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and Relativity
Xiaodong Chen
(Dated: February 1, 2008)
Interpreting quantum mechanics(QM) by classical physics seems like an old topic; And unified
theory is in physics frontier; But because the principles of quantum physics and relativity are so
different, any theories of trying to unify 4 nature forces should not be considered as completed
without truly unifying the basic principles between QM and relativity. This paper will interpret
quantum physics by using two extra dimensional time as quantum hidden variables. Ill show
that three dimensional time is a bridge to connect basics quantum physics, relativity and string
theory. Quantum potential in Bohms quantum hidden variable theory is derived from Einstein
Lagrangian in 6-dimensional time-space geometry. Statistical effect in the measurement of single
particle, non-local properties, de Broglie wave can be naturally derived from the natural properties of
arXiv:quant-ph/0510010v1 3 Oct 2005
three dimensional time. Berry phase, double-slit interference of single particle, uncertainty relation,
wave-packet collapse are discussed. The spin and g factor are derived from geometry of extra two
time dimensions. Electron can be expressed as time monopole. In the last part of this paper, Ill
discuss the relation between three dimensional time and unified theory.
ity with other 3 forces. At this point, interpreation of physics from classical physics. These two statistical prin-
quantum physics is not an old topic at all. ciples and uncertainty relation make any unification the-
Mutilple dimensional time is not a new idea. When KK ory have to go through quantization step for boson and
theory introduced extra dimension into 4-dimensional fermion.
space time [2] it is naturally to think that if the extra di- In this paper, Im trying to use two extra time dimen-
mension is possible the time dimension. But people given sions and their related geometry to unify above quantum
up the idea because: Firstly, there would be tachyons principles and principles of relativity. Section II will dis-
observed in four dimensions. Secondly, there would be cuss why the extra time dimension is requried; the equa-
closed timelike loops leading to world lines which violate tions of motion of single particle in three-dimensional
causality. Thirdly, the sign of the Maxwell action would time is given. The statistical effect of measurement in
be incorrect. Ill discuss these three puzzles one by one in three-dimensional time is derived. Ill also show that
this paper. Some researches pointed out that mutiple di- causality is not voilated in three dimensional time. Sec-
mensional time must cause causality violation, but they tion III will derivate spin and g factor of electron from the
didnt consider the details about what does the physics natural of geometry of extra two time dimension. Sec-
looks like under multiple dimensional time; More impor- tion IV derives Bohms quantum potential from Einstein
tant, we only use 1 dimesional time ruler clock, to Lagrangian. Section V derives equations of free particles
measure time. If the real world has multiple dimensional from 6 dimensional Einstein field equation. Section VI
time, then the picture of the world which we measure by will discuss Berry phase and strong equivalence principle.
1 dimensional clock is distored picture of real multiple- Section VII will generally discuss three dimensional time
dimensional-time world. and unified theory.
There are three basic principles which quantum physics
distingish itself from classical physics:
1) Non-localization. A particle is also a wave, it sat- II. THREE DIMENSIONAL TIME AND
isfies de Broglie relation. Double-slit interference, Bose- EQUATIONS OF MOTION
Einstein condensation and experiments about Bells in-
equality show three levels of non-localization. Double- A. Why need extra time dimension
slits interference experiment shows that: if we use path
to describe the movement of particle in three dimensional Considering the well known double-slits interference
space, we must admit that a single particle goes through experiment of electron: suppose both slits have the same
two slits at the same time. Bose-Einstein condensation distince to the source of electron, and we make the source
shows that: at the point of condensation, a single parti- of electrons weak enough so that only one electron emit-
cle(wave) must be everywhere in the lattice at any given ted at a time. Then we can see that: i) Each electron only
time. Bells inequality and EPR contradiction shows that create one point on screen. ii) After a while, we can see
the correlation between two particles is non-localized. interference pattern on the screen. Statement i) shows
Furthermore, the phase speed of de Brogile wave of mas- that every single electron is a point particle. Statement
sive particle is v = = c/u, where is wave-length, ii) shows that: each single electron must pass both slits
is frequency and u is classical speed of particle, c is speed (otherwise, we can not see interference pattern). From
of light. So v must larger than speed of light. Although source to slits, electron moves with constant velocity (no
this does not cause any problem in physics since v does external force), and both slits have the same distance
not carry energy, and only u carries enery of particle, to source, so from above analysis, a single electron must
u < c; but to interpret quantum physics, we need see pass both slits at the same time. Here is the problem:
this picture more clearly: why v > c. how can one particle shows at two different locations at
2) Non-determinism. Uncertainty relation and statis- the same time?
tical results of measurement show that quantum physics Bose-Einstein condensation is a large scale phe-
is non-deterministic. Non-determinism is accepted as nomenon. Quantum physics tells us that to create
a principle in quantum physics, so that we do not dig Bose-Einstein condensation, every wave-function of sin-
deeper to see if there is an actual determinism inside gle bosons must be all over the lattice, i.e. each single
quantum physics which cause the non-detrminism. This boson must shows every locations at the same time. From
principle is so different from relativity which is determin- all above, to interpret quantum physics by the principle
istic, it makes Einstein said: God does not play dice. of relativity, we must find a deep reason why a single par-
3) Spin and its related statistics. Spin is an extra free- ticle can show at different locations at the same time and
dom of quantum particle. For each single particle, spin observer can only see one particle at a time/ To solve this
has only two values. For electron, the g factor of spin problem, We need assume that there is a hidden move-
is 2 which is also different from any classical magnetic ment from location L1 to location L2 without spending
moment. Any theory which trying to interpret quan- time t. But in relativity, the motion described by time,
tum physics must give a reasonable picture of spin and each motion must spend time, so if there is a hidden mo-
g factor. Spin related statistics: Bose-Einstein statis- tion not spending our measured time, there must be a
tics and Fermi-Dirac statistics is also distinct quantum hidden time associate with this motion.
3
Now lets consider what happen if there is a extra di- has scale of Planck length :
mensional time in our world. But we always use one
dimensional ruler clock to measure time, we only x (, ) = x (, + 2) (2)
have one dimensional knowledge of time, then the phys-
ical picture we described by one dimensional time is a Choose Lagrangian
distored picture of real two dimensional time world. 1
To better understand that, lets imagine that a blind L = m[(x x )2 (x x)(x x )]1/2 (3)
man lives in two dimensional space, but he only have 2
knowledge of one dimensional space, he always use ruler Where x = dx dx
d ; x = d . The Lagrangian above is the
as coordinate to describe the world hes living. Now he same as the Lagrangian in string theory [5]. The classical
know that the distince from his friends house to his lo- equation of motion is
cation is R, so if he walk R distance, he should arrive
his friends house, to him, this is deterministic. But be- L L
cause he lives in two dimensional world, and he doesnt ( + ( )) = 0 (4)
x x
know he should choose an right angle to walk, so finally
he found out that sometime, after he walk distince R, he Reparameter and re-scale and , so they satisfied the
arrives his friends house, but most of time, he missed constraints [5]:
his friends house, to him, he confused that why the re-
sult is non-deterministic? Now back to quantum physics, x x = 0 , x x + x x = 0 (5)
in quantum world, we are blind, we are totally depen-
dend on the observation tool we choose. Currently we The equation of motion (4) becomes wave equation:
choose clock to measure time t. Suppose there are two
dimensional time (t,) in quantum world, electron ar- x = x (6)
rives slit 1 at time (t,1), arrives slit 2 at time (t,2), in
The above result is the same as the world sheet of bosonic
one dimensional time t, it is non-localized since at t the
string theory [5]. The general solution of (II B) and (2)
electron stays at two locations, but in two dimensional
is:
time, it is localized since electron stays at two locations
with different second dimensional time value . Suppose x = q + p +
X
n ein( +) +
X
n ein( ) (7)
the wave function of electron e is not zero at (x,t), and
n6=0 n6=0
the wave function of apparatuss particle p is not zero
at (x,t), in classical physics of one dimensional time, e where is 0..3. From above equation, we see that x is
and p will meet each other, the event is deterministic. complex number for any and , but since x is coordi-
But in two dimensional time, the coordinate of e at x is nate of space and time, it should be real number. Now
(x, t, e ), the coordinate of p at x is (x, t, p ), because lets introduce one more time dimension, let be third
we do not control p , then it is possible that e 6= p , proper time associate with third time dimension:
e does not meet p at x, i.e. the event of e meet p is
non-deterministic. From above discussion, we see that, x = x (, , ) (8)
under one dimensional time, the non-localized and non-
deterministic physical phenomenon because localized and and must be compact with periodic condition:
deterministic phenomenon under two dimensional time.
In addition, spin is a new freedom in quantum physics. x (, , ) = x (, , + 2) (9)
The value of spin does not depend on any of 4 space-time
dimensions, introducing extra dimensional time could Put Lagrangian
help to interpret spin. 1
L = m[(xx )2 +(xx )2 (xx)(x x )(xx)(x x )]1/2
2
(10)
B. Equations of motion in three dimensional time Where x = dx dx dx
d ; x = d ; x = d . The classical equation
of motion is
If there is a extra hidden time dimension, the trajec- L L L
tory of particle must be determined by two parameters ( + ( )) + ( )) = 0 (11)
x x x
( ,), where is proper time in relativity, is second
proper time associate with extra time dimension: Similarly, we add constraints:
x = x (, ) (1) x x = 0 , x x = 0 (12)
where is 0,1,..3. Since we never see extra time dimen- and
sion in common life, must be compact, assume it is a
small loop which satisfies periodic condition and radius x x + x x = 0 (13)
4
x = x + x
(14)
= ; = (17)
where q is initial position of particle. C. The picture of motion of single particle in three
For free particle with fixed momentum energy, dimensional time
R(x ) = 1, then above 3 world lines satisfies conditions:
Fig1. draws world line and world line on x0 xi
x x = 0 x x = 0 x x = 0 (22) plane in Minkowski Space.
x x = 0 x x = 0 x x = 0 (23) In Fig1. a single particles trajectory is determined
by two proper time ( and ) where world line and
i.e. they are perpendicular to each other, and in 6 dimen- are orthogonal to each other. At each points on world
sional space-time, they are light like. In 4-dimensional line , particle will also move along world line . As
5
unchanged, event 1 happens at 1 and event 2 happens Relativity introduced symmetry between time and
at 2 and 1 > 2 ; then corresponding universal time space into physics. In relativity, it seems like the only dif-
t1 > t2 , so, on world line , the causality is preserved. ference between time and space are their signatures (+
Along world line : when is unchanged, if event 1 hap- and -); but there is one asymmetrical properties which
pens at 1 and event 2 happens at 2 and 1 > 2 , then time is different from space proper time . plays
corresponding universal time t1 > t2 , so on world line , as a special affine parameter in Relativity. In fact, is
the causality is also preserved. In general, event 1 hap- the one we called time in our common life(in low speed
pens at (1 , 1 ), and event 2 happens at (2 , 2 ), if 1 > 2 world). What is time? Time is a parameter which is used
and 1 > 2 , then we have t1 > t2 , causality is preserved. to describe the order of event happen. If only one dimen-
But what will happen when 1 > 2 and 1 < 2 ? On sional time in universe, then one parameter is enough to
Fig3, if event 1 happens on x1 , event 2 happened on x2 , describe the order of envents. But if there are multiple
then on local static reference frame, event 1 happened dimensional time, we must use more than one parameters
after event 2 because 1 > 2 , on universal time, event 1 to describe the order of events. If there is three dimen-
happened at the same time as event 2 because both hap- sional time in the world, there should be three proper
pened at t = 0, on world line , event 1 happened before times.
event 2 because 1 < 2, does it conflict with causality? In previous part of this paper, we use the Lagrangian
Look at Fig3. Suppose universal time t at t = t2 , par- which is similar to the lagrangian of bosonic string, but
ticle reached 2 along world line ; then particle moves to instead of interpreting extra dimension as string, we in-
x2 at t=0 along world line , = 2 , on local rest refer- terpret it as world line of extra dimensional time, then
ence frame (world line ) which is still at = 2 , the par- we derived basic quantum wave and the correct possi-
ticle goes to future because t = 0 > t2 . If at x2 , particle blity amplitude of wave function. The particle moves
does not have any interaction with other particles, then along three separate world lines, each world line asso-
the particle cant see anything in future, when particle ciate with one proper time. Under this motion, the whole
7
trajectory of particle becomes a wave in space as we show the hidden order which particle moves from one po-
show in Fig1. The projections of extra two world lines sition to another. Each fixed point (, ) on time sphere
in 4-dimensional spacetime are space like, in the whole corresponds to one 4 dimensional world line, so the whole
6-dimensional space time, all three world lines are light picture is a manifold which base is 2-dimensional time
like. One thing needs to be emphasized: should signa- sphere, and 4-dimensional world line is related fiber bun-
ture of new time dimension be time like? In three dle; the map from 4-dimensional space-time to two di-
of world lines above, in the projections of 4-dimensional mensional time sphere is a type of Hopf map. Without
space-time, one world line is time-like, the other two are external force, wave function should be invariant under
space-like, but in 6-dimensional space-time, they are all the change of and since wave function describe the
light-like. So time-like should not be the criteria to judge distribution of particles positions. In spherical geometry
if the new dimension is time or space. In my opin- of and , this is rotation invariant symmetry. That is,
ion, the only way to decide how many time dimensions wave-function must be eigenfunction of rotations on time
in our universe is to see how many independent proper sphere. The eigenfunctions are then rotation function
j j
times for each single particle. Dm m . Dm m is the eignefunction of the squre of angular
particle like electron. But here the monopoles in on time- It can be rewrite as:
sphere, it is still point particle in 3-dimensional space.
If the above picture of spin is correct, it must be able E =T +V +Q (50)
to interpret spin related statistics: Bose-Einstein statis- 2 2
~ R
tics and Fermi-Dirac statistics. To do that, lets express where Q = 2m R . Q is extra item coming from quan-
Paulis exclusion principle in different way: two electrons tum physics, so Bohm calls it quantum potential. If
which have the same spin and same momentum and en- we interpret quantum physics as three dimensional time,
ergy can not occupy the same space location at the same how can we get quantum potential? Since the geome-
time t. If an electron is a classical rigid ball with finite try of extra two time dimension are not flat, according
size, then this principle is obviously: two rigid balls can to relativity, the curved space-time must equivalent to a
not occupy the same location. But the problem is that potential. The best candidate to build the curved poten-
an electron is a point particle, theoretically, for any small tial is Kaluza-Klein (KK) theory.
spatial volume with the size of Planck length, we can put The basic idea of Kaluza theory is to extend Einsteins
infinite electrons inside. In this paper, we see that elec- idea in relativity to electromagnetism. The higher di-
tron always moves with proper time and . At any mensional K-K theory is trying to extend Einsteins idea
given first time coordinate t, the electron moves from one to all 4 nature forces: this means the potentials of all
location to another, all locations electron passed combin nature forces can be treated as the curved geometry of
a sphere. That is, the motion makes the electron look- higher dimensional space time. Vice versa, the curved
ing like a monopole at any fixed first dimensional time t. space time should create potential. Following this logic,
Also because that the Hopf map to time sphere is 2 to the Klein-Gorden equation of free field must have a po-
1, so two electrons with opposite spin covers that whole tential related with free field, but we only have 4 poten-
time sphere. If there is third electron, the world lines tials related to 4 forces, so the potential of free field in
of electron 3 must be coincident with electron 1 or 2 at KK theory must be a inner potential which only apply on
some point, then the whole system will not be stable. particle itself. We will show that this is Bohms quantum
This is the reason why for electron, we have Fermi-Dirac potential.
statistics. But for photon, the symmetry is U(1) loop, The original Kaluza metric can be written as follows
i.e. the map from traditional 4-dimensional space-time [8]:
to time-sphere is a loop, not a sphere. For a loop, the
size of hight is zero; in the other word, at any given t, we g A A A
(gAB ) = (51)
can choose a coordinate that the projection of world lines A
of photon on one of dimension is zero; so there could be
infinite photons in the system while their world lines do where the -part of gAB with g (the four-dimensional
not coincident with each other: this is just like a cylin- metric tensor), the 4-part with A (the electromag-
der with finite hight, you can put as many loop inside as netic potential), and the 44-part with (single scalar
you want (assume the loop does not have hight). Then field). The four-dimensional metric signature is taken to
we get Bose-Einstein statistics. We will talk more about be (+ )
this topic in section V. For free scalar field, A = 0. To extend it to 6-
dimensional space time, and let ||2 = R2 , then
S (S)2 ~2 2 R 2 R
= +V (49) R = 2 (54)
t 2m 2m R R
9
4 A = 0 (77)
Following Kleins idea [3], we assume that both 5th
and 6th dimension are 1) circular topology (S 1 ); and 6-dimensional metric for vector field becomes:
2) small scale with constant radius R4 and R5 . We
rewrite equation (60) as: g 2 A A A
(gAB ) = A 1 (78)
inx5
= k e R5
(68) 1
D. Equations of electromagnetic fields we get coordinates of local inertial frame with interval:
When m0 = 0, metric (78) becomes usual Kaluza met- ds2 = g dx dx dx5 dx5 dx4 dx4 (97)
ric at the case of = 1. Equations (84) become
Let EAB A KB B KA . Define energy momentum
F = 0 , (88) tensor for this field:
Which is Maxwell equation in vacuum. And the equa- TAB gAB ECD E CD /4 EA
C
EBC (98)
tion(87) becomes:
Substitute (93) (98) into Einstein field equation (57), the
1 A4- components of 6-dimensional Einstein equations is:
F F = 0 (89)
4
Which is true for free photon (plane-wave). In general, A EAB = 0 (99)
the above equation is not always satisfied. For exam-
Rewrite equation (99) :
ple,static electric field. Instead, it must have nonzero
5th energy-momentum tensor:
A ( C KC ) C C KA = 0 (100)
1
T44 = E2 (90)
2 Now add plane-wave condition to each K :
where E is magnitude of static electric field. Similarly C C KA = 0 (101)
for magnetic field is must have T44 = 21 B 2 . As we dis-
cussed in section III, magnetic field has 5th components The equation (100) become
is required to derive spin magnetic moment.
A ( C KC ) = 0 f or all C = 0, 1, 2, 3, 5 (102)
E. Equations of free massive fermion field
i.e. C KC does not depend on x0 , x1 , x2 , x3 , x5 , so :
In x3 representation, equation(106) becomes: 5th dimension is similar to the height we talked in sec-
tion III. Without 5th component, the 6-dimensional vol-
K0 = Cg00 0 eim0 x5 K1 = Cg11 3 eim0 x5 ume of the single particles field occupied is zero, then
K2 = iCg22 3 eim0 x5 K3 = Cg33 2 eim0 x5 we can put infinite particles inside the volume, this is
Bose-Einstein condensation. With 5th component, the
K5 = Cg55 0 eim0 x5 (110) 6-dimensional volume which the single particle occupied
is finite, if the finite size is the same as the volume we
where C is constant to be determined; g is element of
considered, then we have Paulis exclusion principle. For
usual 4-dimensional metric (1,-1,-1.-1), g55 = 1, and
electron, as we discussed in section III, the volume which
i 5 single electron occupied is half size of volume, the other
= u1 e ~ (p x m0 x ) (111) half volume is for electron with opposite spin, so we get
Fermi-Dirac statistics.
which is s elements of solution of Dirac equation.
Equation of (103) becomes
the particle jump from one energy level to another level. We see from here: in general relativity, to study the
For example, an electron absorbs a photon or emit a pho- equation of a particle inside gravity, we use geodesic
ton. equation to get trajectory of particle in curved space-
There are three basic assumptions we need consider in time; but in three dimensional time, when a particle in-
interaction: side electromagnetic field, we need focus on the how does
1) A single free quantum particle has inner quantum the external force changes the inner geometry of single
field, which is a curved spacetime embedded in back- particle, i.e. the tide force type of effect.
ground flat spacetime. The curved spacetime satisifed Therefore, to describe a quantum particle (scalar, vec-
higher dimensional Einstein field equation. tor, spinor ..) in external interacting field, we need four
2) An interacting field is curved space time, it satisfies steps: 1) to find metric of spacetime for the free quan-
higher dimensional Einstein field equation. tum field; 2) to get free field equations from Einstien
3) Strong equivalence principle: any physical law which field equation 3) to find local inertial frame of the exter-
can be expressed in tensor notation in flat spacetime has nal field, then the form of field equations of the particle in
exactly the same form in a locally inertial frame of a local inertial frame is the same as the free field equations.
curved spacetime. We will extend this principle further: 4) Using coordinate transformation to transfer free field
field equations of single quantum particle in locally in- equations to the field equations in external field.
ertial frame of a backgroud curved spacetime can be ex- Apply to charged Fermion, field KA in section V E be-
pressed in the same form as it in background flat space- comes:
time. in
x4
When single charged scalar particle moves into elec- K A K A e R4 (122)
tromagnetic field, and the metric of electromagnetic field n
is (78), then in local inertial frame which expressed by where e = R 4
. As discussed in section VI, external elec-
(82), according to strong equivalence principle, should tromagnetic field is curved spacetime, its local inertial
have the same form as in section V A: frame expressed by equation (82). When a fermion en-
ters into this spacetime, in local inertial frame, its field
= ei(p x m0 x5 )
in
e R4 x4
(117) equations have the same form as its free field equation
which described by (101)(103)(104). then to derive global
Also in inertia local frame, the forms of equations (61)- field equations of fermion in electromagnetic field, we im-
(65) should be unchanged. Transforming local inertial plement coordinate transformation (80) and (81). Then
frame back to global non-inertial frame: from equation equations (101)(103)(104) become:
(80), we get:
Z ( C + ieAC )(C + ieAC )KB = 0 (123)
x4 = x4 A dx (118)
( + ieA )K + im0 K5 = 0 (124)
Substitute equation (118)(73) into (117): (p + eA )(p + eA )
T = KA KB (125)
R
A dx m0 x5 ) iex4 m0
= ei(p x +e
e (119)
Equation(123) is Klein-Gordon equation in electromag-
Using (81), Equation (65) becomes: netic field. Substitute the expression of K (equa-
tions(110)) into equation(125), then we have:
( + ieA )( + ieA ) + m20 = 0 (120)
(0 + ieA0 )0 + (1 + ieA1 )3 i(2 + ieA2 ))3
This is Klei-Gordon equation for charged scalar field.
Energy-momentum tensor becomes: +(3 + ieA3 )2 + im0 0 = 0(126)
like. Because as we discussed in before, the time like is localized motion for single particle. As I show the equa-
not a required property for extra time dimension (espe- tion of motion in section II, single particle moves with
cially the two new dimensions are time angle), instead, three proper times in three worldlines created the same
the required properties of two extra time dimensions are wave-function effect as quantum physics.
the two associated extra proper time. We overcomed 2) Two extra time dimensions give the correct possi-
several difficulties of original KK theory: 1) We give ex- bility of physical observable in measurement.
plicit meaning of extra dimensions, and explicit observ- 3) Two extra time dimesions give the correct g factor
able physical effect of two extra time dimensions which and spin representation of electron.
is basic quantum physics. 2) two extra dimsions instead 4) 6-dimensional KK theory give the good result to
of one give reasonable scale of mass. 3) two extra di- unify electromagnetism and gravity.
mensions can describe Fermion, we derive Dirac equation As the summary, the basic quantum principles of single
from Einstein field equation. 4) In original KK theory, particle: 1) Non-localization 2) Non-determinism 3) Spin
F F = 0, so it can only be used for free photon, it and related statistics are derived by adding two extra
is not satisfied for general electromagnetic field; Here we time dimensions. The related wave-functions, lagrangian
introduce the 5th component of momentum-energy ten- and field equations can also be derived from pure geome-
sor for general electromagnetic field, the 5th component try of two extra time dimensions. These make me believe
of magnetic field can also help us to get spin magnetic that three dimensional time is right choice to interpret
moment. quantum physics. In conclusion, this paper unified the
In future, we need to extend the theory to include principles of quantum physics and the principles of gen-
strong force and weak force. The problem is: both strong eral relativity by using three dimensional time. Espe-
force and weak force related to nucleon which has finite cially strong equivalence principle of general relativity is
spacial size. The metric of geometry could be compli- used to derive the interaction between charged particle
cate. Using quark model still need consider the effect of and electromagnetic field which gives the same result as
size of bag. The bright side is: the three dimensional quantum field theory.
time plus three dimensional space could provides SO(3,3) In addition, we derived field equations directly from
symmetry, which is possible to used for SU(3) symmetry Einstein equations under 6-dimensional time-space met-
in QCD. ric. It shows that the current quantum field equations
of basic particles, as well as interactions could be pure
geometry properties under 6-dimension time-space. In
VIII. DISCUSSIONS AND CONCLUSIONS future, we also need to discuss how to include weak in-
teraction and QCD in 6-dimensional spacetime.
There are four reasons I believe that we need three In three previous paper [14] [15] [16], I also partially
dimensional time: talked about interpreting quantum physics by three di-
1) Only extra time dimension could create non- mensional time.
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