Generation of Circularly Polarized Conical Beam Pattern Using Torus Knot Antenna

This article has been accepted for publication in a future issue of this journal, but has not been
fully edited. Content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI 10.1109/TAP.2017.2754403, IEEE
Transactions on Antennas and Propagation
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Generation of Circularly Polarized Conical

Beam Pattern using Torus Knot Antenna
S. Vinoth Kumar, Member, IEEE, A. R. Harish Senior Member, IEEE
impedance bandwidth has been obtained in [8]. However, the

AbstractA wideband circularly polarized antenna with a radiation pattern is directional in the azimuthal plane making it
conical beam radiation pattern is presented. It consists of a torus least favorable for a mobile station to satellite communication.
knot as a radiator and feeding probe to excite it. The proposed For the particular family of knots, an electric field integral
feeding mechanism is simple and does not use power divider
equation was developed in [9]-[11]. An interesting property of
network to generate circular polarization. Characteristic mode
analysis (CMA) of a knot shows that a particular kind of knot, elliptical torus knot is that it degenerates into a loop and dipole
with a suitable excitation, can radiate omnidirectional beam with by appropriate choice of its parameters [10]. A comprehensive
circular polarization. To validate the design, a prototype of torus study of electromagnetic properties of torus knots is presented
knot antenna is realized using additive manufacturing in [12]. In [13] authors demonstrate the use of a knot to realize
technology. The return loss, radiation pattern, axial ratio are a microwave bandpass filter using additive manufacturing
measured. A parametric study is carried out to understand the
technology. In [14] a monopole knot antenna is developed
effect of various geometric parameters on the performance of the
antenna. The fabricated torus knot antenna has a usable with the same technology. Toroidal helical knot antenna with
bandwidth of 51.8% and the measured axial ratio bandwidth is CP conical beam is presented in [15] this has a usable
66%. bandwidth of about 5%. Further, the usable bandwidth of
axial ratio is increased to 26.8% in [16]. In this work, it is
Index Terms Conical beam circular polarization; Loop and shown that the axial ratio (AR) bandwidth could be
dipole, additive manufacturing, 3-D rapid prototyping, torus significantly enhanced (up to 77%) by using (2, 5) torus knot.
knot, characteristic mode analysis.
II. TORUS KNOT CONSTRUCTION AND CHARACTERISTIC
I. INTRODUCTION
MODES STUDY
C ONICAL beam antennas with circular polarization (CP)

are gaining popularity over recent years [1-8]. The
circular patch antenna, which is operating in the TM21 mode,
A. Evolution of Torus Knot
A torus knot is realized by winding a wire on the surface of
is presented in [1]. In [2], two circular patches with a notch, a torus. If the knot wraps around the torus p times in the
stacked one over another is used to generate a conical pattern longitudinal direction and q times in the latitudinal direction
with CP and has impedance bandwidth of 10%. In [3] CP where p and q are co-prime integers, the knot is called (p, q)
conical pattern is obtained by exciting TM01 and TE01 modes torus knot. If p is one then the knot falls into a special family
in a circular waveguide with 4.1% impedance bandwidth. called toroidal helix which is presented in [14]. Fig. 1 (a)
Birds nest antenna, using dielectric rods as resonators, is shows the elliptical torus with a part removed to show the
proposed in [4] which has an impedance bandwidth of 41%. major radius a, and minor radii b and c. A (2, 5) knot is
However, the antenna is bulky. Recently a low profile CP wrapped around the surface of a torus in Fig. 1 (b). Rotation
conical beam antenna which uses a monopolar patch antenna symmetry of the radiating structure is important for antennas
and eight parasitic loop stubs is reported in [5] has 14.4% and which generate circular or conical radiation pattern. Since (2,
28% axial ratio and impedance bandwidths respectively. 5) has better rotational symmetry, the same has been chosen
Polarization reconfigurable wheel-shaped antenna with a for studying radiation characteristics.
circular monopole patch surrounded by eight reconfigurable The parametric equations describing the (p, q) torus knot
coupling loops is presented in [6] and it has 15.6% axial ratio can be written as [11]
bandwidth. A CP antenna with conical radiation pattern, x a b cos q cos p (1a)
realized for an electrically large platform such as automobiles, y a b cos q sin p (1b)
is investigated in [7]. The structure is mechanically complex
z c sin q (1c)
with an axial ratio bandwidth of 25.6%. By using two arm
spiral antenna, with the arms which are excited in phase, 98% where and are parameters satisfy the following
conditions 0 2 and 0 2 .
S. Vinoth Kumar, and A. R. Harish are with the Department of Electrical
Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur, India (email:
vinoth@ieee.org, arh@iitk.ac.in).
0018-926X (c) 2017 IEEE. Personal use is permitted, but republication/redistribution requires IEEE permission. See http://www.ieee.org/publications_standards/publications/rights/index.html for more information.
This article has been accepted for publication in a future issue of this journal, but has not been fully edited. Content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI 10.1109/TAP.2017.2754403, IEEE
Fig. 1. Isometric view of (a) a part of the torus showing the dimensions, (b)
Knot wrapped on the surface of the torus.
Consider the parametric equations (1a)-(1c), which are used

to describe the geometry of elliptical (p, q) torus knot. By
letting a = b = 0, the torus knot parameterizations describe a
linear dipole geometry of height c, with vertical polarization.
In addition to the linear dipole, degenerate circular loop Fig. 2. Obtained modal significance of (2, 5) knot radiating in free space
versus electrical size (arc length/wavelength).
geometry can also be obtained, by making b = c = 0 and p =1,
which is horizontally polarized. Degeneration into loop and TABLE I
dipole is a unique property of the elliptical torus knot [11]. In CHARACTERISTIC RESONANT MODES OF (2, 5) TORUS KNOT
this paper, it is shown that, by a proper choice of the
Mode Electrical Size (L/ )
parameters, it is possible to generate CP.
The arc length L can be calculated by (2) J1, J1 2.38
J2, J2 2.65

p 2 a b cos u q 2 (b 2 sin 2 u c 2 cos 2 u )du (2)
2
L 2 J3, J3 4.1
0
J4 5.41
In forthcoming section (2) is used to find the arc length of
(2, 5) torus knot while studying the characteristic modes.
B. Characteristic Mode study
Characteristic mode analysis (CMA) is carried out to
understand different radiating modes of a torus (2, 5) knot
which is shown in Fig. 1(b). The EM simulator software CST
Microwave Studio is used. The knot dimensions are taken as a
= 28.1 mm, b = 23.94 mm, c = 9.4 mm, t = 4.3 mm. where a,
b, and c are described in (1) and t is the diameter of the wire
used to construct the knot. From the CMA, modal significance
for the first four radiating characteristic resonating modes is
obtained and shown in Fig 2. With reference to the Fig. 2, one
can observe that the first three characteristic modes J1, J2, and (a) Mode J1 (b) Mode J1
J3 have degenerate mode pairs J1, J2, and J3 respectively.
The dimensions of torus knot are optimized such that the
fourth mode J4 has the widest bandwidth. The same mode is
used in this work to generate wideband omnidirectional
circular polarization. The electrical size of (2, 5) knot at the
resonance of characteristic modes is shown in Table.1.
(c) Mode J2 (d) Mode J2
Fig. 4. Axial ratio plot of mode J4 showing omnidirectional circular

polarization.
(e) Mode J3 (f) Mode J3
(g) Mode J4
Fig. 3. Isometric view of characteristic radiation patterns for the first four Fig. 5. Characteristic current distribution of mode J4.
modes of (2, 5) knot radiating in free space.
Fig. 5 shows the characteristic current distribution of mode
Characteristic mode radiation patterns for (2, 5) knot J4. It is observed that the modal current distribution is
radiating in free space are shown in Fig 3. Modes J1 and J1 symmetrical over the knot, providing omnidirectional
form the first degenerate pair with omnidirectional radiation radiation pattern. The magnitude of current distribution is
pattern as shown in Fig. 3a and 3b. Their nulls are oriented higher at the center region of the knot. Hence a monopole
along X and Y axis respectively. From Fig. 2 and Table 1, the probe is chosen to excite this mode. Fig. 2, Fig. 3g, Fig. 4 and
resonant electrical arc length of this mode is found to be 2.38 Fig. 5 together suggest that, by proper excitation arrangement,
, where is the wavelength. The radiation patterns of modes the wideband circular polarized omnidirectional antenna could
J2 and J2 are shown in Fig. 3c and 3d respectively. Mode J2 be realized by exciting mode J4.
has a uniform pattern in the XZ plane and mode J2 pattern is The generation of circular polarization can be explained by
uniform in the YZ plane. The resonating arc length of mode J2 considering 10 delta sources located at current maxima points
and J2 is 2.65 . Modes J3 and J3 form the next degenerate in Fig. 5. All the current elements have equal amplitude and
pair with four nulls in the XY plane and a null along Z axis as are oriented along the direction of the wire. It is found that the
shown in Fig. 3e and 3f respectively. This mode pair has total field due to these current elements is omnidirectional and
resonance arc length of 4.1 . All the modes which are circularly polarized.
discussed above are predominantly linearly polarized along
the direction of maximum radiation. The fourth mode J4 is III. ANTENNA CONSTRUCTION
omnidirectional in XY plane with the resonating arc length of
Fig. 6 shows the proposed antenna construction. Conical
5.41 , which is shown in Fig. 3g. Fig. 4 shows the axial ratio
beam circular polarization is realized by placing the torus knot
variation of mode J4 along theta and phi directions. With
above a ground plane with radius R. A dielectric substrate is
reference to the figure, it is observed that mode J4 radiates
used as a spacer between the ground plane and the torus knot.
omnidirectional circular polarization
The elliptical torus knot which is described by (1) is mounted
above the substrate.
TABLE 2
OPTIMIZED DIMENSIONS OF THE PROPOSED ANTENNA
Parameter Value (in 0)
a 0.3559
b 0.3033
c 0.1191
h 0.1647
t 0.0272
r 0.0127
R 0.5117
Fig. 6. Isometric view of proposed antenna.
The size of the knot is controlled by the parameters a, b, c

and the wire diameter of the knot t. At the centre of the
substrate, a cylindrical monopole with a height h and radius r (a)
is placed. Inset in Fig. 6 shows the zoomed in view of the (b) (c)
probe. Bottom end of the probe is connected to an SMA
connector for feeding which is not shown in the figure. Fig. 7. Family of (2, q) knots: (a) (2, 3) knot, (b) (2, 5) knot, (c) (2, 7) knot.
As parameter a varies, the value of b is adjusted
automatically by using the expression below. torus knot antenna depends on the number of loops. In order to
understand the effect of changing q of a (p, q) knot, we
b a r (t / 2) g (5) consider (2, 3), (2, 5), and (2, 7) knots. Fig. 7 shows the top
view of these knots respectively.
where g is the gap between knot and monopole probe. This Fig. 8 shows the axial ratio of the three knots in the = 30
ensures that the coupling gap g between monopole probe and cut. Each knot is mounted on a ground plane of radius R=40.4
knot remains constant when a is changed. The torus knot mm and the dimensions of the knot is optimized to achieve the
would physically touch the monopole when g = 0 mm. The best axial ratio. The axial ratio variation of (2, 3) knot is
optimized antenna parameters are obtained from simulation as higher than that of (2, 5) and (2, 7) knots. The (2, 7) knot has a
of a = 28.1 mm, b = 23.94 mm, c = 9.4 mm, t = 4.3 mm, R = slightly better axial ratio as compared to the (2, 5) knot, but is
mechanically more complex. Therefore, in this study, we have
40.4 mm, h = 13 mm, r = 1.0 mm. Thickness of the substrate
selected the (2, 5) knot as it has reasonably uniform axial ratio
is 1.6 mm.
but less mechanical complexity.
IV. DESIGN GUIDELINE AND PARAMETRIC STUDY
Optimized dimensions of torus knot antenna in terms of 0
are presented in Table. 2, where 0 is the free space
wavelength corresponding to the design center frequency of
the antenna. These values are obtained by using Sequential
Non-linear Programming (SNLP) optimization in ANSYS
HFSS. The values in Table. 2 have been verified for f0
ranging from 2 GHz to 10 GHz. The initial dimensions of the
antenna for the desired center frequency can be determined
using the values listed in Table. 2. These dimensions can be
easily fine-tuned with commercially available EM software to
improve the performance of the antenna. For example the knot
parameters such as a, b, c, and t can be adjusted to achieve
Fig. 8. Simulated AR of (2, 3), (2, 5) and (2, 7) knot as function of = 0 to
better axial ratio, however, the axial ratio is not affected 360 and = 30.
significantly by changing the probe parameters R and h and
hence they can be tuned to improve the input reflection The effect of a, b, c, R and h of the antenna on the reflection
coefficient bandwidth. coefficient and axial ratio is studied and presented. In each
The parametric study using Ansys HFSS has been carried case, only one parameter is changed, with all the other
out to understand the effect of changing various parameters of parameters held constant. The antenna parameters are a = 28.1
the antenna on its performance. The performance of a (p, q) mm, b = 23.94 mm, c = 9.4 mm, t = 4.3 mm, R = 40.4 mm, h =
Fig. 9. Simulated AR of (2, 5) torus knot antenna as a function of frequency,

for different values a. The inset shows the corresponding reflection
coefficients. Fig. 10. Simulated AR of (2, 5) torus knot antenna as a function of frequency,
for different values of g. The inset shows the corresponding reflection
13 mm, r = 1.0 mm such that center frequency f0 is about 3.8 coefficients.
GHz. In all the following figures in this section, the axial ratio
is along = 30 and = 0.
Fig. 9 shows the simulated AR of (2, 5) Torus knot
antenna as a function of frequency, with a varying from 26
mm to 30 mm. When a = 26 mm the axial ratio variation over
frequency is high. However, as the value of a increases, the
overall axial ratio gets better. a can be chosen such that AR
bandwidth is maximized. Inset of Fig. 9 shows the simulated
reflection coefficient as a function of a. It is observed that the
third resonance of reflection coefficient is significantly
affected by a. For the values of a around 28 mm better AR
and reflection coefficient is observed. Since the effect of
variation of a is significant on the upper-end reflection
coefficient, this parameter has to be considered for enhancing
both impedance and AR bandwidth.
In Fig. 10 the simulated AR is plotted over the frequency
with values of g varying from 0 mm to 4 mm. With reference
to the figure, it is observed that the axial ratio bandwidth gets Fig. 11. Simulated AR of (2, 5) torus knot antenna as a function of frequency,
reduced as we increase g. For the values of g = 0 mm and 2 for different values of c. The inset shows the corresponding reflection
mm, the axial ratio bandwidth is wide. Corresponding coefficients.
reflection coefficient are shown in in inset of Fig. 10. It is
interesting to note that, when g is 0 mm the (2, 5) knot V. SIMULATED AND MEASURED RESULTS
physically touches the monopole and hence the reflection Torus knot antenna operating from 3.0 GHz to 5.0 GHz
coefficient is poor. However, for higher values of g, |S11| gets was designed, fabricated and tested. The antenna parameters
better. are taken as of a = 28.1 mm, b = 23.94 mm, c = 9.4 mm, t =
4.3 mm, R = 40.4 mm, h = 13 mm, r = 1.0 mm. The thickness
Fig. 11 shows the simulated AR of the (2, 5) torus knot of the substrate is 1.6 mm. The knot is printed using selective
antenna as a function of frequency with c varying from 10 mm laser sintering (SLS) technique, which is an additive
to 18 mm, while other parameters held constant. It is observed manufacturing technology. In this technique, laser source is
that the axial ratio bandwidth is getting larger for c = 10 mm. used to sinter the polyamide powder material. The printed
It can be observed that for lower values of c, the reflection prototype is coated with multiple layers of copper by electro-
coefficient is better, however, the bandwidth is reduced. less plating process to achieve a thickness of about 80
microns. A conformal acrylic coating is applied to the surface
From the parametric study, one can conclude that knot
of the knot to prevent the oxidation of copper layer. The plated
parameters such as a, b, and c affect AR bandwidth
knot is then mounted on an FR4 substrate with copper as the
significantly and the parameters such as h and R influences the
ground plane. The monopole probe is attached to the center
impedance bandwidth. Hence by optimizing the antenna
pin of the SMA connector. The top view of fabricated torus
parameters, better performance can be obtained.
knot antenna is shown in Fig. 12. The connector flange is
attached to the ground plane (not visible in Fig. 12).
Fig. 13. Simulated and measured right hand circularly polarized gain of
proposed antenna at = 30.
Fig. 12. Top view of the fabricated torus knot antenna.
The simulated and measured gain of the antenna are shown

in Fig. 13. The direction of observation is = 30 and = 0.
Reasonable agreement between the measured and simulated
gain is observed. The simulated and measured radiation
efficiency of the antenna are also plotted in Fig. 13. The
radiation efficiency is well above 80% throughout the
operating frequency range. The Simulated and measured
reflection coefficient of the antenna is shown in inset of Fig.
14. It can be observed that the reflection coefficient is better
than -10 dB from 3 GHz to 5.1 GHz. The measured impedance
bandwidth (|S11| < -10 dB) of 51.8% which is in good
agreement with the simulated impedance bandwidth of 51.6%.
Fig. 14. Simulated and measured axial ratio and the reflection coefficient of
The radiation pattern, gain, and axial ratio are measured in an proposed antenna.
anechoic chamber. Table. 2 shows the simulated and measured
radiation patterns and axial ratio plots. Elevation plane (XZ VI. CONCLUSION
plane) radiation pattern is shown in the first column for the
frequencies 3 GHz, 4 GHz and 5 GHz with = 0 and A new wideband torus knot antenna that generates CP with
varying from 0 to 360 respectively. One can observe from conical radiation pattern is investigated for the first time.
the figure that, the elevation plane radiation pattern has a null Proposed antenna consists of feeding probe and torus knot as a
in the bore sight direction ( = 90). The co-polarized field polarizer. Characteristic mode analysis of the torus knot
(RHCP) is at least 15 dB higher than the cross-polarized field radiating in free space is presented, which reveals the
(LHCP) along = 30. Measured and simulated patterns in the omnidirectional circular polarization property of a torus knot.
= 30 cut for the frequencies 3 GHz, 4 GHz and 5 GHz are To validate the idea a torus knot antenna operating around the
also shown in the Table. 3. Axial ratio variation along with = center frequency of 3.8 GHz is designed, fabricated using
30 for varying from 0 to 360 is shown in the 3 rd column in additive manufacturing technology and its performance is
Table 3. The axial ratio measurements are carried out by the measured. The measured impedance bandwidth and AR
rotating dipole method. The axial ratio is less than 3 dB for all bandwidth are 51.8% and 66% respectively with impedance
values of . Fig. 14 shows the simulated and measured axial bandwidth completely overlapping the AR bandwidth.
ratio as a function of frequency along = 30 and = 0. With Parametric study of the proposed antenna has been carried
reference to the figure, the measured axial ratio bandwidth is out to observe the effects of various parameters on the
about 66 % and simulated axial ratio bandwidth is 77 % (2.3 performance of the antenna. It has been found that the knot not
GHz to 5.7 GHz). The axial ratio bandwidth is sensitive to only has wide AR bandwidth but also enhances impedance
alignment of torus knot with respect to the feeding probe. bandwidth significantly. Finally, the design guidelines are
Though there is a reduction in axial ratio bandwidth, which is provided to aid in the calculation of the dimension of the
due to fabrication inaccuracy is below 3 dB from 3 GHz to 5.1 antenna.
GHz, which makes the proposed antenna usable over the band
of frequencies where |S11| < -10 dB. ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The authors would like to thank the reviewers for their
detailed and helpful comments which helped in improving the
quality of the paper.
TABLE 3
MEASURED AND SIMULATED RESULTS OF RADIATION PATTERN AND AXIAL RATIO
Radiation Pattern
Axial Ratio
Freq-
uency
= 0 - 360 = 30 = 30
= 0 = 0 - 360 = 0 - 360
3 GHz
4 GHz
5 GHz
[5] W. Lin and H. Wong, Circularly Polarized Conical-Beam Antenna

With Wide Bandwidth and Low Profile, IEEE Transactions on
Antennas and Propagation, vol. 62, no. 12, pp. 59745982, Dec. 2014.
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Generation of Circularly Polarized Conical Beam Pattern Using Torus Knot Antenna

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This article has been accepted for publication in a future issue of this journal, but has not been

Generation of Circularly Polarized Conical

impedance bandwidth has been obtained in [8]. However, the

C ONICAL beam antennas with circular polarization (CP)

Consider the parametric equations (1a)-(1c), which are used

(c) Mode J2 (d) Mode J2

Fig. 4. Axial ratio plot of mode J4 showing omnidirectional circular

Parameter Value (in 0)

Fig. 6. Isometric view of proposed antenna.

The size of the knot is controlled by the parameters a, b, c

Fig. 9. Simulated AR of (2, 5) torus knot antenna as a function of frequency,

Fig. 12. Top view of the fabricated torus knot antenna.

The simulated and measured gain of the antenna are shown

[5] W. Lin and H. Wong, Circularly Polarized Conical-Beam Antenna

[10] D. H. Werner, Radiation and scattering from thin toroidally knotted

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