Citation

A "citation" is the way you tell your readers that certain material in your work came from another source. It
also gives your readers the information necessary to find that source again, including:

information about the author

the title of the work
the name and location of the company that published your copy of the source
the date your copy was published
the page numbers of the material you are borrowing

Why should I cite sources?

Giving credit to the original author by citing sources is the only way to use other people's work without
plagiarizing. But there are a number of other reasons to cite sources:

citations are extremely helpful to anyone who wants to find out more about your ideas and where
they came from
not all sources are good or right -- your own ideas may often be more accurate or interesting than
those of your sources. Proper citation will keep you from taking the rap for someone else's bad
ideas
citing sources shows the amount of research you've done
citing sources strengthens your work by lending outside support to your ideas

Doesn't citing make my work seem less original?

Not at all. On the contrary, citing sources actually helps your reader distinguish your ideas from those of
your sources. This will actually emphasize the originality of your own work.

When do I need to cite?

Whenever you borrow words or ideas, you need to acknowledge their source. The following situations
almost always require citation:

whenever you use quotes

whenever you paraphrase
whenever you use an idea that someone else has already expressed
whenever you make specific reference to the work of another
whenever someone else's work has been critical in developing your own ideas.

APA (American Psychological Association) Style originated in 1929, when a group of psychologists,
anthropologists, and business managers convened and sought to establish a simple set of procedures, or
style rules, that would codify the many components of scientific writing to increase the ease of reading
comprehension.

As with other editorial styles, APA Style consists of rules or guidelines that a publisher observes to ensure
clear and consistent presentation of written material. It concerns uniform use of such elements as
1|Page Citation Guide
selection of headings, tone, and length, punctuation and abbreviations, presentation of numbers and
statistics, construction of tables and figures, citation of references, and many other elements that are a
part of a manuscript. (Source: Official APA website)

In-text Citation with APA

The APA style calls for three kinds of information to be included in in-text citations. The author's last
nameand the work's date of publication must always appear, and these items must match exactly the
corresponding entry in the references list. The third kind of information, the page number, appears only in
a citation to a direct quotation.

....(Crockatt, 1995).

Direct quote from the text

"The potentially contradictory nature of Moscow's priorities surfaced first in its policies towards East
Germany and Yugoslavia," (Crockatt, 1995, p. 1).

Major Citations for a Reference List/Bibliography

Note: All second and third lines in the APA Bibliography should be indented.

Material Type Reference List/Bibliography

A book in print Baxter, C. (1997). Race equality in health care and

education.Philadelphia: Ballire Tindall.

A book chapter, print version Haybron, D. M. (2008). Philosophy and the science of subjective
well-being. In M. Eid & R. J. Larsen (Eds.), The science of
subjective well-being (pp. 17-43). New York, NY: Guilford Press.

An eBook Millbower, L. (2003). Show biz training: Fun and effective business
training techniques from the worlds of stage, screen, and song.
Retrieved from http://www.amacombooks.org/

An article in a print journal Alibali, M. W. (1999). How children change their minds: Strategy
change can be gradual or abrupt. Developmental Psychology,
35,127-145.

An article in a journal without DOI Carter, S., & Dunbar-Odom, D. (2009). The converging literacies
center: An integrated model for writing programs. Kairos: A Journal
of Rhetoric, Technology, and Pedagogy, 14(1), 38-48. Retrieved
from http://kairos.technorhetoric.net/

An article in a journal with DOI Gaudio, J. L., & Snowdon, C. T. (2008). Spatial cues more salient
than color cues in cotton-top tamarins (saguinus oedipus) reversal
learning. Journal of Comparative Psychology, 122, 441-444. doi:
10.1037/0735-7036.122.4.441

Websites - professional or The World Famous Hot Dog Site. (1999, July 7). Retrieved January

2|Page Citation Guide

personal sites 5, 2008, from http://www.xroads.com/~tcs/hotdog/hotdog.html

U.S. Department of Justice. (2006, September 10). Trends in

violent victimization by age, 1973-2005. Retrieved from
Websites - online government http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/glance/vage.htm
publications

Emails (cited in-text only) According to preservationist J. Mohlhenrich (personal

communication, January 5, 2008).

Mailing Lists (listserv) Stein, C.(2006, January 5). Chessie rescue - Annapolis, MD
[Message posted to Chessie-L electronic mailing list]. Retrieved
from http://chessie-l-owner@lists.best.com

Radio and TV episodes - from DeFord, F. (Writer). (2007, August 8). Beyond Vick: Animal cruelty
library databases for sport [Television series episode]. In NPR (Producer), Morning
Edition. Retrieved from Academic OneFile database.

Radio and TV episodes - from Sepic, M. (Writer). (2008). Federal prosecutors eye MySpace
website bullying case [Television series episode]. In NPR (Producer), All
Things Considered. Retrieved from
http://www.npr.org/templates/story/

Film Clips from website Kaufman, J.C. (Producer), Lacy, L. (Director), & Hawkey, P.
(Writer). (1979). Mean Joe Greene [video file]. Retrieved from
http://memory.loc.gov/mbrs/ccmp/meanjoe_01g.ram

Film Greene, C. (Producer), del Toro, G.(Director). (2015). Crimson

peak [Motion picture]. United States: Legendary Pictures.

Photograph (from book, magazine Close, C. (2002). Ronald. [photograph]. Museum of Modern Art,
or webpage) New York, NY. Retrieved from
http://www.moma.org/collection/object.php?object_id=108890

Artwork - from library database Clark, L. (c.a. 1960's). Man with Baby. [photograph]. George
Eastman House, Rochester, NY. Retrieved from ARTstor

Artwork - from website Close, C. (2002). Ronald. [photograph]. Museum of Modern Art,
New York. Retrieved from
http://www.moma.org/collection/browse_results.php?
object_id=108890

3|Page Citation Guide

MLA (Modern Language Association) style for documentation is widely used in the humanities, especially
in writing on language and literature. MLA style features brief parenthetical citations in the text keyed to
an alphabetical list of works cited that appears at the end of the work. (Source: Official MLA website)

In-text Citation

Material Type In-text Citation

Author's name in text Magny develops this argument (67-69).

Author's name in This argument has been developed elsewhere (Magny

reference 67-69).

Two authors' names in The most notorious foreign lobby in Washington is the
reference "Sugar Mafia" (Howe and Trott 134).

Quotation found in The philosopher Alain states that "admiration is not

indirect or pleasure but a kind of attention. . ." (qtd. in Magny 66).
"secondhand" source

Creating a Works Cited Page

With MLA style, you must include a Works Cited page at the end of your paper. A Works Cited page is an
alphabetical listing of the resources cited in your paper. Below are some examples of MLA style citations.

Material Type Works Cited

Book in print Card, Claudia. The Atrocity Paradigm: A Theory of Evil.

Oxford: Oxford UP, 2005. Print.

eBook Dzau, Victor J. and Mark A. Creager. "Chapter 231:

Diseases of the Aorta." Harrison's Principles of Internal
Medicine.McGraw-Hill, 1999. Web. 7 Sept. 2006.

An article in a print Doggart, Julia. "Minding the Gap: Realizing Our Ideal
journal Community Writing Assistance Program." The
Community Literacy Journal 2.1 (2007): 71-80. Print.

An article in an Sherrard-Johnson, Cherene. "'A Plea for Color': Nella

electronic journal Larsen's Iconography of the Mulatta." American
Literature 76.4 (2004): 833-869. EBSCOhost. Web. 10
Sept. 2009.

A encyclopedia entry Foster, John S., Jr. "Nuclear War." The Encyclopedia
Americana. Intl. ed. 1998. Print.

A government United States. Federal Maritime Commission. Hawaiian

publication Trade Study: An Economic Analysis. Washington: GPO,

4|Page Citation Guide

 1978. Print.

An interview you Brandt, Deborah. Personal interview. 28 May 2008.

conducted
(Note: List the interview under the name of the
interviewee)

A film/DVD Sense and Sensibility. Screenplay by Emma Thompson

and Jane Austen. Dir. Ang Lee. Perf. Emma Thompson,
and Kate Winslet. Sony, 1999. DVD.

(Note: Dir = Director. Perf. = Performer(s). List both after

the title of the film or DVD)

A Page on a Website "New Media @ the Center." The Writing Center at the
with no author University of Wisconsin-Madison. U of Wisconsin-
Madison Writing Center, 2009. Web. 11 Sept. 2009.

A Page on a Website Peace, Richard. Fathers and Children: Understanding

with an author Nature. The Novels of Turgenev: Symbols and
Emblems. U of Bristol P, 20 July 2002. Web. 5 May
2005.

Website - online United States. Dept. of Justice. Bureau of Justice

government publication Statistics.Trends in Violent Victimization by Age, 1973-
2005. 10 Sept. 2006. Web. 3 Oct. 2006.

Email Woodward, Julian. Newborn FAQs. Message to

Michelle Roberts. 28 Mar. 2008. E-mail.

Discussion list (listserv) Stein, Cindy. Chessie Rescue - Annapolis

MD." Chessie-L listserv. 16 May 1997. E-mail.

Radio/TV episode - from "Beyond Vick: Animal Cruelty for Sport." Morning
library database Edition. NPR. 8 Aug. 2007.Academic OneFile. Web. 5
May 2008.

Radio/TV episode - from "Federal Prosecutors Eye MySpace Bullying Case." All
website Things Considered. NPR. 14 Jan. 2008. Web. 15 Jan.
2008.

Film - from website The Landlord. Perf. Will Ferrell and Adam McKay.
2007. Funny or Die. Web. 15 Jan. 2008.

Artwork - from library Clark, Larry. Man with Baby. ca. 1960s. George
database Eastman House, Rochester, NY. ARTstor. Web. 15 Jan.
2008.

Artwork - from website Close, Chuck. Ronald. 2002. Museum of Modern Art,

5|Page Citation Guide

 New York. MoMA. Web. 5 Jan. 2008.

Photograph - from Viewing the Unfortunates at the Morgue. N.d. The

website Triangle Factory File. Cornell Univeristy ILR School,
2005. Web. 16 Oct. 2010.

Chicago is a documentation syle that has been published by the Chicago University Press since 1906.
This citation style incorporates rules of grammar and punctuation common in American English. Typically,
Chicago style presents two basic documentation systems: (1) notes and bibliography and (2) author-date.
Choosing between the two often depends on subject matter and the nature of sources cited, as each
system is favored by different groups of scholars.

The notes and bibliography style is preferred by many in the humanities, including those in literature,
history, and the arts. This style presents bibliographic information in notes and, often, a bibliography.

Material Type Notes/Bibliography Style

A book in print Note Style: 1. Michael Pollan, The Omnivore's Dilemma:

A Natural History of Four Meals (New York: Penguin,
2006), 99100.

Duplicate Note: 2. Pollan, Omnivore's Dilemma, 3.

Bibliography: Pollan, Michael. The Omnivore's Dilemma:

A Natural History of Four Meals. New York: Penguin,
2006.

An article in a print Note Style: 1. Joshua I. Weinstein, "The Market in

journal Platos Republic," Classical Philology 104 (2009): 440.

Duplicate Note: 2. Weinstein, "Platos Republic," 452

53.

Bibliography: Weinstein, Joshua I. "The Market in

Platos Republic." Classical Philology 104 (2009): 439
58.

An article in an Note Style: 1. Gueorgi Kossinets and Duncan J. Watts,

electronic journal Origins of Homophily in an Evolving Social
Network, American Journal of Sociology 115 (2009):
411, accessed February 28, 2010, doi:10.1086/599247.

Duplicate Note: Kossinets and Watts, Origins of

Homophily, 439.

Bibliography: Kossinets, Gueorgi, and Duncan J. Watts.

Origins of Homophily in an Evolving Social
Network. American Journal of Sociology 115 (2009):
40550. Accessed February 28, 2010.

6|Page Citation Guide

 doi:10.1086/599247.

A website Note Style: 1.Google Privacy Policy, last modified

March 11, 2009,
http://www.google.com/intl/en/privacypolicy.html.

Duplicate Note: Google Privacy Policy.

Bibliography: Google. Google Privacy Policy. Last

modified March 11, 2009.
http://www.google.com/intl/en/privacypolicy.html.

The author-date style has long been used by those in the physical, natural, and social sciences. In this
system, sources are briefly cited in the text, usually in parentheses, by authors last name and date of
publication. The short citations are amplified in a list of references, where full bibliographic information is
provided.

Author/Date Style In-text Citation Bibliography

A book (Pollan 2006, 99100) Pollan, Michael. 2006. The Omnivores

Dilemma: A Natural History of Four Meals. New
York: Penguin.

An article in a print journal (Weinstein 2009, 440) Weinstein, Joshua I. 2009. The Market in
Platos Republic. Classical Philology 104:439
58.

An article in an electronic
journal
(Kossinets and Watts 2009, Kossinets, Gueorgi, and Duncan J. Watts. 2009.
411) Origins of Homophily in an Evolving Social
Network. American Journal of
Sociology115:40550. Accessed February 28,
2010. doi:10.1086/599247.

A website (Google 2009) Google. 2009. Google Privacy Policy. Last

modified March 11.
http://www.google.com/intl/en/privacypolicy.html.

(Source: Official Chicago Manual website)

What is IEEE Style?

The Institute for Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) is a professional organization supporting
many branches of engineering, computer science, and information technology. In addition to publishing
journals, magazines, and conference proceedings, IEEE also makes many standards for a wide variety of
industries.

7|Page Citation Guide

IEEE citation style includes in-text citations, numbered in square brackets, which refer to the full citation
listed in the reference list at the end of the paper. The reference list is organized numerically, not
alphabetically. For examples, see the IEEE Editorial Style Manual.

The Basics:

In-text Citing It is not necessary to mention an author's name, pages used, or date of publication in the
in-text citation. Instead, refer to the source with a number in a square bracket, e.g. [1], that will then
correspond to the full citation in your reference list.

Place bracketed citations within the line of text, before any punctuation, with a space before the
first bracket.

Number your sources as you cite them in the paper. Once you have referred to a source and
given it a number, continue to use that number as you cite that source throughout the paper.

When citing multiple sources at once, the preferred method is to list each number separately, in
its own brackets, using a comma or dash bteween numbers, as such: [1], [3], [5] or [1] - [5].

The below examples are from Murdoch University's IEEE Style LibGuide.

Examples of in-text citations:

"...end of the line for my research [13]."

"This theory was first put forward in 1987 [1]."

"Scholtz [2] has argued that..."

"Several recent studies [3], [4], [15], [16] have suggested that...."

"For example, see [7]."

Creating a Reference List The Reference List appears at the end of your paper and provides the full
citations for all the references you have used. List all references numerically in the order they've been
cited within the paper, and include the bracketed number at the beginning of each reference.

Title your list as References either centered or aligned left at the top of the page.

Create a hanging indent for each reference with the bracketed numbers flush with the left side of
the page. The hanging indent highlights the numerical sequence of your references.

The author's name is listed as first initial, last name. Example: Adel Al Muhairy would be cited as
A. Al Muhairy (NOT Al Muhairy, Adel).

The title of an article is listed in quotation marks.

The title of a journal or book is listed in italics.

8|Page Citation Guide
The below examples are from the IEEE Citation Reference Guide and Murdoch University's IEEE Style
LibGuide.

Examples of citations for different materials:

Material Type Works Cited

Book in print [1] B. Klaus and P. Horn, Robot Vision. Cambridge, MA:
MIT Press, 1986.

Chapter in book [2] L. Stein, Random patterns, in Computers and You,

J. S. Brake, Ed. New York: Wiley, 1994, pp. 55-70.

eBook [3] L. Bass, P. Clements, and R. Kazman, Software

Architecture in Practice, 2nd ed. Reading, MA: Addison
Wesley, 2003. [E-book] Available: Safari e-book.

Journal article [4] J. U. Duncombe, "Infrared navigation - Part I: An

assessment of feasability," IEEE Trans. Electron.
Devices, vol. ED-11, pp. 34-39, Jan. 1959.

eJournal (from [5] H. K. Edwards and V. Sridhar, "Analysis of software

database) requirements engineering exercises in a global virtual
team setup," Journal of Global Information Management,
vol. 13, no. 2, p. 21+, April-June 2005. [Online].
Available: Academic OneFile, http://find.galegroup.com.
[Accessed May 31, 2005].

eJournal (from internet) [6] A. Altun, "Understanding hypertext in the context of

reading on the web: Language learners'
experience," Current Issues in Education, vol. 6, no. 12,
July 2003. [Online]. Available:
http://cie.ed.asu.edu/volume6/number12/. [Accessed
Dec. 2, 2004].

Conference paper [7] L. Liu and H. Miao, "A specification based approach
to testing polymorphic attributes," in Formal Methods
and Software Engineering: Proceedings of the 6th
International Conference on Formal Engineering
Methods, ICFEM 2004, Seattle, WA, USA, November 8-
12, 2004, J. Davies, W. Schulte, M. Barnett, Eds. Berlin:
Springer, 2004. pp. 306-19.

Conference [8] T. J. van Weert and R. K. Munro, Eds., Informatics

proceedings and the Digital Society: Social, ethical and cognitive
issues: IFIP TC3/WG3.1&3.2 Open Conference on
Social, Ethical and Cognitive Issues of Informatics and
ICT, July 22-26, 2002, Dortmund, Germany. Boston:

9|Page Citation Guide

 Kluwer Academic, 2003.

Newspaper article (from [9] J. Riley, "Call for new look at skilled migrants," The
database) Australian, p. 35, May 31, 2005. [Online]. Available:
Factiva, http://global.factiva.com. [Accessed May 31,
2005].

Technical report [10] J. H. Davis and J. R. Cogdell, Calibration program

for the 16-foot antenna, Elect. Eng. Res. Lab., Univ.
Texas,
Austin, Tech. Memo. NGL-006-69-3, Nov. 15, 1987.

Patent [11] J. P. Wilkinson, Nonlinear resonant circuit devices,

U.S. Patent 3 624 125, July 16, 1990.

Standard [12] IEEE Criteria for Class IE Electric Systems, IEEE

Standard 308, 1969.

Thesis/Dissertation [1] J. O. Williams, Narrow-band analyzer, Ph.D.

dissertation, Dept. Elect. Eng., Harvard Univ.,
Cambridge, MA, 1993.

APA Citation Activity

10 | P a g e C i t a t i o n G u i d e
Instructions: Answer the following by doing as what is directed.

.Question 1

Choose the citation that is in proper APA citation format for a book.

a. Jenkins, Henry. Fans, bloggers, and gamers: exploring participatory cultures. New York: New
York University Press, 2006.

b. Jenkins, H. Fans, bloggers, and gamers: exploring participatory cultures. New York University
Press, New York. 2006.

c. Jenkins, H. (2006). Fans, bloggers, and gamers: exploring participatory culture. New York: New
York University Press.

d. Jenkins, Henry. (2006). Fans, Bloggers, and Gamers: Exploring Participatory Culture. New York
UP: New York.

Question 2

Choose the citation that is in proper APA citation for a chapter from a book (no named author of chapter).

a. Cook, V.J.(2004). "Flava'N Gorillaz: Pop Group Names." In Accomodating Brocolli in the
Cemetary, (pp. 21-22). Simon and Schuster: New York.

b. Flava 'n Gorillaz: Pop group names. (2004). In V.J. Cook, Accomodating Brocolli in the Cemetary
(pp. 21-22). New York: Simon and Schuster.

c. Flava 'n Gorillaz: Pop group names. In Cook, V.J. Accomodating Brocolli in the Cemetary (pp. 21-
22). New York: Simon and Schuster, 2004.

d. V.J. Cook. 2004. "Flava'n Gorillaz: Pop group names." In Accomodating Brocolli in the Cemetary,
pp. 21-22. Simon and Schuster: New York.

Question 3

Choose the correct APA citation for a newspaper article.

11 | P a g e C i t a t i o n G u i d e
 a. Yonke, D. (2008, September 13). Monks on the road for peace: Tibetan Buddhists bring message
that 'happiness is an internal event'. The Blade (Toledo, OH), p. B7.

b. Yonke, David. (2008). "Monks on the road for peace: Tibetan Buddhists bring message that
'happiness is an internal event'." The Blade (Toledo, OH), pp. B7.

c. Yonke, David. Monks on the road for peace: Tibetan Buddhists bring message that 'happiness is
an internal event'. The Blade, September 13, 2008. p. B7.

d. Yonke, David. "Monks on the road for peace: Tibetan Buddhists bring message that 'happiness is
an internal event'." The Blade 13 Sept. 2008: B7.

Question 4

Choose the correct APA citation for an article from a library research database.

a. Weickgenannt, Nicole. (2008). The Nation's Monstrous Women: Wives, Widows and Witches in
Salman Rushdie's Midnight's Children. In Journal of Commonwealth Literature. 43.2, pp. 65-83.
Retrieved October 31, 2008, from Humanities International Complete http:// 0-
search.ebscohost.com.maurice.bgsu.edu/
login.aspx?direct=true&db=hlh&AN=32541323&loginpage=login.asp&site=ehost-live&scope=site

b. Weickgenannt, Nicole. "The nation's monstrous women: Wives, widows and witches in Salman
Rushdie's Midnight's Children." Journal of Commonwealth Literature 43.2 (June 2008): 65-83.
Humanities International Complete. EBSCO. Bowling Green State University Libraries, Bowling
Green, Oh.. 31 Oct. 2008 <http:// 0-
search.ebscohost.com.maurice.bgsu.edu/
login.aspx?direct=true&db=hlh&AN=32541323&loginpage=login.asp&site=ehost-
live&scope=site>.

c. Weickgenannt, N. The Nation's Monstrous Women: Wives, Widows and Witches in Salman
Rushdie's Midnight's Children. Journal of Commonwealth Literature. 43.2: pp.65-83. Retrieved
October 31, 2008, from Humanities International Complete. (2008, June).

d. Weickgenannt, N. (2008, June). The nation's monstrous women: Wives, widows and witches in
Salman Rushdie's Midnight's Children. Journal of Commonwealth Literature, 43(2), 65-83.
Retrieved October 31, 2008, from Humanities International Complete.

Question 5

Create an APA citation for this publication:

Article Title: Truly, Madly, Depp-ly

Author: Frank DeCaro

Publication: Advocate

Volume number: 906

12 | P a g e C i t a t i o n G u i d e
Date: January 20, 2004

Pages: 76-77

Source: Gender Studies Database

Date of access: October 31, 2008

hyperlink: <http://0-search.ebscohost.com.maurice.bgsu.edu/
login.aspx?direct=true&db=fmh&AN=GSD0048

(Developed by Amy Fyn, Bowling Green State University Libraries, 2008, for LIB225: Information Seeking and Management in Contemporary
Society)

APA Citation Activity Answer Key

Question 1: (c)

Jenkins, H. (2006). Fans, bloggers, and gamers: exploring participatory culture. New York: New York

University Press.

A book citation in APA follows the format: Author. (year). Title. City: Publisher.

Question 2: (b)

Flava 'n Gorillaz: Pop group names. (2004). In V.J. Cook, Accomodating Brocolli in the Cemetary (pp. 21-

22). New York: Simon and Schuster.

APA citation for a chapter in a book: Author(s). (date). Chapter title. In Name (ed.), Book title (pp.
numbers). City: Publisher. If no author is given for the chapter, begin the entry with chapter title,
followed by (date). Then pick up with In Name (ed.), etc.

Question 3: (a)

Yonke, D. (2008, September 13). Monks on the road for peace: Tibetan Buddhists bring message that
'happiness is an internal event'. The Blade (Toledo, OH), p. B7.

Basic APA citation for a newspaper article (in print): Author(s). (Year, Month Day). Article title. Title of
Newspaper, p. number(s).

13 | P a g e C i t a t i o n G u i d e
Question 4: (d)

Weickgenannt, N. (2008, June). The nation's monstrous women: Wives, widows and witches in Salman
Rushdie's Midnight's Children. Journal of Commonwealth Literature, 43(2), 65-83. Retrieved
October 31, 2008, from Humanities International Complete.

Basic APA citation for an article from a database: Author(s). (date). Article title. Name of Journal, vol
number(issue number). Retrieved date, from name of database.

Question 5:

DeCaro, F. (2004, January 20). Truly, madly, Depp-ly. Advocate, 906, 76-77. Retrieved October 31, 2008,
from Gender Studies database.

Basic APA citation for an article from a database: Author(s). (date). Article title. Name of Journal, vol
number(issue number). Retrieved date, from name of database.

14 | P a g e C i t a t i o n G u i d e