QuestionA01

Awavewithaperiodof8secondsandawaveheightof2metersisobservedtobeapproachingthe
shoreline.
a)Assumingthattheperiodremainsconstant,atwhatwaterdepthwillthewavebegininteracting
withthebottom?
b)Atwhatwaterdepthwillthewavebeconsideredashallowwaterwave?
c)Whatwillthewavelengthbeonceitisbecomesashallowwaterwave?
d)Assumingthatthechangeinwaveheightisnegligible,atwhatwaterdepthwillthewavebreak?

Given Value Units

Period(T) 8s
Height(H) 2m
gravity(g) 9.81 m/s^2

PartA
Usetheperiodtodeterminethedeepwaterwavelength:
Value Units
Lo 99.92 m

Waveinteractwiththebottom(becomeintermediate)whenD/Lo=0.5

D 0.5L
Value Units
o D 49.96 m

PartB
WavesbecomeshallowwhenD/L=0.05.UseTableA5todetermineratiotodeep
waterwavelength(D/Lo)
D D Value Units
0.05 0.015 D 1.50 m
L Lo
D 0.015Lo

PartC
Onceinshallowwater,wemustusetheshallowwaterdepthtowavelengthration
(D/L=0.05)todeterminetheshallowwaterwavelength(L).Noteshallowwater
depthwascalcuatedinpartB.

Value Units
L 29.98 m

PartD
ShallowwavewillbreakwhenHmax/d=0.9

Value Units
Hmax/d 0.90
Dbreak 2.22 m
QuestionA02
Atouristiskayaking50metersawayfromanicebergthatisgroundedjustoutsideSt.John'sharbor(40meterwater
depth).Theicebergcalvescreatingwaveswithperiodsbetween2and4seconds.
a)Whatrangeofwavelengthsarecreated?
b)Howlongwillittakeforthewavestoreachthekayakerscurrentposition?
c)Assumingthatthewavesarecreatedoverashortduration,howlongwillittakeforthewavestopassbythe
kayaker?

Given Value Units

Distancefromberg 50 m
Waterdepth 40 m
Period1 2 s
Period2 4 s

PartA
Usetheperiodstodeterminethedeepwaterwavelengths
Value Units
Lo1 6.25 m
Lo2 24.98 m
Checktoensurethisisdeepwater(tableA5D/Lo>0.5)
Value Units Class
D/Lo1 6.40 Deep
D/Lo2 1.60 Deep

PartB
Calculatethecelerityofbothwaves
Value Units
C1 3.12 m/s
C2 6.25 m/s
Calculatethegroupcelerityofbothwaves
Value Units
Cg1 1.56 m/s
Cg2 3.12 m/s
Calculatethetimerequiredforthegrouptotraveltherequireddistance
Value Units
t1 32.02 s
t2 16.01 s

PartC
Firstwavehitstheboatatt2,lastgrouphitsboatatt1.Thedifferenceisthetimerequiredtopassby
thekayaker
t1(s) t2(s) t(s)
32.02 16.01 16.01
QuestionA03
ItisdesiredtodevelopawaveenergysystemontheeastcoastofNewfoundland.AccordingtotheWindand
WaveAtlas,theyearlyaveragesignificantwaveheightisabout1.5meterswithaperiodof8seconds.The
systemshouldthereforebeoptimizedforthiscondition.Thelocationforthesystemhasatypicalwaterdepth
of50meters
a)Ifthesystemistoproduce100kWofpowerunderthisconditionatanassumedefficiencyof50%,over
whatareamustthewaveenergybeextracted?
b)Duringfallandwinterstorms,thesignificantwaveheightcanbeashighas7meters.Whatistheexpected
wavepowergeneratedinthiscondition?

Given Value Units

Period(T) 8 s
Height(H) 1.5 m
gravity(g) 9.81 m/s^2 NEEDtofixthiswithanLintheformulaforenergyandpower
Depth(D) 50 m
Power(P) 100000 W
Efficiency 0.5

PartA
Firstcalculatetheaveragewaveenergyperunitwidth

gH 2 Value Units
E p Ek Ep,Ek 1414.02 J/m
16
Totalenergyisthesumofpotentialandkenetic
Value Units
El 2828.04 J/m
Usetheperiodstodeterminethedeepwaterwavelengths
Value Units
L
Lo 99.92
99 92 m

Checktoensurethisisdeepwater(tableA5D/Lo>0.5)
Value Units Class
D/Lo 0.50 m Deep

Calculatethegroupcelerity
Value Units
Cg 6.25 m/s

Usingthewavepowerequation,determinetherequiredwidth
Value Units
W 11.32 m
PartB
Redothesamecalculationswithanewwaveheight(7m)tofindmaxpower
Hmax(m)
gH 2 Value Units
7 E E
p k
Ep,Ek 30794.20 J/m
16
Totalenergyisthesumofpotentialandkenetic
Value Units
El 61588.41 J/m
LoandCgdonotchangesincetheyarefunctionsofperiod,notheight
Value Units
P 2178 kW
QuestionA04
Anunderwaterobservatoryisbeingbuiltin5metersofwater.Theobservatoryistositonthebottomandhasaheightof2meters.The
designwaveforthesiteisa2meterwavewithaperiodof9seconds.Ifasafetyfactorof3isappliedtothedynamicpressureonly,what
isthemaximumdesignpressureonthestructure?

Given Value Units

Depth(D) 5 m
StuctureHeight(SH) 2 m
gravity(g) 9.81 m/s^2
Waveheight(H) 2 m
Period(T) 9 s
SFdynamicpressure 3

Solution
Firstdeterminethedeepwaterwavelengthandtheproperwavelength(TableA5)
Value Units Class
Lo 126.47 m
D/Lo 0.040 N/A
D/L 0.0833 N/A Intermediate
L 60.02 m

Determinedesignpointorcalcuateforallphaseangles
Value Units
2
DesignAngle 0.00 deg k
Designelevation(z) 5 m L
Wavenumber(k) 0.105 /m
Calcuatestaticanddynamicpressuresatthedespgnpoint,usingapproperiatesafetyfactors
PS gz
cosh k d z
PD 1 gH cos
cosh kd
2

P P S FS P D

PhaseAngle PressureCalculations
Deg Rad Depth(m)(z)> 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
StaticPressure(kPa)> 30.17 35.19 40.22 45.25 50.28
0 0 57.21 61.98 66.82 71.74 76.73
30 0.523599 53.58 58.39 63.26 68.19 73.19
60 1.047198 43.69 48.59 53.52 58.50 63.51
90 1.570796 30.17 35.19 40.22 45.25 50.28
120 2.094395 16.65 21.80 26.92 32.00 37.05
150 2.617994 6.75 12.00 17.18 22.30 27.36
180 3.141593 TotalPressure(kPa)> 3.13 8.41 13.62 18.75 23.82
210 3.665191 6.75 12.00 17.18 22.30 27.36
240 4.18879 16.65 21.80 26.92 32.00 37.05
270 4.712389 30.17 35.19 40.22 45.25 50.28
300 5.235988 43.69 48.59 53.52 58.50 63.51
330 5.759587 53.58 58.39 63.26 68.19 73.19
360 6.283185 57.21 61.98 66.82 71.74 76.73

NOTE:UsingZof5mandtheataat0degreesissufficient(onecalcuationatmaxpressurelocation)highlightedin
green
 Question4:WavePressure
90.00

80.00

70.00

60.00
Pressure(kPa)

Z=3m
50.00
Z=3.5m
40.00
Z=4m
30.00 Z=4.5m
20.00 Z=5m
10.00

0.00
0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360
Phaseangle
QuestionA05
Apressuresensorwithamaximumpressureratingof120kPaandaresolutionof0.2kPaistobeusedtomeasureocean
waveswithatypicalperiodof10seconds.Toavoidinterferingwithships,itistobeplacedatadepthof10meters
belowthesurface.
a)Whatisthemaximumwaveheightthatcanbemeasuredwiththissensor?
b)Whatistheresolutionintermsofwaveheight?

Given Value Units

MaxPressure(Pmax) 120 kPa
Resolution(P) 0.2 kPa
gravity(g) 9.81 m/s^2
Period(T) 10 s
Depth(z) 10 m

PartA
Wedonotknowtheoceandepth,sowecanassumethistobedeepwater
Fistcalcuatethedeepwaterwavelengthandwavenumber
Value Units
Lo 156.13 m
k 0.040243 /m
2
k
L
Usethepressureequationfordeepwatertocalcuatethemaximumwaveheight
H kz Value Units
g 2 e cos z Pmax Hmax 5.78 m

Part B
PartB
Takethederivativeofthepressureequationtorelatethechangeinpressuretothechangeinheight
Value Units
H 0.06 m
QuestionA06
Acurrentmeterlocated10metersbelowthesurfacemeasuresaharmonicoceancurrentinthehorizontaldirectionwith
averageminimumandmaximumvaluesof0.5and2.5m/sandanaverageperiodof7seconds.
a)Findthewaveheightassociatedwiththiscondition
b)Findthemaximumverticalvelocityandmaximumhorizontalandverticalaccelerationatthecurrentmeterinthese
conditions

Given Value Units

Depth(z) 10 m
Period(T) 7 s
gravity(g) 9.81 m/s^2
MaxHoz.Velocity 0.5 m/s
MinHoz.Velocity 2.5 m/s

PartA
Wedonotknowtheoceandepth,sowecanassumethistobedeepwater
Fistcalcuatethedeepwaterwavelengthandwavenumber
Value Units
Lo 76.50 m
k 0.082129 /m
2
k
L
Solvethehorizontalvelocityequationsforwaveheight
Value Units Notetheata
H1 2.53 m 180
H2 12.66 m 0

PartB
Usethewaveheightandapproperiatephasetodeterminethemaximumwavevelocitiesandaccelerations

Value Units Notetheata

w(max) 2.50 m/s 90
ax(max) 2.24 m/s^2 90
ay(max) 2.24 m/s^2 270

QuestionA07
Computethewavelengthandclassifythefollowingwaves:

Period(s) WaterDepth(m) WavelengthL(m) Classification

8 25
8 100
8 1000

Usetheperiodstodeterminethedeepwaterwavelengths

UsetableA5todeterminetherealwavelengthandtheclassification
Period(s) WaterDepth(m) WavelengthLo(m) D/Lo D/L WavelengthL(m) Classification
8 25 99.92 0.250 0.268 93.28 Intermediate
8 100 99.92 1.001 1.001 99.92 Deep
8 1000 99.92 10.008 10.008 99.92 Deep
QuestionA08
Computethedeepwavelengthandwavecelerityforwaveswithperiodsof4,6,8,and12s.

Usetheperiodstodeterminethedeepwaterwavelengths

Calculatethecelerityandgroupcelerity

Period(s) Deepwaterwavelength(m) Celerity(m/s) Groupcelerity(m/s)

4 24.98 6.25 3.12
6 56.21 9.37 4.68
8 99.92 12.49 6.25
12 224.83 18.74 9.37
QuestionA09
Awavetankis35mlong,1mwideand1.2mdeep.Thewavemakergeneratesawavewhichis0.2mhigh
andaperiodof1.1s.
a)Calculatethewavecelerity,length,groupcelerity,energyinonewavelength(El)andpower.
b)Anewwave,0.15mhighwithaperiodof1.0siscreatedinthewavetank.Determinethewaterparticle
velocityandaccelerationatadepthof0.6mbelowthestillwaterlevel.
c)Whatisthemaximumwaveheightbeforebreakingforthistankifthewaveperiodis1.0s.

Given Value Units

Length 35 m
Width 1 m
Depth 1.2 m
PartAperiod 1.1 s
PartAwaveheight 0.2 m

PartA
Usetheperiodtodeterminethedeepwaterwavelengths
Value Units
Lo 1.89 m

Checktoensurethisisdeepwater(tableA5D/Lo>0.5)
Value Units Class
D/Lo 0.64 Deep

Calculatethecelerity,groupcelerity,energyandpowerusinggoverningequations
gH 2
E p Ek
16
Parameter Value Units
Celerity 1.717 m/s
Groupcelerity 0.859 m/s
Energy 50.28 J/m
Power 43.17 W Note:Efficiency=1

PartB

Given Value Units

Length 35 m
Width 1m
Depth 1.2 m
PartBperiod 1s
PartBwaveheight 0.15 m
Depth(z) 0.6 m
Usetheperiodtodeterminethedeepwaterwavelengths
Value Units
Lo 1.56 m

Checktoensurethisisdeepwater(tableA5D/Lo>0.5)
Value Units Class
D/Lo 0.77 Deep
Usethehorizontalandverticalvelocityandaccelerationequationsfordeepwater
2
k Value Units Notetheata
L k 4.024 /m
u(max) 0.042 m/s 0
w(max) 0.042 m/s 90
ax(max) 0.26 m/s^2 90
ay(max) 0.26 m/s^2 0

PartC
DeepwaterwavewillbreakwhenH/L=1/7

Value Units
H/L 0.14
Hbreak 0.22 m
QuestionA10
Awavewithaperiodof8spropagatesnormaltoshore.Evaluatethewavelengthsinwaterdepthsof100m,50m,20mand5m.

Usetheperiodstodeterminethedeepwaterwavelengths

UsetableA5todeterminetherealwavelengthandtheclassification
Period(s) WaterDepth(m) WavelengthLo(m) D/Lo D/L WavelengthL(m) Classification
8 100 99.92 1.001 1.001 99.92 Deep
8 50 99.92 0.500 0.502 99.60 Deep
8 20 99.92 0.200 0.225 88.89 Intermediate
8 5 99.92 0.050 0.094 53.08 Intermediate(nearshallow)
QuestionA11
a)SketchthewavepatternenteringSt.PhilipsfromtheNorthandinteractingwiththeshoreLabelthe
diagram.
b)Assumingwavesatareducedheightmakeitinsidethesmallboatbasinsketchthepatternofwaves
therealso.
c)Wheretheslipwayandwhy?Whatarethegroinsfor?
d)IfthesmallwavesenteringtheSt.Philipssmallboatbasinchannel(3mdeep)are0.4mhighandhave
aperiod0f1.2swhatwillbethewavecelerity?Whatistheenergyandpowerinonewave?
e)Calculatethewaterparticlevelocityandpressureatadepthof1mbelowthestillwaterleveland0.2
maheadofthewavecrest.

Given Value Units

Depth(d) 3 m
Height(h) 0.4 m
Period(T) 1.2 s
depth(z) 1 m
Forwarddist.(x) 0.2 m

PartA

PartB
PartC
Theslipwayiswheretheboatsaretoointhephoto.Thisistheareawithlowestwaveenergyandeaisetaccessto
theocean.
Groinsareusedtokeeprubblefromfillingintheentrancetotheharbour.

PartD
Fistcalcuatethedeepwaterwavelengthanddeterminetheactualwavelength(tableA5)
Value Units Class
Lo 2.25 m
D/Lo 1.334349581 Deep
Calculatethecelerity,groupcelerity,energyandpowerusinggoverningequations
gH 2
E p Ek
16
Parameter Value Units
Celerity 1.874 m/s
Groupcelerity 0.937 m/s
Energy 201.1 J/m
Power 188.4 W Note:Efficiency=1

PartE
Firstdeterminethephaseangleyouarebeingaskedtoevaluatefromtheforwarddistance,thenusethedeepwater
velocityandpressureequations:
2 Value Units
k k 2.79 /m
L
theta 32 deg
u 0.054 m/s
w 0.034 m/s
p 10.16 kPa
QuestionB01
Abridgeisbeingdesignedtocrossariverwithadepthof5metersaverticallyaveragedcurrentspeedof
3.0m/sduringspringrunoff.Asinglecentraltowerisusedwithadiameterof2meters.Whatistheshear
forceexertedbytheriver?Note:Youmayneglecttheshearforcefromthebridgedeck.

NOTE: Hereitisassumed
thatthebridgedeck
Given Value Units supportszeroshearforce.
Depth(d) 5m Elseonewouldhaveto
Speed(V) 3 m/s considerzeroshearina
Diameter(D) 2m morecomplexanalysis.

Assumingadragcoefficentof1.2,calculatetheprojectedareaofthecylinder.Thenusethedragequationtocalcuatethe
shearforce:
Value Units NOTE:Fromhereonsmalldwillbe
A 10.00 m fordepthandcapital Dwillbefor
F 54 kN diameter
QuestionB02
Asemisubmersibleisfittedwithahelidecklocated20metersabovethemeanwaterlinefortransportingcrewon
andofftheplatform.Toaidthepilotsinlandingin(relatively)highwinds,awindsockistobeplacedofftotheside
and2metersabovethehelideck.Thewindsockhasadiameterof36inchesandadragcoefficientof0.2.Whatis
theforceonthewindsockifthemaximumrecordedwindspeedonsiteataheightof10mis40knots.

Given Value Units Note:Youareaskedtofindtheforceon

Totalheight(h) 22 m the windstockonly,withaheightof2m
Diameter(D) 36 in andadiameterof0.914m.Theheightof
DragCoeff. 0.2 theplatformisneededonlyindetermining
Stockheight(z) 2 m thecorrectwindspeedatthewindstock
Windspeed(at10m) 40 knots

Firstconverttometricunits
Given Value Units
Totalheight(h) 22 m
Diameter(D) 0.914 m
DragCoeff. 0.2
Stockheight(z) 2 m
Windspeed(at10m) 20.58 m/s

Determinethewindvelocityatthewindstock
Value Units
U22 22.50 m/s

Calculatetheforceonthewindstock
Value Units
F 120.31 N
QuestionB03
Asteelpipeline(densityof7800kg/m3)isbeingdesignedtotransportgasacrosstheStraitofBelleIsle.Theinnerdiameteristo
be0.5minordertosupportthedesiredvolume.ThewaterdepthacrosstheStraitistypically70mandthedesignwaveis5meters
withaperiodof8seconds.TheLabradorCurrentcreatesaregularcurrentthroughtheStraitsandhasbeenmeasured1moffthe
bottomtobe1.2m/s.Thebottomistypicallysandywithafrictioncoefficientrangingfrom0.55to0.65.Approachingtheshores,
thebottomhasagradof1.2on100.
a)Whatistherequiredouterdiameterofpipesuchthatthepipelinestaysinposition?
b)Afterinstallation,apieceofthepipeisbrokenafterashipdragsanchoroverthepipeline.Inordertofixthepipeline,apieceof
pipe50metersinlengthisfloatedintopositionatadepthof5meters.Whatisthewaveloadingonthepipeiftheshipistraveling
inbeamseas(wavedirectionperpendiculartothepipe)?

Given Value Units

Steeldensity 7800 kg/m
Innerdiam.(Di) 0.5 m
Depth 70 m
Waveheight 5m
Period 8s
Current@1m 1.2 m/s
Frict.Coeff. 0.6
gradient 0.012
Slope 0.687516355 deg 0.011999424 Rad
PartA
Usetheperiodtodeterminethedeepwaterwavelengths
Value Units
Lo 99.92 m

Checktoensurethisisdeepwater(tableA5D/Lo>0.5)
Value Units Class
D/Lo 0.70 Deep

Thereforethesearedeepwaterwavesandwillnotaffectthepipelines
Assumeareasonablewallthickness
Value Units
t 0.004 m Valueingreenisinteratedon(changetilldeltaFw=0)
Do 0.507 m
Calculatetheeffectivevelocity
Value Units
Ue 0 96 m/s
0.96

Assumeorcalculatedrag,liftandinertialcoeff.

Value Units
Re 4.06.E+05
Cd 0.70
Cl 0.70
Cm 1.15
Cf 0.60

Calcuatethedragandliftforcesonthepipelineperunitlength(noteinertialforcesare0)
Value Units
Fd 167.90 N
Fl 167.90 N

Calcuatetherequiredforceperunitlength,determinenewthickness,andinterate(changefirstt)untildeltaFw=0)
Value Units
<Fwcalc 439 N
Fwreal> 439 N
DeltaFw 0N
Note: Goalseekwasusedtoobtaintheanswer.
This is quite small and obviously would need to be
PartB Thisisquitesmallandobviouslywouldneedtobe
thickerinreallife.But,thisissufficientforlearning
purposes.
AdditonalGiven Value Units
length 50 m
depth(z) 5 m

FirstcalculatethewavenumverandthemaximumhorizontalparticalvelocityUm
2 H Value Units
k Um k 0.06 /m
L T Um 1.96 m/s
CalculatetheKeuleganCarpenterNumberK=Um*T/Dtodetermineifdragdominate,intetiadominated,orbothsignificant
Value Units
K 30.97 Thereforedragdominated(K>25)

DetermineDragandInertiaCoefficients.
Value Units
Re 8.30E+05
IfReishigh(ieRe>1.5x10^6)then
Cd 0.62
Cm 1.8
Usethewaveloadingequationstodeterminethetotalfoceonthepipe:
HorinontalForces: Theata(deg) Theata(rad) u(m/s) ax(m/s^2) Fx(N) w(m/s) az(m/s^2) Fz(N) Ftotal(N)
0 0.00 1.43 0.00 16567 0.00 1.13 20993 26743
30 0.52 1.24 0.56 22922 0.72 0.98 22323 31996
60 1.05 0.72 0.98 22323 1.24 0.56 22922 31996
90 1.57 0.00 1.13 20993 1.43 0.00 16567 26743
120 2.09 0.72 0.98 22323 1.24 0.56 1929 22406
150 2.62 1.24 0.56 22922 0.72 0.98 14039 26880
180 3.14 1.43 0.00 16567 0.00 1.13 20993 26743
210 3.67 1.24 0.56 1929 0.72 0.98 14039 14171
240 4.19 0.72 0.98 14039 1.24 0.56 1929 14171
VerticalForces: 270 4.71 0.00 1.13 20993 1.43 0.00 16567 26743
300 5.24 0.72 0.98 14039 1.24 0.56 22922 26880
330 5.76 1.24 0.56 1929 0.72 0.98 22323 22406
360 6.28 1.43 0.00 16567 0.00 1.13 20993 26743
QuestionB04
Awharfisbeingdesignedthatistobesupportonverticalpilesinawaterdepthof5meterswithloose,mediumdensitysand.
Woodenpileswithadiameterof300mmhavebeenselectedbasedonthelayoutrequiringthateachpilesupport500kN.There
isalongshorecurrentof0.5m/scombinedwith2meterwaveswithaperiodof4secondsthataretypicallydrivendirectly
onshore.
a)Howdeepshouldthepilesbedrivenintothesand?
b)Whatistheexpectedhorizontalwaveload?

Given Value Units

Depth(d) 5m
meddensesand
Diameter(D) 0.3 m
Load 500 KN
Current 0.5 m/s
Waveheight 2m
Period 4s

PartA
Findtheunitskinfriction(f)andunitendbearingcapactiy(q)foraloosemediumdensesandinTable37ofnotes.Convertforproperunits
andfillintotheaxialbearingcapacityformulatosolveforL.
Value Units Note
f 1.40 kips/ft^2 Table37
q 60 kips/ft^2 Table37
f 67.032 kN/m^2
q 2872.8 kN/m^3
L 4.70 m

PartB
Usetheperiodtodeterminethedeepwaterwavelengths
Value Units
Lo 24.98 m

Checktoseeifdeepwater(tableA5D/Lo>0.5)
Value Units Class
D/Lo 0.200
D/L 0.225 Intermed.
L 22.222 m
FirstcalculatethewavenumverandthemaximumhorizontalparticalvelocityUm
2 H Value Units
k Um k 0.28 /m
L T Um 1.57 m/s
CalculatetheKeuleganCarpenterNumberK=Um*T/Dtodetermineifdragdominate,intetiadominated,orbothsignificant
Value Units
K 20.94 Thereforemixed

DetermineDragandInertiaCoefficients.
Value Units
Re 3.93E+05
Assumeapprop.numbersforcoeff:
Cd 0.62
Cm 1.8
Calculatethetotalforceontheverticalcylinder
Theata(deg) Theata(rad) F(N)
0 0.00 625
30 0.52 1037
60 1.05 1142
90 1.57 1138
120 2.09 829
150 2.62 101
180 3.14 625
Value Units 210 3.67 1037
A1 0.118 240 4.19 1142
A2 0.188 270 4.71 1138
300 5.24 829
330 5.76 101
360 6.28 625
QuestionB05
Thecompanyyouareworkingforplansonusingajackupdrillingplatformforexploratorydrilling.Thejackuphasthreetruss
stylelegswithanequivalentdiameterof10m.Basedonmodeltestresultsfromtheoriginaldesign,thedragandinertial
coefficientsforthelegsare0.1and0.2respectively.Thedesireddrillinglocationhasawaterdepthof60mofwater.Basedona
statisticalanalysisofenvironmentaldatacollectedfortheregion,thedesignwaveforthelocationisdeterminedtobe10meters
withaperiodof12seconds.
a)Ifthemaximumlateralbaseloadis4500kN,willthejackupbesuitableforthissiteifasafetyfactorof2.5isrequiredtomeet
industrystandards?
b)Despitetheunfavorabledrillingconditions,managementdecidestheyarewillingtocompromiseandallowtheplatformtobe
movedcloserorawayfromtheshoreinordertousetheavailablejackupplatform.Shouldtheplatformbemovedintodeeper
orshallowerwater?

Given Value Units

Depth(d) 60 m
Diameter(D) 10 m
Cd 0.1
Cm 0.2
Waveheight 10 m
Period 12 s
MaxLoad 4500 kN
SF 2.5

PartA
Usetheperiodtodeterminethedeepwaterwavelengths
Value Units
Lo 224.83 m

Checktoseeifdeepwater(tableA5D/Lo>0.5)
Value Units Class
D/Lo 0.267
D/L 0.280 Intermed.
L 214.286 m
FirstcalculatethewavenumberandthemaximumhorizontalparticalvelocityUm
2 H Value Units
k Um k 0.03 /m
L T Um 2.62 m/s
CalculatetheKeuleganCarpenterNumberK=Um*T/Dtodetermineifdragdominate,intetiadominated,orbothsignificant
Value Units
K 3.14 Thereforeinertiadominated

Calculatethetotalforceontheverticalcylinder
Theata(deg) Theata(rad) F(KN) FxSFx3(KN)
0 0.00 76 570
30 0.52 433 3250
60 1.05 671 5031 Note:xSFandxby3
90 1.57 753 5645 duetohavingthree
120 2.09 633 4747 legs!
150 2.62 319 2395
180 3.14 76 570
210 3.67 433 3250
Value Units 240 4.19 671 5031
A1 0.785 270 4.71 753 5645
A2 0.159 300 5.24 633 4747
330 5.76 319 2395
360 6.28 76 570
5645KNismuchgreaterthantheallowed4500KN,thereforethesafetyrequirementisnotmet.

PartB
Intheforceequationwavelengthisporportionaltoforce.Wavelengthsarereducedinshallowerwaters,thereforelessforceon
thestructure.Hencethestructureshouldbemovedtowardsshore.
QuestionB06
Asmoothverticalstainlesssteelpipeistotalsubmergedinseawaterwherethewaterdepthis15m.The
pipeis12meterslongwithanoutsidediameterof0.15mandfixedattheseafloor.Forauniformcurrent
of1m/sevaluatethetotalforceandmomentactingattheseafloor(mudline).Note:thedensityof
seawateris1030kg/mwithakinematicviscosityof1.1710^(6)m^2/s.

Given Value Units

Depth(d) 15 m
Length 12 m
Diameter(D) 0.15 m
Current 1 m/s
Density 1030 kg/m^3
Viscosity 1.17E06 m^2/s

Thisisaverticalcylinder,thereforejustcalcuatethedragforce:

Value Units
Re 128205
Cd 1.10
F 1022 N
M 6133 N.m
QuestionB07
Afixedjacketstructureislocatedin60mwaterdepthandissubjecttoa5mhigh,11swave.Themainlegsofthestructureare0.9m
diameterverticalsteelpipes.Calculateandplotthedrag,inertiaandtotalforcevariationforonelegoveronewaveperiod.Assumelinear
wavetheoryisvalid.

Given Value Units

Depth(d) 60 m
Waveheight 5 m
Period 11 s
Diameter(D) 0.9 m
Density 1025 kg/m^3
Viscosity 1.20E06 m^2/s

Usetheperiodtodeterminethedeepwaterwavelengths
Value Units
Lo 188.92 m

Checktoseeifdeepwater(tableA5D/Lo>0.5)
Value Units Class
D/Lo 0.318
D/L 0.330 Intermed.
L 181.818 m
FirstcalculatethewavenumverandthemaximumhorizontalparticalvelocityUm
2 H Value Units
k Um k 0.03 /m
L T Um 1.43 m/s
CalculatetheKeuleganCarpenterNumberK=Um*T/Dtodetermineifdragdominate,intetiadominated,orbothsignificant
Value Units
K 17.45 Thereforemixed

DetermineDragandInertiaCoefficients.
Value Units
Re 1.07E+06
Assumeapprop.numbersforcoeff:
Cd 0.62
Cm 1.8
Calculatethetotalforceontheverticalcylinder
Theata(deg) Theata(rad) F(N) M(N.m) Note:no
0 0.00 9917 437622 piin
30 0.52 21290 845963 Moment
60 1.05 26472 1006168 eqn
90 1.57 27704 1035493
120 2.09 21513 787358
150 2.62 6414 189530
180 3.14 9917 437622
210 3.67 21290 845963
240 4.19 26472 1006168
270 4.71 27704 1035493
300 5.24 21513 787358
330 5.76 6414 189530
360 6.28 9917 437622

WaveForceandMoment
40000 2500000
Value Units
30000 2000000
A1 0.141
A2 0.147 1500000
20000
A3 0.091 1000000
Moment(N.m)

A4 0.112 10000 500000

Force(N)

0 0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 500000
10000
1000000
20000
1500000
30000 2000000
40000 2500000
Phase

Force Moment
QuestionB08
Averticalcylindricalpileislocatedin15mofwaterandhasadiameterof0.30mandalengthof20m.A1mwavewitha5s
periodimpactsthepile.Evaluatethemaximumdragandinertiaforceonthepile.

Given Value Units

Depth(d) 15 m
Waveheight 1 m
Period 5 s
Diameter(D) 0.3 m
Lengthofpipe 20 m
Viscosity 1.20E06 m^2/s

Usetheperiodtodeterminethedeepwaterwavelengths
Value Units
Lo 39.03 m

Checktoseeifdeepwater(tableA5D/Lo>0.5)
Value Units Class
D/Lo 0.384
D/L 0.386 Intermed.
L 38.860 m
FirstcalculatethewavenumverandthemaximumhorizontalparticalvelocityUm
2 H Value Units
k Um k 0.16 /m
L T Um 0.63 m/s
CalculatetheKeuleganCarpenterNumberK=Um*T/Dtodetermineifdragdominate,intetiadominated,orbothsignificant
Value Units
K 10.47 Thereforemixed

DetermineDragandInertiaCoefficients.
Value Units
Re 1.57E+05
Assumeapprop.numbersforcoeff:
Cd 0.62
Cm 1.8
Calculatethetotalforceontheverticalcylinder(notetheCmcomponentisinteriaandtheCdisdrag)
Theata(deg) Theata(rad) F(N) Fd(N) Fi(N)
0 0.00 126 126 0
30 0.52 413 94 318
60 1.05 583 31 552
90 1.57 637 0 637
120 2.09 520 31 552
150 2.62 224 94 318
180 3.14 126 126 0
210 3.67 413 94 318
240 4.19 583 31 552
270 4.71 637 0 637
300 5.24 520 31 552
330 5.76 224 94 318
360 6.28 126 126 0

Value Units
A1 0.236
A2 0.135
QuestionB09
Aconcretecoatedsteelgaspipelineistobelaidbetweentwooffshoreplatformsin100mofwaterwherethemaximum
environmentalconditionsincludewavesof20mwaveheightsand14speriods.Thepipelineoutsidediameteris0.46mandthe
claybottomslopeis1to100.Determinethesubmergedunitweightofthepipe.Assumelinearwavetheoryisvalidandthatthe
bottomcurrentisnegligible.

Given Value Units

Outterdiameter(D) 0.46 m
Depth(d) 100 m
Waveheight 20 m
Period 14 s
gradient 0.01
Slope 0.572939 deg 0.01 Rad
PartA
Usetheperiodtodeterminethedeepwaterwavelengths
Value Units
Lo 306.02 m

Checktoclassifythewavetype(tableA5D/Lo>0.5)
Value Units Class
D/Lo 0.33
D/L 0.34 Intermediate
L 294.99 m
Determinetheparticlevelocityandaccelaeration(fromwaveaction)
H coshk (d z )
u coskx t Value Units
T sinh kd k 0.02 /m Note:weneglectthe

2 2 H coshk (d z)
u 1.08 m/s effectofthebottom
ax 2
sinkx t ax 0.24 m/s^2 current,meaningd=z
T sinhkd
2
k
L
Calculatethereyonldsnumbertogetthedragandinteriacoefficients
Value Units
Re 4.88E+05
Assumeapprop.numbersforcoeff:
Cd 0.7
Cm 1.5
Determinetheforceperunitvolume:

Value Units
F/V 1536 N/m^3

Calculatethefrictionforceresitingtheaboveforcewithwieghtastheunknown,performaforcebalanceandsolveforW:

Value Units Assumingfirctionfactorof0.6

W 2560 N/m^3
QuestionB10
A0.23mdiameterhorizontalcrossmemberofasteeljackedstructureislocatednearmiddepthwhere
themaximumuniformcurrentis1.5m/s.Determinetheforcesonthe100mlongcrossmember.

Given Value Units

Diameter 0.23 m
Length 100 m
Current 1.5 m/s

AssumingCd=1.2,thedragforceisasfollows:
Value Units
F 31.83 KN
QuestionB11
AnswerthefollowingforatypicalfingerpiergovernmentwharfinNewfoundland(timbercrib,yellowrails,
concretedeck,etc.).Notethatbreakingwavesdonotstriketheseastheyareusuallyshelteredfromtheopen
ocean.
a)Reasonablelength,widthandfreeboard?
b)Averagewaterdepthalongthelengthofthepier?
c)Assumedwaveheightusedfordesign?
d)Sketchofwavepatternaroundthepier?
e)SketchandcalculatetheverticalpressuredistributionusingMinnikin.
f)Whatisthetotallateralforceonthepier?

PartA,B,C
Assumereasonablevalues
Value Units
Length 50.00 m
Width 10 m
Freeboard 3 m
Avg.WaterDepth 5 m
WaveHeight 2.00 m

PartD
Sketchthediffractionandrefraction
 PartE
CalculatethepressuredistributionusingMinnikin(doneusingsimplifiedapproach)
Value Units
h 3.32 m
P1 20.1 Kpa
P2 20.1 Kpa
Phyd 50.3 Kpa
Pbottom 70.4 Kpa

Pressuredistribution

PartF
j p y p g g p
Forceisjustsimpleytheareaofthepressuretringletimesthelengthofthepier

Value Units
F 14640 KN
QuestionB12
Atalllightstandardisneededtoilluminateferryoperationsattheendofanewbreakwater.Ifithasasolid
panel(Cd=1.2)oflightsroughly3mby3msquare,whatwouldbetheshearandbendingmomentatthe
baseofthelighttowerifitwere25mhighgiventhatthestrongestwindsarefromthenorthat40m/s?

Given Value Units

Cd 1.2
Area 9 m
Height 25 m
WindSpeed 40 m/s

Firstcorrectforthewindelevation,thenusethedragequationtodeterminetheforceonthelights
Value Units
U25 44.36 m/s
F 13.82 KN
Shear 13.82 KN
Moment 345.4 KN.m
QuestionB13
Iftherewasanoptiontoplacethelightstandardonaverticalcylinderpost/pilein12mwaterofftheendofthe
breakwateritwouldntneedtobeashighandwindloadswouldbereduced.
a)Whatwouldbethemaximumdraginducedwavemomentonthispileifitwere0.8mindiameter(Cd=0.62)witha
waveheightof1.0mwithaperiodof4s.
b)Whatforceisexertedbyaferrypropulsionsystemduringmaneuveringifitcreatesauniformcurrentof3m/sagainst
thepilewithaCdof1.2.
c)Ifseaiceofthickness30cmandcompressivestrength2MPawerepushedbythewindagainstthepileuntilicecrushing
occurred,whatwouldbethelateralforcesandmaximumbendingmomentonthepileassumingitwerearoughsurface?
Whatmightyoudotoreducetheiceforces?

Given Value Units

Cd 0.62
Depth(d) 12 m
Diameter(D) 0.8 m
Waveheight 1 m
Period 4 s

PartA
Usetheperiodtodeterminethedeepwaterwavelengths
Value Units
Lo 24.98 m

Checktoseeifdeepwater(tableA5D/Lo>0.5)
Value Units Class
D/Lo 0.480
D/L 0.482 Intermed.
L 24.896 m
FirstcalculatethewavenumberandthemaximumhorizontalparticalvelocityUm
2 H Value Units
k Um k 0 25 /m
0.25
L T Um 0.79 m/s
CalculatetheKeuleganCarpenterNumberK=Um*T/Dtodetermineifdragdominate,intetiadominated,orbothsignificant
Value Units
K 3.93 Thereforeinertiadominated
Calculatethedraginducedmomentontheverticalcylinder(canneglectA3)
Theata(deg) Theata(rad) M(N.m)
0 0.00 3179
30 0.52 2384
60 1.05 795
90 1.57 0
120 2.09 795
150 2.62 2384
180 3.14 3179
210 3.67 2384
Value Units 240 4.19 795
A4 0.161 270 4.71 0
300 5.24 795
330 5.76 2384
360 6.28 3179

PartB

Given Value Units

Cd 1.2
Current 3 m/s

Simplycalculatethedragforceasaresultoftheinducedcurrent:
Given Value Units
F 53.136 KN

PartC

Given Value Units

Thickness 0.3 m
Comp.strength 2 Mpa
UseCroasdaleforsimpleicecrushing.Findtheindentationfactor(rounghsurface)andcalculatetheforce:
Use Croasdale for simple ice crushing Find the indentation factor (roungh surface) and calculate the force:
Value Units
I 1.58 /m
F 759.00 KN
M 9108 KN.m

Toreduceiceforces,addaconeorwedgeatthesurfacetobreakiceinflexure
QuestionB14
a)A60mhighwindturbineisplaceoffshoreona3leggedlatticestructureon120mofwater.Withwindblowingat30
m/s(at10mreferenceheight,1minmeansustained)whatisthehorizontalforceproducedatthepointBfromthewind
dragontherotor.Assumeairdensityis1.23kg/m,Cd=0.6(effective),androtordiameter=40m.
b)Thewindcreateswaves10mhighwitha15speriod.Ignoringthecrossbracingandwakeeffectsfromotherlegswhatis
themaximumlateralforceatBduetoinertiawaveforcesonthethreelegscombined.Assumethattheforcesonthelegs
areinphaseandthedensityofwateris1023kg/m.(Legdiameter=0.8m,Cm=1.8)

Given Value Units

Height 60 m
depth(d) 120 m
Cd 0.6
Diameter(D) 40 m
Windspeed 30 m/s
airdensity 1.23 kg/m^3

PartA
Firstcorrectforthewindelevation,thenusethedragequationtodeterminetheforceontherotor
Value Units
U60 36.73 m/s
F 626 KN

PartB

Given Value Units

Waveheight 10 m
Diameter 0.8 m
Period 15 s
Waterdensity
W t d it 1025 kg/m^3
k / ^3
Cm 1.8
Usetheperiodtodeterminethedeepwaterwavelengths
Value Units
Lo 351.29 m

Checktoseeifdeepwater(tableA5D/Lo>0.5)
Value Units Class
D/Lo 0.342
D/L 0.349 Intermed.
L 343.8 m
FirstcalculatethewavenumberandthemaximumhorizontalparticalvelocityUm
2 H Value Units
k Um k 0.02 /m
L T Um 2.09 m/s
CalculatetheKeuleganCarpenterNumberK=Um*T/Dtodetermineifdragdominate,intetiadominated,orbothsignificant
Value Units
K 39.27 Thereforedragdominated

Calculatetheinertiainducedforceontheverticalcylinder(canneglectA2)
Theata(deg) Theata(rad) F(KN)
0 0.00 0
30 0.52 22
60 1.05 39
90 1.57 45
120 2.09 39
150 2.62 22
180 3.14 0
210 3.67 22
Value Units 240 4.19 39
A1 0.063 270 4.71 45
300 5.24 39
ThereforethemaxtotalforceatB(threelegs,phaseangleat90deg)[KN] 330 5.76 22
134 360 6.28 0
QuestionC01
Acircularicefloewithadiameterof1kilometerand3.0metersthickisapproachingaCaissonstructure
locatedinawaterdepthof30meters.TheCaissonhasasquareprofilewithverticalsidesand
measures120macrossatthewaterline.Thecurrentspeedis2knotsandthewindspeedis80knots.
a)Iftheiceflowisinitiallymovingatthecurrentspeed,determinethelimitmomentumloadonthe
structureduetotheimpactofthefloe.Assumeaneffectivecrushpressureof1.8MPa.
b)Whatisthelimitforceloadsasaresultoftheenvironmentalforcesactingtheicefloe?Assumedrag
coefficientsof3x103and5.5x103forairandwaterrespectivelyaswellasapackicepressureof
40kN/m.
c)Whatwillbetheloadonthestructureiftheicebeginstocrush?Usetheanalyticalmethodby
Croasdaleet.alassumingroughcontactandacrushingpressureof4.5MPa.
d)Whatwillbetheloadonthestructureiftheicebeginstobuckle?Assumeanelasticmodulusof6.0
GPa
e)Whatwillthemaximumloadonthestructurebeasaresultoftheicefloe?

Given Value Units

Floediameter 1000 m
Icethickness 3 m
Waterdepth 30 m
Width 120 m
Current 2 Knots 1.02888888 m/s
Icedensity 920 kg/m^3
Icecrushingpressue 1.80E+06 Pa
Windspeed 80 Knots 41.1555552 m/s

PartA
Usethelimitmomentumequation:
Value Units
Cm 0.05
F1m 401 MN

PartB
Given Value Units
Dragcoeff(air) 3.00E03 m
Dragcoeff(water) 5.50E03 m
Packicepressure 40000 N/m

Usethelimitforceequation:
Value Units
A 785398 m^2
F2m 47 MN
PartC
Given Value Units
Crushingpressure 4.50E+06 Pa

Usecroasdaleanalyticalformulastodetereminetheforcefromicecrushing:
Value Units
I 1.459
p 6564375 Pa
F 2363 MN

PartD
Given Value Units
ElasticModolus 6.00E+09 Pa

Usesodhiformulaforbuckling:
Value Units
k 10055 N/m^3
l 34.9 m
Fb 4095 MN

PartE
Duringtheimpact,thestructurewillexperiencethemomentumloadswhichwillbe401MN.
However,aftertheimpact,neithercrushingnorbucklingwilloccurandhencetheloadwill
beenvironmentallylimitedto47MN.
QuestionC02
Abeachisbeingdesignedfortheendofawavetank.Thewavetankwillbeusedtogeneratewaveswitha
periodof2secondsandaheightof30cm.
a)Ifthebeachwasmadefromaplaneslope,whatwouldtheslopehavetobetoensurethatthereflected
waveswherenomorethan10%oftheincidentwaves?

Given Value Units

Period 2s
Height 0.3 m

PartA
Herewerequirethereflectedwave(Hr)tobe10%oftheincidentwave(Hi).Thiscanbemaniuplatedtodeterminethe
reflectioncoefficient.UseCrtofindxifromfigure414.Thenusethistobackcalculatetheslope.

Value Units
Cr 0.10
1.00
Lo 6.25 m
0.22 rad
12.36 deg

PartB
InputtheaboveinthewaverunupformulaandsolveforR
Value Units
R 0.30 m
QuestionC03
Arubblemoundbreakwaterisbeingdesignedtoprotectayachtclub.Duringlowtide,thewaterdepthis1.8
meters.Tosavemoney,afairlysteepslopeof30degreesischosenforthedesignandthearmorunitistobe
roughangularquarrystone.Ifthedesignwaveis3.0meterswithaperiodof9seconds,chooseanappropriate
breakwaterdesign.

Given Value Units

Depth 1.8 m
Slope 30 deg 0.523598776 rad
Waveheight 3 m
Period 9 s

Firstwemustdetermineifthewavewillbebreakingornonbreaking.
Usetheperiodstodeterminethedeepwaterwavelengths
Value Units
Lo1 126.47 m

Correctforproperwavelength(tableA5D/Lo>0.5)
d Value Units Class
D/Lo 0.0142
D/L 0.0496 Shallow
L 36.2903 m
Checkwavebreakingcondition
Value <1/7? Class
H/L 0.0827 TRUE Nonbreaking

Sinceitsnonbreaking,only1armoruintisrequired
Calculate the cot(slope) to determine the stability coeff from table 4 5
Calculatethecot(slope)todeterminethestabilitycoefffromtable45

Value Units
Cot(angle) 1.7321
Kdhead 2.3
Kdtrunk 2.9

Usethemainformulatodeterminetheweightoftheindividualarmourunits
Value Units
W(head) 38.9 KN
W(trunk) 30.8 KN
QuestionC04
Anoffshoreplatformislocated40kilometersawayfromshore.Onagivenday,thewindsareblowing
offshoreataspeedof40knots.Ifthewindcontinuestoblowforfourhours,whatistheexpected
waveconditionatthesite?Isthewavefetchordurationlimited?Howlongwillittakeforthe
maximumwaveheighttobegenerated?

Given Value Units

fetch 40000 m
Windspeed 40 knots 20.57778 m/s
duration 4 hrs

Firstcalculatethewindstress
Value Units
Ua 29.29
Usethewavepredictionplottodeterminetheexpectwaveconditions

Value Units
H(fetch) 3.00 m
H(duration) 3.4 m

Wavesarefetchlimitedandwillhaveawaveheightof3.0andacorrespondingperiodof6.6s.Thiswaveheight
willbereachedafter3.5hrs.
QuestionC05
Arivertransportsfinesandintoacoastalarea.Ifthereisacurrentrunningalongtheshorewithaspeedof
0.5m/sandthewaterdepthis20meters,howfarawaywilltheparticlessettle?

Given Value Units

Current 0.5 m/s
Waterdepth 20 m

Fromtable43,sedimentclassification,forfinesand0.074<d<0.42(mm)
FirstcalculateBusingthefollowingdata

Data Value Units Value Units

Sanddensity 2650 kg/m^3 B 1.95
waterdensity 1025 kg/m^3
diameter 0.000074 m
viscosity 1.80E06 m^2/s

Nowcalculatethefallvelocity(forB<39)
Value Units
Vf 0.00263 m/s

Used=vttodeterminethedistancetravelled:

Value Units
dx 3804 m
QuestionC06
Arubblemoundbreakwaterisplannedforadepthof35ft.Ithasbeendeterminedthatthe
significantwaveheightforthisdesignis3ftwithminimalbreakingandnodamage.Dolosarmor
unitscanbeeconomicallyusedattheproposedsite.Assumethespecificweightofaconcrete
Dolosis140lbs/cubicfoot.Determinetheweightofthearmorunit.

Given Value Units

Depth 35 ft
Waveheight 3 ft
Dolospecificweight 140 lbs/cubicfoot

Wearetoldisisanonbreakingcondition
Referetotable45.Dolosalwarsrequire2armourunits.
ReadoftheKdandcotanglevlaues

Value Units
Cot(angle) 2.0000
Kdhead 31.8
Kdtrunk 16

Usethemainformulatodeterminetheweightoftheindividualarmourunits
Use the main formula to determine the weight of the individual armour units
Value Units
W(head) 35.5 lbs
W(trunk) 70.5 lbs
QuestionC07
IfasecondbreakwaterwereplannedforPortugalCoveinwaterdepthsasshownbelowbutfor
significantwaveheightsofonly1.0m(nobreaking),whatkindofarmorunitwouldyouuseandwhy?
Whatslopewouldyoucreatewiththem?IfyouweretodesignconcreteDolosforthisapplication
determinetheweightofeachunitifthespecificweightofreinforcedconcreteis3.3.

Given Value Units

Depth 11 m
Waveheight 1m
Specificweight 3.3

Usethesamekindasusedinthefirstbreakwaterbecausetheyworkedandmaybecheaper
Toldthisisnonbreakingcases.Refertotable4.5.Assumeusingrough
Usetypical1to2slope(cot=1.5)givenlackofdata

Value Units
Cot(angle) 2.0000
Kdhead 16
Kdtrunk 31.8

Usethemainformulatodeterminetheweightoftheindividualarmourunits
Value Units
W(head) 83.1 N
W(trunk) 41.8 N
QuestionC08
Howlongdoesittake10msignificantwaveheighttodevelopinopenseawhenastormarriveswithsustained
windspeedsof40m/smeasuredat60maboveSWL,andwhatfetchisrequired?

Given Value Units

Height 10 m
Windspeed 40 m/s
Windhight 60 m

PartA
Firstadjustforwindelevation,thecalculatethewindstress
Value Units
U10 32.66848 m/s
Ua 51.72

Usethewaveperdictionplottodeterminetherequiredfetchandduration

Value Units
Fetch 160 km
Duration 7.30 hrs
QuestionD01
Thesupportpostshowninthefigureis12metersdeepand0.8mindiameter.Thepostistobemadeofregular
stainlesssteelifcathodicprotectionistobeusedhowmany10lbzincanodeswouldberequiredfor25yearsof
waterzoneprotectionwithasafetyfactorof1.25,givenmaintenancecurrentdensityis0.56mA/m^2.Wherewould
youavoidplacingthem?Inadditiontotheanodeswhatelsemightyoudotoprotectthepilefromcorrosion?

Given Value Units

Depth 12 m
Life 25 yrs
Diameter 0.8 m
Safetyfactor 1.25
AnodeWeight 4.535 kg
Main.Currentdensity 0.00056 A/m^2

Usetable521togetthecurrentcapacityofzinc(andconverttometric)
Value Units
Currentcapacity 815.85 A.h/kg

Calculatethetotalcurrent,followedbytheweightperhourandtotalweightoverthedesignlife.Thendeterminethe
numberofanodesrequired:

Value Units
A 30.15929 m^2
It 0.0169 A
W(perhour) 2.07E05 kg/hr
Wt 5.666996 kg
N 1.249573
1 249573

Therefore2zincanodesarerequired
Theanodesshouldbespreadapartasbestaspossible,butyoumustensuretheyarebelowthewaterlineinterface
forwaveforces,ice,etc.
Useotherprotectionmeasures,includingpainting,noncorrodingmaterials,etc