THERMAL ANALYSIS OF FIBRES hermal analysis is @ collection of analytical techniques that textile fibres as a function of temp. 5 measured by measure some properties of ure. The propert common thermal analysis techniques are change of heat, dimension, strain, stress ete fanalysis techniques are used in various ways in the fbee and textiles industries, Fibre or polymer identification. compositional analysis, stability, and mechanical properties are typically determined using thermal analysis Commonly Thermal used thermal analysis techniques used in textile industry are as follows" Dilatometry (PVT) or Mechanical Analysis (TMA): Measures Thermal analysis and characterization of textile fibres ‘Subhankear Mai Department of Texile Technology, Dr A Ambedkar National Institute of Technology, dslandhar, Punjab. E-mail "malty textle@gmall. com Measures weight loss as a function of temperature and time Dynamic Mechanical Analysis DMA}: Measures stiffness and energy ton of temperature thermal losses as fu The use of analysis ‘Type of Measurement Ientification of polymer | composton Stability testing: Thermal, Oxidative, | Flame retardancy testing | Garmont and upholetory safety Decomposition and its kinetics Crystelizetion and its kinetics DSC Mechenical proportios Costficiont of linear expansion Shrinkage Dynamic mechanical properties Humiaity adsorption and volume/dimension as @ function of lemperature andior pressure Differential Scanning Calorimetry $C): Measures constant-pressure Thermal analysis and thermal charac- terization of textile fibres and polymers are very useful for deter- mining the behaviour of the material. heat capacity function of temperature © Thermo G avimetric Analysis (TGA) Technique sc, TGA DSc, TGA OSC, TGA Toa DSc, TGA | sc, TGA osc DMA, TMA, TMA. TMA DMA, Humidity DMA Humidity DMA Compatibility techniques for various measurement of textile materials are shown in. Table J Thermo-dilatometry or Thermo-Mechanical Analysis (TMA) Thermo-dilatometry is the technique in which the dimensions of a sample monitored against temperature. Two types of dilatometry are commonly used, such as, length dilatometey and volume dilatometry Length dilatometry uses a thermo- mechanical analyzer (TMA) which measures the sample length as a function of the temperature oF time while the sample Is held under # constant compression force are time or small, Volume dilatometry is performed with the classical dilatometer, uses a liguid (for example mercury) to measure the change of # sample as a function of the tempes Due to its simple and casy operation, length dilatometry is far more popular in. polymer or textile research than the complicated volume ture or time time-consuming volume ailatometey technique measures volume (V) as @ function of The of dilatometry temperature (1) and pressure (P). The ‘method is sometimes referred to as P V'T ‘measurements. In equilibrium systems. V is a unique function of T and P. In equilibrium systems, dilatometry is used to study the relation between P. V, and 7 and to develop or test equations of state. Polymer melts are close to equilibrium systems. P V T experiments on polymer melts theoretical equations of state for polymer melts. Note that equilibrium systems also roquire that no reaction Is occurring, If cross linking or polymerization occurs at the test temperature, then volume will change because of these reactions and have been used to check not because of T and P. Such results will not be an equilibrium system and cannot be analyzed with an equation of state. Polvmers in sold form will not be equilibrium because their volume as a function of T and P will depend on the formation history, e.g., cooling rate formation pressure, temperature and tUme. The formation history can affect the degree of erystallinity, the crystal ‘morphology, and the glass density. Much Interesting P VT work Is done on non: equilibrium systems, and the results are ‘Asian Textile Journal » November 2013 « 62Increasing P c 3 Temperature Fig 1 Typlal PVT characenstics or {2m amorphous polymer useful despite the material being In non= ‘equilibrium conditions. Many times tis possible to do quasi-equilibrium ‘experiments on non-equilibrium systems. Some typical P VT characteristics of ‘an amorphous polymer are shown in Fig I. Lach curve plots the volume as a function of temperature for some constant pressure. As the pressure Increases, the curves move down and to the right. The breaks in the curves are the glass transition temperatures (7). AL T,, the slopes of the volume vs temperature curves change. At higher pressures, the sample is denser and the volume Is lower. The 7, always shifts to a higher temperature at higher pressures, The glass transition is associated with mobility. At higher pressures, the lransition to higher molecular mobility is ‘more difficult and thus requires higher thermal energy or a higher transition temperature, Besides a direct measure of volume as a function of temperature, dilatometry data can be used to determine other physical properties of the material Experimental techniques A simple, but not very dilatometer is called a thermal [| LvpT _> Weights ~<—sample THERMAL ANALYSIS OF FIBRES ‘mechanical analyzer (TMA). A TMA measures linear thermal expansion of a specimen. A schematic drawing of & TMA apparatus Is shown in Fig 2. In brief, a probe rests on a sample with some weight. ‘The probe shape may be important. Different types of probe configurations are shown in Fig 4. The probe Is attached to @ rod which asses into a variable displacement transducer (LVDT). As linear Capillary Sample Fig 3A simple dilatometry for measuring volume of a polymer a atmospheric pressure the rod moves in the LVDT, the voltage output changes in proportion to «lisplacement. The LVDT thus converts a linear displacement to a voltage which can be recorded In a TMA, Ly Expansion Penetration Compression Fenure experiment, the temperature is scanned and the displacement is measured as a function of temperature. Unlike TMA, true dilatometry experiments measure total volume change. A simple dilatometer can be ‘Thermal analysis techniques are used in various ways in the fibre and textiles industries. constructed from simple glassware - a beaker and a capillary as shown in Fig 3. A sample is immersed in a liquid ‘The experiment is to measure total volume of the liquid and polymer as @ function of temperature. The volume ean be accurately observing height of the liguid in & narrow capillary on top of the beaker, ‘To get the volume of the polymer, we must subtract the volume of the pure liquid which can be measured by # calibration experiment. In the calibration experiment we measure value of the pure liquid in the same dilatometer’ Probe configuration ‘The probe configuration is shown in Fed, Considerations measured by ‘The probe must rest on the sample In case of TMA. The sample must therefore remain solid over the entice temperature range of the tests. In case of volume dilatometry there must be no chemical reactions, either in the }-probe | somale yr ‘sample =~ @ Fig 2: Schematic drawing of a thermo-mechanical analyzer or TMA Fig 4 : Probe configuration of TMA : (a) penetration & (b) extension, fe) flexure & (@) torsional measurement Asian Textile Journal « November 2013 « 63polymer, or between the liquid and the polymer. The liquid must not undergo ‘any transitions which would mask the sample volume change. Determination of the thermal expansion coefficient Consider a transition from V, to V, and from 7; to Tat constant pressure P. ‘The new volume can be expressed as v= fivom-ni]v where, f is the volumetric thermal expansion per degree or volumetric thermal expansion coefficient Rearranging this expression gives. von ("ae - (), This expression can be used with Ailatometry data to measure If we define a as the linear thermal ‘expansion coefficient, then we ean write with sufclen accuracy, B= 3a The values of @ and f do not vary dramatically from polymer to polymer. At most we might expecta factor of two diferences between any two polymers Typical values fr isotropi, amorphous polymers Below 7, 50-100 ppm"c 50-300 ppm"C) Above 71: a = 150-300 ppnv"C (B= 450-900 ppm"C) Determination of pressure dependence of 7, It is possible to calculate the pressure dependence of T, by using thermodynamics methods. If one is careful in analysis of experiments, this result is correct for polymer glass ‘ansitions. Two key results first derived by Bhrenfest, are: dT _ AK vrag a3 AG, where, the a" terms are changes in thermodynamic properties at the glass transition. Each of these properties (compressibility (A, volumetric thermal ‘expansion coefficient (f) and constant- pressure heat capacity (C,) has a discontinuous change at a’ second- order transition. Because both results are exact thermodynamics results, they can be equated to define the Prigogine- a, aP aP THERMAL ANALYSIS OF FIBRES Defray ratio (R/ or pa AK AC, ~ VT(aB? This ratio must hold at any second- order transition Determination of pressure dependence of 7, The pressure dependence of the ‘melting point is easy to determine by thermodynamics analysis of the first- ‘order transition. The result is Tm _ TmAV dP” AH; where, AV Is the volume change at the melting point and AH, isthe heat of fusion of the pure crystals (or the enthalpy change at the melting point) Determination of molecular weight distribution Some typical P VT plot for a semicrystalline polymer is shown in Fig 5. The break in the curve at low temperature Is the glass transition temperatures T,. AUT, the slope of the volume vs temperature curve changes, Fig 5: Typical PVT plot fora semicrystalline polymer ata single pressure. The solid curve is obtained ‘during heating, the dashed curved is ‘obtained during cooling The magnitude of the change will reflect the amount of amorphous polymer that Is present. As the polymer gets more crystalline, the change in slope will get smaller. For some highly crystalline polymers (e.g. polyethylene), the change In slope may be undetectable In addition to a glass transition. the heating curve shows a melting transition The melting transition temperature is always above the glass transition temperature. Melting of polymers isa frst order transition and we expect a discontinuous change in volume. The change is never exactly discontinuous but occurs over a relatively narrow temperature range of 20-407. The melting temperature is usually defined asthe end of the melting range or the temperature at hich all erystals have completely melted. ‘Most materials melt in much narrower temperature ranges (< 1°C). One reason that polymers melt over @ broad temperature range is that polymers havea wide distribution of molecular weights. It ccan be demonstrated that melting point is function of molecular weight. Thus a polydisperse sample naturally shows a distribution in melting points or a temperature range for melting, Applications © Determination of coefficient of thermal expansion of material 4 Identification of T, & 7, of material @ Measurement of material's heat deflection temperature ‘© Composite delamination temperature. Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) DSC measures a specimen’s heat capacity at constant pressure (C,). Heat capacity units are cal/°K or J/°K. It measures the amount of heat input (q) required to raise the temperature of the specimen by one degree Celsius while at constant pressure. DSC measures heat capacity which isa second derivative of free energy. Second order transitions. such as the glass transition, will show up asa discrete change in C,- DSC will give the AC, of transition and the temperature of the transition. First order transitions. such as melting or crystallization, wil appear as a peak. The area under the peak will be the heat evolved or absorbed during the transition. This information will give, for example. the heat of fusion, Alf, oF the heat of crystallization, AM. Experimental techniqu A schematic drawing of a DSC instrument is given in Fig 6. There are two sample chambers : ‘Reference ‘Asian Textile Journal « November 2013 « 64‘THERMAL ANALYSIS OF FIBRES Fig 6: DSC Instrument chamber and the ‘sample’ chamber. An empty pan is placed in the reference chamber and a pan filled with a polymer specimen is placed in the sample chamber. The two chambers are then heated or cooled until each of these reach the selected starting temperature AA temperature program then begins: a typical temperature program would be to Increase the temperature to some higher temperature at some fixed rate or fixed number of degrees Celsius per minute. As the program runs, the system monitors the temperature in cach chamber. IF the temperature differs from, the programmed temperature in ei chamber, heat or coolant is supplied to that chamber to make the temperature equal the program temperature. The difference in the energy supplied to the two chambers per unit time (or da/dt) is, proportional to the heat capacity of the sample. That energy difference is ‘monitored electronically and output is given to the recorder. The instrument shown In Fig 6 is @ true calorimeter. It neasures heat flow which Is converted Into heat capacity. ‘An alternative approach to DSC is 10 measure temperature difference, In particular, the reference and sample ‘chamber can be supplied with the same amount of heat, The amount of heat supplied can be adjusted to give various heating rates. Then instead of maintaining equal temperatures and measuring differential heat flow, it is possible to maintain constant heat flow and measure the difference in temperature between the reference and sample chambers, The temperature Aference will give a good measure of the heat capacity: When the heat capacity of the sample chamber increases (because of a heat absorbing or endothermic transition) the temperature in the sample chamber will lag behind the reference chamber and there will be a negative temperature differential (Pyagy «Ty < 0) Conversely. when the heat capacity of the sample chamber decreases (because of @ heat generating or exothermic tran sition) the temperature in the sample chamber will be ahead of the reference chamber and there will be a positive tem- perature differential (Tyg - Ty > OY DSCs that measure temperature differential are not true DSCs or true calorimeters. They are more accurately capacity results when working with polymers. DTAs are perhaps slightly less quantitative than DSCs. When using new DSC, it Is advisable to determine whether it isa DSC or a DTA, Heating of semicrystalline polyme! A typical plot of da/aT’ (or heat capacity) vs T for the DSC of a semi- crystalline polymer is given in Fig 7. If the same experiment was done on a DTA, ‘it would instead be a plot of ~AT vs 7: In such a DSC plot, higher heat capacity is up and lower heat capacity is down. Endothermic first order transitions or transitions that absorb heat have a high heat capacity and thus show positive peaks. Exothermic fest order transitions or transitions that release heat have a low or negative heat ‘capacity and thus show negative peaks. Some DTAs plot 47'instead of ~AT and thus the entire plot in Fig 7 would be inverted, The lowest temperature transition in Fig 7 is the glass transition or 7, Around 7,, C, undergoes @ quasi- discontinuous ‘change from a lower value to a higher value. This behavior is typieal for a second order transition, Polymers always have a higher heat Exo heat tomporature ——> Fig 7: Typical OSC plot while hea labelled as differential thermal analyzers or DTAs. They were originally developed by many manufacturers to avold patent protection of the DSC mode of operation and because the instrumentation is slightly simpler. Many such DTAs are inaccurately labelled as DSCs by those manufacturers. Fortunately both DSCs and DTAS can give suitable heat Asian Textile Journal « November 2013 « 65 ng a semicrystalline polymer capacity above 7; than below 7, because there are more degrees of freedom that can absorb energy above 7. Ifa semi- crystalline polymer did not crystallize to the limit ofits ability when cooled, it is possible to see some additional ‘crystallization during the heating DSC. Crystallization shows up as an ‘exothermic peak (negative peak or peakthat gives off heat); the crystallization temperature 7, is always between 7, and the melting temperature T,, To emphasize crystallization will only occur in samples that can crystallize (semicrystalline polymers) and in samples that are not already crystallzed as far a8 they can be crystallized. The highest temperature peak In Fig 71s the melting transition. Melting is a first order, endothermic transition (Le requires heat); It thus accurs as & positive peak on a DSC trace. DSC can also be used to study low molecular weight samples. 4 typical small molecule would show neither glass transition nor a crystallization peak, It would show a melting point, but the melting transition would be much sharper than the corresponding transition in polymer sample. ‘The area under melting transition curve is the (otal amount of heat absorbed during the melting process This area is used below to calculate the fraction crystallinity that existed before the polymer was heated. Many DSCs print the trace onto chart paper. If we let A be the area under the peak on the chart in square inches (in’), R be the machine sensitivity or range in cal/sec/in, and S be the chart speed in in/see, then the hheat per gram or enthalpy per gram (aM) of the transition is, K A(in®) R(cal/see in) ‘m(g) S{in/sec) An where, AM is in cal/g and K is a calibration constant. The calibration constant is determined by measuring the heat evolved in a transition with known, AM. Now consider applying this formula to the melting transition. The entire heat of evolution is due to melting of the crystal fraction. I the sample is 1% crystalline by weight, you cam get the heat of fusion of the crystals by replacing total mass ofthe specimen (m) by the mass ofthe erystals which would be my/100. Substituting into the above ‘equation: a, = WOKAR _ 10H mxS x _ 1000 — "SH, THERMAL ANALYSIS OF FIBRES Ic says that fraction erystallinity on any sample is equal to the ratio of AM/t0 AH, AH, isthe enthalpy of fusion and is delined as the calories required for melting one gram of erystal or cal/g ot erystal® Cooling of semicrystalline polymers Cooling of semicrystalline polymers will typically give a trace similar to the '* Heat absorbed or evolved during cure reactions or decomposition reactions ‘© Sub-glass or solid state transitions © Crystallization kinetics (heat evolved uring isothermal crystallization) ‘* Decomposition, polymerization gelation, curing, ‘¢ Evaluation of processing, thermal & ‘mechanical histories Process modeling, material's min : me é io : = i as [exons | _, aS Fig 8 : Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) heating and cooling cate: 20°C/min bea melting transition as shown in Fig 8 When approaching , from high temperature, the sample is 100% nonerystalline and is thus ready to crystallize as much as possible. Typically the crystallization peak will be more pronounced in cooling curves than in heating curves. Cooling rate will have a significant effect. The rate will affect the crystallization temperature With higher rates tending to decrease 1 Applications of DSC DSC finds many uses in textile or polymer science. We list a few of the properties that can be measured by DSC. Many of these were discussed above. © Determination of temperature of thermal transitions of materials: 7,, 7 and 7, © Determination of heat and entropy of transition : AM7and AS (Irom 7) © Determination of heat capacity of a material: CG, © Determination of crystallinity known) percent X (assuming AH, is condition). ‘© Perform oxidative stability testing © Compare additive eects on material Thermogravimetric analysis A-TGA instrument consists of a sample pan that is supported by a precision balance as shown in Fig 9 ‘That pan resides 1a @ furnace and is heated or cooled during the experiment. The mass Fig 9° TCA principle of sample Is monttored during the experiment. A sample purge gas controls the sample environment. This gas may be inert or fa reactive ges that flows over the sample and exits through an exhaust! the ‘Asian Textile Journal « November 2013 « 65THERMAL ANALYSIS OF FIBRES ae Fig 10: Typical TGA trace of polymer temperate —=> Fig 11: Different shapes of TGA trace ‘Thermogram of a typical polymer Is shown in Fig 10. Typical weight loss profiles are analyzed for the amount oF % of weight loss at any given temperature. Depending upon the material, dillerent steps of weight loss can be assigned to suitable phenomena. Amount or % of non-combusted residue at final temperature and temperature of various sample degradation processes can be decided”, ‘TGA trace of diferent materials may. be diferent, Some of the typical examples are given in Fig 21, They are ascribed as following", 1) No decomposition with loss of volatile products 4 Rapid initial mass loss characteristic of desorption or drying Decomposition in single stage Mult-stage decomposition w) Fig 121 TGA with DTG trace Multl-stage decomposition but no stable intermediates Gain in mass as a result of sample reaction Reaction product decomposes again. DTG - derivative of TGA curve obtained along with TGA trace is often useful in revealing extra detail of vivid identification of steps of thermal decomposition as shown in Fig 12. Evolved Gas Analysis (EGA) Several techniques are used to analyse the gas products from a TGA experiment. This approach is called Evolved Gas Analysis (EGA). These ave a subset of hyphenated techniques where ‘vo oF more instruments are combined. TGA-FTIR w wn) A Thermo Gravimetric Analyzer (TGA) combined with an Infrared Spectrometer (IR) Is the most common type of Evolved Gas Analysis (EGA) system. When sample is heated on the ‘TGA, it will release volatile materials or generate combustion components as it burns. These gases are then transferred 10 IR cell, where the components can be Identified. This technique Is most useful ‘when the evolved gases are known to be fone of a small set. such as water. carbon dioxide or common solvents which have characteristic IR spectra TGA-MS ‘The combination of a TGA with a MS allows you to detect very low levels of impurities in real time. By heating a sample on the TGA, the sample will release volatile materials or generate combustion components as it burns. ‘These gases are transferred to the MS where the components can be identified. ‘Asian Textile Journal « November 2013 « 67 Because of its ability to detect very low levels of material, the TG-MS is a powerful tool for quality contro. safety and product development. ‘This technique Is most useful when the evolved gases or breakdown products are known in advance but are few in number TGA-GC/MS The combination of @ TGA with a IC/MS is becoming increasingly popular. When you heat a sample on the TGA it causes gases to be released. These gases are then transferred to the GC where the components can be collected. The sample can then be run by GC to separate the material and the peaks identified by the MS. Because of its ability to detect very low levels of material in complex mixtures, the TG- GC/MS Is @ powerful tool for quality control, safety, and product development. Applications of TGA" Determines temperature and weight change of decomposition reactions, which often allows quantitative composition analysis. May be used to determine water content ‘© Allows analysis of reactions with alt, oxygen, or other reactive gases © Can be used to measure evaporation rates, such as to measure the volatile ‘emissions of liquid mixtures. # Allows determination of Curie temperatures of magnetic transitions by measuring the temperature at which the force exerted by a nearby magnet disapp- ears on heating or reappears on cooling. © Helps to identify plastics and organic ‘materials by measuring the temperature ‘of bond scissions in inert atmospheres or of oxidation in air or oxygen’. ‘© Used to measure the weight of fibre glass and inorganic fill materials in plastics, laminates, paints, primers, and composite materials by burning off the polymer resin. The fill material can then be identified by XPS and/or microscopy: ‘The fll material may be carbon black, NiO,, CaCO,, MgCO,, Al,0,, ALOK), Mg(OH),, tale, Kaolin clay, or silica, for instance. Determine polymer degradation temperature.‘© Understanding the decomposition kinetics of materia Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA) Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA) is a technique in which the elastic and viscous response of a sample under oscillating load, are monitored against temperature, time or frequency. ‘The modern DMA systems are nearly always fed frequency systems operating al frequencies between about 0.01 and 100 Hz, And in a temperature region ranging from about 150°C to 300°C" DMA, instead of keeping the strain constant, as In a stress relaxation tes, the strain is oscillated at constant amplitude, ¢,, and a constant frequency, Thus the strain input is at = sn at As inmost physical response problems, when the system is driven by @ constant frequency, will respond st the same frequency but may have a phase diference and diferent amplitude. In other words, the stress will be glven by at Gon gsinad + 8) where, Glo) is the dynamic modulus and &is the phase angle. In analogy with other definitions of moduli the dynamic modulus Ge) isthe ratio of stress to strain; in this ease we Lake the ratio of the amplitudes of the steess and the strain ow) 0 G(o) oF the dynamic modulus defines the modulus of a viscoelastle material The phase angle (6), describes the viscous character of the material If 4 = 0, the stress is in phase with the strain and the material is totally If 5 = a/2, the stress Is completely out of phase and is completely viscous. In general. 4 will be between O and 272 and the material will be viscoelastic. In alternative representations, we can expand the stress function: att) =Glae,pos 5sin of +Glohesin Sos ot Glaie.sin at + G"(aec0s © where,G(o) = Gio) cos 6 and Ce) = Go) sin 3 Go) is known as the storage elastic, ‘THERMAL ANALYSIS OF FIBRES ‘modulus. It is proportional to that part of the strain energy that Is stored and then recovered during one eycle. It also describes the elastic part of the stress response. or the part of the stress in phase with the strain, G"(a) Is known as the loss modulus. It is proportional to that part of the strain energy that is lost during a cycle due to viseoelastic dampening, It also describes the viscoelastic part of the stress response, oF that patt of the stress that is out of phase with the strain. Gu) = VOR : orl) a= Oia Complex modulus is defined as Cw) = GW) +iG"W) Typical DMA characteristic of @ talline polymer as a function of temperature is shown in Fig 13. Below 7,, Go) is fairly constant. At 7, /@) drops dramatically, while tan 5 Tope ig 13 Typical DMA plot of semi ‘enstalline polymer goes through a peak. The peak is often used to measure the glass transition temperature. Peaks in tan can also be observed below 7,, Observing these smaller peaks is one of the best ways of observing sub-glass relaxations. Fig 14 shows DMA results of some polymers. It can be seen how polymer structure influences its viscoelastic behaviour? A linear amorphous polymers B - crosslinked polymers C- semierystalline polymers D&E polyester urethanes Applications Examine viscoelastic behavior of material as a function of stress, strain, frequency, time and temperatures Fig 14 Elastic modulus plotted as a function of 7 © Measurement of temperature © Examination of additive (tiller. plasticizer) & cure time effects on visevelastic properties and 7, ‘© Study of mechanical behaviour ‘© Quantification of impact properties toughness of composite materials. modulus vs Conclusion Thermal analysis and thermal characterization of textile bres and polymers are very useful for determining the behaviour of the materlal. There are five thermal characterization techniques ‘generally used for normal textile polymers. ‘These are TMA. DSC, DTA, TGA and DMA. ‘TMA Is primary used for determination of ‘mechanical properties, coefficient of linear expansion and shrinkage behaviour. DSC and DTA give the similar Information about thermal transitions in the material, crystallization, polymer identification, thermal stability etc. TGA with DTG trace gives information about thermal and oxidative degradation of material, moisture regain effects of Impurity ip the materials ete. DMA gives Information about viscoelastic behavior, loss of modulus vs temperature or time effects of impurities on viscoel properties of composites ete ste References 1 WM Groenewoud, Characterization Of Polymers By Thermal Analysis, Elsevier Science B V, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, Second impression, 2003 ‘Asian Textile Journal November 2013 « 68THERMAL ANALYSIS OF FIBRES Mastura Raheel, Modern Textile Characterization Methods, Marce! Dekker, Ine. New York 10016, 1995, (2006) 3. 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Thermal acrylic fibres, Chinese Journal of polymer science, Vol 5 No 4, pp 269 284, 1987, Conference on Emerging Trends in Technical Textiles April 11-12, 2014 (NIT Jalandhar) Call for Papers : Papers are invited for oral and poster presentation during the conforonco. Authors aro requested to ‘submit their original research work or critical reviews for presentation and publication to icett2014 @ gmail.com. Conference themes to be covered include but are not limited to: ‘Advanced fibers and materials ‘Nonwoven textiles ‘Advances in taxtle manufacturing ‘Smart polymers Medical textiles, tissue engg. and biotechnology Nanotoxties and composites Geosynthetics Fashion and toxto design ‘Sportswear and protective clothing Ecological and environmental textiles Modeling and simulation in textos ‘Textile education and management Fitration textiles Tradtional and technical textile machinery. mal mebhopedhyayarnangstu® railcom, michav® retina. com Asian Textile Journal November 2013 69