Sanitary Engineering

Part 1
Sewerage System

Dr. Walid Hamdy

1- Introduction:
Wastewater (sewage) collection systems convey domestic,
commercial, and industrial wastewater from its sources
mainly by gravity to a location where it may be treated and
ultimately reclaimed ( )for reuse or recycling, or
discharged to a receiving water body, or applied to the land.

2- Source of wastewater:
a. Domestic wastewater
b. Storm water
c. Infiltration water
d. Industrial wastewater
e. Commercial
f. Governmental
3- Sewerage system components :
- Inspection Chamber ()
- House connection ()
- Manhole ()
- Lateral gravity sewer ()
- Main gravity sewer ()
- Wastewater pump stations () .
- Force main () .
 House

Manhole

Inspection Chamber
Lateral Sewer
(Gravity Pipe)

Lateral Sewer
(Gravity Pipe)
To Wastewater House Connection
Treatment Plant
Pump Station (Gravity Pipe)

Force Main Main Sewer

(Pressurized Pipe) (Gravity Pipe)
4- Types of sewerage systems:
a- Combined sewerage system:
Combined system requires only
one sewer in a street which is an
important consideration in streets
which are crowded with under
ground pipes for water, telephone,
electric cables and other utilities.
b- Separate sewerage system:
It is used in rainy cities which the
quantities of domestic wastewater
in only a small fraction of the storm
water.
A comparison between the combined system and the separate system

Combined system Separated system

Small quantity of rain large quantity of rain

Narrow streets Wide streets

The land is flat The land had a great slops

5- Step of Design:
I- Determination of population (pop.)

II- Determination of average water consumption (qav)
qav = w.c. * pop. (L/day)
Where:
w.c = water consumption per person ()
= 200 400 L/c/d (// 400 200)
pop = Population to be served

III- Determination of annual average sewage flow (Qav):

Qav = 0.8 0.9 qav (L/day)
Where:
Qav = annual average flow ()
IV- Determination of Peak & Minimum factor

14
P.F 1 For population > 80000 capita
pop
4
1000
 5
P. F For population 80000
pop 0.2
( )
1000
0.167
pop
M. F 0.2
1000
Where:
P.F. = Peak Factor M.F. = Minimum Factor pop = Population (capita)

V Determination of infiltration flow:

Qinf m d Y 2/3

Where
Qinf = Infiltration flow for each 1000 m of pipe length (L/hr)
m = coefficient depends on sewer types and age.
= 1 10 (10)
d = Pipe diameter (m)
Y = Average depth of ground water above pipe line (m)

Or

Qinf = 10 - 15% of Qav

VI- Determination of Storm water:
Qrain = C * I * A

Where:
Qrain = Quantity of rain reach sewer pipe
C = run off factor
= 0.7 0.95 for roofs
- 0.1 0.95 for street ()
I = intensity of rain (mm/day mm/hr)
VII- Determination of average; maximum; and minimum summer and winter flow

a- Summer flow b- Winter flow:

- Qave summer = (1.2 1.3) Qav - Qave winter = (0.7 0.8) Qav
- Qmax summer = P.F. x Qav summer + Qinf - Qmax winter = P.F. x Qav winter + Qinf+ Qrain
- Qmin summer = M.F. x Qav summer + Qinf
- Qmin winter = M.F. x Qav winter+ Qinf
Where:
Where:
Qav = Annual average flow
(L/d m3/sec) Qav = Annual average flow
Qave summer= Average summer flow (L/d - m3/sec)
(L/d - m3/sec) Qave winter = Average winter flow
Qmax summer = Max. summer flow (L/d - m3/sec)
(L/d - m3/sec)
Qmax winter = Max. winter flow
Qmin summer = Min. summer flow
(L/d - m3/sec) (L/d - m3/sec)
Qinf = Infiltration flow Qmin winter = Min. winter flow
(L/d - m3/sec) (L/d - m3/sec)
Qinf = Infiltration flow
(L/d - m3/sec)
Qrain = storm flow
(L/d - m3/sec)

( ) :

Example 1:
It is required to determine the max. and min. design flow for a city with a
population of 50 000 capita, water consumption (wc) = 300 L/capita/day,
storm intensity (I) = 7mm/hr, area of street = 30000 m2, C = 0.8. Infiltration flow
is considered to be 0.15 of average sewerage

Solution:
Average water: qav = w.c. * pop. (L/day) = 300 (L/c/d) * 50000 c = 15000 m3/d
Average sewerage: Qav = 0.8 0.9 qav = 0.85 * 15000 = 12750 m3/d
Qinf = 0.15 * Qav. = 0.15 * 12750 = 1912.5 m3/d = 79.69 m3/hr
For population 80000
5
P. F
pop 0.2
( )
1000
P.F. = 2.2
0.167
pop
M. F 0.2
1000
M.F. = 0.38
Qrain = C * I * A = 0.8 * (7/1000) m/hr * 30000 m2 = 168 m3/hr
A- Summer flow:
Average summer = (1.2 1.3) Qav = 1.25 * 12750 = 15937.5 m3/d = 664.06 m3/hr
Qmax summer = P.F. x Qav summer + Qinf = 2.2 * 664.06 + 79.69 = 1540.63 m3/hr
Qmin summer = M.F. x Qav summer + Qinf = 0.38 * 664.06 + 79.69 = 332.03 m3/hr

B- Winter flow:
Average winter = (0.7 0.8) Qav = 0.75 * 12750 = 9562.5 m3/d = 398.43 m3/hr
Qmax winter = P.F. x Qav winter + Qinf + Qrain = 2.2 * 398.43 + 79.69 + 168
= 1124.25 m3/hr
Qmin winter = M.F. x Qav winter + Qinf = 0.38 * 398.43 + 79.69 = 231.09 m3/hr

C- Design flow:
Qmax summer > Qmax winter
max. design flow = 1540.63 m3/hr
Qmin winter < Qminx summer
min. design flow = 231.09 m3/hr
6- The design criteria of sewers:
a. Sewers should run partially full.
Sewers of diameter 375 mm run full.
Sewers of diameter 375 mm and 700 mm run 2/3 full.
Sewers of diameter 700 mm run 3/4 full.
b. Maximum velocity in sewers should not exceed the velocity that
damages the sewer which is 2 m/s.
c. Minimum velocity in sewers should not go below 0.45 m/s.
d. Minimum cover should not be less than 1.0 m.
e. Maximum excavation should not exceed 6.5 7 m depend on the
type of soil.
f. Minimum diameter of sewer is 7 and preferably 8 (175 mm 200
mm).
g. Minimum flow determine the slope of sewer (approximately =1/)
7- Hydraulic design of sewers:

Mannings formula shall be used for the mathematical correlation of the size,
depth of flow and slope of the pipe:
V = 1/n R2/3 S1/2 Manning equation Depth of
Q=V *A Discharge equation water =
diameter
= (1/n R2/3 S1/2 )* A of sewer
Where:
Pipe is
V: velocity (m/sec) full
3
Q: Discharge of flow (m /sec)
n: Mannings coefficient of friction due to pipe material
n = 0.015 for Vetrified clay; concrete, and uPVC
n = 0.016 for GRP
R: hydraulic radius (R = Awet/wetted perimetert)
S: slope of sewer (m/m)
A: Cross section area of the sewer
= Cross section area of water (m2)

It is hard to work with Mannings formula in case Depth of

of partially full, so we determine the sewer diameter, water

slope, velocity, and discharge from the following 2 curves:

Pipe is partially
full
 Qfull = V full * Afull
= Pipe diameter

Velocity
(full)

S = Slope

Q (full) =
Discharge

Chart 1: Full condition

 dmax/dfull; or
dmin/dfull
dfull = =Pipe diameter

Discharge

Velocity

Vmax/Vfull; or Vmin/Vfull
Qmax/Qfull; or Qmin/Qfull

Chart 2
Example 1:
It is required to determine the velocity (Vmax) and depth of flow (dmax) of a
circular sewer if we have the following:
Qmax/Qfull = 2/3 Qfull = 50L/sec S = 3/100 n = 0.015

Solution:
Qfull = Vfull * A = (1/n R2/3 S1/2 )* A
For full discharge = dfull R = /4
These
parameters
(50 * 10-3) m3/sec = (1/0.015) * (/4)2/3 * (3/1000)0.5 * ( * 2)/4
can be
determined

0.0439 = 8/3 = dfull = 0.3098 m = 300 mm directly from

curve 1
Vfull = 1/n R2/3 S1/2 = (1/0.015) * (0.3/4)2/3 * (3/1000)0.5 = 0.64 m/sec

From curve 2:
Qmax/Qfull = 2/3 dmax/dfull = 0.58 & Vmax/Vfull = 1.08
(dfull = = Pipe diameter)
Vmax = 1.08 * Vfull = 1.08 * 0.64 = 0.69 m/sec
dmax = 0.58 * dfull = 0.58 * 0.3 = 0.174 m
8- Design of sewer using international code:
Flow in wastewater collection system is divided into two categories:
i) Dry weather flow;
ii) Wet weather flow
There is no average summer flow, and average winter flow, only dry weather flow,
and wet weather flow, and all calculations depend on the annual average flow.
a- Average sewage flow (Qav):
Qav = 0.8 0.9 qav (L/day)
Where:
Qav = annual average flow)
qav = average water consumption
b- Max. Dry weather flow (DWF):
It is the max. generated domestic wastewater flow in addition to the infiltration
flow (if existing ) and without the addition of rain flow
Q max DWF = P.F * Qav + Qinf
c- Max. Wet weather flow (WWF):
It is the max. generated domestic wastewater flow in addition to the infiltration
flow (if existing) and in addition to the rain flow. Simply we can say that the
max. WWF is equal to the max. DWF + the Rain flow
Q max WWF = Q max DWF + Qrain = P.F * Qav + Qinf + QRain
d- Min. flow:
Q min = M.F * Qav + Qinf
9- Most popular types of pipes used in sewerage system in Egypt:

Sewer type Diameter Advantage Disadvantage Used in

)(mm
- - -Gravity System
-
Vetrified clay 100 - 900 %10
) (
-
-
-
- - -Gravity system
u.P.V.C - -Pressurized
(Unplastized 200 700 system 600
Poly Vinial -
)Chloride --
--
Sewer type Diameter Advantage Disadvantage Used in
)(mm
- - . -Gravity
-- system
G.R.P -- . -Pressurized
) ( 200 - 2800 - -- system
(
)

- -Pressurized
system /
-

Ductile iron 200 1000 -
-



 Sewer type Diameter Advantage Disadvantage Used in
)(mm
& Plain 100 600 - -Gravity
Reinforced - system
concrete -150- 3000
(
)

Pre-stressed - - -Pressurized
concrete 600 3000 system
(

)
Asbestos - - -Gravity
cement 100 - 700 system
)(AC -Pressurized
system
10- Manhole:
Manholes are essential components of
underground pipeline networks. They
provide the access needed to undertake
maintenance, repair, and cleaning.
The minimum diameter of manholes
shall be 1.2 m; larger diameters are
preferable for large diameter sewers.
The manhole cover should be fabricated
from Heavy-duty ductile iron

Manhole cover
a- Drop Manhole:
Drop manholes will be provided when the
difference between the invert level of the
inflow sewer and the manhole invert level
exceeds 1.0 meter.
Drop manholes should be constructed with
an outside drop connection.

Manhole from inside

b- Location of manhole:
In general Manholes shall be provided at: changes in pipeline direction, changes in
pipeline diameter, changes in pipeline slope, at pipeline junctions and start and end
of the pipeline.
I- Change in slope II- Change in direction

III- Intersections of sewers IV- Change in diameter

V- In case of steep slope

VI- At regular distance depends on sewer diameter

Distance (m)
8 30
10 40
12 16 50
18 36 60
36 48 100
48 150
11- Preliminary Investigation of sewerage system:
Preliminary investigation provide a basis for cost estimates of a project,
and are based on the followings:
i. Estimated flows;
ii. Approximately ground contour;
iii. Describe existing structures and utilities
iv. The location to which the sewage is to be taken;
v. Determine groundwater conditions;
vi. Determine character of the soil in which sewers are to be
constructed

These preliminary designs will permit estimation of the quantity of pipe

of various sizes, the quantity of excavation, the quantity of pavement
repair, and the various appurtenances which will be required.
12- References:
-1 . . -

-2 . .
.
-3 . . . -
Sewerage System -4 . . . -
Sewerage System Disposal & treatment -5 . -

Urban Drainage and Sewerage -6 . -

-7
.
8- Haestad Methods, Wastewater Collection System Modeling and Design, first
edition (2004).
9- Terence J. McGhee. "Water Supply and Sewerage" sixth edition, McGraw-Hill
international edition. Civil Engineering Series.
10- United States Environmental Protection Agency; Collection Systems Technology
Fact Sheet Sewers, Conventional Gravity