Non-linear Seismic Analysis of

Masonry Buildings

S.T.A. DATA srl - C.So Raffaello, 12 10126 Torino Italy

+39 011 6699345 fax + 39 011 6699375 email: comm@stadata.com www.3muri.com

Non linear seismic analysis of masonry buildings - 1

Global response of masonry buildings: wall in-plane behaviour

Local devices resist

to out-of-plane
mechanisms and
favour a global
behaviour governed
by wall in-plane
response
Piers and spandrel beams

Non linear seismic analysis of masonry buildings - 2

In plane modelling

Non linear seismic analysis of masonry buildings - 3

Damage and failure modes

Non linear seismic analysis of masonry buildings - 4

The non-linear macro-element
Shear-sliding (friction)

Bending-rocking

Non linear seismic analysis of masonry buildings - 5

 3D masonry building model
Hypotheses: Earthquake Resistant Structure: walls + floors
Walls are bearing elements
Floors share vertical loads to the walls and are
planar stiffening elements (orthotropic membranes)
Walls out-of-plane behaviour and flexural floors
response negligible with respect to global one

Wall in -plane model: Frame-type model

in-plane
2 nodes macro-elements: piers and lintels
Joints: rigid bodies
Tie-rods (no compression spar) and stringcourses
(beam) elements included

Non linear seismic analysis of masonry buildings - 6

Macro-element wall models
Rigid
Node

Spandrel

Pier

Earthquake Damage Observation

FEM Non-linear
Continuum Model
Non linear seismic analysis of masonry buildings - 7
 3D MODEL

2D NODE
(3 d.o.f.)

3D NODE
(5 d.o.f.) K
z

xlo
Z Y
c
I J

X X

Z Y

Non linear seismic analysis of masonry buildings - 8

 Pushover analysis
Base shear dtop
Fn

Fi+1

Fi

F1

n
Tb = F
1
i

Non linear seismic analysis of masonry buildings - 9

 Capacity curve
TB SA

DTOP SD
SA
SA

SD SD
Non linear seismic analysis of masonry buildings - 10
 Pushover analysis
N29

85
90 N41

86
91

87
N53
Capacity Curve:
N25 N31

57
N37
64

58
N43
89
65 N49

59
N55
Base shear vs.Displacement
64 65

m
N31 N43 N55

N27
83 57 N39 58 84 59N51 N32 N44 N56
49 50

=
62 63
i i 42 43 44

m
N21 N33N27 N32 N39
49N45 N44 N51
50 N56
62
88
63 2 N28 47 N40 48 N52
54 55 42 56 43 44
i i
( m )
N23 54 N35N2855 47 N40 56N47 48 N52 2 39 40 41
81 82

m = m =
60 61
* i i

m
n16 N23 N35
n17 N47
60
39
61
40 41 2 N24 45 N36 46 N48

51 52 53 i i

D = d/
N24 45 46 36 37 38
n10 51 n11 52 n12N36 53
N48

n10 n11 n12

36 37 38 n7 n8 n9

A = V/ m
n7 n8 n9

S.d.o.f. Equivalent System

3D Pushover Analysis
0.20

Displacement demand 0.18

A [g]

0.16

Se (T * )
0.14

T * = 2 Dy / Ay q = * 0.12

ay 0.10

0.08

0.06

Dmax = (1 + (q * 1) TC / T *) Dy 0.04

0.02
D [cm]
0.00
0.00 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.70 0.80

(Fajfar, 1999; EC8) Bilinear Approximation

Non linear seismic analysis of masonry buildings - 11

3D Pushover Analysis

WA
4

LL
LL

WA

3
1
WA

LL

LL
2

WA
 3D Pushover Analysis
350000 350000

300000 300000

250000 250000

Taglio alla base [N]

200000 200000

150000 150000

100000 100000
Parete 1 Parete 1
50000 Parete 2 50000 Parete 2
Globale Globale
0 0
0 0.002 0.004 0.006 0.008 0.01 0.012 0.014 0.016 0 0.002 0.004 0.006 0.008 0.01 0.012

Rigid floors Flexible floors

P2 P2

P3 P4 P3 P4

P1 P1
 Model validation: numerical simulation of
experimental testing on a full-scale URM building
(University of Pavia Magenes, Calvi & Kingsley, 1995)

25 20 15 10 5 0 5 10 15 20 25

Numerical results
Damage pattern
n8 9 3 n5 10 4 n9

4 5 6

n6 7 1 n4 8 2 n7

1 2 3

n1 n2 n3
 Seismic Code Analyses by 3muri
Element expiration at ultimate
3500

3000

drift 2500

Bilinear element force- 2000

1500

displacement curve 1000

N409
Drift ultimo
303
40 324 N410325

307
44

311
N411 326 48

315
N412

No Drift

Non-linear 3D pushover analysis 500

N309 39
321
N310
322
43 N311
323
47 N312

0 302 306 310 314

Automatic calculation of 0 0.5 1 1.5 2

N209
2.5

38
318
3

N210
319
42
3.5

N211
4

320
46 N212

rectangular and triangular force 301 305 309 313

distribution N109 37
316
N110 2
41 N111
317
45 N112

300 304 308 312

Automatic additional eccentricity N9 N10 N11 N12

Non-linear 3D time-history P4

analysis P3

P4 P5 P6 P7 P8
P2

Spatial variability of ground

motion (bridges) P5 P6
P3

P7 P8
P1

P2

Mixed structures
Automatic mesh generation P1

Non linear seismic analysis of masonry buildings - 16

 Seismic Code Analyses by 3MURI 300

Element expiration at ultimate 280

260

drift 240

220

Bilinear element force- 200

180

displacement curve 160

140
Seismostruct dx
Tremuri dx
Tremuri sx

Seismostruct sx

Non-linear 3D pushover analysis 120

100

Automatic calculation of 80

60

rectangular and triangular force 40

20
N9
N9 777 n10
n10 888 n11
n11 999 N12
N12
distribution 0
0.000
N9
20.000 40.000 60.000
n10
80.000 100.000
n11
120.000 140.000 160.000 180.000
N12
200.000

Automatic additional eccentricity 18

18
18 19
19
19 20
20
20 21
21
21

Non-linear 3D time-history N5
N5
N5 444 n6
n6
n6 555 n7
n7
n7 666 N8
N8
N8

analysis 14
14
14 15
15
15 16
16
16 17
17
17

Spatial variability of ground

N1
N1
N1 111 n2
n2
n2 222 n3
n3
n3 333 N4
N4
N4
motion (bridges)
Mixed structures 10
10
10 11
11
11 12
12
12 13
13
13

Automatic mesh generation N13

N13
N13 n14
n14
n14 n15
n15
n15 N16
N16
N16

Non linear seismic analysis of masonry buildings - 17

Seismic Code Analyses by 3muri
Element expiration at ultimate
drift
Bilinear element force-
displacement curve
Non-linear 3D pushover analysis
Automatic calculation of
rectangular and triangular force
distribution
Automatic additional eccentricity
Non-linear 3D time-history
analysis
Spatial variability of ground
motion (bridges)
Mixed structures
Automatic mesh generation
Non linear seismic analysis of masonry buildings - 18
Seismic assessment of existing structures

Non linear seismic analysis of masonry buildings - 19