Calculus - Chapter 2 Solutions

1. a. See graph at right.

b. The velocity is decreasing over the entire interval.
It is changing fastest at the beginning and slowest
at the end.
c. A = 12 (95 + 85)(5) = 450 feet

d. A = 12 [(95 + 85)(5) + (85 + 81)(3) + (81+ 70)(5) +

!!!!!!!!!!(70 + 62)(10) + (62 + 48)(10) + (48 + 44)(5) +
!!!!!!!!!!(44 + 35)(10) + (35 + 25)(15) + (25 +19)(10) +
!!!!!!!!!!(19 +12)(10) + (12 + 4)(10) + (4 + 0)(9)] = 3834.5!feet
e. No, they had to walk 5280 3834.5 = 1445.5 feet.

f(x)
2. See graph at right.
a. Yes, we are not given information about the
intermediate values.
b. A= 1
2
(5 + 10)(3) + 12 (10 + 11)(3) + 12 (11 + 15)(3) +
!!!!!!! 12 (15 + 13)(3) + 12 (13 + 6)(3) = 163.5!un 2 x

c. The 3 represents the equal heights, the is used to find the area of a trapezoid.
d. 3
2
(5 + 10 + 10 + 11 + 11 + 15 + 15 + 13 + 13 + 6) = A
e. The first and last y-values occur only once while all other y-values are added twice.
f. 2
2 ( g(2) + 2g(4) + 2g(6) + 2g(8) + g(10) ) = 1(1 + 2(2) + 2(5) + 2(4) + 3) = 26!un 2

3. a. 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 + 6 + 7 + 8 + 9 + 10
b. 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 + 6 + 7 + 8 + 9 + 10
c. (4 ! 0 " 3) + (4 !1 " 3) + ! + (4 ! 4 " 3) + (4 ! 5 " 3) = "3 + 1 + ! + 13 + 17

d. 1(3 !1 " 1)2 + 2(3 ! 2 " 1)2 + 3(3 ! 3 " 1)2 + 4(3 ! 4 " 1)2 = 4 + 50 + 192 + 484

4. a. He moved the index p by half steps instead of by 1.

b. He squared after adding each value instead of adding each square.
c. 32 + 4 2 + 5 2 = 9 + 16 + 25 = 50

Chapter 2 Solutions 1
 4 6 4
5. Sample answers: a. " 3 ! 4i b. ! i2 c. ! 12 f (2i)
i=1 i= 3 i=0

6. a. See graph at right. y

b. The answer should be between 362 and 418.
Using trapezoids: 12 ! (14 + 18)(2) + (18 + 22)(5) + (22 + 16)(6) $ =
#" +(16 + 10)(4) + (10 + 8)(7) + (8 + 6)(4) &%
1
2
(64 + 200 + 228 + 104 + 126 + 56) = 389 x

7. a. See graph at right.

Horizontal asymptote: y = 0
Vertical asymptote: x = 4
b. y= 1
x
+ 4 = f !1 (x)
Yes, f passes the horizontal line test, and
f !1 has at most one output per unit.
c. See graph at right. Horizontal asymptote: y = 4
Vertical asymptote: x = 0
It is a reflection of f(x) across the line y = x, and
the asymptotes are reversed from those of f.

8. This is a sphere with two connected cones V= 4

3
! r 3 " 2 # 13 ! r 3
cut out of the spheres interior.
= 4
3
! 33 " 2 # 13 ! 33
= 36! " 18! = 18! !un 3

9. 2.5 ! 2 + 3.5 ! 2 + 4.5 ! 2 + 5.5 ! 2 " 5.384 , which is very reasonable.

10. There is a triangle below the x-axis: A ( f , 2 ! x ! 12 ) = ( 12 ) ("5)(10) = "25!un2

11. a. (!4)2 + (!3)2 + (!2)2 + (!1)2 + 0 2 + 12 + 2 2 + 32 + 4 2 = 60

b. (!4)3 + (!3)3 + (!2)3 + (!1)3 + 0 3 + 13 + 2 3 + 33 + 4 3 = 0

c. 2 !3 + 2 !2 + 2 !1 + 2 0 + 21 + 2 2 + 2 3 = 15 7
8

d. sin(!5) + sin(!4) + ! + sin(4) + sin(5) = 0 , since sin(!i) = ! sin(i) so all terms cancel
out except for sin 0 = 0 .

2 Calculus Solutions
12. a. even b. odd c. nether d. odd

13. a. When the velocity changes from positive to negative: t = 8 seconds

b. When the v(t) is the greatest: t = 12 seconds
c. This is the area A(v, 0 ! t ! 12) = 4 + 7 + 6 + 3 " 3 " 10 = 7 ft (by adding every 2 secs)

d. (i) 2 ft s2 (ii) 0 ft s2 (iii) !1.5 ft s2

14. a 2(2) + 3 = 7 b. 7 c. 22 ! 1 = 3
d. It is not continuous, or jumps, at x = 2.

15. One way to do this is by realizing:

20 20 20 # 20 &
" (2 j 2 ! 1) = 2 " j 2 +
" (!1) = 2 %" ( j 2 ! 19 = 5719
j =2 j =2 j =2 $ j =2 '
(A calculator could be used at any of these steps.)

16. One method is to use the sequential function g(i) = g(i ! 1) + 2 " 2 cos ( # (3 + 0.25i) ) with
g(3) = 0 . The sum is g(12) = 4 . It is not hard to get this answer by canceling out terms
such that only the last term is left.

17. a. A ( f , 2 ! x ! 5) " 1
2
f (2) + 1
2
f (2.5) + ! + 1
2
f (4.5) = 14 3
8

b. For the rectangle, base = 1

2
and height = f (2) , so A = bh = 1
2
f (2) .
A ( f , 2 ! x ! 5) " 1
2
f (2) + 1
2
f (2.5) + ! + 1
2
f (4.5)

c. i. 0 to 5 gives 6 total rectangles.

ii: The width of every rectangle.
iii. The 2 guarantees that the first height is evaluated at 2. Since sigma notation
evaluates integers only, (2 + 12 i) argument allows for evaluation at every 12 unit
from 2 along the domain.
d. 14 83 , the same.

1 23 8
18. a. ! 4 f (4 + 4i) b. ! 1
3
f (4 + i)
1
3
c. ! 89 f (4 + 89 i)
i=0 i=0 i=0

d. The expanded sum could not be factored and simplified if the widths were not equal.
Chapter 2 Solutions 3
19. a. A = 4(2) + 5(3) + 10(1) + 11(2) + 12(1) = 67!un 2
b. A = 4(2) + 5(2) + 10(2) + 11(2) + 12(2) = 84!un 2
4
c. ! 2 f (2i)
i=0

20. They are the same, only the indices are changed.

21. a. 300 calories, the area under the rate function for the first hour.
b. This is the full area: 300+450+450+75= 1275 calories
c. total calories
total time
= 1275
3.5
! 364.286 cal hr

15
22. " f (i ! 4)
i=10

23. !2 cos 0 + 3 = a cos(b " 0) ! 2 ! cos(4" ) ! 4 = a cos(b # 2" ) ! 2

!2 + 3 = a cos(0) ! 2 !1 ! 4 = 3 cos(2" b) ! 2
!1 = a ! 2 !3 = 3 cos(2" b)
a=3 cos(2" b) = !1
In order for there to be one peak, b = 1.5.

24. a. b.

c.

25. a. As x ! 1+
3
or x ! 1"
3
,!y ! 2 13 : there is a hole at ( 13 , 2 13 ) .
As x ! ",!y ! " , and as x ! "#,!y ! "# .

4 Calculus Solutions
26. This is a trapezoid with vertices (0, 5), (0, 7), (1, 5), and (2, 7).
A ( f , 5 ! y ! 7 ) = 2 " 1+2
2
= 3!un 2

27. If f were not strictly increasing or decreasing, then it would repeat some y-value for two
different x-values and it would not pass the horizontal line test, so f !1 would not be a
function. So if f !1 is a function and f is continuous, then f must be strictly increasing or
decreasing.

28. "
A ! 12 f ( ( ) + 2 f ( ) + 2 f ( ) + 2 f ( 0 ) + 2 f ( ) + 2 f ( ) + f ( ))
#"
2
#"
3
#"
6
"
6
"
3
"
2

Since cos(x) is an even function, compute the area on "# 0, !2 $% and double it.

29. a. A ( f , 2 ! x ! 5) " 1 f (2) + 1 f (2.25) + 1 f (2.5) + ! + 1

4 4 4 4
f (4.75)
12
b. A ( f , 2 ! x ! 5) " # ( )
1 f 2 + i " 14.656
4 4
i=0
c. 14.656 should be more accurate because it comes from twice as many rectangles (of
equal spacing).

n$1 20
30. a n = 21,!!x = 7 1
21 3
:!A ( f , 3 " x " 10 ) = % [ !x # f (a + !x # i ] = % 13 f ( 3 + 3i )
i=0 i=0
n"1 9
b. n = 10,!!x = 10
8 = 4
5
:!A ( f , "2 # x # 6 ) = % [ !x $ f (a + !x $ i ] = % 4
5 (
f "2 + 45 i )
i=0 i=0

21 20
31. ! 1
3 (
f 3+ i
3 ) or ! 13 f ( 3 13 + 3i )
i=1 i=0

n
32. # [ !x " f (a + !x " i ] is the best answer.
i=1

33. Xavier is incorrect.

3
34. a. ! f (2.5 + i)
i=0

b. It is a pile of thin cylinders, with increasing diameters, stacked sideways.

c. V ! " ( 0.5 )2 + " ( 1.5 )2 + " ( 2.5 )2 + " ( 3.5 )2 = 8" ! 25.133!un 3

Chapter 2 Solutions 5
35. k(x) = g ( f (x) ) = log x = log x1/2 = 1
2
log x

36. The slope gradually increases and approaches ! as x approaches 2. Afterwards it

gradually decreases but stars positive. Towards !" and ! the slope approaches 1.
As x ! "#, y ! "# ; as x ! ", y ! " ; as x ! 2 " , y ! # ; as x ! 2 + , y ! "# .
The end behavior function is y = x + 4 .

37. The argument cos ( ) repeats after 4 values of p:

!p
2

$ cos ( !2p ) = 20 ( cos !2 + cos ! + cos 32! + cos 2! ) = 20 ( 0 " 1 + 0 + 1) = 20 # 0 = 0

20

p=1

y
38. See sample graph at right. The inverse of an odd
function is odd, but it may not be a function.
x

39. This is a hemisphere with a radius of 3.

( )
V = 12 43 ! " 33 = 18! !un 3

7
40. For left rectangles: A( f , 3 ! x ! 7) " # 1
2 (
f 3+ i
2 ) " 6.49 4!un2
i=0
8
For right rectangles: A( f , 3 ! x ! 7) " # 12 f 3 + ( i
2 ) " 6.56 3!un2
i=1
7
For midpoint rectangles: A( f , 3 ! x ! 7) " # 1
2 (
f 3.25 + i
2 ) " 6.529!un2
i=0

5 5 4
41. a. ! (3 + 2i) b. " i cos i! c. " 15 f (i ! 2)
i=1 i=2 i=0

42. a. The data lies on the line Price = 900 + 160 (year-1978), from which we can predict a
price of $2,500 for a 1988 Mustang, which seems like a very reasonable prediction
according to the data.
b. The data lie on the line Price = 4450 + 675 (year-1990), which gives an estimate of
$3,100 for a 1988 Mustang.
c. No.
d. This can help them make a better prediction of a fair price if they are willing to
compromise away from he lines found in parts (a) and (b).
6 Calculus Solutions
43. a. As the year approaches, 1988 from the right, we predict the asking price to be $3,100.
b. The left and right limits would have to be equal.

44. Yes, it looks like lim f (x) " 3 .

x!2

45. No, because a limit is a prediction based upon surrounding values of x, but not the actual
value of f(2).

46. a. As x approaches 5, f(x) approaches 6.

b. As x approaches 3 from the right, g(h) approaches !" .

47. See graph at right.

a. As x ! 1+ , y ! "2 . As x ! ", y ! " .
b. lim 3 x # 1 # 2 = "
x!"

48. No; the function could have left and right limits which are equal but where there is a hole.

49. a. As x approaches 1 from the right, x + 1 + 3 approaches 3.

b. As we let time (or the amount of time that passes) approach infinity, a sodas
temperature approaches room temperature.

50. a. For f, D = { x : x < 3} and for g, D = { x : x ! 3} .

b. See graph at right.
c. In order to be continuous the functions must have the same
value at x = 3. f (3) is undefined and g(3) = !2 .
d. For f, R = (!", ") , and for g, R = { y : y ! "2 } .

51. a. See graph at right. Graph is scaled by 2s.

As x ! "#, y ! "# ; as x ! 1" , y ! 7 ;
as x ! 1+ , y ! 7 ; as x ! ", y ! " .

Solution continues on next page.

Chapter 2 Solutions 7
51. Solution continued from previous page.
b. See graph at right . Graph is scaled by 4s.
Vertical asymptote: x = 2; slant asymptote: y = x + 7
As x ! "#, y ! "# ; as x ! 2 " , y ! "# ;
as x ! 2 + , y ! " ; as x ! ", y ! " .
c. The x 1 factor cancels out, causing a hole.
d. Part (a): The function simplifies to b(x) = x + 6
Part (b): Expanding the numerator and using long division (we do not need the
x+7
remainder): x ! 2 x + 5x ! 6 Therefore, b(x) = x + 7 .
2

x 2 ! 2x
!!!!!!!7x ! 6

52. lim f (x) = 0,! lim f (x) = "0.5,! lim f (x) = 0.5,! lim f (x) = 0
x!"# x!"1" x!"1+ x!#

53. 2x 2 + 6x + 20 = 2(x + 1.5)2 ! 24.5 , so the vertex is (1.5, 24.5), and the line is
y = ! 73 (x + 1.5) ! 24.5 .

54. a. f !1 (x) = x 3 b. ( )
f f !1 (x) = x c. f !1 ( f (x) ) = x

5
55. a. A( f , 0 ! x ! " ) # $ "6 sin ( 12" + i "6 ) # 2.023!un2
i=0
b. Each rectangle becomes a thin cylinder.
5
c. V ! $ "6 # " # sin ( 12" + i "6 ) = % "22 ! 4.935!un 3
i=0

56. a. Point c: speed ! 4 ft/sec

b. Point a: velocity ! 1.3 ft/sec
c. Speed is the rate of travel in any direction and is never negative. Velocity is the rate
of travel in the (fixed. positive direction, and it may be negative.

8 Calculus Solutions
 y
!
57. a. ! b. 0 2

c. 1 d. 1
e. lim f (x) equals a constant and that constant is the x
x!"
y-value of the horizontal asymptote. !
"
2
#
f. See graph at right. lim f (x) = 2
lim f (x) = " $2
x!" x!"#

58. a. f(x) approaches ! on each side: lim f (x) = #,! lim f (x) = #
x!0 " x!0 +
b. Yes.
c. lim f (x) = " or the limit does not exist.
x!0

59. a. The right-hand and left-hand limits are different, so the limit at 2 does not exist.
b. Again, the limits differ from the right and left.

60. See graph at right. The right and left limits differ, lim f (x) = "1
"
and lim f (x) = 1 , so lim f (x) does not exist. x!0
x!0 + x!0

61. lim f (x) lim f (x) lim f (x)

a x!a " x!a + x!a
f (a)
1 2 2 2 DNE
2 4 4 4 4
3 2.5 1 DNE 2.5
4 ! ! ! DNE

62. a. No, continuity ensures that lim f (x) exists.

x!a

b. No, it does not make sense.

c. Not necessarily, because lim f (x) and f(a) can both exist but may not be equal.
x!a

d. See the Math Note in Lesson 2.2.3 for a list of conditions.

63. a. 3 b. !" or DNE c. 1 d. 2

e. undefined f. ! or DNE g. 4 h. DNE
i. No, there is a vertical asymptote.

Chapter 2 Solutions 9
64. a. Yes, based on the continuity of temperature.
b. 2
temp.

65. a. See graph at right. The temperature decreases toward a

constant value.
b. As time approaches infinity, the temperature of the coffee time
approaches room temperature.

66. a. D = { x : x is real} ,!R = { y : y ! 1}

b. D = { x : x ! "3} ,!R = { y : y ! "2 }

67. See sample graph at right.

The graph has 2 horizontal asymptotes: y = 2 and y = 2.

68. A line.

7 7
69. A ( f , !2 " x " 6 ) # $ f (!2 + i) = $ (!2 + i) cos(!2 + i) # !4.166!un 2
i=0 i=0

15 15
70. A ( f , !2 " x " 6 ) # $ 1
2 (
f !2 + i
2 ) =$ 1
2 ( !2 + 2i ) cos ( !2 + 2i ) # !3.249!un2
i=0 i=0
This is a different result.

1 3
x " 3 1" x
71. a. 1 We can rewrite the function as x ! = . As x gets bigger and bigger 3
and
5
approach 0 and f (x) ! 1 .
1
x
x + 5 1+ 5x x
x
b. 1
c. Does not exist.
(x!5)! 3
d. (x!5)+5
= x!8
x

(2m! 3)! 3
e. (2m! 3)+5
= 2m
2m+8
= m
m+ 4

x+h! 3
f. x+h+5

g. These are the horizontal asymptote.

10 Calculus Solutions
72. a. It is the slope.
b. When t is between 2 and 4 seconds and between 8 and 10 seconds.
c. 40 ft/s2 (between t = 5 and 6)
d. The cars velocity is constant.
e. This is the area:
A ! 40(2) + 40+20
2
(2) + 20(1) + 20+60
2
(1.5) + 60(1.5) + 60+ 40
2
(2) + 40(2) = 490 ft

73. Sample graphs:

a. b. c.

74. For x = 2, the third condition. For x = 0, all conditions. For x = 1, the 1st and 3rd
conditions. For x = 2, the 2nd and 3rd conditions. These are the four basic types of
discontinuities: all conditions fail, or there is no limit and the 1st and 3rd fail, or f(a) does not
exist and the 2nd and 3rd fail, or just the 3rd fails.

75. As g goes continuously from (4, 10) to (1, 3), it must cross the x-axis somewhere and
have a root. It cannot jump the x-axis if it is continuous.

76. 1. lim x = lim x = 0 therefore lim x exists.

x!0 " x!0 + x!0
2. 0 = 0 by definition.
3. lim x = 0
x!0

77. a. True
b. Yes, the rate of the car as it slows is continuous; therefore, all intermediate values
between 65 and 0 must occur.

78. If f (a) < y1 < f (b) then f cannot hop over the line y = y1 ; it must cross it. So any y-value
between f(a) and f(b) must be reached at least once.

79. The function is not continuous between 2 and 2.

Chapter 2 Solutions 11
80. 1

410 ft 230 ft
81. a. 10 seconds: 10 s
= 41 ft/s , 5 seconds: 5s
= 46 ft/s

b. 50, 48, 46, 44, 42, 40, 38, 36, 34, 32 (in feet)
Velocity is decreasing in a linear manner.
c. Since velocity is linear, the height will be quadratic.

3 4
82. a. " 2
3 (
f !2 + 23 i ) b. ! 12 f ( 6 + 12 i )
i=0 i=0

83. Since f is continuous, f (2) = !4 , and f (3) = 1 , it must have a root between 2 and 3 by the
Intermediate Value Theorem.

2 8 299
84. a. ! f (2 + i) b. ! ( 1
3
f 2+ i
3 ) c. ! 1001 f ( 2 + 100i )
i=0 i=0 i=0

85. a. See graph at right. The y-axis is scaled by 5s. 10 rectangles.

b. { x : !3 " x " 2 }
c. A ( f , !3 " x " 2 ) # 29.375!un 2

86. Total books sold = 300 ! 2 + 200 + 600 + 900 ! 2 + 700 = 3900
Average = 3900 books = 557 1 books/day
7 days 7

81. a. lim y = 9 b. lim f (x) = "

x!0 x!3

c. Only the limit in part (a) exits. Infinity is not a value for a limit that exists.

12 Calculus Solutions
88. a See graph at right. y
b. At x = 1, 1, and 3.

89. a. When the expression is evaluated at x = 2, the result is undefined. x

b. There is a hole.
c. lim x
x+2
= 2
2+2
= 2
4
= 1
2
x!2

d. It simplifies the fraction to a form that can be evaluated.

90. a. Factor and cancel; hole

b. Substitute in a value like 2.9; vertical asymptote
c. Multiply by the conjugate of the denominator; hole
d. (a) and (c) have limits that exist because the graphs have holes. (b) has a vertical
asymptote and therefore the limit does not exist.

2 x 2 "2 2(x"1)(x+1)
91. a. lim = lim = lim 2(x + 1) = 2(1 + 1) = 4
x!1 x"1 x!1 x"1 x!1
2# 7
2 2
b. lim 22 x # 7 = lim 4 x 1 = 21 = 2
x!" x + 4 x#1 x!" 1+ #
x x2

2 x3 " 7 2(0)3 " 7

c. lim = = 7
x!0 3x 3 + 4 x"5 3(0)3 + 4(0)"5 5

d. lim x "1 = lim x "1

= lim 1 = 1 = 12
x!1 x"1 x!1 ( x +1)( x "1) x!1 x +1 1+1
5
lim x" 4 : This cannot be simplified. The graph has
e. a vertical asymptote.
x!4 "
Substituting in values of 3.9, 3.99, 3.999, etc. can show that the graph approaches
negative infinity and therefore the limit does not exist.
1" 1
2 "1 2
f. lim xx+2 = lim 1 x2 ! lim 1 ! lim x = "#
x!"# x!"# + x!"# 1 x!"#
x x2 x
Again, there is a vertical asymptote and therefore the limit does not exist.

92. a. H.A. at y = 23 ; lim f (x) = 23 ; lim f (x) = 2

3
x!" x!"#
V.A. at x = 5 ; lim f (x) = " ; lim f (x) = "#
x!5 + x!5 "
b. H.A. at y = !2 ; lim f (x) = #
2
; lim f (x) = " $2 ; No V.A. or holes
x!" x!"#
c. H.A. none; lim f (x) = " ; V.A. none; hole at x = 2 ; lim f (x) = "4
x!" x!2

Chapter 2 Solutions 13
93. Graph must be odd, go through the origin and have horizontal asymptotes at 5 and 5.

94. a. undefined b. DNE; vertical asymptote

c. 1 d. 2
e. 1 f. DNE; Right and left limits are not equal.
g. 4 h. DNE; lim f (x) " f (2)
x!2
i. 2 j. 4
k. No. lim f (x) " f (4)
x!4

95. Let y = f (x) . This is a semicircle of radius 2.

a. Sample answer:
A! ( 23 ) ( f ( " 43 ) + f ( " 23 ) + f ( 43 ) + f ( 23 ) ) = ( 23 ) ( 2 35 + 4 32 + 4 32 + 2 35 ) ! 4.502!un2
b. Sample answer: A ! (1) ( f (1) + f (0) + f (0) + f (1) ) = ( )
3 + 2 + 2 + 3 ! 7.464!un 2

c. The average from parts (a) and (b) is 5.983 un 2 . (The exact answer is 2! .)

96. The limit as x approaches 3 of f(x) appears to exist because the limit appears to agree from
the left and the right. Both the left and right limits approach 7. This does not appear to be
the case for g(x). The left limit approaches 7, while the right limit approaches 8.

97. I must be true, II must be false, III could be true.

98. Try exact numbers to find the answer.

I. log 2 4 = 2 greater than 1 II. log 4 1
2
=! 1
2
less than 1
III. log 4 2 = 1
2
between 0 and 1 IV. log 2 2 = 1 equal to 1

99. x + 3 = 33(0+1) 0 + 3 = 33(y+1) The intercepts are (24, 0) and 0, ! ( 2

3 ).
x + 3 = 33 31 = 33y+ 3
x + 3 = 27 1 = 3y + 3
x = 24 !2 = 3y
! 2
3
=y

14 Calculus Solutions
100.
f (x)
= x 2 !9 =
(x+ 3)(x! 3)
= x+ 3 H.A. at y = 0 , V.A. at x = 3
g(x) 2
2 x !12 x+18 2(x! 3)(x! 3) 2(x! 3)

g(x)
= 2 x 2 !12 x+18 =
2(x! 3)(x! 3)
=
2(x! 3)
H.A. at y = 2 , V.A. at x = !3 , hole at (3, 0)
f (x) x 2 !9 (x+ 3)(x! 3) (x+ 3)

101. This is a cone with a radius of 6 and a height of 6.

V = 13 ! " 6 2 " 6 = 72! !un 3

102. a. Distance measurements over time.

b. v(0) = 0, street has a constant slope, and that the street has a straight path.

103. a. A quadratic should be best.

c. Velocity increases due to gravitys acceleration of the ball.
d. If the speed was constant, then the distance graph would be linear.
e. It is slowest at the beginning and fastest at the end. At fast speeds the curve is
steeper, and a slow speeds it is flatter.
f (5)! f (3)
f. This is an estimation of the slope at t = 4 seconds, e.g. as 5! 3
.

104. a. See graph at right.

b. min = 35 mph, max = 50 mph miles per hour
c. This is area under the curve: A = 35+50 ! 1
2 2
= 21.25 mph

hours
105. a. Even, because cos(3x) = cos(!3x) .
b. Even, because ! 2x = ! 2(!x) .

106. a. x = 2y + 1 b. x = y!3+2
x ! 1 = 2y x!2= y!3
x!1
2
=y (x ! 2)2 = y ! 3
f !1 (x) = x!1
2 (x ! 2)2 + 3 = y
g !1 (x) = (x ! 2)2 + 3!for!x " 2
g !1 ( f (x) ) = ( (2x + 1) ! 2 ) + 3
2
c.
= (2x ! 1)2 + 3
= 4x 2 ! 4x + 4

Chapter 2 Solutions 15
107. The slope is always positive and smoothly decreases at first to almost zero then increases,
then decreases to almost zero, then increases.

108. a.
(
"$ ! x 2 ! 1 ,!!!1 < x < 1
First we see x 2 ! 1 < 0!"!x 2 < 1!"!!1 < x < 1 . So, h(x) = #
)
%$ !!!!x ! 1,!!!!!otherwise
2

b. D = {x: x is real}, R = {y: y 0}

7
c. e.g., 8 left-side rectangles: A(h, !1 " x " 3) # $ 12 h !1 + ( i
2 ) = 6!un2
i=0
23
d. A(h, !1 " x " 3) # $ 16 h !1 + ( i
6 ) = 7 13 !un2
i=0

109. a. a = 6, b = 0, n = 18 b. a = 4, b = 5, n = 10

110. a. The polynomial in the denominator has a larger degree than the polynomial in the
numerator, so the limit is 0 as x ! " .
b. The big terms are x 2 in the numerator and denominator. We can rewrite this as
1
2 x 2 " 7x + 6 1 " 7x + 62
x !
1 x 2 + 9x " 2
= x
. The limit as x ! " is 1.
2
1 + 9" 2
x 2
x x
c. The polynomial in the numerator has a larger degree than the denominator, so the
limit is ! .

111. a. h(x) = (2x + 1) ! 3 + 2 = 2x ! 2 + 2,!!D = { x : x " 1}

b. k(x) = 2(2x + 1) + 1 = 4x + 3,!!D ={ x : x is real}

112. a. Eric Samantha Kirt Lisa Joshua collision

time 0 sec 11 sec 22 sec 29 sec 34 sec ??
distance 0 ft 142 ft 569 ft 990 ft 1357 ft 1760 ft
See graph at right. y

b. Quadratic, approximately d(t) = 1.172t 2 + 0.109t ! 0.308

c. 1760 = 1.172t 2 + 0.109t ! 0.308
0 = 1.172t 2 + 0.109t ! 1760.308
x
!0.109+ 0.109 2 ! 4(1.172)(!1760.308)
t" 2(1.172)
" 38.7 sec
d. The slope must be estimated at 38.7s, as about 90.8 ft/s. She is not eligible.
90.8 ft ! 60 sec ! 60 min ! 1mi ! 61.9 mph
sec min hr 5280 ft
e. The car is traveling fastest at the time of impact. The steeper the graph, the faster she
travels.
16 Calculus Solutions
113. a. Marlayna zoomed in closely at x = 0.
b. Most functions appear to be locally linear.
Sample functions: y = ! sin x , y = tan x , y = x(x ! 3)(x + 3)
c. Answers vary. Sample functions: y = 1x , or y = x

114. See sample graph at right.

115. a. v(0) ! 0.7 m/s,!v(1) ! "1.5 m/s,!v(2) ! 1 m/s

b. Yes, at about t = 0.5, 2.5, and 3.75 seconds, where the graph levels off and changes
direction.
c. For 0.5 < t < 2.5 and 3.75 < t < 4.75, approximately.

116. This is the area under the rate curve. Using trapezoids:
A ( rate, 0 ! t ! 30 ) " 4 # 12+13
2
+ 5 # 13+17
2
+ 6 # 17+23
2
+ 4 # 23+19
2
+ 7 # 19+14
2
+ 4 # 14+6
2
" 484.5

9 19 99
117. ! ( 1
2
f 10 + i
2 ) " 7558.750 ! 14 f (10 + 4i ) " 7790.313 ! 201 f (10 + 20i ) " 7977.813
i=0 i=0 i=0
As the number of rectangles increases, the area approaches the actual area.

x 2 "9 (x+ 3)(x" 3)

118. a. lim = lim = lim (x + 3) = 6
x!3 x" 3 x!3 x" 3 x!3

b. lim 16 x 2 #1 = lim
2
16#1/ x = lim 16 =2
x!" 4 x 2 #1 x!" 4#1/ x 2 x!" 4

2# x
( )
2x
c. lim = lim 2 #2 x = lim 1 = 0 (exponential decay)
x!" 2 x x!" x!" 2
2 x# 1 # 1
3 x 2
d. lim 2 x # x#12 = lim 12 1 x = lim # 2x = #"
x!" 12# x# x x!" # #1 x!"
x2 x
e. lim sin x DNE; The function continuously oscillates between 1 and 1.
x!"
f. lim sin x
x
= 0 because the numerator stays between 1 and 1, but the denominator
x!"
becomes larger and larger.

119. a. 0 = !16t 2 + 500,!!16t 2 = 500,!!t = 500

16
" 5.59 sec
h(5.01)!h(5)
b. 5.01!5
" 98.4!100
0.01
= !160 ft/sec

Chapter 2 Solutions 17
120. Possible graphs:
a. c.

b. Not possible; the limit is a condition for continuity.

121. It is a cylinder with a hole.

V = ! ( routside ) h " ! ( rinside ) h = ! (3)(2 2 ) " ! (3)(12 ) = 12! " 3! = 9! !un 3
2 2

122. b. Not quite linear, only approximately linear. The function is still a curve.

123. The answers below refer to the slopes of the lines when the calculator is zoomed in, not the
actual equations of the lines.
a. y = x 2 :!!x = !2 " y = !4x,!x = 0 " y = 0,!!x = 2 " y = 4x

b. y = sin x :!x = !2 " y # ! 1

2
x,!x = 0 " y = 1,!x = 2 " y # ! 1
2

c. y = 1 ! cos x :!x = !2 " y # !1x,!x = 0 " y = 0,!x = 2 " y = 1x

d. y = x 3 :!x = !2 " y = 12x,!x = 0 " y = 0,!x = 2 " y = 12x

e. y = x :!x = !2 " y = !1,!x = 0 " not linear, x = 2 " y = 1

f. y= x
x+1
:!x = !2 " y = 1,!x = 0 " y = 1,!x = 2, y = 1
9

g. Answer will vary, but it is a sharp point on the curve.

124. x 1 0.1 0.01 0 0.01 0.1 1

y = sinx 0.841 0.0998 0.0099 0 0.0099 0.0998 0.841
y=x 1 0.1 0.01 0 0.01 0.1 1

b. The approximation is good near x = 0; the linearization is a good estimate near the
point of linearization.
c. Under on ( !", 0 ) and over on ( 0, ! ) .
d. 1; Zoom in on the graph at x = 0.
e. 0; Zoom in on the graph at x = 0.

18 Calculus Solutions
125. a. Even: sin 2 x = (! sin 2 x) = sin(!x)2
(! x)2 +1 x 2 +1 x 2 +1
b. Odd: = =!
(! x)3 !2(! x) ! x 3 +2 x x 3 !2 x

f(x)
126. a. See graph at right. D = [0, !),!!R = [0, !)
b. Yes.
c. A ( f , 0 ! x ! 8 ) = 0+240
2
" 2 + 240+2 780 " 3 + 780+1500
2
" 3 = 5190
x
Which represents the approximate amount of customers in this
8-hour period.

127. a. The plant grows at a relatively steady rate until around 4 months when there is a sharp
increase in growth. Around 4.5 months the rate starts to level off again.
b. When 4 ! t ! 5 (approximately). By looking at where the slope is steepest.
c. ! 3
4
ft/month , by estimating the slope of the tangent line at x = 3.
d. Take the total growth over total time: ! 8!ft
5.5!months
! 1.45 ft/month

128. It is a stack of sideways cylinders, each with a height of 1:

V = ! " 2 2 + ! " 32 + ! "12 + ! " 2 2 = 18! !un 3

129. The slopes are negative reciprocals of each other.

x 2 "9 = lim (x+ 3)(x" 3)

130. f (!3) must be lim = lim (x " 3) = "6
x!"3 x+ 3 x!"3 x+ 3 x!"3
#% x 2 !9 !!for!x " !3
Therefore f (x) = x+ 3
$ .
%& !!!6!!!! for!x = !3

1 9 x 2 # 3x+1 9# 3 + 1
9 x 2 # 3x+1 x x2
131. a. lim = lim x 1 2 = lim = lim 3
=0
x!" 4 x 2 #1 x!" (4 x #1) x!" 4 x# 1 x!" 4 x
x x
b. lim 2
x+1
= 0
2
=0
x!"1 x +5 x+6
2 # 3#4
2 2 2# 3x# 4 x 2 2 x
c. lim 2# 3x# 42x = lim 1/ x 2 $ = x
lim 1 6 =# 4
x!" (1# 3x) x!" 1/ x 1#6 x+9 x 2 x!" # +9 9
x2 x
x2 " 4 (x+2)(x"2)
d. lim x"2
= lim x"2
= lim (x + 2) = 4 but lim " (x + 2) = "4
x!2 + x!2 + x!2 + x!2 "
Therefore the limit does not exist.
Chapter 2 Solutions 19
132. a. 0 < x < !2 b. !
2
< x <! c. !
2
< x <!
d. 0 < x < !2 e. 0< x <!

133. a. !x = b"a
n
b. It decreases (in inverse proportion).

n#1
134. A ( f , a ! x ! b ) " $ b#a
n (
f a + b#a
n
i )
i=0

n!1 n
135. b. left = " 102
n
f ( 102
n )
i , right = ! 102
n
f ( 102
n
i)
i=0 i=1

c. Left would be over, right would be under. This is determined by where the graph is
increasing or decreasing.
d. E.g., for n = 20 , A ! 4052 ft; As n increases, the right and left endpoint
approximations approach each other.
e. Use as many rectangles as possible. Left or right endpoint does not matter. Since as
n approaches infinity, we get exact area either way.

136. See graph at right. y

a. The functions intersect at (2, 4). The area should be

approximated with rectangles or trapezoids for 0 x 2 and
added to the area of the triangle for 2 x 4.
x
b. Area = 6 23 !un 2

137. 1
10 ( f (0) + 2 f ( ) + 2 f ( ) + 2 f ( ) + 2 f ( ) + 2 f (1) )
1
5
2
5
3
5
4
5

v(0.5)!v(0) 3(0.5)2 ! 3(0)2

138. a. Vavg = 0.5!0
= 0.5
= 0.75
0.5
= 1.5mph

b. The distance is to school is 0.75 miles, so 0.75 must equal the triangular area under
the velocity curve: !0.75 = 12 (t)(!2t)
!1.5 = !2t 2
0.75 = t 2
0.866 " t

20 Calculus Solutions
 f (b)! f (a)
139. b!a

3 9 19
140. a. " b!a
4
f (a + b!a
4
i) b. " b!a
10
f (a + b!a
10
i) c. " b!a
20
f (a + b!a
20
i)
i=0 i=0 i=0

141. See graph at right.

142. a. lim
x!4 +
( )
x " 4 " 5 = 4 " 4 " 5 = "5

x 2 " 4 x"12 = lim (x"6)(x+2) = lim (x " 6) =

b. lim x+2 x+2
"8
x!"2 x!"2 x!"2
2 " 4 x"12 (x"6)(x+2)
c. lim x
x+2
= lim x+2
= lim (x " 6) = 0
x!6 x!6 x!6

d. 0; The denominator becomes larger and larger, resulting in an infinitely small fraction.
x+6" 7
x 2 +6 x" 7
e. lim x
= lim 1
x
= lim (x + 6) = "#
x!"# x!"# x!"#
1# 7 # 10
f. limx 2 # 7 x#10 = lim
x x2
=1
x!" x2 x!" 1

143. At x = 3 and at x = 4, all conditions fail.

144.
a lim f (x) f(a) Continuous at f(a)?
x!a
1 4.5 4.5 yes
2 4.75 4.75 yes
3 none none no
4 none 2 no

145. a.
( 2(32 )! 3+ 3)!( 2(22 )!2+ 3) = (18 ) ! ( 8 + 1) = 9
1

b.
( )(
2(2.1 )!2.1+ 3 ! 2(2 2 )!2+ 3
2
) = ( 8.82+0.9 )!( 8+1) = 7.2
0.1 0.1

c.
( )(
2(2.012 )!2.01+ 3 ! 2(2 2 )!2+ 3 ) = ( 8.0802 + 0.99 ) ! ( 8 + 1) = 7.02
0.01
d. 7

Chapter 2 Solutions 21