Crusading Warfare

Exploring the Military History of the Crusades

William James Hamblin
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Crusader March from
Heraclaea to Marash
6 September to 13 October 1097
 0 25 50 k
Sources: March from Heraclaea to Marash Te
le
bo
1097/09-10
H as
aly
s Danishmendids Mengujekids Saltuqids
Primary Sources
(Saltuq)
Qi (Danishmend Ghazi) (Mengujek) Western
{1090?-1102}
Da {1090?-1118} u)
{1085?-1104} Albert
Arsa
nia2.38-43
s
(M
u rat
S

Phrygia izi l i rma

k William 3.16-18
K
Caesarea Caffaro
Canso
Cappadocia Ekkehard 14
Melitene Fulcher 1.12.6-13
Philomelium
Bartolf 9b
Plastenzia Malmesbury 4.357b
Elbistan
William 3.16-18
Iconium Gesta 2/9=18-21
Anti- Coxon
Tauru Baldric 2.4=34-35 Amid Tigris
s rmenian
s MtA Orderic 9.8h-i=65
Lycaonia ns Principalites
a i Guibert 3.13a=69

han
Cilician Gates n t s
u Samosata ate Peter 4.1-4.2=37-38

Sey
Rum Seljuqs o ha
n
up h r

s M Sis Ce
y
Marash
E
Robert 3.18-19
ru
u Gilo 4.151-345

s
Heraclea
(Qilich Arslan)

ru
Ta

Sa
Cilicia Letters 2 (EH6), 3 (EH7)
{1092-1107}
C Ralph 19-33
aly
ca
Edessa
dn
us
Adana
us
Aintab Raymond 5=27-29
m
Pyra William 3.16-18
Tarsus
Mamistra Eastern Christian
Harran
Anna 10.3b-c Gr
eat
Alexandretta Mathew 2.113=166 er
Zab
Michael
Manbij
sul
Belen Pass
Pamphylia Gok
su
Bar Hebraeus M o
Antioch o g h a )
(Kerb 1102}

h
Syriac

lik
Seleucia (Yaghi-Siyan) -

Ba
Studies Antioch
{1086-1098}
Aleppo Muslim {1095
St Simeon
Aleppo (Ridwan) Ibn al-Athir (=AHC )
Asbridge 138-139 es {1095-1113}
an
t Ibn al-Qalanisi {a490} 134=L-635+
France 185-189 O
r
Kamal al-DinEu phrate
Frankopan 149-150 Raqqa
s
Maqrizi {a490} 3:20
Rubenstein 133-135
Sibt
Runciman 187-190
Smail Latakia
t ine
y zan
B
 0 25 50 k
March from Iconium to Antioch Te
le
bo
1097/08-10
H as
aly
s Danishmendids Mengujekids Saltuqids
(Saltuq)
Qi (Danishmend
4- {09/21} Crusaders Ghazi) (Mengujek)
{1090?-1102}
arrive at Caesarea Da {1090?-1118} Su )
{1085?-1104} Arsa
nias
(M
urat

Phrygia i lirm
ak
4
Kiz
Caesarea

Cappadocia 5- {09/30} Crusaders at

Melitene
Philomelium 5 Plastnezia (= Comana?)

3- {09/14} Departure of Plastenzia

Tancred and Baldwin 6- {10/04} Crusaders
Elbistan
for Cilicia 6 at Coxon (Goksun)
Iconium Anti- Coxon Tigris
Tauru
1
3
n
s rmen7-ia{10/13}
s MtA Crusaders
Amid

Lycaonia ns atsMarash
Principalite
a i

han
Cilician Gates n t s
u 7 Samosata ate

Sey
Rum Seljuqs
1- {08/15} Crusaders o ha
n
up h r
2 s M Sis Ce
y
Marash
E
capture Iconium ru
u

s
Heraclea
(Qilich Arslan)

ru
Ta

Sa
2- {09/01} Crusaders Cilicia
{1092-1107}
C capture Heraclea
aly
ca
Edessa
dn Adana Aintab
us us
m
yra
P
Mamistra 8
Tarsus Harran

8- {10/17} Baldwin Gr
eat
er
Alexandretta marches for Edessa Zab

Pamphylia Belen Pass Manbij l

Mosu a)
Gok
su
Antioch rb o g h
(Ke 1102}

h
9- {10/21} Crusaders arrive at

lik
Seleucia (Yaghi-Siyan) -

Ba
Antioch; siege begins
9 Antioch
{1086-1098}
Aleppo {1095
St Simeon
Aleppo (Ridwan)
an
t es {1095-1113}
r
O Euphr
ates
Raqqa

Latakia
t ine
y zan
B
 0 25 50 k
Alternate Routes: Cappadocia or Cilicia? Te
le
bo
1097/08-10
H as
aly
s Danishmendids Mengujekids
2- Why didnt the crusaders take the more direct
Saltuqids
(Saltuq)
Qi (Danishmend Ghazi) route to Antioch through (Mengujek)
Cilicia, rather than the
{1090?-1102}
Da {1090?-1118}
indirect route through Caesarea and Cappadocia? Arsania Su)
{1085?-1104} s
(M
urat
1- Not clear from the sources
Phrygia izi l i rma
k
2- Difficulties of the pass through Cilician Gates =
K
Caesarea the bigger the army, the narrower the pass, the long
march time.
Cappadocia 3- Logistical difficulties of the Gates
1 4- Byzantine desire to recaptureMelitene
Caesarea and other
Philomelium 1b- Accounts of this 1a- Route of the Main
central Anatolian towns
phase of the march are Crusader Army via
Plastenzia 5- Fear the army of Antioch could block the Belen
vague and anecdotal. Caesarea
Cyzistra Pass (Syrian
ElbistanGates)
[France 188-191]
Iconium Anti- Coxon Tigris
Tauru
s MtA s rmenian
Amid

Lycaonia ns P1 rincipalites
3
a i

han
Cilician Gates n t s
u Samosata ate

Sey
Rum Seljuqs o ha
n
up h r

s M Sis Ce
y
Marash
E
1 ru
u

s
Heraclea
(Qilich Arslan)

ru
Ta

Sa
2 Cilicia
{1092-1107}
C
2- {09/14} Route of Tancred
aly
ca and Baldwin through Cilicia, Edessa
dn Adana Aintab
us discussed later. us
m
yra
P
Mamistra
Tarsus 3- Cilician Gates Harran
4- Syrian Gates (Belen Pass) Gr
eat
4 er
Alexandretta Zab

Pamphylia Belen Pass Manbij l

Mosu a)
Gok
su
Antioch rb o g h
(Ke 1102}

h
lik
Seleucia (Yaghi-Siyan) -

Ba
Antioch
{1086-1098}
Aleppo {1095
St Simeon
Aleppo (Ridwan)
an
t es {1095-1113}
r
O Euphr
ates
Raqqa

Latakia
t ine
y zan
B
 0 25 50 k
Rest at Heraclaea; Signs in the Heavens Te
le
bo
1097/09/02-05
H as
aly
s Danishmendids Mengujekids Saltuqids
(Saltuq)
Qi (Danishmend Ghazi) (Mengujek)
2b- Ultimate strategic goal{1090?-1118}
is {1090?-1102}
Da Su )
{1085?-1104} Melitene; Danishmend assumes the
Arsa
nias
(M
urat

Phrygia i lirm
ak crusaders are marching through
Kiz Cilicia, not Cappadocia
Caesarea 2

2a- {9/7-29} Danishmendid

Cappadocia (?) Turks besiege Comana Melitene
Philomelium (= Plastenzia?)
2
Plastenzia
Elbistan
1a- {09/01} At Heraclaea
Iconium [Gesta 4/10f=24 +Robert 3.19c]
Our men entered [Heraclaea] at once, Anti- Coxon Tigris
Tauru Amid
and we stayed there for four days
s rmenian
s MtA
Lycaonia {/09/02-05} ns Principalites
a i

han
Cilician Gates n t s
u Samosata ate

Sey
Rum Seljuqs o ha
n
up h r

s M Sis Ce
y
Marash
E

ru
u

s
Heraclea
(Qilich Arslan)

ru
Ta

Sa
1 Cilicia
{1092-1107}
C alyca Edessa
1b- Sign of the dnComet Adana Aintab
u us
[Fulcher 1.14.1] s ra
m
y
When we reached the city of Herac1ea, P
Mamistra
we beheld a certain sign in the sky which Tarsus Harran
appeared in brilliant whiteness in the Gr
eat
shape of a sword with the point toward Alexandretta
er
Zab
the East. What it portended forGthe
Pamphylia Belen Pass Manbij l
Mosu a)
oksu
future we did not know, but we left the
present and the future to God. Antioch rb o g h
(Ke 1102}

h
lik
Seleucia (Yaghi-Siyan) -

Ba
Antioch
{1086-1098}
Aleppo {1095
St Simeon
Aleppo (Ridwan)
an
t es {1095-1113}
r
O Euphr
ates
Raqqa

Latakia
t ine
y zan
B
 0 25 50 k
Capture of Castle of Turkish amir (emir) Assam Te
le
bo
1097/09/15?
H as
aly
s Danishmendids Mengujekids Saltuqids
(Saltuq)
Qi (Danishmend Ghazi) (Mengujek)
{1090?-1102}
Da {1090?-1118} Su )
{1085?-1104} Arsa
nias
(M
urat

Phrygia i lirm
ak
Kiz
Caesarea

Cappadocia
Melitene
Philomelium
1
Plastenzia
Cyzistra Elbistan

Iconium Anti- Coxon 1b- Is Simon given Tigris

Tauru Amid
1a- Castle of Turkish Amir Assam MtAs rmen
s Assams ian
castle?
Lycaonia s
[Letter 5b (Stephen)
n (HE10)] P rinc ip alites
i
ta first acquired the whole of the region of Romania

han
After
Cilician Gatesthis,nwe Samosata s
u ate

Sey
Rum Seljuqs for the oLord before that of Cappadocia which n
ha we learnt that up h r

s M Sis Ce
y
Marash
E
Assam
ru [= Arslan? = Hasan (Baldijii)?] a Turkish prince,
u

s
Heraclea
(Qilich Arslan)

ru
Ta inhabited. So we marched in his direction, taking by force all his

Sa
Cilicia
Cilicia
fortresses. He was positioned in a very strong castle perched
{1092-1107}
C on a high rock, but we caused him to abandon it, leaving one of
aly Edessa
ca
dn our princes
Adana[= Simon s
the Armenian?] with several thousand
Aintab
us u
soldiers of Christramin charge of all Assams territory to continue
Py him.
the combat against
Mamistra
Tarsus Harran
Gr
eat
er
Alexandretta Zab

Pamphylia Belen Pass Manbij l

Mosu a)
Gok
su
Antioch rb o g h
(Ke 1102}

h
lik
Seleucia (Yaghi-Siyan) -

Ba
Antioch
{1086-1098}
Aleppo {1095
St Simeon
Aleppo (Ridwan)
an
t es {1095-1113}
r
O Euphr
ates
Raqqa

Latakia
t ine
y zan
B
 0 25 50 k
March from Heraclaea to Caesarea; Simons Castle Te
le
bo
1097/09/06-21
1b- War Council H as
aly
Albert describes the War Danishmendids
s Council which governed the Mengujekids Saltuqids
crusade. Adhemar, as papal legate, was the (Danishmend
technical 3- {09/21} Crusaders arrive (Saltuq)
Qi Ghazi)
at Caesarea,
(Mengujek)
{1090?-1102}
leader of the crusade, but major military decisions were Dawhere they are {1090?-1118} Su )
made by the Council. The problem of lack of unity{1085?-1104}
of 3 welcomed by the Christian
Arsa
nias
(M
urat

Phrygia command remains true throughout the crusades. i zi l i rma

k inhabitants [Robert 3.24]
K
Caesarea
1a- War Council
[Albert 3.27a] Cappadocia
Melitene
Meanwhile the great army was hastening with its entire
Philomelium
equipment and strength on a direct route through the middle of
Rum, marching through steep mountains and sloping valleys. It Plastenzia
was governed by Duke Godfrey, Bohemond, Count Raymond, 2 Cyzistra Elbistan
2b- Is Simon given
Robert of Flanders, Adhemar bishop of Ie Puy, Robert of
Iconium 2a- Simeons Castle Assams castle?
Normandy, who took counsel together and led as equals. AAnnttii- Coxon Tigris
[Gesta 4/11=25] -T
Tauru Amid
The main army, led by Raymond ss M
M ssrm
ttA
count nia
ofeSt n and the most
Gilles
Lycaonia n s
excellent Bohemond, Duke Godfrey P rin c ip
and lites others, entered the
amany
i
ta land of the Armenians, thirsting and craving for the blood of the

han
1 Cilician Gates
un Samosata hrates

Sey
Rum Seljuqs o n
Turks. They came at last toeyahacastle which was so strong that they Eu
p
s M Sis C Marash
ru could not prevail against it. They had with them a man called
u

s
Heraclea
(Qilich Arslan)

ru
Ta Simeon, who was born in that country, and he asked for this place,

Sa
Cilicia
Cilicia
so that he could defend it from the hands of the Turkish enemies. Our
{1092-1107}
C leaders granted it to him, and he stayed there with his people.
aly
ca
Edessa
dn Adana Aintab
us us
m
2c-yraIs Simeons Castle Cyzistra/Cybistra?
P
Some Armenian lords probably met the crusader army in
Mamistra
Tarsus Harran
Heraclaea, inviting them to come to Cilicia as Armenian allies.
Tancred and Baldwin will join the Armenians by the march through Gr
eat
er
Cilicia. Simeons castle was probably on the north side of the
Alexandretta Zab
Taurus Mountains.
Belen Pass It is perhaps Cyzistra/Cybistra castle,
Manbijbut l
Pamphylia Gok
su
the precise name and location is unknown. Mosu a)
Antioch rb o g h
(Ke 1102}

h
lik
Seleucia (Yaghi-Siyan) -

Ba
Antioch
{1086-1098}
Aleppo {1095
St Simeon
Aleppo (Ridwan)
an
t es {1095-1113}
r
O Euphr
ates
Raqqa

Latakia
t ine
y zan
B
 0 25 50 k
March from Caesarea to Comana/Plastenzia Te
le
bo
1097/09/21-30
H as
aly
s Danishmendids Mengujekids Saltuqids
1- {09/21-24} Crusaders (Saltuq)
Qi (Danishmend Ghazi) (Mengujek)
{1090?-1102}
rest at Caesarea {1090?-1118} Su )
{1085?-1104} 3a- {09/30} The besieging
Arsa
nias
(M
urat

Phrygia i lirm
ak
1 Turks flee without a fight;
Kiz Da
Caesarea city surrenders willingly to
2b- Plastenzia (Plastencia = Comana?) the crusaders.
[Gesta 4/11=25-26]
When we left Cappadocia we came to a city of great
Cappadocia 3
2 3b-Bohemonds Failed Pursuit Melitene
Philomelium splendour and wealth which the Turks [of Danishmend?]
had been besieging for three weeks a little before our [Gesta 4/11=26]
arrival, but they could not take it. When we came the city Plastenzia During the next night Bohemond heard that great numbers of the

surrendered to us at once with great rejoicing. A 2a- {09/30} Crusaders take Turks whoElbistan
had been besieging the city were just ahead of us, so
[Frankish] knight [in Byzantine service, who was Comana (Plastenzia) he and his own knights got ready to attack them wherever they
Iconium
commander of the garrison] called Peter dAups asked Anti- Coxonwere, but he could not find them. Tigris
our leaders to let him hold it in fealty to God and the Tauru Amid
s MtAs rm enian
Holy Sepulchre, and to our leaders and the emperor, and s
Lycaonia
this they freely granted to him with a very good will. i n P rinc ip alites
ta

han
Cilician Gates
un Samosata ate
s

Sey
Rum Seljuqs o ha
n
up h r
2c- Peter of Aups
s M Sis Ce
y
Marash
E
Was a Provencal (S France) mercenary, who ru
u

s
Heraclea
(Qilich
wasArslan)

ru
in the service of Alexios. He takes Ta

Sa
command of the city in the name of the Cilicia
{1092-1107}
emperor,
Ca as partial fulfillment of the crusader
lyc Edessa
leadersadoath
nu to Alexios. [Robert 3.25] Adana Aintab
s us
m
yra
P
Mamistra
Tarsus Harran
Gr
eat
er
Alexandretta Zab

Pamphylia Belen Pass Manbij l

Mosu a)
Gok
su
Antioch rb o g h
(Ke 1102}

h
lik
Seleucia (Yaghi-Siyan) -

Ba
Antioch
{1086-1098}
Aleppo {1095
St Simeon
Aleppo (Ridwan)
an
t es {1095-1113}
r
O Euphr
ates
Raqqa

Latakia
t ine
y zan
B
 0 25 50 k
March from Comana/Plastenzia to Coxan Te
le
bo
1097/10/early
H as
aly
s Danishmendids Mengujekids Saltuqids
(Saltuq)
Qi (Danishmend Ghazi) (Mengujek)
{1090?-1102}
{1090?-1118} Su )
{1085?-1104} Da
Arsa
nias
(M
urat

Phrygia i lirm
ak
1a- March to Coxon
Kiz
Caesarea [Gesta 4/11=26]
After this we came to a city called Coxon, in which there were
Cappadocia plentiful supplies of provisions of which we were badly in need.
The Christians who lived in that cityMelitene
surrendered it at once, and
Philomelium
we stayed there, very comfortably, for three days, and our men
were much recovered. 1b- {10/04-08} Crusaders rest at
Plastenzia
Cyzistra 1 Elbistan Coxon (Goksun); [+Robert 3.26a]

Iconium Anti- Coxon Tigris

Tauru Amid
s rmenian
s MtA
Lycaonia ns Principalites
a i

han
Cilician Gates n t s
u Samosata ate

Sey
Rum Seljuqs o ha
n
up h r

s M Sis Ce
y
Marash
E

ru
u

s
Heraclea
(Qilich Arslan)

ru
Ta

Sa
Cilicia
{1092-1107}
C aly
ca
Edessa
dn Adana Aintab
us us
m
yra
P
Mamistra
Tarsus Harran
Gr
eat
er
Alexandretta Zab

Pamphylia Belen Pass Manbij l

Mosu a)
Gok
su
Antioch rb o g h
(Ke 1102}

h
lik
Seleucia (Yaghi-Siyan) -

Ba
Antioch
{1086-1098}
Aleppo {1095
St Simeon
Aleppo (Ridwan)
an
t es {1095-1113}
r
O Euphr
ates
Raqqa

Latakia
t ine
y zan
B
 0 25 50 k
March from Coxan to Marash Te
le
bo
1097/10/09-13
H as
aly
s Danishmendids Mengujekids Saltuqids
(Saltuq)
Qi (Danishmend Ghazi) (Mengujek)
{1090?-1102}
{1090?-1118} Su )
{1085?-1104} Da
Arsa
nias
(M
urat

Phrygia i lirm
ak
Kiz
Caesarea

Cappadocia
Melitene
Philomelium

Plastenzia
Cyzistra Elbistan

Iconium

Anti- Coxon 1c- {10/13-16} March to Marash
Tigris
Tauru [Robert 3.28] Amid
ia
s rmen The
s MtA n soldiers and arms-bearers made their
Lycaonia n s {10/09-13} Difficult Pr1incipalitesway along this rough path with the weapons
1a-
a i

han
1b- {10/09-13} MarchCilicianto Marash
Gates n t march to Marash hanging round their necks, allrareduced
te s to
Samosata
[Gesta 4/11=27; +Robert 3.28]ou

Sey
n h
Rum Seljuqs We, who stayed at Coxon, s M out and began
set Sis Ce
y ha
Marash
Eu
marching on foot because none p
of them
ru could ride along it.
u

s
Heraclea to cross a damnable mountain
(Qilich Arslan) [the Anti-

ru
Ta

Sa
Taurus], which was so high and steep Cilicia
that 1d- Abandoning Armor
{1092-1107}
C
none of our men dared to overtake another The Gesta says that many knights
aly
ca on the mountain path. Horses fell over the Edessa
dn Adana Aintab abandoned their armor. Why?
us
precipice, and one beast of burden dragged us
ra
m 1- It is too hot and heavy to wear armor
another down. As for the knights, theyPstood y
Mamistra when crossing a steep narrow mountains
about in a great state
Tarsusof gloom, wringing their gorge. Harran
hands because they were so frightened and 2- Most of the pack animals had died, so Gr
eat
miserable, not knowing what to do with the armor had to be carried by hand. er
Zab
Alexandretta
themselves and their armour, and offering 3- The exhaustion of the crusaders, steep
Pamphylia Belen Pass Manbij l
Mosu a)
Gok
su to sell their shields, valuable breastplates narrow paths meant that it was difficult
and helmets for three-pence or fivepence or Antioch to carry the the added weight. rb o g h
(Ke 1102}

h
lik
Seleucia
any price they could get. Those who could (Yaghi-Siyan) -

Ba
not find a buyer threw their arms away and {1086-1098} Antioch
Aleppo {1095
went on. When we had crossed that accursed St Simeon
Aleppo (Ridwan)
mountain we came to a city called Marash. a n te
s
{1095-1113}
r
O Euphr
ates
Raqqa

Latakia
t ine
y zan
B
 0 25 50 k
Rest at Marash Te
le
bo
1097/09/13-16
H as
aly
s Danishmendids Mengujekids Saltuqids
(Saltuq)
Qi (Danishmend Ghazi) (Mengujek)
{1090?-1102}
{1090?-1118} Su )
{1085?-1104} Da
Arsa
nias
(M
urat

Phrygia i lirm
ak
Kiz
Caesarea

Cappadocia
Melitene
Philomelium

Plastenzia
Cyzistra Elbistan

Iconium Anti- Coxon Tigris

Tauru Amid
s rmenian
s MtA
Lycaonia ns Principalites 1- {10/13-16} Rest at Marash
a i

han
t [Fulcher 1.14.2]
Cilician Gates
un 1 Samosata hrates

Sey
Rum Seljuqs o yh
an We rested quietly [at Marash]
Eu
p for three days.
s M Sis Ce Marash But when we had marched a day's journey
ru
u

s
Heraclea from there and were now not farther than
(Qilich Arslan)

ru
Ta

Sa
Cilicia three days from Antioch of Syria [+Gesta
{1092-1107}
C
4/11=26]
aly
ca
Edessa
dn Adana Aintab
us us
m
yra
P
Mamistra
Tarsus Harran
Gr
eat
er
Alexandretta Zab

Pamphylia Belen Pass Manbij l

Mosu a)
Gok
su
Antioch rb o g h
(Ke 1102}

h
lik
Seleucia (Yaghi-Siyan) -

Ba
Antioch
{1086-1098}
Aleppo {1095
St Simeon
Aleppo (Ridwan)
an
t es {1095-1113}
r
O Euphr
ates
Raqqa

Latakia
t ine
y zan
B
 0 25 50 k
Fate of the Anatolian Cities Te
le
bo
1097-1100
H as
aly
s Danishmendids Mengujekids Saltuqids
1- Fate of Anatolian Cities (Saltuq)
Qi (Danishmend Ghazi) (Mengujek)
1- Presence of Crusader armies temporarily
{1090?-1102}
{1090?-1118} Su )
{1085?-1104} Da
Arsa
shifted the military balance of Anatolia.
n ias
(M
urat

Phrygia ak 2- Turks did not attempt to defend. Turkish

i lirm
Kiz Garrisons fled.
Caesarea 3- Local Christians welcomes the crusaders into
the city.
Cappadocia 4- The crusaders turned most cities over to local
Melitene
Christian, Armenian, or Byzantine garrisons.
Philomelium 1
5- When the crusader army departed, the military
Plastenzia balance of power shifted back to the Turks.
Cyzistra Elbistan 6- Most Anatolian cities were quickly submitted
to the Turks when the crusader armies leave.
Iconium Anti- Coxon 1 These cities are held by the Turks when the
Tigris
Tauru Crusade of 1101 invades. Amid
1
s rmenian
s MtA 7- The Crusaders retain no permanent conquests
Lycaonia ns Principalites in central Anatolia.
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han
t
Cilician Gates
un Samosata ate
s

Sey
Rum Seljuqs o ha
n
up h r

s M Sis Ce
y
Marash
E

ru
u

s
Heraclea
(Qilich Arslan)

ru
Ta

Sa
Cilicia
{1092-1107}
C aly
ca
Edessa
dn Adana Aintab
us us
m
yra
P
Mamistra
Tarsus Harran
Gr
eat
er
Alexandretta Zab

Pamphylia Belen Pass Manbij l

Mosu a)
Gok
su
Antioch rb o g h
(Ke 1102}

h
lik
Seleucia (Yaghi-Siyan) -

Ba
Antioch
{1086-1098}
Aleppo {1095
St Simeon
Aleppo (Ridwan)
an
t es {1095-1113}
r
O Euphr
ates
Raqqa

Latakia
t ine
y zan
B
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