International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, Volume 8, Issue 4, April-2017

ISSN 2229-5518 1

A Review on continuous carbon

capturing methods and utilisation
Bandi Devendra Reddy, Satya Prasanna Sainath Anem, J.M.Babu

Abstract: In day to day life, the major problem is environmental pollution especially like greenhouse gases. The amount of
Carbon dioxide released from various resources like Internal combustion engines, Industries and from thermal power
plants. It is very much important to reduce the carbon dioxide levels, if not it causes global warming and greenhouse
effect and acid rains. The way of reducing the greenhouse gases is by planting more number of trees or the other method
is converting this carbon dioxide into useful work. This approach is used to reduce the potential global change due to CO2
emissions and other greenhouse gases is by capturing and converting the CO2 into a sustainable and clean energy. This
paper focuses on giving a summary on i) Necessity of carbon capture ii) Various carbon capturing techniques and
utilization of CO2 by converting into value added products iii) Various cost-effective CO2 capturing and reuse technologies
which could stabilize the greenhouse gas levels in the atmosphere, affecting parameters and their efficiencies iv)
Benefits of converting CO2 into value added products like (methanol, dimethyl ether, urea etc.) which could be an
additional advantage. The role of Nanomaterials as catalysts in the CO2 conversion was listed. Role of Integrated
Gasification Combined cycle (IGCC) power plants in greenhouse effect reduction and factors affecting gasification
process were discussed.
Keywords: Green House Gases, Gasification, CO2 Capture, Utilization, Nano Catalysts, Energy Demand, Fossil Fuels etc.

INTRODUCTION
Nowadays, the continuously increasing worldwide
consumption of fossil fuels, declining resources and global
warming caused by fossil fuels, alternative methods should
be employed for environmental balance. International Energy
Association (IEA) in its latest energy outlook revealed that
based on policies being employed at the moment, by 2030
CO2 emissions will attain 63% from today level. Energy
demand is expected to increase by 50% by 2050 and at present
fossil fuels are the only source to meet the primary global Figure:1. Potential sources of carbon dioxide
energy demand but fossil fuels power the largest emitters of
CO2 (power plants, refineries & heavy duty industries) [1]. Around 15 billion tonnes of CO2 is being emitted into
As we are moving towards irreversible climate change too atmosphere. An Ultra Super Critical coal fired power plant
much of CO2 emissions can cause rapid increase in global emits around 6-8Mt/year of CO2 [3]. Several industrial
temperature. In order to keep global warming below 20C cost processes produce highly concentrated streams of CO2,
effectively, CCS process must provide 20% of the global cuts although limited in quantity they make a good capture target.
required by 2050, according to the IEA; the costs of doing so As we are moving towards an irreversible climate change.
without CCS will be over 80% higher [2]. With increasing According to IPCC 2005 large fossil fuelled power plants
energy consumption care should be taken at the same time to account for almost half of total CO2 emissions (7900 Mt-CO2
reduce CO2 emissions. per year)[4].
CARBON SOURCES
Main potential sources for carbon capture are
shown

Bandi Devendra Reddy is currently pursuing B. Tech degree program in mechanical engineering in Veltech Dr. RR & Dr. SR University, India, PH-
9603008976. E-mail: devendrareddybandi@mail.com.
Satya Prasanna Sainath Anem is currently pursuing B. Tech degree program in mechanical engineering in Veltech Dr. RR & Dr. SR University, India,
PH-9494142856. E-mail: Sainathasp@mail.com.
J.M.Babu is currently working as associative professor in the department of mechanical engineering in Veltech Dr. RR & Dr. SR University in India,
PH-9884827012.R-mail:jmbabu@veltechuniv.edu.in.

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reaction. As the N2/coal ratio increases the calorific value

(based on LHV) of syngas per unit gas is lowerd [8]. Mineral
based constituents which dont gasify like carbon constituents
leave the gasifier as slag. Sulphur impurities in the feedstock
Figure:2. Variation of the earths surface temperature during
are converted to H2S and carbonyl sulphide from which
the 20th century (IPCC data)
sulphur can be extracted easily as H2SO4. Generation
efficiency is significantly high in a IGCC power plant, which
CAPTURE PROCESS: uses hot combustion gases to drive a gas turbine and
ccs is the only available technology to capture co2 in bulk consequently to generate steam in a heat-recovery steam
amounts which is being emitted from various industries [5] generator, which then drives a steam turbine. A thermal
and power production plants. efficiency of 60%[9] can be achieved in current combined
The carbon capture & storage includes cycle power plants.
1.Capturing the CO2 from power plants and other industries.
2. Transporting the CO2 to the storage sites.
3.Securely storing the CO2 in underground in depleted oil
and gas fields.
CO2 can be captured by any one of the following three
techniques:
1.Pre-Combustion capture.
2.Post Combustion capture. Figure:3. Gasification Process in IGCC
3.Oxyfuel Combustion capture. ADVANTAGES OF GASIFICATION:
PRE-COMBUSTION CAPTURE: 1.Higher efficiency compared to coal fired plant because less
It is a technique that captures the carbon present in the fuel fuel is consumed to generate the rated power.
before complete combustion. It involves first converting the 2.Emission of greenhouse gases into the ambient air reduces
fuel into syngas by gasification and then to a mixture of H2 (60% efficient gasification plant can cut CO2 emissions by
and CO2. Gasification is a reliable and commercial process 40% compared to typical coal fired power plant.)
that converts organic or fossil fuel based carbonaceous [6] ENVIRONMENTAL BENEFITS OF
material (feedstock) into high value products like CO, CO2
GASSIFICATION:
and H2. Initially air is sent into an air separation unit where
1.By partially burning of coal, we get emissions with
N2 and O2 gets separated then this O2 and feedstock are sent
extremely low SOx and NOx.
into gasifier for gasification to complete. This produces
2.If O2 blown gasifier is used instead of air blown CO2 is
syngas which is a mixture of CO and H2. CO2 and H2 is
emitted as concentrated gas stream at high pressure which
produced from the syngas in the shift reactor. In the shift
can be captured.
reactor syngas undergoes water shift [7] reaction to produce
CO2 and H2. FACTORS AFFECTING THE GASIFICATION
PROCESS:
CO + H2O CO2 + H2.
In gasification process feedstock is partially oxidized in steam
and O2/air in the gasifier under high temperature and
GASIFICATION:
pressure to form
It is the core processsyngas. Concentration
for the of CO2
future generations in coal
clean this
mixture varies
technology. from 15-50%.
Gasifier is the This CO2 can
important be captured
component of and
the
then utilized by converting into various products.
gasification process. Partial combustion of fuel is the basic Pre-
combustion processinisgasifier.
principle involved applicable
In atogasifier
integrated
coal gasification
is typically
combined cycle (IGCC) power plants where
exposed to steam and precisely controlled amounts fuel is converted
of O2
to gaseous components by applying heat under
under high temperature and pressure. Under these operatingpressure in
the presencecoal
conditions of steam and O2/air.
molecules gets dissociated initiating the

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Air blown dry feed, Oxygen blown dry feed, Oxygen blown
slurry feed etc. Depending on whether the oxidant used for
gasification process is air or oxygen composition of syngas
varies.
ASU (Air Separation Unit) consumes more power for an O2
blown gasifier thereby reducing the overall efficiency of the
plant. If air is used as Oxidant much smaller ASU
(approximately 15% capacity as compared to the ASU for an
O2 blown plant of same size) but, this is provided only to
generate nitrogen gas required to safely convey coal into the
gasifier [10]. By product O2 generated from this ASU is often
mixed with the air supply for gasification, thus using oxygen
enriched air as the oxidant. Infrequently, particular coal types
may require the oxygen enriched air to achieve necessary
slagging conditions within the gasifier. The percentage of
CO2 in the syngas from the O2 blown slurry feed will be
high. The Water-Gas Shift reaction or CO Shift reaction is an
equilibrium reaction that converts carbon monoxide into In case of power plants flue gas is bubbled through a solvent
hydrogen and carbon dioxide by reacting with steam and this
in a packed absorber column where the solvent removes the
reaction is moderately exothermic.
CO + H2O CO2 + H2 H= -41 KJ / Kmol. CO2 from the flue gas. Now the solvent passes through a
The synthesis gas stream after the shift reaction is rich in
regenerator unit where the CO2 is separated from the solvent
CO2 and is at higher pressure, which allows for easier
by counter flowing superheated steam at 110-1200C.Water
removal before the H2 is combusted.
vapor is condensed and CO2 stream is left which then can be
ADVANTAGES OF PRECOMBUSTION: utilized for various purposes. To reduce the capital and
1.CO2 is not diluted by the combustion air so we can energy costs new technologies are developed. Example
captureconcentrated CO2[11]. 2.Stream ontaining CO2 is membrane gasification technology. By using nanoparticles
usually at elevated pressure so more efficient separation efficiency of CO2 adsorption can be enchanced. Ex: CaO
methods (like pressure swing absorption) can be nanopods can capture 17.5 mol CO2 / Kg sorbent [15].
applied[11].3.In IGCC since the primary fuel sent to gas Figure 4.
turbine is H2 some amount can be taken off as a fuel for
separate use like hydrogen fuel cells.4.Most importantly
electricity generation is cheaper in IGCC plants than in coal
fired plants. 5.Lower energy requirements for CO2 capture
and compression [12].
POST COMBUSTION:
This is also called flue gas separation. In this process, CO2 is
Physical structures of membranes
captured from the flue gases after the complete combustion of
For an efficient capture of CO2, the membrane should have
feedstock.CO2 is separated from the flue gas mixture either the following properties [16].High CO2 permeability,
by chemical absorption, membrane gasification technology or Thermal and chemically resistant, Plasticisation resistance
and Ability to cheaply manufacture into different
cryogenic separation [13].Chemical absorption is a process membranes. However, the major problem with the limited
where a gas (CO2) is reversibly absorbed in a liquid solvent application of the membrane gasification technology is the
low CO2 concentration in the post combustion and pressure
(20% volume aqueous monoethanolamine) [14] by of the flue gas, which requires the use of membranes with
formatation of a chemically bonded compound. high selectivitys to fit the specification delivered by the
International Energy Agency [17]. Membranes are a low cost
means of separating gases, when high purity gas streams are
not important. The main advantage of post combustion is the
higherCO2 concentration and pressure achieved in the output
stream [18]. Energy required for CO2 capture by post
combustion is an important issue [14].

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LIMITATIONS WITH THE USE OF MEMBRANE GASIFICATION
TECHNOLOGY ARE:
1.CO2 concentration should be high. 2.Temperatures should
not be very high as the membrane may be destroyed at high
temperatures.
OXY-FUEL COMBUSTION:
When fuel is combusted the fraction of carbon in the flue gas
ranges from 3- 20% depending on the carbon content present
in the fuel and the amount of excess air necessary for the
combustion process to complete. The separation of CO2 from
the rest of the flue gases by chemical or physical means is
capital and energy intensive. An alternative is to burn the
fossil fuel in pure or enriched oxygen. In such a fashion the
flue gas will contain mostly CO2 and H2O.A part of the flue
gas needs to be recycled into the combustion chamber to
control the flame temperature. From the non-recycled flue
gas, water vapor can be readily condensed, and the CO2 can
be compressed and piped directly to the storage site [3].
CARBON UTILIZATION
Carbon dioxide captured from the power plants and other
industries can be converted into various value added
products instead of storing it in the deep ground. Normally
power plants and other CO2 producing industries are located
far from the sites where it can be stored. Also, transportation
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of CO2 by road for long distances is not economical and not
preferable. In the total cost of CCS around 40-45% goes for
transportation and storage. So, this will increase the cost of
CCS by around 20% [19]. On a statistical basis, it is an
estimate that around 0.5-0.6 tons of CO2 equivalent energy is
necessary for the capture, transport and storage of 1 ton of
CO2 captured and stored [20]. Transportation large volumes
of CO2 through pipelines is a technology that was adopted in
United States but the cost of pipeline has been increased for
the last 5 years there by increasing the transportation costs.
The costs of CO2 storage have also followed same rising
trends over the last decade [21]. There are some challenges
for converting CO2 into value added products but the
benefits are also promising. Producing methanol from CO2
has many additional benefits i) High energy density by
volume and weight ii) No need of high pressure to store iii)
Eco-friendly iv) Safe to handle. Methane can also be
converted into high energy density products like dimethyl
ether which has HCV=28 MJ/Kg and higher cetane number.
Example: The Great Plains Synfuel Plant, near Beulah, North
Dakota, gasifies 16,326 metric tons per day of lignite coal into
3.5 million standard cubic meters per day of combustible
syngas, and close to 7 million standard cubic meters of CO2.
A part of the CO2 is captured by a physical solvent based on
methanol. The captured CO2 is compressed and 2.7 million
standard cubic meters per day are piped over a 325-km
distance to the Weyburn, Saskatchewan, oil field, where the
CO2 is used for enhanced oil recovery [22].
Main Carbon dioxide utilization types:
Carbon dioxide is being utilized in various industries to
mitigate the effects of CO2 in atmosphere and also to get the
various value added products, however these industries uses
only 0.5% of Global CO2 emissions [35].
1.Utilization of CO2 without conversion.
2.Utilization of CO2 in chemical field.
3.Biological Utilization.
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Utilization of CO2 without conversion products like, optical lens, CDs , DVDs , contact lenses etc.,
Instead of converting the carbon dioxide into various forms, it
and also used in manufacturing of polymethine[23], which
is directly used in certain applications due to certain unique
has many applications including rubbers.
properties. It is used in Enhanced oil recovery [23], where the
BIOLOGICAL UTILIZATION
CO2 gas is injected into the oil well in order to forceout the
CO2 is used in cultivation of microalgae which gives value
crude and deplete field. Captured CO2 is also being used in
products like Omega-3[24] which has anti-inflammation.
food industry as a refrigerant (solid CO2) to preserve food
Various Processes available for converting
and in pharmaceutical industry to store medicines for longer CO2 :
time. In fire extinguishers. In water treatment to control pH 1.Stoichiometric

levels of cooling, drinking water and also used in swimming 2.Thermo-chemical

pools instead of acid [23]. 3.Electrochemical

4.Photoelectrochemical

5.Photocatalytic

Among thermochemical [25] electrochemical photoche- mical

[26] and electrochemical processes[27] investigation have

been done for few years and found that electrochemical

process is effective and reliable because of its characteristics

(ex: the reaction can be done at ambient conditions, products

produced at different electrodes can be separated naturally

by using individual reaction chamber that minimizes the cost

associated with postreaction separation[28] .

ELECROCHEMICAL PROCESS

Figure5: Utilization of carbon dioxide into various products

CHEMICAL UTILIZATION
Majorly carbon dioxide is being utilized (some 100Mt

CO2/yr)[23] in chemical area is to produce urea (Carbamide),

which is the mostly used substance in agricultural sector

(farming) as nitrogen fertilizer. CO2 is used in synthesis of

Figure6: Process diagram for conversion and utilization in
salicylic acid by hydro- genation process, which is used to
sustainably electrochemical route.
derive acetyl- salicylic acid/aspirin (ASA), which is a drug or
The chemistry behind electrochemical process is similar to
medication used to treat inflammation, pain, fever etc. CO2 is
photosynthesis which involves oxidation of water and
used in the manufacturing process of polycarbonate [23],
reduction of CO2 by electrons & protons generated from
which is a high performance plastic used to make various
water. In case of natural photosynthesis, the energy required

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to perform these endothermic reactions is capture from
sunlight but in case of electrochemical reduction (AP) the
energy from sunlight may not be directly used but the
required energy is derived from renewable sources. For
developing suitable Aritifical Photosynthesis [29] process
there are three separate technologies available They are 1)
water splitting technology 2) CO2 reduction technology 3)
technology to generate electricity from sunlight [30]. In
electrochemical reduction catalyst should be selected which
yields a higher CH3OH/CO ratio [29]. So, catalyst play an
important role in reduction of CO2. An effective catalytic
reduction includes nanostructured catalysts because they
provide more surface-active sites compared to their counter
part. These nanostructured catalysts enhance the catalytic
stability [31].
LITERATURE REVIEW
1.Ibram Ganesh- Stated that how artificial Photosynth- thesis
(AP) is helpful to reduce CO2 emissions which results in
global warming, Energy crisis due to depletion of fossil fuels
and various process available to convert CO2 to value added
products or chemicals. he also stated that electrochemical
reduction of carbon dioxide and role of nanomaterials in
electrochemical reduction of CO2 (ERC).[29]
He concluded that among all the processes which is
employing for conversion of carbon dioxide to various value
added products electrochemical reduction reaction process is
promising.
2.Qi Lu, Jonathan Rosen, and Feng Jiao They stated the
various nanostructured metallic electocata- lysts used in
electrochemical reduction of CO2, and the distinct catalystic
properties & potential challeng- es of nanostructured
electrocatalysts.
They concluded that the performance of nanostructu-red
metallic catalysts may be improved by introducing of
bimetallic surfaces and bimetallic core-shell structures. the
properties of bimetallic catalyst can be tuned between the two
types of metal species located on the same surface or on
different core-shell layers. As a result, bimetallics are able to
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access catalytic properties that cannot be mimicked by mono
metallic [28].
CONCLUSION
To meet the increasing energy demand with an ecological
balance captured CO2 should to converted into value added
products for clean and sustainable energy. Most importantly
awareness should be brought in the public regarding the
need for CO2 capture and the benefits of converting into
various value added products. It is very much important to
apply most efficient and cost effective method for capturing
CO2 as the all the three mentioned techniques have their own
pros and cons. At present CO2 sequestering is employed in
many commercial plants to reduce the global emission
problems. It will be beneficial if the captured CO2 is utilized
at same expenses as the potential rewards are so high and the
cost of transportation and storage is also increasing. Role of
gasification in the clean coal technology and various factors
affecting the process are discussed. In the gasification process
gasifier blown with O2 slurry feed will produce higher
amounts of CO2 and the calorific value of syngas depends on
the N2/coal ratio. Among the three capture techniques pre-
combustion is economical and effective due to lower energy
requirements for capture and compression. Membrane gas
separation and cryogenic separation technologies appears to
be quite promising for CO2 separation. Among the
stoichiometric, thermochemical, bio chemical, electro
chemical, photo chemical and photo catalytic reactions the
electro chemical reaction seems to be promising.
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