
* =<[1 -(1/ji)] ...(1)
_
Solution: (a) As here/- 10 cm and v = 5 m = 500 cm
away from it. so for focusing the slide on the screen the
1 1 1 ,

screen should be shifted by a distance x away from the So from lens-formula ~ ~"
0 U f '
we have
lens.
1 500
(2) The lens-formula "

i e., u = cm
500 10
.

49
1 1 1 V 1
7 with m = ~
-=

u = jr
-
(2)
v u f O
.

So that _
(500) _ 19
is applicable. m ~

u (-500/49)
(3) If the sides of slide are a and b and magnification of Here negative sign means the image is inverted with respect
projection Sens is m, each side will become m times so to object. Now as here object is (2 cm x 2 cm) so the size
that the area of image formed of picture on the screen
i
A j = (ma) (mb) ~ m (ab) A | = (2 x 49 cm) x (2 x 49 cm)
2
or Aj - m A with A - ab ...(3) = (98 x 98) cm
(4) As area of image becomes m~ times that of object, the (b) As light energy passing per sec through slide is equal to
2
intensity of image will become (1 im ) times that of object
"

,
that in the picture on the screen,
as IA = /|.4,
IA = /j .1 j = lint2A So
L _
(ma) x (mb) = 2

h ~ A (axb)
i /j = (Ilrrt")
.
e .,
...(4)
(5) If the distance between projector and screen is r, then I 2
i e
j = (-49) = (49 x 49) Ans.
treating the projector as a point source and neglecting . .,

scattering effects, intensity at screen will be given by i e intensity in picture on the screen will be [1/(49 x 49)]
1 = (L/r2)
. .,

times lesser than that on the slide. This is why in case of

and so if everything except r remains unchanged ,
projector for observing image on a screen the source of light
"

M = -2| Ar
for - < 10% must be very powerful and the room dark.
1 r r
(B) Camera
if the distance is increased by 2%, intensity will
i .
e .,

decrease by 4% and if distance is decreased by 3%, (a) Pinhole Camera

intensity will increase by 6%. It is based on rectilinear
Problem 54. A 35 mm film is to be projected on a 20 m propagation of light and forms
wide screen situated at a distance of 40 m from the film- the so called &image, on the
projector. Calculate the distance of the film from the projection screen which is real and inverted
Fig. 3.93
lens and focal length of projection lens. as shown in Fig. 3.93. If an
Solution: As in case of projector, object of size O is situated at a distance u from the pinhole and
/
'
u its image of size I is formed at a distance v from the pinhole,
O u
8 = - =- i e.,
.
- -

p\--
u v u
(20 x 100 cm) 40 x 100
So i e., u = -7 cm So in case of pinhole camera:
(35 cm) u
.

I .
e .,
film is at a distance of 7 cm in front of projection lens. (1) If two objects of same size are placed at different
1 1 1 distances from pinhole, greater the distance of the object
And from lens-formula ~v ~ ~ - "7, here we have
_

u t
from rtinhole lesser will be 9 and so smaller will be the
104 Physics for Competitions Vol. il

image [Fig. 3.94 (A)]: the film can be adjusted is used. Usually object is real and
between = and 2F\ so the image is real. inverted diminished
,

O, O; and between F and 2F as shown in Fig. 3.t5 (A).

Lensv Shutter

(A)

(A) (B)
Ii =12
Fig. 3.95

Here lens-formula,
(B)
1 1 1 ., I v ...
Fig. 3.94 - =
7
-
with m = ~r ~
~

(1)
...
y )
v u f O u
(2) If the image of two-'objects is of same size, i.e., is applicable.
1 = 2 = In photographing an object, the image is first focused on the
Oj _
O2 Q. = Hi film by adjusting the distance between lens and film (called

Uj U2 r 02 U2 focusing). After focusing, aperture is set to a specific value
i e if the ratio of size of objects is equal to ratio of their
. .,
(for desired effect) and then film is exposed to light for a given
distances from the pinhole, images will be of equal size time through a shutter. For proper exposure of a particular
[Fig. 3.94 (B)j. film, a definite amount of light energy must be incident on the
(3) If the size of pinhole is reduced the intensity will also film*. So if/ is the intensity of light, Sis the light transmitting
reduce and image will become blurred due to diffraction area of lens and t is the exposure time, then for proper exposure,
effects. However, if the size ofhole is increased intensity / x S x t - constant
will also increase and image will again become blurred However, light transmitting area of a lens is proportional to
but this time due to super-position of image formed by the square of its aperture D; so above expression reduces to
different rays passing through the hole.
I x D2 x t = constant ...(2)
(4) The image formed on the screen by the pinhole camera
is neither a shadow nor a true image. It is not a shadow Here it is worthy to note that in case of a given camera:
as it is not dark and is not an image as the rays of light (1) If aperture is kept fixed, for proper exposure,
do not intersect each other and cannot be seen as an / x f = constt, i
.
e ., /ji] - I22
aerial image in absence of screen. It is the illuminated and if the source of light is a point
region of the screen by the hole through the light from
the object. ~

r1
2 X = TXh
r2
as/ = 4
Problem 56. A pinhole camera with 75 mm high film is to r

be used to take a picture of a 10 m high tree. The film is 150 (2) If intensity is kept fixed, for proper exposure,
mm from the pinhole. How far should the camera be from the
D1 x t = constant
tree to include the full height of the tree?
I
Solution: In case of pinhole camera, Time of exposures
O
1" J y (Aperture) 0)
0=- = i .
e., u = v x So if we take a photograph with a camera by setting large
v u >
aperture and small time of exposure or vice-versa, the film in
Here I = 75 mm, 0 = 10 m and v ~ 150 mm.,
both the cases may be properly exposed. However, if time of
(150 mm) exposure is small with large aperture, in the print near objects
So u = (10m) x = 20m Ans.
(75 mm) will be clear while distant hazy and if time of exposure is large
(b) Lens-Camera (with small aperture) distant objects will also be clear along
with near objects, i.e., increasing the time of exposure by
In it a converging lens whose aperture and distance from
reducing the aperture increases the depth of field.
*
The film which requires less light energy for proper exposure is called high speedfilm while the other low speed.
 Refraction From Curved Surfaces and Lenses 105

(3) The ratio of focal length to the aperture of lens is called So the range of movement between lens and film
/-number of the camera i.e., , = (52 7 - 50) = 2.7 mm
. Ans.
Focal length Problem 59. The lens of a certain 35 mm camera (where
f-number =
.(4) 35 mm film strip is used) has focal length 56 cm. Determine
Aperture
(a) its f-number if the diameter of the lens is 20 cm (b) its ,

if f-number of a camera is//11, it implies that aperture

e.g.,
exposure time for f/4 if it is (1/500) s for case (a).
is (1/11) of its focal length. In terms of /-number of a given Solution: (a)/number of a camera is defined as the ratio
camera, i.e., / = constt, of its focal length to aperture,
Aperture -r- (5)
r j number -
...

i
.
e .,
*

/-number = = =2.8
i smaller the /-number larger will be the aperture and
.
e.,
(b) As time of exposure t c (IAD) and /-number c (1 ID),
lesser will be the time of exposure and faster will be the so
camera. This is why movie cameras have very low /-numbers
time of exposure = (/-number)
such as ft 1.5.
In terms of /-number from Eqs, (3) and (5),
So >
4f t =
1 sec Ans.
(1/500) 28 j 250
Time of exposure c (f-number) ..(6) .

This is why /-numbers are such that square of one is nearly Problem 60. The proper exposure time for a photographic
double of its preceding one. print is 20 s at a distance of 0.6 m from a 40 candle power
lamp. How long will you expose the same print at a distance
/-No .
2 28 .
- 2-Jl 4 5 6-4 V2
.
8
of 1.2 m from a 20 candle power lamp?
(/-No.)3 4 8 16 32 64
Solution: In case of camera, for proper exposure
Problem 57. Photographs of the ground are taken from an I\D1xt\ = I2D12t2
air-craft, flying at an altitude of 2000 m, by a camera with a As here D is constant and 1 = (L/r )
lens offocal length 50 cm. The size of the film in the camera kX
x U = u
is 18 cm x 18 cm. What area ofthe ground can be photographed r\ r\
by this camera at any one time? 40 20
So x 20 = i e t = 160 sec Ans.
Solution: As here u = -2000 m,/= 0.50 m, so from lens- (0.6)2 (1.2)2
. .,

1 1 1
formula have
_

(C) Microscope
1 It is an optical instrument used to increase the visual angle
2000)
- 05 of near objects which are too small to be seen by naked eye.
(a) Simple Microscope
1 1 1 1 1
as
i e . .
,

v 05 .
2000 0.5 0
.
5

2000 It is also known as magnifying glass or simple magnifier
and consists of a convergent lens with object between its
i .
e., v = 0.5 m = 50 cm =/ focus and optical centre and eye close to it. The image formed
Now as in case of a lens,
by it is erect, virtual, enlarged and on same side of lens between
-
V 0-5 1..1A-3 object and infinity.
m u -2000 4 The magnifying power (MP) or angular magnification of a
So Ij = (ma)(mb) = m A [v A - ab]
2
simple microscope (or an optical instrument) is defined as the
ratio of visual angle with instrument to the maximum visual
18cm x18cm
i e . .,
A - h
m [(1/4) x 10"3]2
angle for clear vision when eye is unaided (i.e., when the
object is at least distance of distinct vision), i.e.,
= (720 m x 720 m) Ans .
,
*
<

Problem 58. The focal length of a small camera is 50 mm

and focusing range 1.2 m out to infinity. Find the range of h
'

movement necessary between lens and film.

Solution: When object is at the image will be at focus, j 2F F -j;-
i
.
e., closest to the lens at a distance of 5 cm = 50 mm from U-v = D to oo

the lens and when the object is at 1.2 m from the lens, image Unaided-eye Eye with instrument
will be at a distance v from the lens such that (A) (B)

1 1 . 120 - Fig. 3.96

-
120
i e., v =~
.

22 cm = 52 7 mm .
106 Physics for Competitions Vol. ii

Visual angle with instrument Solution? (a) As power of a lens is reciprocal of focal
MP length in m
Max. visual angle for unaided eye ,

2 1
If an object of size h is placed at a distance " (<5) from the 0 05 dioptre 20
(5 x KT'rn)
lens and its image of size h' is formed at a distance v (> D)
from the eye , (b) For relaxed eye, MP is minimum and will be
h' h A
i =- - -
v u
with =

D
MP = ~ .--- ?r5 - 5 x
f 5
0 h D D While for strained eye, MP is maximum and will be
so that MP = - X - -
On u h u D
Now there are two possibilities: MP = l + y = l + 5 = 6x Ans.

(a,) If the image is at infinity [Far point] Problem 62. A man with normal near point (25 cm) reads
1 a book with small print using a magnifying glass, a thin
In this situation from lens-formula - we have
convex lens offocal length 5 cm. (a) What is the closest and
1 i 1 farthest distance at which he can read the book when viewing
i e u=f
f through the magnifying glass? (b) What is the maximum and
. .,

CO -

minimum MP possible using the above simple microscope?

D D
So (2) Solution: (a) As for normal eye far and near points are =
MP = - = j ...

and 25 cm respectively so for magnifier umax = - and umjn

As here u is maximum* [as object is to be within focus], ,
=
25 cm. However, for a lens as
-

MP is minimum and as in this situation parallel beam of light

1 /
enters the eye, eye is least strained and is said to be normal ,
i e u = -
u f
/ {f/v) 1
. .,

relaxed or unstrained.
So u will be minimum when v = min - -25 cm
(a2) If the image is at D [Near point]
1 1 1
25
in this situation as v = -> from lens-formula
,
. we
'
i e
. .,
(It)m m.
'

= -417 cm
v u j
have
And u will be maximum when v = max

i e
1 4- ~
.
5
-
D
. .,

f i e (u) max = -5 cm
(5/oo) - 1
. .,

So the closest and farthest distances of the book from the

So MP = - = 1+ ,.. (3)
u magnifier (or eye) for clear viewing are 4.17 cm and 5 cm
As the minimum value of v for clear vision is D in this ,
respectively.
situation u is minimum* and hence this is the maximum possible (b) As in case of simple magnifier MP = (D/u). So MP will
be minimum when u = max = 5 cm
MP of a simple microscope and as in this situation final image
is closest to eye eye is under maximum strain.
,
D
i e .,
(MP)m!n= = 5xf
Here it is worthy to note that:
.

(1) Simple magnifier is an essential part of most of optical And MP will be maximum when u = min = (25/6) cm
instruments (such as microscope or telescope) in the -25 D
6x = 1 +
form of eye-piece or ocular. (MP) max :

-(25/6) L J
(2) The magnifying power (MP) is expressed in unit x. It is
different from the power of a lens which is expressed in (b) Compound Microscope
dioptre (D) and is equal to the reciprocal of focal length Construction
in metre. [See solved Problem 61.]
(3) With increase in wavelength of light used, focal length of It consists of two convergent lenses of short focal lengths
magnifier will increase and hence its MP will decrease. and aperturest arranged co-axially. Lens (of focal length f0)
Problem 61. If the focal length of a magnifier is 5 cm facing the object is called objective or field lens while the lens
calculate (a) the power of the lens (b) the magnifying power (of focal length /e) facing the eye, eye-piece or ocular. The
of the lens for relaxed and strained eye. objective has a smaller aperture and smaller focal length than
eye-piece. The separation between objective and eve-piece can
*
See Problem 62 (a).
t Aperture is small so that image is free from defects of image.
 Refraction From Curved Surfaces and Lenses 107

be varied. eye is Seast strained or relaxed. In this situation as for eye-piece

Image Formation:
The object is placed between F and IF of objective, so the -CO -f:
i e.,
.
Uq -fe - maximum
image IM formed by objective (called intermediate image) is
inverted real, enlarged and at a distance greater than 2f0 on the
,
Substiruting this value of ue in Eq. (1), we have
other side of the lens. This image /M acts as object for eye- ujD
piece and is within its focus. So eye-piece forms final image MP =
u with L = v + fe .,.(2)
/which is erect, virtual and enlarged with respect to intermediate
.

imzgc -~v So the final image/with respect to object is inverted, A microscoge is usually considered to operate in this mode
enlarged and at a distance D to from eye on the same unless stated otherwise. In this mode as us is maximum, MP
side of eye-piece asiM. This all as shown in Fig. 3.97. is minimum for a given microscope.
(b2) If the final image is at D (Near point);
In this situation as for eve-piece v ~ D
1
-

D -ue - /e ' i-g- u, D

Substituting this value of ue in Eq, (1), we have

MP= --

f e
D
v -f
with
<fe+D) -{3)
Fig. 3.97 In this situation as is minimum MP is maximum and eye-
is most strained.
Magnifying Power (MP) In case of microscope as f0 is small and object is close to
Magnifying power of an optical instrument is defined as: objective u ~f0. Also as intermediate image is in front of eye
lens which has very short focal length length of tube ,
Visual angle with instrument 9
MP =
Max. visual angle for unaided eye 0O L = v + ue- v [as Uq v]

If the size of object is h and least distance of distinct vision So for normaj adjustment, i.e., from Eq. (2)
is D LB
IMP! (4)
T f
...

h J 0 JQ
arirl Q =
h = 2) and
~"&"

.
We
Discussion
[from Fig. 3.97]
~ (1) As magnifying power is negative, the image seen in a
hr
~ ~

h'
y\D D
microscope is always truly inverted, i.e., left is turned
So, MP =
[a A us _
right with upside down simultaneously,
But for objective (2) As intermediate image is between the two lenses,
crosswire (a measuring device) can be used. So with
m =
0 I microscope measurements can be made along with
h' V observations.
i e
. .,

h u
[as u is - ive]
v D
V
~

D
(3) As m = - and mQ = Eq. (1) gives MP = m X me
So, MP =
u Us i magnifying power of a microscope is equal to the
e.,
.

ft of longitudinal magnification of objective and

-

with length of tube L = v + ue ar magnification of eye-piece.

.....

Now there are two possibilities: (4) If final image is at least distance of distinct vision
(bj) If the final Image is at infinity (Far point)
f e" :
R :

This situation is called normal adjustment as in this situation -D -m . /e ,

Ue .
108 Physics for Competitions Vol. II

So MP = m x ;n(J = m x rnc Linear magnification

~

magnification is produced?
[See solved Problems 63 and 66] Solution: As the lenses are 30 cm apart and intermediate
(5) For a microscope MP is minimum when final image is image is formed 5 cm in front of eye lens ,

at and maximum when final image is at least distance u e = 5 cm and v = L - us = 30 - 5 = 25 cm

of distinct vision D, i.e.,
Now as in case of compound microscope
(MP) mm -
VD "~
A
d (MP)max = 1 +
uj, MP = m x mQ =
v
- x
u
(6) For a given microscope MP for normal setting remains
practically unchanged if field and eye lens are interchanged Here u = 1 cm and D = 25 cm

as MP - [LD/fJe]. 25
(7) As the aperture of both the lenses in a microscope is So, MP= ~TX fU-125 Ans.

small, the defects of images particularly spherical

Negative sign implies that final image is inverted.
aberration is minimum.
Problem 64. A compound microscope has a magnifying
(8) As MP for normal setting is (LDlf0fc), so to have large
power 30. The focal length of its eye-piece is 5 cm. Assuming
MP, f0 and /e must be as small as practically possible.
the final image to be at the least distance of distinct vision (25
This is why in a microscope both the lenses have small
cm), calculate the magnification produced by objective.
focal lengths.
Solution: In case of compound microscope ,

(9) Out of f0 and fe,f0 is taken to be smaller, so that field

of view may be increased and objective being closer to MP = m x ...(1)
object may collect more light to increase brightness of And in case of final image at least distance of distinct vision,
the image. This also ensures that intermediate image is in
front of eye lens within its focus, m0 =
1 + (2)
/.
...

(10) While working with a microscope the eye must be close .

to eye-piece, i.e., persons wearing specks should take So, from Eqs. (1) and (2),
off their specks (if possible) otherwise MP will be ad vers ly
, ,
D
affected. This is because if eye is at a distance d from MP = m 1
L
the eye-piece, the distance of final image from eye-piece
will be D = (D - d) and hence MP will become
'
Here, MP = -

30; D = 25 cm and fe = 5 cm

LD' L(D - d)
MP' =
fJc
_

foL
MP 1
'"T
-

d
.
< MP So, -

30=mj\ + y , i.e., w = -~ = -5Ans.

(11) In reference to a microscope, the minimum distance
between two lines at which they are just distinct is called
limit of resolution and reciprocal of limit of resolution is
called resolving power which for a microscope varies
inversely with wavelength i.e., ,
11
RP*=
lXX /\.
Smaller the limit of resolution of higher the resolving
power, more details of object will be visible in the image.
In case of microscope RP is increased by*decreasing the
wavelength of light used and we have ultra-microscope
and electron-microscope.
Negative sign implies that image formed by objective is
inverted.
Problem 65. A compound microscope has an objective of
focal length 2 cm and an eye-piece offocal length 5 cm. If
an object is placed at a distance of 2 A cm in front of the field
lens, find the magnifying power of the instrument and length
of the tube if (a) final image is at infinity (b) final image is
at least distance of distinct vision (= 25 cm).
Solution: As object is at a distance of 2.4 cm in front of
field lens of focal length 2 cm, field lens will form its image
at distance v such that
1 I
i e., v = 12 cm
24 2
.

Note: In case of electron-microscope it has been shown that wavelength .

of electron X = (15(VK) A where V is the accelerating voltage; 12

so that m = - = = -5
so RP of electron microscope will be proportional to Jy and -
24 .

can be upto about 105 times that of optical microscope.

(a) If final image is at infinity (Far point)
Problem 63. In a compound microscope, the object is 1 cm 1 1 1
from the objective lens. The lenses are 30 cm apart and the For eye-piece, i e.,
.
ue = -5 cm
5
intermediate image is 5 cm from the eye-piece. What

.For microscope RP = (2fi sin 9/X); (2\i sin 9) is called numerical aperture.
 Refraction From Curved Surfaces and Lenses 109

and rrtQ = (D/fe) = (25/5) = 5 at infinity. Find the distance of object and image produced by
So, MP = si x = -5 x 5 = -25 the objective, from the objective lens.
and L = v + us = 12 + 5 = 17 cm Solution: As final image is at infinity, the distance of
In this situation eye is said to be relaxed and for a given intermediate image from eye lens ue will be given by
microscope MP is minimum while length of tube maximum. 111 -
f i
fe Le > "e = -/e = -3 cm
~ ~

(b) If final image is at D (Near point) -oo

u
and as the distance between the lenses is 15.0 cm, the
-
25
For eye-piece, i-e.. = -4 17 cm
.
distance of intermediate image (formed by objective) from the
objective will be
and me = [1 + (D/fe)] = [1 + (25/5)] = 6 v = L - uc = L - fe - 15-3
So MP = mxw0 = -5x6 = -30 = 12 cm Ans .

and L = v + ue = 12 + 4.17 = 16.17 cm and if u is the distance of object from objective,

In this situation eye is said to be strained and for a given
111.
microscope MP is maximum while length of tube is minimum. rx- = ~
12 h 2
i.e., u = -2.4 cm

Note: In case (b) m, -- - =

D -25
=6 = m*
So object is at a distance of 2.4 cm in front of objective. Ans.
"e ( 25/6) -

Problem 68. In a compound microscope the objective and

So here MP = m x m6 = m x me= linear magnification.
Problem 66. A compound microscope is used to enlarge an
object kept at a distance 0.03 m from its objective which
consists of several convex lenses in contact and has focal
length 0.02 m. If a lens offocal length 0.1 m is removed from
the objective, find out the distance by which the eye-piece of
the eye-piece have focal lengths of 0.95 cm and 5 cm
respectively, and are kept at a distance of 20 cm. The last
image is formed at a distance of 25 cm from the eye-piece.
Calculate the position of object and the total magnification.
Solution: As final image is at 25 cm in front of eye-piece
J 25
i e., uc
_ "

the microscope must be moved to refocus the image. -

25 uP
.

6
Solution: If initially the objective forms the image at distance
-25
And so, m= - = = 6 . .. (I)
(-25/6)
1 L 1
v,
__

-3 i e
. .,
v, = 6 cm Now for objective,
v = L - ue = 20 - (25/6) = (95/6)
Now as in case of lenses in contact
So if object is at a distance u from the objective,
1 = 1 + 1+
1=1 + 1. 6 1 1 . 95 .
F f h F f\ F' 95 u
_

0.95 1 &'' U 94 C

_ -L+-L+ i e.,
. object is at a distance (95/94) cm in front of field lens.
with ~

F" fi h "

v (95/6) 94
So if one of the lenses is removed, the focal length of the Also, W ~

u (-95/94)
... (2)
remaining lens system So total magnification,
J _ _
~
~
- -
C 94
F' F /, 2 10 M = m x me = - 6
x (6) = -94 Ans.
This lens will form the image of same object at a distance i .
e ., final image is inverted, virtual and 94 times that of
v2 such that object.
1 1 1
Note: In this problem as final image is at least distance of distinct vi-
V2 3 = 25 Le- y2 = cm sion D (= 25 cm),
So to refocus the image, eye-piece must be moved by the D]
same distance through which the image formed by the objective me
1 +
/. = l + y = 6 = me
has shifted, i.e., 15 - 6 = 9 cm away from the objective. <; - MP = mxme = mxme = Linear magnification
Ans,
Problem 67. The focal lengths of the objective and the il>. Telescope
eye-piece of a compound microscope are 2.0 cm and 3.0 cm
.
It is an optical instrument used to increase the visual angle
respectively The distance between the objective and the eye-
. of distant large objects such as a star, a planet or a cliff, etc.
;:ece is 15.0 cm. The final image formed by the eye-piece is Here we shall first discuss astronomical telescope in detail and
110 Physics for Competitions Vol. !i

then modify it to other forms, (d2) If the final image is at D (Near point)
Astronomical telescope consists of two converging lenses, In this situation as for eye-piece v = D ,

The one facing the object is called objective or field lens and 1 1 i
J J_ i
has large focal length and aperture while the other facing the _

D
_ _

f i eKt
ue je | D
.

J e
eye called eye-piece oxocidarhm small focal length and aperture.
The distance between the two lenses is adjustable. So substituting this value of we in Eq, (1), we have
As a telescope is used to see distant objects, in it object is
between > and 2F of objective and hence image formed by MP
/ .L
Jzl
f
objective is real, inverted and diminished and is between Fand
2F on the other side of it. This image (called intermediate J - [a--
with /O, / (3)
(/e +
...

image) acts as an object for eye-piece and by Shifting the

position of eye-piece, it is brought within its focus. So final In this situation
e js minimum, so for a given telescope MP
;

image I, with respect to intermediate image is erect, virtual,

,
is maximum while length of tube minimum and eye is most
enlarged and at a distance D to <=> from the eye. This in turn strained,
implies that final image with respect to object is inverted, In case of a telescope, if object and final image are at infinity
enlarged and at a distance D to from the eye. and total light entering the telescope leaves it parallel to its axis
as shown in Fig. 3.99,
u = oo

,
Mo ft in _

Fig. 3.99
Fig. 3.98
Aperture of objective
Magnifying Power (MP) Aperture of eye - piece
Magnifying power of a telescope is defined as ,

f n
Visual angle with instrument 0 i e .,
MP = ~ = i- . .(4)
Je d
.

Visual angle for unaided eye 0O

Discussion
But from Fig. 3.98
(1) As magnifying power is negative, the image seen in
9n =
f
and 6 = astronomical telescope is truly inverted, i.e., left is turned
o
right with upside down simultaneously However, as most
of the astronomical objects are symmetrical this inversion
So, MP = does not affect the observations.
00
(2) As intermediate image is between the two lenses, cross
with length of tube L-{f0 + ue) ... (1) wire (a measuring device) can be used. So this instrument
Now there are two possibilities: can be used to make measurements along with
observations.
(d5) If the fiaal image is at infinity (Far point) (3) For given telescope, magnifying power is minimum when
This situation is called normal adjustment as in this situation final image is at infinity (far point) and maximum when
eye is least strained or relaxed. In this situation as for eye-piece it is at least distance of distinct vision (Near point),i.e.,

/;] fo
and (MP)max -
=

j
r i e.,
.
ue - Jt
Je
(4) In a telescope, if field and eye lenses are interchanged
So substituting this value of ue in Eq, (1), we have
MP will change from (fJh) to i.e., it will change
MP=-(/0/Je) and L = {f0+fJ . (2)
..
from m to (l/m), i.e., will become (1/m2) times of its
Usually, a telescope operates in this mode unless stated initial value.
otherwise. Iii this mode as ue is maximum, for a given telescope (5) As MP for normal setting as so to have large MP,
MP is minimum while length of tube maximum. f0 must be as large as practically possible and f0 small.
 Refraction From Curved Surfaces and Lenses 111

Tr.is is why in a telescope, objective is of large focal This telescope is called terrestrial telescope and is used
er.gth while eye-piece of small, to see distant terrestrial objects such as a cliff or a tree.
in a telescope, aperture of the field lens is made as large (10) If in an astronomical telescope, the convergent eve-piece
as practically possible to increase its resolving power as is replaced by a divergent lens which is placed in such
RP of a telescope (Dfk)*. Large aperture of objective a way that rays from objective are directed towards its
also helps in improving the brightness of image by focus (Fig. 3.102), final image will be erect, enlarged and
gathering more light from distant object. However, it virtual. This telescope is also used to see distant terrestrial
increases aberrations particularly spherical. objects and is called Galilean telescope and for it
If a parrot is sitting on the objective of a large telescope
and we look towards (or take a photograph) of distant
astronomical object (say moon) through it, the parrot
will not be seen but the intensity of the image will be
slightly reduced as the parrot will act as obstruction to
light and will reduce the aperture of the objective.
(8) If in an astronomical telescope, field lens is replaced by
converging mirror as shown in Fig. 3.100, the telescope Galilean telescope
is called 'Reflecting telescope?.The reflecting telescope Fics. 3.102
is light, portable, cheap
and easy to handle. Also
with j - Jo
f
the image formed by it is MP = y-
/e
U
'

Je
more bright and free from In this telescope as intermediate image is outside the
chromatic aberration and tube, the telescope cannot be used for making
MP =
can be made free from measurements.
spherical aberration by (11) If two telescopes are mounted parallel to each other so
using parabolic reflector that an object can be seen by
instead of spherical. Reflecting teiescope both the eyes simultaneously,
(9) If in the astronomical the arrangement is called
telescope, a lens of short Fig. 3.100 <binocular,. In a binocular, the
focal length/is placed at length of each tube is reduced
2/from intermediate image (Fig. 3.101), it will erect the by using a set of totally reflecting
intermediate image at a distance 2/ on the other side of prisms (Fig. 3.103) which
it and this image will act as an object for eye lens. So provide intense, erect image free
now the final image will be erect with respect to object. from lateral inversion. Through
Fig. 3.103
This lens is called erecting lens and as for it m ~ -I, the a binocujar we get two images
MP and length of telescope for relaxed eye will be of the same object from different angles at same time.
f Their super-position gives the perception of depth also
MP -
JQ along with length and breadth, i.e., binocular vision gives
W.+/. +V proper three-dimensional (3-D) image.
Note: If a 3-D object is seen through one eye (by closing the other) or
through a telescope (or a number of telescopes forming image from
same angle at the retina) the vision is called monocular or
telescopic vision. In this situation we perceive two dimensions-
length and breadth, but get no idea of depth, the third dimension.
The vision offrog and cockroach is monocular, i.e., their eyes
form images from same angle at the retina.

(12) With the help of a telescope we can see distant objects

.

- fo-"!*-2/- even in dark if it is made sensitive to infra-red radiation

as according to Stefan s law every object emits infra-red
'

Terrestriai telescope
radiation unless it is at 0 K. Infra-red telescopes have
Fig. 3.101

.For a telescope RP = (1/A6) = -[>/! .22a]

112 Physics for Competitions Vol. II

Focusing
been designed using the facts that infra -red light can
f Vacuum-tube
vacuur
Jo y electrodes cause photoelectric effect from cesium oxide and
->-4 / \ X photoelectrons produce light when strike a fluorescent
-
* Light
Infra-red B
-

I
' screen [Fig. 3.104],
-*-4 IR > > <sIlectron
Beam
For comparative study points of similarity and difference
Radiation
,

Eye-piece between microscope and telescope in a tabular form are given

Rock-salt Cesium-oxide Fluorescent below :
Field-lens Photo-cathode screen

Infra-red telescope

Fig. 3.104

S No.
. Compound Microscope Astronomical Telescope
(1) It is used to increase visual angle of near by tiny objects, It is used to increase visual angle of distant large objects.
(2) In it field and eye lens both are convergent, of short focal length In it field lens is of large focal length and aperture while eye lens of short
and aperture. focal length and aperture and both are convergent.
(3) Final image is inverted, virtual and enlarged and at a distance D Final image is inverted, virtual and enlarged at a distance D to from
to from the eye. the eye.
(4) MP does not change appreciably if field and eye lens are MP becomes {Mm ) times of its initial value if field and eye lenses are
interchanged [MP ~ (LD/f0f )]. e interchanged as MP ~ [f0/fs] .

(5) MP is increased by decreasing the focal length of both the lenses, MP is increased by increasing the focal length of field lens (and decreasing
viz. field and eye lens. the focal length of eye lens).
(6) RP is increased by decreasing the wavelength of light used. RP is increased by increasing the aperture of objective.

Question V. How does magnifying power vary with change Solution: For objective lens
in length of tube for a given telescope?
1 1 J_
Answer: For a telescope ,
v 3 x10?
_

140
i e
. .,
v - 140 cm =/0
|MP| = (/>e) with L = (/0 + Me)
and as for a given telescopeis constant, with increase in
, So, mo = u -3x10 3
length of tube L, ue (distance of intermediate image from eye-
piece) will increase [from a minimum value DfJ(D +fs) to the and as final image is at least distance of distinct vision, so
maximum /e] and hence magnifying power will decrease. for eye lens, we have
1 L _ 1 25
Note: Similarly, in case of microscope as " _

i e e =
-25 e 5
. .,

6
v D
|MP|=~X~ with L = v + us -25 f
So, le = We (-25/6)
and as for a given microscope, with increase in L, ue will increase
and hence MP will decrease. 14
10 4
"

and hence, X mt = X 6
m =
j X
-

m0
Problem 69. An astronomical telescope has an angular "

= - 28 x 10
magnification ofmagnitude 5 for distant objects. The separation
between the objective and eye-piece is 36 cm and the final But as m = (I/O), I = m x O = - 28 x 10"4 x (100 x 102)
image is formed at infinity. Determine the focal length of = -28 cm Ans .

objective and eye-piece. Negative sign implies that image is inverted.

Solution: In case of astronomical telescope if object and Problem 71. A telescope has an objective of focal length
final image both are at infinity, 50 cm and an eye-piece offocal length 5 cm. The least distance
MP=-(/o//e) and I=/0+/e ofdistinct vision is 25 cm. The telescope is focusedfor distinct
So here -(/0//e) = -5 and /0+/e = 36 vision on a scale 2 m away from the objective. Calculate (a)
Solving these for f0 and /e, we get magnification produced and (b) separation between objective
f0 -

30 cm and /e = 6 cm Ans.
_
and eye-piece.
Solution: As objective has focal length 50 cm and object
Problem 70. A tower 100 m tall at a distance of 3 km is
is 2 m from it, it will form the image of object at a distance
seen through a telescope having objective offocal length 140
v such that
cm and eye-piece offocal length 5 cm. What is the size offinal
image if it is at 25 cm from the eye?
1
_
1
_ =
J_ . _200 cm
v -200 50 LS- V 3
 Refraction From Curved Surfaces and Lenses 113

v (200/3) 1 objective, calculate (a) angular size and (b) linear size of
mn
image seen through the telescope.
=

-
200 3
Solution: As final image is at least distance of distinct
:T.d as focal length of eye-piece is 5 cm and it forms as image
vision,
15 cm in front of it, the distance of object (image formed by
objective) from it will be fo 60
|MP| = _

1 + 1 + 22.4
/ 3 25
J __ 1 25 e
=
i e., m
~

ue
25 ue 5 6
.

Now as by definition MP = (9/0u), so the angular size of

25
= 6
image
m = - =
e u
-

(25/6) r it
6 - MP x 0O = 22.4 x x =11.2
;Magnification m = m0x me = (-1/3) x 6 = -2 i.e., final ,
x 11.2 0.2 rad
"

_
c is inverted, virtual, double of object and is at a distance
.
'
180

:: 25 cm in front of eye lens. And if I is the size of final image which is at last distance
ib) As distance of intermediate image (which is between of distinct vision,
the two lenses) from objective is (200/3) cm while from the
,
0 = (1/25), i.e., / = 25 x 9 = 25 x 0.2
eye-lens is (25/6) cm, so separation between the objective and = 5 cm Ans .

eye-piece,
Problem 74. A Galilean telescope consists of an objective
, 200 25"= 425 =70 83 cm
.
Ans. offocal length 12 cm and eye-piece offocal length 4 cm. What
L = "y" + ~5 .

should be the separation of the two lenses when the virtual

Note: In solved problem 67 both object and final image are at infinity,
,
image of a distant object is formed at a distance of 24 cm from
while here none. In solved problem 68, ooject is at infinity while the eye-piece? What is the magnifying power of telescope
final image is not. under this condition?

Problem 72. The diameter of the moon is 3.5 x 10 km and Solution: As object is distant, i.e., u = -<*>, so
its distance from the earth is 3.8 .x 10$ km. It is seen through 111.
-
=
y
~
i.e.,
,
v = f = 12 cm
a telescope having focal lengths of objective and eye piece as " - fo . .

4 m and 10 cm. respectively. Calculate (a) magnifying power

i
.
e ., objective will form the image /M at its focus which is at
a distance of 12 cm from O.
of telescope (b) length of telescope tube and (c) angular size
,

of image of moon. Now as eye-piece of focal length -4 cm forms image / at

a distance of 24 cm from it,
Solution: For normal adjustments,
f o 4x100 1 1 _
1 . "
- 24 _ . Q
(a) |MP | - 40 -24 uc - 4 he- e 5
/
10

(b) L=f0 +/e = 400 + 10 = 410 cm i

.
e ., the distance of /M from eye lens EA is 4.8 cm. So the
= 4 10 m
length of tube
.

L = OA - EA = 12 - 4.8 = 7.2 cm
(c) As the angle subtended by moon on the objective of
Now by definition:
telescope
>1P_ 0 _ tan0 {ABIEA) _
OA
3 5 x 10
.
35
. .

"
MF 0O tan0o (ABIOA) EA
x 10 rad
0 38 xlO$ 3.8 Is. _ 12 10 = 25 Ans.
So, MP =
. _

= < 0 90)|, the angular size of final image

)| = |mp| x e0 = 40 x 4 x 10 "

= 0 3684 rad
.

i e
. .
.
368 x21 Ans.

Problem 73. An s.-f: telescope consisting of an

~

objective ojfocal leng:n 5 zr.d eye-piece offocal length

.

3 cm is focused on the moon so :r.a: the final image is formed

at least distance of distinct vision i.e., 25 cm from the eye- ,

piece. Assuming the angular diameter of moon as (1/2) at the Fig. 3.105
114 Physics for Competitions Vol. II

i e
. .,
the image is erect, virtual and is at a distance of 24 - 7.2 so that they are just resolved.
= 16 .8 cm in front of objective. Ans. Solution: (a) By definition ,

Note: As in case of a telescope in general. D

RP =
MP = -(/0/e) &"d L =/0 + ue 1 22 A.
.
1 22:
.

In these results we have assumed ue to be -ive. However as here

'
u . is positive, replacing u, by - u. in the above results we have ,
x 10
1 22
MP = (/>e) and L =f
.

- u
0 e

(b) As limit of resolution A0 = (1/RP) and i: j .

So MP : - =25 and L = 12 - 4.8
48 .
distance between objects on the surface of moon whicr.
= 7 2 cm
.

a distance r from the telescope, A8 = (d/r),

Problem 75. The aperture of the largest telescope in the AA0a = . = i. i e
RP r
. .,

world* is 5 m. If the separation between the moon and the

earth is 4x10 km and the wavelength of the visible light is (4 x 10 ) x 10 x 1.22
d=
5000 A, calculate (a) resolving power of telescope and (b) 10'
Ans.
minimum separation between objects on the surface of moon
. Each paragraph in the following section describes a problem. Apply your understanding of fundamental
concepts and use the information in the paragraph to answer the questions given at the end of the paragraph.
(Please also refer to Appendix 1 given at the end of the book for more information on paragraph based problems)
P 1 obtained and for n> x, it is virtual, x equals
Image formation due to refraction at a spherical surface is (a) 2 (b) 1.5
governed by the relation (c) 4 (d) 0.25
=
2 ~Ml 2 .
For R = 40 cm , p, < x\ results in a real final image while for
v u R
> Xj we obtain a virtual final image, xj equals
,

where u is the normal distance of object from the surface and v (a) 1.5 (b) 3
that of the image; m is the refractive index of the medium in which (c) 2 (d) 2.5
the object is placed so that refra ction takes place from medium
. 3 .
For R = 40 cm and suppose ji = x\ + 0.5, when a parallel
((i-i) to medium (2)- beam of paraxial raj's is incident, the image formed due to
refraction at the first surface is :
(a) at distance 13.33 cm to the left of Pi
(b) at distance 13.33 cm to the right of Pi
(c) at distance cm to the right of P\
(d) at distance 80 cm to the right of Pi
4 . For what value of V would the given parallel beam converge
to point C so that the final image is also obtained at C?
Fig. 3.106 (a) 3 (b) 1.5
(c) 2.5 (d) 00
The given figure shows a transparent sphere kept in air. A 5 . As stated in the paragraph, finally when an object O is
parallel beam of small width falls on the sphere from the left such placed 60 cm left of P\ so that its image formed due to
that all the rays can be considered as paraxial. If the radius of refraction at first surface is radius R, of the sphere is *

sphere is 20 cm, it is found that for (refractive index of sphere) (a) 48 cm (b) 36 cm
< x a real final image is obtained while \i > x results in a virtual
, (c) 24 cm (d) 12 cm
final image. Radius of sphere is now taken as 40 cm and in this 6 . Size of the image / is
case, for < X] the final image is real whereas for (i > X], it is
, (a) 0.45 cm (b) 0 3 cm .

virtual. In general, if radius of sphere is taken as R; for < *2, a (c) 0.25 cm (d) 0 9 cm .

real final image is obtained whereas n > *2 leads to a virtual one. 7 . Final image of the object O is
Finally, consider the sphere to be of radius R and its refractive (a) 12 cm left of i,2 (b) 24 cm right of P\
index u = x-i - 0.5. An object 'O' of size 0.45 cm is placed on the (c) 24 cm right of P2 (d) 36 cm right of P\
principal axis and to the left of sphere at distance 60 cm from P\ [Ans. 1. (a) 2. (c) 3. (a) 4. (d) 5. (d) 6. (b) 7. (d)]
Solution*
(not shown in the given figure). The image J' formed due to
refraction as first surface is 60 cm to the right of P\. 1, 2
. For refraction at the left refracting surface
Answer the following questions. Hi_Mi = 12 -M-i
1 Eori? = 20 cm, as stated above, if n < x, a real final image is
. u R

Hale telescope at Mount Palomar.