Development of the Rolls-Royce

Merlin from l939 to l945

A Lecture Delivered by Mr. A. C. Levees to the de Havilland Aircraft raw
Company Technical Department in November, 1945

INCE theca Wm. conduced n number of British and

* * | w e v
American techniclzum have visited Germany `
and nearly all come back with the mime story
the nary n/f them zombie of German sciemixts
who have hccn working with super equipment,
supnnonic wind-tunnels, high allotted plants i r mn rm. mu t;. mrrt.w ir.-; tm me
B ri a n tm n s t P o v v tl t
long term planning of mmm fanatic projects
and ounce is almost persuaded that wc mat have
been .t lm of amateurs m this country! i Fig, I.-increase In brake horse-power of the i Merlin engine
lit when l feel tiespundent l cast my mind back
to a night I spent at a certain acmdtum: watching faclurctl in the U.S..\. byTh.c Packard Motor
the Mosquitos Lake0{l' and spwd an thctr way
to Berlin with their 4.000 hl. bombs to return a
mu i Company, but this total ofMerlin
150.000 exclttdei those ` t t ` i
engines produced for United States Ar
few hours later, bomb up again, rcfucl, change Forces. The factories protecting these engines
crews and take-of again on the second mission were Rolls-Royce Derby, Lrcwc, G lasgow anti
in one night. And so in the end we won that: war, *9l t the Ford Motor Company and laeI<ard,
in spite of the Germans technical achievements. The list series of illustrations (numbers I. 2,

returnrgrtm or nits Mosquitorm. anwily tol_.....__i..;i..._l 3,4andsi shwrSanaw inentaxnnunt power Drum Br\iStly trmw besomestory at the" " * W = "* ixterttnenginetnerenmt duringthewat- pennn
back fit. Tho story is, l think, the work of our *~*ll.$ VFR NOURV and the result of this upon aircraft performance.
technicians and Scientists who proved tobemnre Flag. 2.-Increase tan speed to Spitfire mainly A more detailed picture of this is given in
than a matclt for their German counterpartin resulting tram Merlin engine development illustrations numbers 6_ 1, 8 and 9 which show
fact [ would say second to none. how tote rating of the Merlin engine was devil
I think theca Mosquito is avg. example of the In the Rolwgoyce (~(,",py me mgncgplc or oped to keep pace with the changing phases of
vrt>1>~1 by d\lr>t in hi< vtt>ReneeiNannetteis etnwty retntert tn pwuuetlnn. h WM
Now, unfortunately, from the aircratl de- mom on Wham We may mu, an -mmm,"n Coming nowtopscihe development items we
signers point of view the aeroplane has to have mhnlque; ;_E_ new 5-%,,,,L,; ncccwry fm. im. can. for ermvenienee, divide them into three
some sort of engine and I hop you will find some moped pgdcnnxncc and mechanical reliability general classes. `
interest in a brief
the s~= outline
ni the development
= tt=tltt lmc imwduccd
_ qnsnttitemin mm
isuntanriei it iimdiiciimi
pennor unitein digcsiiblc
n cnin- tbl(rr)Ymi>rv==d
Improvement ofum
the supercharger. f
_ It is well knave that tat completely new design plclciy icier yviiiik of civic is citoiimi William tr.) Development of MTh:tn\l fcaturcs t0 `
of piston
dale of engine takes nearly
its inception untilfive years
it can fromquantity
start theca anyRolisqicycc
break in pruriuclicrh
GroupTrice crgariimiim-i
lin bcd pim-iricdOrin
Orrtake
llii;cure loth improvements alluded by d tb
tal att).
production and. whelk new designs and projects pririclplc and relic Original Derby plum which was Dealing with item (ul it can Bt.: stated that the
must continually go on, the development of not laid Om for mass pmdumon wag always me supercharger determine; the capacity, ur m macro
existing types is of pmnuounc impotence during hm in mc De with me mw imbmvemems and wards me oomph, of me engine. The unpression Haitiw
theca war and it was largely duc Lu auch develop- umm evmmally mmmd Om imo me mam pm, grill prevails tat te slam: papacy 9 M
memthatwcwereabletoMartianteclmicaldungmmsam,pmdumondjmcumwhadthesweptvolumeisthebasisofcompulsionofsuperiorityandeventuallynumericalsuperioritybum,Dvcrcummthepossiblepoweroutputfordifferenttypesof
over Germany. Probably the statement numerical [ mink the bats Way lo proceed Wm.` mis talk engine, but this is not the case BMus theca nulptgl i
superiority rcquircs qu:tliEcatin. One uf the is to take you on H quick excursion ihmugh iii,)ofte engine depends solely upon the massvvair ` d th
most effective methods 0Ireducing production is MSc Six' yum Di- dcireiupmcm on me Merlin it can be made to consume ehiciently, anal tsp i
the introduction of radical design changes, but magic and icon cxiiiain brim), me main dCi,ci0p_ expect Th.: sttpcrchatrgcr plays the most important
by properly coordinated development necessary mem IQ,-DBMS which imc bcd i,,,k]cd_ i-ele. This principle applies equally tan any engine lt.
design changes can be planned ahead and Entered Tie dcirticpmcm coined 52 (i_i{i,m Mark; but the engine has to be capable of deaing wi
mln the normal production How. of engines and you will see as we proceed. that
some very basic design changes were carted out
tvilhout any major upheaval in the production
Over this same period a trull of l 50.000 Merlin
engines were produced, including those manu

saushsxc uz Mantra

gm
E"' tt m m r N orm a re na

1T
mii ;i.>
l
wmv irututiim , t.m.l r,....m. { ttum .
_` v guy; tj T "
_ l
t : t i m L l n i @ 4 3 t t - M u g s r m n o u n
su isn mz nu
Fig. s.-Mutton engine development gar_mt>er
Fig. 3.lucrease in rate al tzllmh of Spltira Fig. 4.-Increase in speed of Mutung renlltlng aircraft with rnlatlve bomb loads whkh can be
resulting from Merlin engine development from Introduction of Marlin ongoing carried to Berlin
Zig C0lIl`tSy of Harri Pihl Aircrew Engineering
WWII aircraft peri`0 rmaxtce o rag
 _ "''"'Z"''"1l$T"
....L;....L2.L$,.L.

:
.e:::.. %~\i;T3l\\ \
\

`Y/";i;Y\ $2*
P5 ` i 4 `Norse, \\*\ I 2 j;Ta;g ii * K
.5 +#<#i \b1

Fig. 64MerI!n power increase since the war began Fig, 7-Merlin Mk. II 66 dvelnpmznteng|ne pcrlnrmance projected and
accomplished In IY!}

* "" .w. V \ g [#.,4-\ \..,...M. .~,.

` E 1 Q
2 I su m wss 3 { IDU -~ wg; "*<,l.L

- .,T..,Y{.....;Q ,,
_M \ WQQ

Fig. 5.-Harlan R.H.|45.M. davelopmem-englna perlurmnr we projected Fig. 9.Marlln develupmunt tu ment special high-nltitude cundltlons
and achieved In I943-44

the greater mans< ilex with respect to column, ance u1 mc Merl nngma nccmsirated theca cm- wu
freedom (mm dcmnuuun and Repub.: 0[ with- pkyymcnn of u uvc<mgc supcrchnrgcr. IL is an
standmg high gm and iucrrhz Len:xd< bccHlm- myMacr \ mcrcnse the compression mzio uf ,,,
on 10} Eli 4 he supcrclmxgcn in other words the boost may , {
Az His point I dc nm wish lu muck u CM: for prcssurc obtained at altitude, hui naturally in
A , [he Hquid-coulcd engine. but in theca cam nflighrer order to gci more horsepower mn of theca endgame W =4~~<- iit h MimSimtic d Mtthihtbdtiiiliid Q `
nrcmsucas osqu, premising s as o e om: chem. n order w avo- . ` _h&crc is on: thinI can bwith complete can- wasteDowcr in drixinthbld ive " *\ [ `M Q.:
Hdqnc; and thatgis thaty had lc p Mclm
g . marled e temrrrremm
o w e ofathen charge e x fm c e s compression
theca s 1 - .El . , _ " `
Um war a< an ukcnalnd engine, theca performance Mia nbtaineyl, Tl would appear that the useful {
increnscwhichIhawk>hoax)Ouwouldnm havelimitofcumprcssimrmmm forthesmslemage" beenpcssibln,auperchargerxscubaut4;Iandforcompremirm gi
Durinthc cnumc of r:.1r*ch and develn- ratios bccnd this in isnrnx
g pyemqg; o goo :> ,, ,,_, ' x. ment on cuperchznrgcrs it bcuaxmc apparent to us stages. This is shown up clearly m jlluggmmm I ""
Lent any further increase in the altitude perform- number 11,
_ I should point ou! um before me decision W.-; ;n::;m$~:mivsw sl " '
...gig: tcijliopr dower
aw>rm. muxmacaug
coons Crimean was Vienna mtamt
e ali
,gap-..cationofmmmmoma; andmVeamssirfl]j*;Rjg'; ';,}j',f;"}f,*j'{f,;;}: 'j,fgfj}: MWUNl'$"[E""*Ewasmadeofnhisprojccx.Whileilawsauraclivc,Mqgu,"h"
,,8, mn ,Pp~~* *56*** xr. mpccm uf giving umm swine mu wnsump
m m t ins under c unning c ondit ions ii had c ry ljlt lc
a d va n ta g e m ma ximu m p o we r p e rfo rma n ce , }
{ pamcunany when omeousxdmmmwith who "* _`__ ` \ sysuemwc shold lusc practically the wholecfuur 'E ~ jh F` ` "
cjmctcr minus: effect which we 1-mow no be Cam s \__ F"
srliciern at high speeds. nas, of mum, only
holds good when W use simple cjcclur exhaust \ [._ \ `
manifolds. The exhaust turban system had sex lm uf \
disadvmxtnges m respect ul' theca mstallaiicn m a " my Hghrcr aircraft like me Spitilre. Lx came mn
heavier than the mechanicalldri
4 ;_,:y;mw/ X ` `
y ven super- S _ charger and the drag was cslimntcd to be Higher y Td\"'?
due to various cooling ducts supplied for the ,60 `
um nn or Wm. gauges mrbmc. The syst em cf cum. of t he t urbo m;_gq
rama: of www um sm! blower was also a difficult on:. It was quite ''""****** *"
3,,;{,,,;, mvxem mm with mam m me spiuim. which
n r g n u . n m.
was {h&c acrcplzmc umdnr consideration at that
Tim theca jab of improving its performance could www w .N ng, |0Dia|nm showing gm.; in me and ;.?" *Y*'* b" PY **> [ "hUY mmn; ~ FLL1 '(bl
weight achieved by adoption Itaw-stage super- " 'F " Fig. I2.-Full. mhrnzrle power ul Melin engines as dwp: andintercooler The bnsxc developmentofr me mwo-srnge mgm;.
July 1946 219
 m w . $ . 1 , m . . me space available, and me air ducting anmnvea
$7}% .; in this form ufintercnoler vv. serious limitation
;to me paws view. Having mum on liquid
Y V. YY ` \_ W m\ W cooled intcrcnolcr m1mb1 amount or
xmmmgam andragwoykwmanaed Wm.. order
,""
,;;;;;~ ,,7 7 ,___ ;,;n V _ .\ .:-;:2;:;
_ , ` yr j gy ,.; ,.L_ ; ' no arrow an mho: mos: suitable matrix to give theca
j !"1?"i`L'2'T?Q hi ., \ ' "' maximum hem dissipation without an um
pressure loss an me mductiun sy>Wm.11wmg
7TVP
7 ; ;~,;,..-,7.
w a ghi * * on mL A nm or cudurzmce Cussing was necessary
tic paw um theca mechanical mmbsuey or me
_ M, _
.... _ , _ , F / ~~. gwqjy Q/. {.;,.,l=! yl jf I W T "~; :4% m ~ ~ ,;J,\r ~
sy5xm.1rmsmms 13and 1shwme arrange
ment n/f the imermnicr system of theca mmm
vfp _ _, L~ e __` mom.
A _ Y W ,ig_,L_cn"w_y,M_ In practiccwc iindlhar
d, _ , _ cooling gives Ann akwu:40
me best percemimew- f
Oman resell.
, ~ ~ JL" ___m _ >?~;;%j;< ;:::gr,72;;:y;71:g) Naturally, thc mor: inrcrccoling we gee, or mhe
, ;;;;;:.:
WM _,, F2.? ,4
k ` _, , I -. . _ i.m._,, G;; 2mg% `=\,, - r" w E
www me charge temperature, the more power me
mgincgives;buuhishastobebalancedupngainsl
inc reas e or drag as m e im m ure radiat or
mama larger. Gmcmrxy in is found mm khcrc
V- * ' pid gain in performance up to about 35 per '*
h;\\L \~ """ - r:~@w< 2** I , r ~ ~ V wu mlcrcuolmg, um arm Gus me gem us less
_ rapid. 1 should explain mm rm. convcmcnce wag J
cxprcss ingcrcooling
I;gpnraturcnsc as yr
taken out 1 pcpntage
nmeerconTer.
the ram
Lqq, N i sram i
_m__W *"""

l The blower devexqpmem I haw culhncd

h&c! " "*"' " brought us up m me time or me am>duun r
theca Moon 61 and, with regard w Nina per
,,.,..4x.." *"
romance, gave a my marked ampmw-neun om
me previous single stage engines. luuscmmion 15
. . . , y 3 mum- was qamsd um m. the superchmgsr ng Mem 4a, no h.p, at moon rt.) *" *? '"" .'fF bb[dtthGm[ `m
which could accommodate two test blowers The result in xh all-round performance of me m; "mt w "! 'g
samunlanewry. Fm me nm sam we um sperme was nmmdmbxe, At 30,000 n, me speed ~ ` . mom vimmma blnwcr.and fm thc of me spam xx was vo mm. ram man mz M wm Mw **= * bm 1 f fhzm
manu smog a Mclm 46 boxcar, On theca super- spiuixe V with the Mmm 46, This may bcd Som. *T*?{*Q Md Q"ld W *=* *hF*' `' Bm'
charger nag um Ounce rm. me v. rum Wm.: mm unran-companm because theca spam P<?$$*>l'*$ OY *** [h*' *?P'VmS 'h
was coupled up yo the inlet of roc Merlin 46 V was nearing is mug an 30,000 fez., bu! num- "}h *$$,5P'ha'B'$- QN '*"$"'s,""Y
blower and hrs nag could operate the blower al paring hath aircraft an their respective full F"d"'["h3 W 'd" "'}Y "P'"bl 'hld
duierem spuds ifornecessary.
characteristics The performance
cache mower nhrouiewas
Wm. oaken when height
ma the Spimrelx with the Merlin
40 m.p.h.r5z1-mn me spam61 ""'
v. h="
*
$''nf!
S' l5$5
' Y V $'{ h" "'*
$
rumbaing in mxaa and npm thgse results Theme pmem m {mae was inreroocling, =b*= M Md '29 =*2d **.** M
an mc mmm dm was bmd mm {wm The charge zempmmm mc relative zu mediumakc *'* $12* $>** wh $*'*5Y?'Y 'd Yd *k f*
no
mematching me mo
ma unit mm be MSc; so nm meand
commenced, design or was
at was nary205 deg C. gz
to reduce mcmaximum ms. minum
xemperazurc F.S. gm *=8
~=hd5 anWm
f S1v fw_*'
m
== 4'T"*
=
'lfhe nwo-smge blower was conscripted and was order iq get an increased density uf the charge " P*`P"'
subpcxed to develqpmem un the nag gnu when and nvcyd damnation. Bozo aimed and liquid As arcslz of our study of factors raffccning the
applaud un the enigma the results cbtamed were cooled merciless were invesxigmed and Right performance uf a supercharged engine we were
as shown in xllustmlicm number 12. The gain in taxed., but xm mama mum from theca dum ob- Mx nn wave theca laws covering zhc mown of
mom: power at 30,000 fn. with theca mvp-smgc taincdthat1hwa\crcooIndtypcvassumeosl suixcd air chmugh thc cngme. It therefore beumc
supepchurgcr was 390 h.p. compared huh theca to our pmicujar design of uvo-mg: super- appzucnl Khalifwc could commlthe fuelticw by
Merl 46, or ea gsm at nearly 50 per net of charger, In a single seat tighter it was practically rheas various factors to give the same relationship
powr. (Merlin 61, 1,020 h.p. an 30,000 ft.; nmposssbie use an aincocled immuoler in webswum have an ideal fuel mctcring system.

` T `\
kA\ w I' I'
T M"
T; -. .- -.

` %A r 1
nag, M.-.san urwnng showing nom-nay:.
Me rlin a u ; . u m mo m; La f ` ` \

220 Aircrew Engbreering

 w w w
( 7 `
OH...,7;,_ I V 'W
..---w4<.\ m 4m. ~ , muuv nmmu .

JM
#4,, W * iu -u".. "
.,.,7,4A.(..m(L.4m
coo rr in 7 7 \ VT " \ Wu, n. x , in '
\ Mr ,Z '\ ` < n ,
n ( L. T" Wl; 6
,;.. . .....y.L.

' ` / ma _ _ ( \ " 0 - ` A{ \ / 1 \ { . ~ FY;. I7.-AI|meuI upsuln controLounl!

[vei,:m HHH
w o m c w o m c c c c a c c n o n o u u n h m e u u u
`**"}_E}7"
*ma 1 vm;;)W~
\_ j;~K%~ ~ *~
Fig. I5.-Improvement In bomber alrtrxft slink 1u|y,I'H], dun to fitting Marlin H.B5'| af- &;;.{r1;{_ { *
(twrrsugn angina)
$ any- )_<. /\_ .L '- z 1 <v A
:e~ QW}
;/,i=~5 ` ii , `
3/ ~.{@ :_W%,` -5 . R
7' i5*} Ei j
A z=Y4?i:.e{ fs.J
A V, Wm. m; H1` J;;g*~5 ,. 3
X ,.MMR:~ucn nccuxnnm 7a5
":L?_
5 _ rn;. |.s. u. i|m ~ `gydiw . ` __` ` ` ww
__
e p u m p
1 ;"?I%`=
. wk MJ
~` 3} uk; M` N th,.&h*;0,

5 'x_k ` R rx `0 2 ` QC'; W, ~~( '-`

` *`u
;&LC:?
r , 7 w 4; 7-%%*
""*
,*+.... Mum J W *_` ]'".?&"""
[***!*J'9, w\; '*3$&
\ Tc <>l\I `[..
Lamacue;
5 #1;:* """""
Fig. I!.-Layout of S. U` lnlectlcn pump n
Now the principal forcers aH`eating theca charge boost temperature and aunuspheric pressure Merlin engine
Haw arc engine f,p.m., boost pressure. buss (}Hu$U'a(iDI\I7).ThCCOmpIc|m\:r1ngpuI\1pha5 d ht b
temperer ancxausack Premark and rms. an bunt-m cxml pump supphcd fur the purpose can be expressed the formula; f
pi outr aging theca plunger pump xw hnch does theca
metering. T he pump can bcd driven in any conner
_ P,7hP. vcmm posuicn on theca engine and the metcmd
_ _ _ _ Wu K_J\=_ ? where W,r>1nlb.,'mn. und fuel can beinjectd anywhere in the induction tut an Univ.-,__
K_val, M 1, ~ C" " smack tllhntrmxun 18). Acutely we selected me '
'M.,
For me meaning dmc: we nhcrefnre wqmcd gained abou: T per cum impmvcmem in com " {7 - s w uu c nm wm {
- pump driven zu some ratio of the engine speed m pressman main of the blower due to nh: ncmpera- hi Thai
wcc roc was prupnncnal to theca honours lucre drop from fuel evaporation.
pressure minus one-sixth of Lhe exhaust back
pressure djvidcd by (h&c Charge lmmralun:.
,_ (#0 Ava;-able srmke pump cfsuimble type Lrady ;;?Q#`,,: . . R
_ existed in an experimental form produced by the . ` -g~;-Lu: ~
S.U. Cathurtlltt Company. IK HOW Vcmnincd H `__,y,,,g u` F` Ir
rodevelopthe cnmrclmechanism inwhichthe Mvmake wascontrolledbyblossom pressure,cam- x
,_ Sphmc pressure and charge ecmpemure. You R,. , , _,__?"" An ,r*-1 A mg_{ ]
willnotethem Ihavestated atmosphericpressure, ,_,_ . instead ofcxhuuelback pressure, buthuh open mT`f'~
4 _ M `_, exhaust pipes (his is S 3f CHDUQI ixpprcxima- mmf rm ( 7* mw 121 ' BCDSYU YUW
(mn. Illuslmliml I6 ShO\VS (bcd gnral arrange- **; JMh'I* &L~-2 mem: ur nR
, J L" \ VALHI
memof\lnspump which brncflyconsistsoftive ,.,.,;,N.M_,__,,_r,_A__ plungcrsoperated bg zswashislate,the suck:uf-..,,/' jHMx,Y 7
which can be wade \!5)Z=J* I1 F1 ""` "
. andam mn. ms~memm
axe movement 0 an wgg $by WJ} "* if fe%~w
as produced
N _ Bn g i n c ml p res s u re u p t mt i n g i n Serv o p i s t o n an d
5$JS
Mm.Z4-r ~ /' Dj1EkLUKrE>J
t he nil pres s ure is regulat ed by a s m all s pill v alv e. M <1m <. m -z ww wu v/ Mvwnawu if cow
This gam v1w is in cum cnmrolled by a stack of nl. zo...mqm ur rm:.-nyu ,v....y. ldiIhf b
Capsules respond 0 Cannes ounces pressure, can trolled In]ct|n pump FI;. II.-Dlqrnrn oflnlnctlnmpump gpggm
Jul. 1946
 In accordance with our policy of having an r ;_,_AJ_ H__ H HP, It *
m e m i a n su n m m m w e u g m o p m i n _,_ H, rm. :*:5... W ,,_/( `
parallel a ccmi unglue injection pump which " j M luna ` -~ www M. ,;j{gy,;ffQ~_;; ` I MT'P\
'`
actually docs just the same Job (Illustrations 19 ` A . ~ ;. .

and 20), In this pump wc used centrifugal weights 5\;**jjAj**`=`V`\Vrrr>*P`

operating :1 puppet valve balanced against A
.... ,.... , 'Yr A ```` ` " "` 2: ` W . K , J fx;
r dizephmgm. Increase in speed tends zu upon the E W ` " r__ ] %* pnppet valve and allowethu prcnurc :0 build up ' L_ ` gf ` ` ` 1 { ` * w . 'PPQL. `
on theca loller mln: of theca valve. This promisers in
turn reach on theca dmphragm with the rcsuh
U e/ ~*~~~

.4.,;..
~>

M U A v
um me prime m me cxmnaber arm me pup | .4 {\\ U4 qg\mM;.}
\~1v incraamapmpmm11y mc me square of { K y" `
(h&c specced. For a gin position of the mam myrq L I `Y @ I M..,.m. ,., Mmm
metering
m a ccdlcc and
ethe temperature
, wmctcnng Iyg
dl thea
Hothrouh
p thisCrisco isrocker- &"r"'"' * '
tonal to the square mm mf me pressure; thumb
force, xw: gel a lmv from theca uuzlcr proportional M4
mcxnszn unman nowzaz x ,.,~,,, .A,.,N,,,. %iLiii%,. "Y` \
a-spun can
to specced. '1'c stack of capsules ullznclxed to theca "-*~ =:
main metering needle regales theca full How in
correct proportion 10 theca hmm pressure and . T x
ij ` * ,
atmospheric pressure. while theca small temperatunz
_w,.,,w.;.
needle corrects the How for charge tempcmture V
(1uusrmuu 171.
Returning now tu superchargers; mth either
of theca metering pumps I have described we arc at ~ W N U
last able to eliminate the major source cE`prsurc KEMJLYS CHAINED ON ENMNE Ann 5/< IK. Ttsvs vvm Luc!
loss at theca inlet and without any other change
10 the blower this rcprcscms mainlining the
boost prewire for another 2,000 feet in altitude
(`[lulls.ratin 21), We now carried cur. :1 number of
changes no me b1o.wFuner impmvemems
were made to the shape of the intake elbow, theca
supercharger rotors were incurred in dimcm-,
d.iH`us:rs xwrc modified,processorc loss bctwccn the
Hrs! and second slag's was considerably reduced W me bu, nag; wag i gy;y,p juNIApu
with the mul: mm we were able w obtain a
cmnprcsiion ratio of 'i2 at 30,% ft, with an
overall eHciency uf 62 par ccm which on (h&c Fl;. Ilelncraavad performance nl Merlin kwsge angina
Merlin rcpnscnts at 30.000 ft. an increase in
SW @400 r> **<* ~h Bm me time www wt dmandsm ampmvcd obviously mu mm wm required, nn mm to
=-<>-z <|- 22 ed M $ pcmmam az mw 1..1. Nw me ohm $.n ammg wc proceeded to cm-ry our
*h$ fV$ WW <*W Yh= m mmmmm (apm {mm mccnumm Om) was cwrnoaanues ml me Mmm wam r|sm41..sg
h*= \> d= w* rS uw F> = Kimmuou m mug; how mssum. we had pmmymugmp.m.mmges Us r.u.1., www wuz mma
65 n>r<- CR- f82 ur umm mum an mc Yuma mm m;1,n>1e bym1~s.A11 emwasuureanmemo dzmnr
un low altitude but with 100 octane fuel we were Sara: bum on me use bed and m mom the im
1P**d F5 mmcd euasarcbummprmumGrammzonmq. pemmican an pcrrmmncc wmcn mum be ou
The ac1pm mpg 1 nm 1m110xe.1 mLa MScs new pmmm wz mumgeel abou; mma nw had bene: rum, 1smhmg2
arm me pmurmam 3: high 1m$, bm aeMac mso hp. an me Ms. gm r111mm 23). was apaA1>1 or umxmg wam mm mgm manga
u n d e r co m b a t co m h u cn s. [ h &c M t s t e st s w e re ru n
with [O0 octane fuel plus an additional 6 cc.
T.E4LJg3lln, bringing (hc (malLacd content up
to 1l cc., Cmd withhis we were able to carry
Z5 lb. boost with a safe margin from dcmnazinn.
This incur:ued'lhc rating of theca engine up tic
2,050 horsepower, which in tum increased theca
`,`. V WY rrrr 7 i. performance of theca Spitfire ax sac level by about
30 milesfhuur and brought up theca specced cf me
Mustang P.5IB to over 400 milesfhour nt. sea
level.
It was obvious that funl containing such a
5< rrr .`w~;*;g,& M \@>
;*}|j,
J U
Fig. 22 (left). Larga high percentage of T.E.L. would not be x prac
opac it y blow er and m L propos m on f or s erv ic e us e due t ic lead
"""Pd Eu" fouling dihicultics encountered under low power
cruising conditions, Som: single cylinder work
was carried out at the R.A.E. under Mr. Thump
son who had found that the addition of 2 pc!
cent mono methyl anilins tan IDG ovum fuel
increased its knock racing considerably. Supplies
cf this fuel were made up for a full scale cugjnc
Fnnwn wwonovsminrs .mTc<nTE \ Macmoonrramwm www me cm the Mclm and` main engine rem muh:
r. mn<: zuow usvzmvnmv \ Mm {wor more than confirmed the R.A.E. tests. At this
time there was no production of this M.M.A.
either in this country or in America and, mime

ik? ,_j [ ` ->- - Kimsm >~%

-" =. A1 L \mm;
`EFT W 7%,],
nmwznzn
Z ? E
4......*'$EUAT"7...1..{4.,,Z.;).-..~:1.n,.,L__;__J`__Felnnmaxlmumpowerj`
`"7* ~ : x W \ my `
as llmlted bydetcnatlcn i -*** q ~=> f \ `
=%-L--!.~;;, ,. ,. Mmnmmm _w,gg; ,M,!,, ` sfzvzrrnwmnxug
[M2/wrucrci sm M6 Wm.; new

222 Airing/7 Engineering

 LHP IEIRESEIIH MAXIMUM I5 MIDIS IUN A OBTAINED Ol YYPK VEST 0\ ON B0 Elliot lull. [
?wOI_ APPRDVM TEST Q WAHR IIIKTUI g * I I\R\IPl
l RIO}
:0 Mlle H M

MrwM:_nvn1u[ I/li
m .- .. - _ Imormvu 3 M55}? fs {n_M sum nn I
V 1 ggwd nmvrvu i I 2 \ ...,.w.` " I
MLIUI USM
,,,.,,,.6, Hm mm mm |;{WATER IIUECTWI
Ll Q /A i
mum no um or ... woo -Lawlly zsrs ' NVRM I *1**/- k vmmm
; II ' R E '
R AN UF ( UM! I I /Mw. MJ N V AS
Flag. ZS.-Spitfire pnrhrmgncgprcjected and achieved by Merlin Mk. 66
angina development In H4}

m...~ M.... I *~1;.ur= sm:./.. ms!

Mill! F `i i manu no
lm A mL x Ihlb 5 LIN! Of IOW}! ""$.i?.3.. T#3'.L{`Y' "' W"
{R4 . 0. U W. M. no 4 "= I F mmm / mm* r x r W
"' LT?
..'$.IY&m.m"f*

= \~2 .'"""......"".... ;3?

.- ' 2 -lL-li
mxvm.
M au".}? .L.~"
R [ / ` .
2 s
l lmcm:whoms Au j NET DRY WEIGKU
E
,...,m;.:... ' /. -. . . `:f***

:63 ?}
m.. #Awn:r
|9)7 |95$ W5? {$40 I94\ Y
1242
AR IM} I94A IQA7 I946
B
Flag, 14.-Rolls-Royce Merlln-pmgrnnlu Improvement In power .w aFa=Es naaaaaiiauvrasa .;;l 9 4 Z I94 3
and welghzypower rnlo whale (Ima
Fl;. 27.-Endurance at 3,000 r.p.m. with IH Ihnfsq. In., or higher, boost
-cumulntlvehintl fur all exparlmantal and developmentMerln
daily its value was realised, steps wcrc taken engines
_l0 produce: suffiucnt supplies in this country tu
cater for the whelk fuel consumption of Fighter *0 hl curvesShawn in lh= b\m curve of
Command.Bythetimeof thexmrcductionnflhigillustration24.Herewesee.1ha1inspitof meI fuelimotheR.A.F.,{h&cwholerangeor Mmmgeneraistrengtheningupcfthee1ginc,v~hih,f {
Enigmas Wm. app.; [0 operate at higher bum mum, mvqnves theca Reedman of weight, the we
w oo
pressures on this fuel. show as steady improvcmcm m theca specific The rim operational use of this mu was against weigh.
theca hymn bombs in che middle `of 1944. Subj- Anzimi11umus zs cmd 26 were drawn
queenly the whole 0l`A.D.G.B. was put on m this wc were sun in the midst or we; and we could see
fuel. Later ia was used by Hz: Second Tactical the possibility ufstill keeping mm and improving
my me during and arm the invasion of the \h pcrfvrmanve ofrahv Merlin =d fizluer ow M "~ **
come. The Americans promptly muuwcd an-mn. since um time, however, mc picric *<.*V* .
_suit and used this Rbi\is produced fuel in mm has changed for me reasonsqhc advent of the
escort namers call kinds.
Tn; lop Wm. uf snnusmxuu ZA shows the pm- <= woo Mum`, """"
ghzssxvc xmpruvcmenls in power of the Mmm
engine over Hz: years or war. The circles show ,,_,_,
theca dm on which the type Lest pmwadghe various
V/1650/3 \ N \ Q

ratings. You will sue we have drawn a Zinc at _ ma I q

1,800 h.p. which represents a practical maximum -gg
power free from damnation on theca Merlin engine ...
on 100 ucmnc fuel. The line at 2,050 h.p. reaper- mg,} w oo
sms about thexmwhich can bedunewamW{ M..w1_,[{$,,;:5,; I00cattycfuel plus waterinjection.ThelmcV""~
D
at 2,400 h.p. represents theca limil on 150 grade =~=~ \, www
fuel. mw
Short endurance tests Wm. carried out nearly _; '
:1 year ago using 150 grad: mc} plus water in- - '
jccticn and a power uf 2,640 b.h.p, was obtained
from the Merlin engine at 36 Ib, boost. (B.M.E.P. .~2= S o p I
404 lb./sq., in, I.M.E.P, 53511:./sq. iu.)
It is only reasonable to expect that appreciable sm
mechanical changes had to be mud: no the Mmm
engine 1`mmzime no time mmkecare of this power \ w ll l Al N
ix;;1:as Practgngally .hw.O1c ofthe engine has *7* *= M = M '
dc ge overt s peril ,inc.|ud.ig the strength- ,_ , _ _ _ _ , **" OF (UM. F /M N M P H T A S
ming up of Th.: crankcase, pistons, compacting
_ rods, cylinders, etc., but it is interesting to refer Fly. 26.,-Improved puvqrmulqe of Mustang ul welch Merlin R.M.\4S.r1. (Mk. lou)
July 1946
 RELlABL1Y1 WWTH CONTINUOUS OVERATING CONDITIONS F 18Ibps/nf BOOST I 5000 RPM tic, This lcd tic some strain gauge investigation
of the crankcase on a rig and as zu result of the
mum: mms or sm~pMn cwuvows/vis, | [Wm./zzvcs or xuxwow/J pzzrawwnwcs information obmincd :1 moduicd design was put
in hand.
In order nm to hold up the work we continued
Ro ss's(7 V0 Jl ru m : our leasing by replacing Th.: failed park and
{ \ Flu ~mu4m* sum commode theca endurance running on theca scrvioc
W M I , mw., uw. z:m
W - , ,
mn m*.::I7f
f m d M
ru: M., 7
m b ;
able features until such time as modjiicd disarm
were available: for misting.
"" ""
srmmnp HAIVKCIJF ;:x,;;..;,. [ snvswcmzzvm To cut :1 long story short we completed a total
M A A / / (CIS ! of l,000 hours running under these conditions on
various experimental engines before eventually
achieving our target of 100 hours on an engine
you Mars | una m (sI nw. { Mun Mumavenmo num which completed the two in a very satisfactory
V fgiuymu m a r r o w - p i m e 7 condition (soc iilusualiun 27). By this time theca
{K A engine had reached what wc call the Mark 100
spoczication. The test was completed successfully
mzvuun | " " | snsxvvrmvsa in six days and the engine ran perfectly through
Ml/N DEAF/NGS AIA/N R/NGS out. Thcrc wan: nu involuntary stops and the
usual murine mamrenauue was umirwd entirely,
Z'''"''
.;...J.l,?:. %'1f$...M even the valve, plugs and tappets being untouched
throughout the whole 01`lhe\els.'l'|1e onlyincidem
was the change uf one magma after 50 hours,
my ru; mn. I U] ;_;_gg due to a defect revealed by the single ignition
check, The condition of the engine when serried
was <:e1l:m.Tbemgm: was men rebuilz wirhoux
M Eid MlM5}'7H/?7%JQN TM) M /270 {MM577 V*EW2'#*@
any replacement pans being Etted and given 100
h0urs enduranu tmting in an Spitfnre.
The nllustrntions 28, 29 and 30 show some of
;
an uw rnrm um I g"** I mamv r. . I ' theca problems encountered during this overload
rar pg. nam. " " "" development. The second design change shown
. . . 1 N . . m w
on the list calls for can lime explanation. The nm
mal sysxcm of luhricmion of the bearings consists
SHNDARD Z of admitting oil I0 each journal bearing and by
. ...... {DEI? 7l7P LAND means of suitable drilling and gocving the oil is
P/8 VON 5 P/5 TONS
induced into the journal and hows under pressure
Fl;. 284-Davslcpmunt of k.M.|4 5.M. mechanical feature: for Improved relhblllry and Increased rattling go gh; big.cd bearings, gsgisged by (hg centrifugal
force
v
ofethe column
r s
of
a
oil`inch cranks!1.'I'hc
jet propelled Egtgtcr and theca ceding of the war, ratings. Therefore a basic overload test was :;?:,?;_;;g;3.?jgag;;;;;E$ 3 Itd f ttflllhi
nseaurymg o ow sung tsp curve we adopted, {is! with the object of Ending Th.: Oi] {mm mc journals Wim less Oil supply w the
have mluctznlly called a hall I0 power develop- mechanical yvenknesses of existing Marks of big_cnd$_ AS on has [O be {owed mw me Crank.
mem bcycmd what we have shown and the dc- cngincs and secondly with the object of arriving shag against mac F pressure it givcsamducuon
vclopmcm on theca Merlin is taking the course of av. a specilicaticm which would satisfactorily pass in lubrication wkjw bigness Wm., increased
lung-gnu rclmbilily under commercial operating this test, Th: cvcxload test was to consist of 100 rammer Speed This of mms, is Bu Wrong as
condemns.
hours endmgmoean
liupressure :1%},000
our r,p.m.
0 jetand1B
waslobbers we Should
to comp like gm
cacti inuresc
: test ofgnbun
mwWanh gn. '
***
Development0fMcch11Icn1Feanust0Tnke cm www any adjustmzni or replacements. :;;5mg ;;;;,,E;33L;2;;rL.ia;; .,,35,;% "'* ?'
Il yvas rcalmqi that theca normal service type ad production Merlin 66 but failed du: to sutlicicnt oil, nllhuugh the journal backings can
test, tar from beg a good prucfof the reliability cracks in the crankcase after 27 hours, Just K0 hm On quite sakisfacmnly win the mcmased
n/f llxc engine ax its particular rating, was nor make sure that this was not za rogue failure we clearance.
_ suIf6cn{ly_arQ,ucus to renal quickly themch- pun another engine up for a similar me but again In order m uvcrwmu this defect we cnroduced
acme Unmans an the prnjwed macram rauen mecrankcasec armaboundz me same running what we ::411euHzh:end-tendd an feed system (see

[Zonings ...MAm uuxmcg

)_ m ,7` 7 {? -~ , ? ` ~* * w ADL 1 AEC}:

i x jJ K A `
HT) ` W9 W
` M11 . ` ~ IoW .. 0 ` W ,}:JT;r ;

.- "' _,_ ` E . ` g { NE ;Fh qwm ;\_J - *-$ F ai UTK `E LI U5 i1W F@ " ` . FRUNY X ' I `F!,*!iL 'T __ __: ;; Z __`
OIL FEED FROM 1 \\{lL `
REUEF VALVE l j { g j ( 3 ) ( 6 ) ( 7

RUR OIL FELD FROM NEW

bliss ON MMN 01L FUN!

Fl;. 29.-End-to-and all Ind. Merlin crankshnlt

224 Aircrew Engineering

iu\I}:YH:i<!I1q)\3WHJCP5YCHgV:|i(QIJgLl2i{i;r Rnleggyry Qyryy cgyymuogi OPERATING CONDINONS OF 1E1bfidiocy I BOOORVM
If)``1 d mum m~u
M e a n i n g s P a m rm
m , ~*` A WQV "*i**
. @'mm Zilpfcyfp we (
force.Tulsapossesses<cvc;|;1ddu1n;1landum-I7?'i ""ivvwua~.~mzunm mawmges.n[mmsp;m~1mecomm pmpomun-Y1***"*;F WW~;;;*~= L; `"'L"77T?3]77:
,_,__, , ~ing of ml beuwcn theYumaland tugeml M4 ;5i3_Jg.g.M$ ;;;,4;r,.y n,... ` pn mq ''
f t a rm g s \ \ h | ch a n n u l h & c d u n e u 1 \ h l c p re ci o u s
>y>lcm. It perm a recluctmn in mul ml HMS
Iecnuw mth theca old <y<ram \cc<s cul wasgnun {
lo the Journal bracing< an Madera m prcndu , .
-v?6 rw# ~u#;A`;#?z " "M Qf?/X
cnuugh fm the big-cmd bczmngx It gnu; exmllem
L , I . STANDARD A, , 4 Malt! mqfflwldzlfh . w~ ~ cyL/A/DEI HEADS *7* CYLMIDU? NIM;
cenlnfusiun and cleaning of the ml, and Xt. perms "f2iQ
deletion of grimaces and hmlcs ran theca journal ig - -- E-.r . W. i$g,,,[.i;;.w:~m M K--. Tv" " _ ;;;:;7L`?}%Zl"Z"L'7 _ / LZZ,'2Zf3...U.m.
charring lhcrcby wry considerably nncmamng
their load carrying c.1p.1cuy. - iiw m;x.;, 1 . V , ` }umw
2 yr { .r ~ *7 ` '"
We fl| mic xxnoywepwooh rcgard tureducev
ing nh: nil How and foam. that although hczumg - ., A rr ~\= ~ i ;!$}2" ,2% A ~ ` __;..],
lu b r ica t io n w a s cxccllcm va c r a n m m lm u b lc w im p UI * ~*> ` *r
p|$lO!\ fig gunimiug. Srnwmxn srR[1vcm[/vrvCYOAvD[P S/f/RTS """""" """""' CYLINDER SK/R7'5
Piston lcmwralure mcasurcmcnls showed that ""Z'`ZiS7": ` "fZ
a reduction in oil How npprcciahly raised the
pxsmn Kcmpermure which cxplmncd the reason gay;,,.....,. V . ,,...l,~r...,..~ " SVTU . nr in uh mu mr num.
fm ring gumming. W: cvcrcamc his mumble by
me simple device of puking some "11a1s" can the
nil clc drillings cf theca journals and so pcrrnitxed 1~vw Lf wcmssp umm
am xncrcnsnd 011 discharge, A more logical way uf # ~ ,A ` `KA-Di/[77UN CII? RIO!/L7/ON GEAR ` lp,/V/(1N BMKM5 //N/OV Eflf/NCS
looking after the piton rings i< to introduce oil
jct. under theca pxsiuns fad by a scpuratc gallery
pipe and ccuncmile on the 011 <pilt out from the \ =~*.$p I2,. " -~ "ii.'.,".Q*,.: *321 i'TZ""
bearings, This sysncm ic under mu and has proved 1 gf', In ..., -_ C..r.~ um. * . , , u n r o o M
most cHuctivv. giving u rcducuun in piston tam
pearler cafes much as 90 deg. C.
Another item which has given risk tic :1 lar cf
trouble under civil operating ccndiricns is the "::3, '7 ` } S pd//DA/FD
burning of exhaust vales due no the high lead Q 5 ( gui! 6[AP//VG M/7`[CEAL FLA/Vf[ 5/C BALL JHIWG

<>= in h= 1`=| W h~ rfi=d - * munmaun1mmr1mprv r1:yu|ru mm; ;a.1mm amwm or work on mss mmm., and F*-*'v"*""-'*"
I am plnaszd tan say that aI`t:r a lung struggle vu:
appear to 'have arrived at me namer. Umm me] Comma"; 5} c.c.s, O; T_E_L1g>er gylqn ofltlx '|;,Eg.bf:0ngdn0nfp%ix11lc lcadtoaqezgso '
lIllustraucn number Jl shows me new mmm megrimm. an mumrcmy1e dg l":;*1e.r'f Sm '' " "" " '
rb<>did lhc Mr1 100 si= thcformof an xnmbnm. Th: abjec I
, As you all probably know, me poem ono hgbawm w qonvgrtxhg pmduw, rrb= ThMRCSlry amses, however. under 1w m~
msrmm ww cm.nc<zruc>< 4n vmsncumuy #52* `i "'* "D;1iE
ran `uWN www mm. xMumu W. ....1 my N. W: -;* ";;:'j:::" ` 'ff.;
{ v _" '
el"::i/D U _ _ w

cumnzu Wm. \ q` www m.~>;_i] `mi'."1jY;J3l}5 2:%

srumvxmv mmm \ Q m Mw m;w<**" M ~"*'**" "" F .l , _.` I . . [ \,' . ~ *
mm mm. mm ; .`<s.4 M v-gnumsu \` `Q `uonwx megan '* ` { I _'_;`f ,`-I $; ,~ I-rw ' 4* , . 4 = f~

vnmurnvvnncx ww \ u` ~, . * .4* ~Q' ` :<;~..s *\ ;j\_ r ` " "" ` `

U ..,. . ,.., $'1LZ?1ZJiL5T1`2J?? *"" ' K "
, n , , " , , m , AM www m L__,.lqrJ .r . . i ` 1*-;; ` '
~ ..` r. =*~Mk=
crow m m ww 1`7'&'in a * .*El.;*\*~wm* JL //
. M . u m M [R';. ~ g=_:;_gy;,
m. i pm . ,`...N /*4 win; * ,,*n, ~-~V
I w` [JN 24.- \{ V} Q" 43 rgguny pruner nm r7nYxn.s/ Mci; ' vt-AHATOI 0iI* W " "'r ' : QF nu num; c*
vxvwwun mw uvmuy iw.Nun" www \ ` Wm. <. N-mum l*' "'*
I \ l ; ,ma mum .\.,E. . `jf. ' .,//. g 1/ * .-~ ` M. . .... `
O I L m w , M D i>?" X + *" ' V, / L__i;i_~y nos gmc. mm: ww { nun; i
A ,,_ ,,,,,_ ,_ M , M W M Nuj"{2LS:;;>~;:;ji~::;
, , , M _

, ,
( `M.
; .A.`.....,.
, ,
: ;
,

4/
/
*
__yg_>ggncAg_ Wm. r?Raquasr ww T4`wyM@jE2 ?@F...E \ HUURES NOT SPECWED TO BE AS THE
$'**""' "" '"~ r uv 5 svn-! rn suz~;.vw
. . AK*" N ` _ "u~~~mL~" M mw. ...~~~ ** MLRUN 66
,M D ;; H x i;;]Q `
, , , _ , , 0 , _ ,
M mk mp \ mw. ... U,. v*

nap u___"|dP;l new Iutuns uf the Msrlln Mk. IM angina

July 1946
 has a boiling punily <H ighly hx ghc r t han t he M n M -M n
T,E.n.,, gummy um; m pang mc uw cm. e,,-=;,..,,;;;;;
xunucmn mgqnher umm low mexxupemune mmm ` "'" "'j}.
hum. TUC's with thus on theca bench hoax Ben wry
priming and {high! IMM me ubmxt In cummcme.
Ir mer mom mus ah: RCS's me fume m he gsm ** ' N * *L W" N N __ r"' * / * A
, u s p.mb1 um summm quannum can bq T-; '
p rmlmxd n u Um co u n try. N0 ximll th e A me r.
mm Mull flummox mu n/f the rcwlts are 4\nf.4cmry. .
on me mho hund me Alluvium mm euhyh
limned which has 41 hmlmg Pam 01`N deg, (Q ___ H W___ M N m m u _ _
and .;1~. has u mwMaunagpim, on um pr nur L.
hcuvy bomber Rudi our ;urCr;\|`l h.xd lu rcfucl m <~~:, yugh14~"*`:r=
with [end Mt Ihcir ftkum K0 England.
This prnhlcm 0{ lead dittnbulion at IGW Charge Fig. }tPhtoeIuric (ext ol connecting-rad
temperatures xs lm being catered for can intone
cooled cngincs by making the imercuclcr u hear in Ln:1 Xt. icon cry soon Affixer {h&c incl. Ulan
txihngcr, L:. as well ascouponghlc chcsfgc uthls: clams.
higher acmpcrmurc condition it > mmnmncully The fourth dung >hoveTh.c point of tiring
Coupled 1nlD {he engine Coml. syslcm nl IO U * iu hav: mkcn Planck bclhrc theca inlace! vlxc classics,
temperature and prevents theca charge flung ~}uch immcdmtcly Agnus thechugexmccnTh.c
below 40 deg. C. On theca rmnrimercoolul cngmcs |`|;nm:: traps .md ih: cylinder~
we are adding a small hem exchanger lo do Lhasa ll rcquxres only ounce ur wo such cycles to hm!
me dame mmm sunicienuy for ignition no mk:
A more 1`udmnnz.1 sulminn amcms prob plate in the mam trunk ppc gm hg r1~;el0 a c0m
lem is, of curs. fuel imccumu, and nz me present plume engine cm-u:.
moment wc have this in the curse uf d,c\Enid Il is :1101 lc ask of (h&c flume (raps lu cater for
[U CD !. they: cundxlium and hl: fundamental thing is lo
When uh: dmrihunmn xw a` good as plumbable cmmc theca source of mc hm spot gwmg ns: tan
F: Fv~ r || M mu gm mum Dm song yunnm pmmk prc-ngmuuu. The mm! prculcnm Worcs. ul`
'*"" " """ and be mm masonorm[ms as ruenu mu bz mgm rumble narc us [allows;
calve scat wear and Val dismrunn due nn (1) Spark lug in<utHcienlly tightened.
pcratmc coudxucns in theca mductiun nmnxfold tcmpcmkurc gmdncms in the cylmdrr hand. The 121 lm:m.nl g.1> Wmakcngc Mthc spmknng plug
due to the baling point uf '1'.! L. and cthylene dlsmmun has me {gcc; Of glghz b|p!y nqggrhq between mho msulnmr and body n/f [h&c plug,
dibrnmnic bcinx widely <*Vf TM boiing wah ummnightslrmsng Mm mmm; or me rumbling an theca plug nimbly hcalnrxg up.
point huh: lmd being 2ll0dcg.C.um1ihn(0[Hz: tcmpralurc of the \nh, Ihc rcjuh 15 {hn [arma Or ljrmumlwlc ty pc nfplug,
dibmnudz only 132 deg, C, Therefore, under cold AUlm Of a guitar arms \hcx.1l\L:|.xcc.Xl |>1n(CRCs~l lf uc enum proud: Hum. traps xwluch could
condemns theca inhibxlcr lenda in part cumnzmy i n g tu n m c th a t l e a d fa ke b e co me s cr y mo m mtcr fu r l h cscc0 m1 mu n ~u mmk1 l .mu u m l y
huh theca local Under advance condemn wu hence in t he rcgxun of high anew cmxccrnmt inn. d. . ngcr0uumvc wd would ulumat cly r~ult in
found in much as two to Rohr umm as much Careful Icmpcrarure checks mud of cxhauu sum: her t l ul mc muh us pmcn burni ng.
T.E.L, par gallon present in certain cylinders mth xahcs where: dxslorliun haw hccn prmcnt hue The l.1<t 1Hu$rr1tvnx<nun1b:rs 33, 3-1 And 35)
praxcucally no lead dxhrunuidc tu ncuxrglizc it . >hewn a rim an wanmamture uf nearly ZOO dig C. slums scam: ikmurcs office .ounce\ing_rd dcsxgn,
(A l 2 5 1 cg ,(`4 m xm1 u m T.E .L . E cc.mmmu m \ x h r c <1 i g h t h I c v w b 5 h l u o c s t u r r e d r T h e h r s p a c k m c s l m u s \ h c r u l a n l n c l y h a r p
T,E.L. 32 cc.,mcmc TLL. 5 cc.)Th.u, ofTh.i;publicm 1~ being ntmckcd un theXlclin shnuldcrCIFrcmccn the lug for the cmmcctmg
court, results in very rapid attack ufrhe exhmnl by a redesign of theca: cylmdcr hoaxed which emirs md hl! and mc connecting md, rcwltmg in high
valves. Marci uniform disxribuuon of water round the caress cuneunmrammx and ulunmtc Cull: unlink
On other cylindcn mhxch ger an excess of mhos xahc <:\>, The rexnlr hm been 21 cow particularamrc ngunen toilhc tinish undmdsm
ethylene dnbmmxdc and wry lilac lead the ~drh\ lowerong nf mh: memge xzuve fame beewezn me lug .m1 me milmcmwc photo
exhaust ousel cmciun ns wry bum, rcsulung m mnxpemzure, and guxung .1 umfurm uzmpcmuue emma mu Wm. curved mn and theca new: Nile.
rammed Luis of ppm clcumraca Spark plugs are round the ww mc. tin xhmw huw the stress conccntnxucn can bcd
affected in a similar muy Lu he Mlles. The renaming 1llum;1h0ns show n ice ntcmx reduced hy suimblc blending theca belt and rad
Obviously theca Hers approach to the problem is n/f interest, For cxamplc, pricexgum0, <h0wn nn mth theca lug, The next pnclurc <haw theca rascal
Eq gin the leadgisxyxhgxiun r{gh1._\Nc`tinned on me . llustratwn 32. uf this xmrk in the fun n/f za premium con
Mclm {hat this lend dxsmhutmn as cxwlznt As you know hl: Merlin is fitted wanly Ryan ;l1ngarnd.
down to about 30 deg, charge xcmperaruxe in she mpg wit h eh: ubjocz of preening aha lesser This, I them, concludes Wm. of the hugh spots
induction manifold bum after that it hcccmcs cry` degrees of b|0wback gcuing mtoilhc mducuun i n me dexclopment of theca Mclm engine.
ceramic. sy <tam and so resulting in violent back when
A great deal Can bcd dance who regard K0 hl: running m high bucks. The heme Mac look mer
[ucla. Th: us of acclylcnc-Wltabmnxic. which they: condition very umfacturxly but they w1|l
not carer fm pwigniaiun, This pmmr: show an
theca mp :1 normal indicator dm gram wan|1 an
cngmc rung an 3,000 r.p.m. and 18 lb.`>q. m.

.saw A boon, The point an Much ngnmun makes pace in

maxkcd and the diagram shows a smmcth in
crease in pressure Affixer theca cml ufignnion. The
second diagram shown a pump up in pressure
before theca spark occurs. xwhxch is actually the
point whcrc the charge ns tired. This xs also assume
pounced by ran <harp Rio in prcnurc and you wall
0b$fV (hat \hC punk pfcsiufts HN dbO\II \\\|C
u high as with era normal dugrzmx, IL as also
cvidcm than there is sex lnrgc amount uf ncgauw
work beg don: m compressing theca burring
charge.
Fl]. l],EarIy type Merlin <>nnetan[-rnd hal: The third diagram shows a still carlxcr nncrcewc
lugs in prmsurc as ignition occurs from hl: hl plug; Fig. ]SNew design of Marlin nnctln|rd
'[`Vie lmtllute of Welding \'l. I3. Nc. 5, May. 1946
PROFESSIONAL PUBLICATIONS TRA NSA UIUNS (Send-ManrhL~) L a v in g G u ; Su n n e d b x x c u g w s I l' Ma s h y u u ! D . ;
Under Lain bending we give inch mmm me pmeipnl nruc1 ni VOL Q_ N_ 1_ Apr;]. 1946
nuunuetul inmnl nvpumm in ms reunion num al au Jmmuln Mnlumw ur Minh W-dm"` R_ s` Tu. M VM |di1| Puulusinnnl Saxieunmd InAru|mu` Wzidum of Thmnupluriu G Hum; nc H. P Zmn Hm. *,.,1.m.m M .l.i...~ M.,..`... cmu mhpds M
Tm R o m Amo u r so d TM En v mn n s I - r = v f ` = d
OURNALmummy);THEENG1NEERI.WJOURJML1,\rm/yLcif;F**==~='$*=**=rF'*T>*rM*Vi$0-N426.IMMK946VL29.N4,ADH!.I946A`Zq<1g..\rd.mm.m.mm;Tw.rm
_ um".in a,.m;.R.\g.>Lmm mm www www nm.c... Annu.- x.m;T.;;m xx. A cm n;. mm n " u1`Nmn M sum md =.um sumqu. n w
M] z;j*''** " 7 Th: Onsttutof lh: Auunau man , A;{fW,*,,Q$',,{ ,f{k&,L" " " " 1uu1zNA.L(.mmzhL~) rz M Rumbu.
216 Armco Engmeermg