Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
Mihir Paul
11/30/2010
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History of Computers
1. VAX minicomputers: The VAX range of minicomputers was released by Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) on
October 25, 1977. It was the first commercially available 32-bit machine and was intended to replace the older
PDP-11 series. The letters VAX stand for Virtual Address eXtension. VAX machines used the VMS (later called
OpenVMS) operation system. VAX Links: vaxarchive.org; VAX History at WilliamBader.com; VAX History at
webmythology.com.
2. Random Access Memory (RAM) was invented by Robert Dennard. Intel's 1103, released in 1970, was the world's
first available dynamic RAM chip.
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3. The Winchester Drive, and the floppy disk drive were invented at IBM.
4. Ethernet was invented by Dr. Robert (Bob) Metcalfe at Xerox PARC. In 1981, Xerox introduced the Ethernet LAN in
the form of Star Ethernet Series. The first Ethernet card was the 'Etherlink' released by 3Com, which Bob founded.
5. Lady Ada Lovelace, daughter of poet Lord Byron, is considered the world's first programmer. She worked with
Charles Babbage on his Analytical Engine.
6. The IBM PC, which featured the 16-bit Intel 8088 microprocessor, came in 1981.
7. The Xerox Star 8010, developed by Xerox in 1981, featured the mouse and a desktop with icons. This was the first
computer with a graphical user interface (GUI). The GUI was first developed by Xerox in 1973 for Alto, an
experimental predecessor to the Xerox Star.
8. Apple Computers: formed on April 1, 1976 by Steve Wozniak and Steve Jobs. Apple I, developed by Steve Wosniak,
was based on the MOS Technologies 6502 chip. Apple II came in 1977. The operating system for Apple III, which
came out in 1980, was called SOS! The Lisa, which was the first PC with a graphical user interface (GUI), was
released in 1983. The Macintosh (Mac), which used the 16-bit 68000 processor from Motorola, was debuted on Jan
9, 1984.
9. Jack Kilby invented the transistor in 1958 at Texas Instruments.
10. The TRS-80 computer was brought out by Tandy.
11. Other than the GUI and the ethernet, Xerox is responsible for the invention of the notebook computer and the bit-
mapped display.
12. In 1969, Honeywell released the H316 Kitchen Computer, the first home computer. The computer could plan
menus and take care of other household businesses.
13. John Vincent Atanasoff invented the world's first electronic digital computer in 1942. It was called the Atanasoff-
Berry Computer (ABC). It was built by Atanasoff and Clifford Berry at Iowa State University during 1937-42. It
incorporated several major innovations in computing including the use of binary arithmetic, regenerative memory,
parallel processing, and separation of memory and computing functions. The patent on the ENIAC, developed by
Mauchly and Eckert, was invalidated by the US Federal Court in Oct 19, 1973.
14. The Graphical User Interface (GUI) has its root at the Xerox Palo Alto Research Center (PARC) and the Xerox Star
computer. Then they found their way into the Apple Macintosh in 1984.
15. George Shannon is regarded as the father of Information Theory. He proposed that all information could be
reduced to ones and zeroes.
16. The first personal computer was the MITS Altair brought out in 1975. It used the Intel 8080 chip. MITS is short for
Micro Instrumentation and Telemetry Systems. The Altair was designed by Ed Roberts.
17. The first electronic computer was the Electronic Numerical and Integrator And Calculator (ENIAC) formally
dedicated on 15 February, 1946, at the Moore School of Engineering of the University of Pennysylvania led by John
Eckert and John Mauchly.
18. The first automatic computer was the IBM-Harward Mark I developed under Howard Heiken at the Howard
University, Cambridge, Massachussets in 1944,. It was also called the Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator.
19. The first Multimedia PC was the Amiga in 1985 by Commodore. Commodore was founded by Jack Tramiel.
20. Cards with holes (the idea of punched cards) were first used by Joseph Jacquard.
21. Charles Babbage is considered the Father of Computing, as he proposed the idea in 1812.
22. Abacus: was used by the Babylonians in around 3000 BC.
23. The Mouse: Original design on the mouse dates back to the Stanford Research Institute (SRI) and the wooden
prototype by Douglas Engelbart in 1963. The first commercially available mouse was for the IBM PC in 1982 by
Mouse Systems.
24. The first Word Processor for microcomputers was the Electric Pencil written by Michael Shrayer.
25. The Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer (EDVAC) was the first one to adopt the binary equation
system.
26. The 1977 Trinity: The 3 companies that came out with ready to run PCs in the year 1977. They were Apple, Tandy
(Of RadioShack) and Commodore.
27. The first fully transistorized supercomputer was the CDC 1604.
28. Calculi: also called counting pebbles were used by the Romans.
Operating Systems
1. Microsoft code-names. Blink.nu: Code names, phm.lu: Windows codenames and Bitsenbytes.com forum all have a
good collection of code-names related to Windows OS and other Microsoft products.
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3. Whistler was the code name for Windows XP. XP stands for eXPerience. XP shared the Whistler code-name with
Windows 2003 Server.
4. History of DOS gives a brief timeline of MS-DOS with features. There was also a MS-DOS 4.0, which (and not OS/2)
was Microsoft's first non-Unix multitasking operating system.
5. Longhorn: Microsoft's upcoming version of Windows XP, which features a new 3D user interface code-named
Avalon, security based on Palladium and a database code-named Yukon and based on SQL Server 2003. The name
comes from the name of a saloon at the foot of the Whistler mountain. Whistler was the code-name for Windows
XP. Links: Windows "Longhorn" FAQ, which will tell you all that you want to know about Longhorn.
6. Longhorn code names: Longhorn is the code-name for the next release of Windows. Here are some code-names
related to Longhorn. Avalon is the code name for the graphics presentation technologies in Longhorn; ClickOnce is
the technology in Longhorn designed to speed and simplify deployment of applications; Indigo is the .NET
communications technologies; SuperFetch is the technology designed to help applications launch more quickly;
Whidbey is the next generation of the Microsoft Visual Studio system of software-development tools; WinFS is the
search and data storage system that provides a unified storage model for applications running on Longhorn;
WinFXTM is the programming model for applications in Longhorn and Yukon is the next generation of Microsoft
SQL Server database software on which the Longhorn file-system is expected to be based. Lot of code-names
there! Links: See sidebox in this Microsoft PressPass.
7. Linux: The Linux kernel, which was written by Linus Torwalds in 1991, and the GNU software together makes the
Linux OS, more correctly called the GNU/Linux system. Linus first announced his new OS, then unnamed, on August
25, 1991. The name Linux was coined by Ari Lemmke, who first made GNU/Linux available for download using FTP.
[Links: History of Linux; linux.org]
8. Windows for Mobile: Windows CE (CE for Consumer Electronics) has roots in the Pegasus project at Microsoft.
WinCE began to be called Pocket PC OS, when Microsoft came out with their own mobile device which was named
Pocket PC. The latest version of WinCE is called Windows Mobile 2003 (code-named Ozone) was released on June
23, 2003. Links: Microsoft Windows Mobile Home Page, A personal look at Windows CE's history by Jason Dunn,
History of Windows at the PCMuseum.
9. Blackcomb: Next release of Windows Server 2003, expected after 2005. Blackcomb will be preceded by a version of
Windows XP called Longhorn.
10. UNIX: developed by Ken Thompson and Dennis Ritchie at AT&T Bell Labs on a PDP-7 machine in 1969. It was first
called UNICS (UNIplexed operating and Computing System), a pun on its predecessor MULTICS (MULTiplexed
Information and Computing Service).
11. Puma: The code name for Mac OS X 10.1.
12. Windows NT was the first network operating system from Microsoft. NT stands for New Technology. Its successor
Windows 2000 (NT version 5.0) was launched on February 17, 2000.
13. Linux was started in 1992 by Linus Torwalds, a Swedish hacker.
14. Warp is a version of OS/2, IBM's operating system.
15. Windows 3.0 was announced in 1983 and it was finally released in 1990. Windows 3.1 was released in 1992.
16. 'Project Chicago' was the code name for Windows 95 development.
17. Windows 1.0 was shipped in 1985.
18. Novel Netware, the network OS, was first released as 'Sharenet' in 1981.
19. The first two letters in any EXE program that runs on DOS, OS2 or Windows NT are "MZ". These are the initials of a
Mark Zbikowski, a Microsoft programmer.
20. Gary Kindall wrote CP/M (Control Program/Monitor) in 1974. His company Intergalactic became Digital Research in
1976.
21. GNU was developed by the Free Software Foundation started by Richard Stallman.
22. Windows 95 was released on August 24, 1995.
23. The concept of desktop was introduced in the Apple Macintosh.
24. The X11 GUI library for UNIX was developed at MIT.
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25. Tim Patterson is associated with QDOS, owned by Seattle Computer Products. Microsoft purchased the rights to
QDOS for $50,000 and renamed it as PCDOS 1.0. The first IBM PC, the ACORN, was released with PCDOS 1.0 on
August 12, 1982.
26. ntoskrnl.exe is the core file for the Windows NT Kernel.
to complete the first version PowerPoint 1, which was released in April 1987. Microsoft acquired Forethought in
August 1987.
19. VERONICA stands for Very Easy Rodent-Oriented Netwide Index to Computerized Archives. It was one of the first
search application on the primitive Internet.
20. Bill Joy: Wrote ed (editor for mortals), the UNIX text editor in 1975 and vi in 1978. In 1976, he wrote a Pascal
compiler for UNIX. He also wrote the utilities rsh, rcp, rlogin and the first BSD (Berkeley Software Development)
release of utilities.
21. HotJava, a Java-based web browser, was developed by Patrick Naughton and Jonathan Payne (a Sun engineer) in
1994. It was initially named WebRunner.
22. Visicalc was the first spreadsheet application (Microsoft Excel is a popular example of spreadsheet software). It
was written in 1979 first for the Apple II by Dan Bricklin and Bob Frankston and sold by Software Arts which the
authors founded. VisiCalc was soon sold to Lotus Development Corporation, where it was developed into the Lotus
1-2-3.
23. PostScript, Photoshop, PageMill, Aldus PageMaker and Acrobat are all from Adobe.
Programming Languages
1. Smalltalk: The first version of Smalltalk is deployed at Xerox PARC in 1971. Smalltalk is the first object- oriented
programming language with an integrated user interface, overlapping windows, integrated documents, and cut &
paste editor.
2. Javascript was released by Sun and Netscape in December 1995. It is a scripting language for browsers based on
the Java language. It was originally called LiveScript.
3. Perl was developed by Larry Wall in 1987 because the Unix sed and awk tools (used for text manipulation) were no
longer strong enough to support his needs. Perl is an acronym for Practical Extraction and Reporting Language.
Geeks expand it as Pathologically Eclectic Rubbish Lister.
4. Forth was introduced by Charles Moore in the early 1970s. It was used to control the submersible sled that located
the wreck of the Titanic in 1985.
5. Pascal was written by Niklaus Wirth. Work began in 1968. Wirth also developed Modula (1977), which was
intended as a successor to Pascal, and then Modula-2 (1980), and Oberon (1988), which was a successor to
Modula-2.
6. Work on LOGO began at Bolt, Beranek, & Newman (BBN) in 1966. The development team was headed by Wally
Fuerzig and included Seymour Papert. Logo was best known for its 'turtle graphics'.
7. Java was written by James Gosling, Patrick Naughton, Chris Warth, Ed Frank and Mike Sheridan at Sun
Microsystems. They took 18 months for the first working version. It was called Oak at first and then renamed Java,
after a brew, in 1995, when it was publicly announced.
8. C++, originally called 'C with classes' was developed by Bjarne Stroustrup in 1979 at Bell Labs.
9. C was invented and first implemented by Dennis Ritchie on a DEC PDP-11 running UNIX in 1970. The predecessors
of C were the BCPL (Basic Combined Programming Language) by Martin Richards and then the B written by Ken
Thompson. C was standardised in December 1989 by American National Standards Institute (ANSI).
10. LISP, which is short for LISt Processing, was developed by John McCarthy at MIT. It was released in 1959. LISP 2
appeared in 1966.
11. ALGOL 60 was the first block-structured language. It was introduced in 1960.
12. Kenneth Iverson is responsible for the language APL (A Programming Language), which was released in 1962. It
used a specialized character set that required APL-compatible devices.
13. SNOBOL (StriNgent Oriented symBOlic Language) was released in 1962. FASBOL was a compiler for SNOBOL (1971),
and SPITBOL (1971) was a SPeedy ImplemenTation of snoBOL. SNOBOL3 was released in 1965 and SNOBOL4 in
1967.
14. BASIC stands for Beginners' All Purpose Symbolic Instruction Code. It was invented in 1964 by Thomas E. Kurtz and
John G. Kemeny. The first BASIC program was run on May 1, 1964.
15. APL\360 came out in 1964. In 1969, 500 people attended an APL conference at the IBM headquarters in Armonk,
New York. This event is sometimes referred to as "The March on Armonk".
16. ALTRAN is a FORTRAN variant which appeared in 1968.
17. COBOL (COmmon Business Oriented Language) was defined by the Conference on Data Systems and Languages
(CODASYL) in 1959. An ANSI standard for COBOL was introduced in 1968.
18. Work on PL/1 (Programming Language 1) began in 1963 and it was released in 1964.
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19. FORTRAN, acronym for FORmula TRANslating system, came in 1957. It was developed by an IBM team headed by
John Backus from 1954 onwards. John Backus was later involved in the development of the language ALGOL and
also the Backus-Naur Form (BNF), which is a formal notation used to describe the syntax of a given language.
FORTRAN II came in 1958. FORTRAN III also came out in 1958, but it was never released to the public. FORTRAN IV
was released in 1961. FORTRAN 66, which was a result of standardization by the ASA was released in 1966.
20. A rudimentary compiler called Autocode was developed by Alick E.Glennie in 1952 at the University of Manchester.
21. The first computer language actually used on an electronic computing device was Short Code, which appeared in
1949. It had to be compiled by hand!
22. The language Plankalkul was developed by Konrad Zuse, a German engineer, when he was alone hiding out in the
Bavarian Alps. Chess was one area the language was used for.
23. Grace Murray Hopper developed A0 in 1951, which could translate programming code into binary code.
Remington Rand, for whom she worked, released it in 1957 as Math-matic.
Peripheral Devices
1. The floppy was invented by IBM engineers led by Alan Shugart in 1971. The nickname "floppy" came from its
flexibility. The first floppies were of 8" diameter and were designed for loading microcodes into the controller of
the Merlin (IBM 3330) disk pack file (a 100 MB storage device). The 5 1/4" floppy was developed by Alan Shugart in
1976 for Wang Laboratories. The 3 1/2" floppy drives and diskettes were introduced by Sony in 1981. (Data from
About.com)
2. DVD or Digital Versatile Disc was mainly developed by the company Matshusita and it was announced in
November 1995. There is no one person who can be called the inventor of DVD.
3. The Compact Disk (CD) was invented by James Russell in 1965. Russell holds 22 patents for different aspects of the
technology.
4. Haptics is the science of applying touch (tactile) sensation and control to interaction with computer applications.
The Wingman Force Feedback Mouse (WFFM) from Logitech is an example of a haptic device.
Computer Viruses
1. Mydoom, also known as Novarg or Shimgapi: E-mail worm discovered in January 2004, got activated during
February 2004. Inside the virus code, the author had mispelled "my domain" as "my doomain" and thus the name
Mydoom. The virus mail comes with extensions like .exe, .bat, .cmd, .pif, .scr or .zip. Mydoom.A was programmed
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to start a denial of service (DoS) attack on the SCO website www.sco.com from 1st February 2004. The virus also
had a trigger to stop spreading on 12th February 2004. SCO had to temporarily take off their www.sco.com site and
use www.thescogroup.com during the period of the attack. MyDoom.B was coded to attack the Microsoft website.
2. The Mydoom e-mail worm, also called Novarg, is programmed to start a denial of service attack on 1st February
2004. The virus infested e-mail comes with extensions like .exe, .bat, .cmd, .pif, .scr or .zip. The virus also has a
trigger to stop spreading on 12th February 2004. Link: Symantec page on Mydoom.
3. The first virus: Fred Cohen, a PhD student at University of South California, demonstrated the first documented
computer virus on November 10, 1983 as an experiment in computer security. The name 'virus' was given by Len
Adleman, Fred's seminar advisor. The virus was added to a graphics program called VD that ran on a VAX mini
computer. Links: History of Viruses at cknow.com.
4. Slammer or Sapphire is a worm (or a virus) program that attacks Microsoft's SQL Server 2000 and MSDE 2000 -
Microsoft Data Engine. It appeared in the early hours on 25th January 2003, although there are reports of it
existing since 20th January. Links: Description of the Slammer worm at F-Secure website, Initial report of the
Slammer or Sapphire Worm, at securityfocus.com.
5. Prisilla is a PRI and Melissa variant.
8. History of IBM: The Tabulating Machines Company was founded in 1896 by Herman Hollerith, an US Statistician,
who is also credited with the invention of punched cards. In 1911, TMC merged with the International Times
Recording Company, Dayton Seale Company and Bundy Manufacturing Company to form the Computing,
Tabulating and Recording Company (C-T-R). C-T-R was renamed as International Business Machines (IBM) on
February 14, 1924.
9. Cisco: Founded in 1984 by Sandra Lerner and Leonard Bosack, both from Stanford University. Legend has it that
they stumbled upon the need to invent routers because they could not otherwise send love letters via email across
the different computer networks in their respective departments. Current President and CEO: John Chambers.
10. 3Com: Founded by Bob Metcalfe, the father of Ethernet technology in 1979. The name 3Com represents
computers, communication and compatibility.
11. Motorola: founded by Paul V. Galvin as the Galvin Manufacturing Corporation in 1928. The name Motorola was
given in 1947. The name was first used as a brand name for car radios which the company marketed in 1930s.
12. Compaq: Compaq Computer Corporation was founded in February 1982 by Rod Canion, Jim Harris and Bill Murto,
three senior managers who left Texas Instruments. The first product was a portable personal computer, which was
able to run all software then available for the IBM PC.
13. NeXT: Started by Steve Jobs 1985, when he left Apple. The company produced UNIX workstations.
14. Seagate: Manufactures Hard disks. Originated the concept of SCSI (Small Computer System Interface).
15. Hewlett Packard (HP): Founded on January 1, 1939 by Bill Hewlett and Dave Packard, electrical engineers from
Stanford University. The company's name was decided with a coin toss! HP's first product was the resistance-
capacity audio oscillator (HP 200A), an electronic instrument used to test sound equipment. HP introduced the HP
9100A, the world's first desktop scientific calculator, in 1969. The HP-35, released in 1972, was the world's first
scientific handheld calculator. Current Chairman and CEO: Carleton (Carly) S. Fiorina.
16. Sun Microsystems: Sun was originally an acronym for Stanford University Network! The company was incorporated
in February 1982 with four employees. The four were Scott McNealy, Vinod Khosla, Andreas Bechtolsheim (all
three from Stanford University) and Bill Joy.
17. Microsoft: Started by Bill Gates and Paul Allen in 1977. It was first named Micro-soft. The hyphen was later
dropped. One of the first applications that they wrote was the BASIC interpreter for the ALTAIR.
18. DEC was started by Ken Olsen.
19. Autodesk: Founded in 1982 by John Walker and 12 of his associates. Brought CAD to the PCs.
- Society of Professional
SPA
Accountants
The full TIFRAC machine was in use in the early 1960s (until 1965). It was started in 1957 and
commissioned in February 1960. It included 2,700 vacuum tubes, 1,700 germanium diodes and
12,500 resistors. It had 2,048 40-bit words of memory.
Jughead is a search engine system for the Gopher protocol. It is distinct from Veronica in that it
searches a single server at a time.
Jughead is officially an acronym for Jonzy's Universal Gopher Hierarchy Excavation And Display,
though it was originally chosen to match that of the FTP search service known as Archie
Jughead Jones being the name of another character from the Archie Comics.
Jughead was developed by Rhett Jones in 1993 and the University of Utah.
It was released by the original author under the GPL license in 2006, and its source code has
been modernized to better run on current POSIX systems.
2004-10-07: the very first website was nxoc01.cern.ch, and the very first web page was
http://nxoc01.cern.ch/hypertext/WWW/TheProject.html
A special thanks goes to Jason Ford of Elo TouchSystems, the company whose founder invented touch screen
technology, for providing the following historical information.
In 1971, the first "touch sensor" was developed by Doctor Sam Hurst (founder of Elographics) while he was an
instructor at the University of Kentucky. This sensor called the "Elograph" was patented by The University of
Kentucky Research Foundation. The "Elograph" was not transparent like modern touch screens, however, it was a
significant milestone in touch screen technology.
In 1974, the first true touch screen incorporating a transparent surface came on the scene developed by Sam Hurst
and Elographics. In 1977, Elographics developed and patented five-wire resistive technology, the most popular
touch screen technology in use today. On February 24, 1994, the company officially changed its name from
Elographics to Elo TouchSystems.
In 1952, A.S. Douglas wrote his PhD degree at the University of Cambridge on Human-Computer interraction.
Douglas created the first graphical computer game - a version of Tic-Tac-Toe. The game was programmed on a
EDSAC vaccuum-tube computer, which had a cathode ray tube display.
William Higinbotham created the first video game ever in 1958. His game, called "Tennis for Two," was created and
played on a Brookhaven National Laboratory oscilloscope. In 1962, Steve Russell invented SpaceWar!. Spacewar!
was the first game intended for computer use. Russell used a MIT PDP-1 mainframe computer to design his game.
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In 1967, Ralph Baer wrote the first video game played on a television set, a game called Chase. Ralph Baer was
then part of Sanders Associates, a military electronics firm. Ralph Baer first conceived of his idea in 1951 while
working for Loral, a television company.
In 1971, Nolan Bushnell together with Ted Dabney, created the first arcade game. It was called Computer Space,
based on Steve Russell's earlier game of Spacewar!. The arcade game Pong was created by Nolan Bushnell (with
help from Al Alcorn) a year later in 1972. Nolan Bushnell and Ted Dabney started Atari Computers that same
year. In 1975, Atari re-released Pong as a home video game.
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Companies
Alienware - hardware, a wholly-owned subsidiary of Dell, Inc., mainly produces desktops and laptops
specialized for video editing, audio editing, and gaming.
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Founded by - Jerry Sanders, III, Ed Turney, John Carey, Sven Simonsen, Jack Gifford and three members
from Gifford's team, Frank Botte, Jim Giles, and Larry Stenger.
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Autodesk, Inc.
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Apple Inc.
Lisa (1983), the first commercial personal computer to employ a graphical user interface (GUI), also the
first personal computer to have the mouse.
Macintosh (1984)
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PowerBook (1991)
Apple was founded on April 1, 1976 by Steve Jobs, Steve Wozniak, and Ronald Wayne[10] (and later
incorporated January 3, 1977[3] without Wayne, who sold his share of the company back to Jobs and
Wozniak) to sell the Apple I personal computer kit.
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Founded in 1983 by Niels Jensen, Ole Henriksen, Mogens Glad and Philippe Kahn.
Best known for its Integrated Development Environment (IDE) business consisting of software
development tools, including the award-winning Borland Developer Studio (Delphi, C++Builder, and
C#Builder) and JBuilder product lines.
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In November 2006, the company announced its decision to separate the Developer Tools Group into a
wholly owned subsidiary called CodeGear.
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Google started as a research project at Stanford University, created by Ph.D. candidates Larry Page and
Sergey Brin when they were 24 years old and 23 years old respectively (a combined 47 years old).
Google's name is a play on the word googol, which refers to the number 1 followed by one hundred
zeroes. The term was coined by Milton Sirotta, nephew of American mathematician Edward Kasner, and
was popularized in the book, "Mathematics and the Imagination" by Kasner and James Newman.
Google's play on the term reflects the company's mission to organize the immense amount of
information available on the web.
Google receives daily search requests from all over the world, including Antarctica.
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On August 23, 1999, Blogger was launched by Pyra Labs. In February 2003, Pyra Labs was acquired by
Google under undisclosed terms.
Google has a world-class staff of more than 2,668 employees known as Googlers. The company
headquarters is called the Googleplex.
The basis of Google's search technology is called PageRank, and assigns an "importance" value to each
page on the web and gives it a rank to determine how useful it is. However, that's not why it's called
PageRank. It's actually named after Google co-founder Larry Page.
Googlers are multifaceted. One operations manager, who keeps the Google network in good health is a
former neurosurgeon. One software engineer is a former rocket scientist. And the company's chef
formerly prepared meals for members of The Grateful Dead and funkmeister George Clinton.
Dr. Eric Schmidt, Chairman of the Executive Committee and Chief Executive Officer
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Slogan - "Invent."
William (Bill) Hewlett and David (Dave) Packard both graduated from Stanford University in 1934. The
company originated in a garage in nearby Palo Alto during a fellowship they had with a past professor at
Stanford during the Great Depression. Hewlett and Packard tossed a coin to decide whether the
company they founded would be called Hewlett-Packard or Packard-Hewlett. Packard won the coin toss
but named their electronics manufacturing enterprise the "Hewlett-Packard Company".
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One of the company's earliest customers was The Walt Disney Company, who bought eight Model 200B
oscillators (at $71.50 each) for use in certifying the Fantasound surround sound systems installed in
theaters for the movie Fantasia.
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The Xbox 360 contains the Xenon tri-core processor, which was designed and produced by IBM in less
than 24 months. Sony's PlayStation 3 features the Cell BE microprocessor designed jointly by IBM,
Toshiba, and Sony. Nintendo's seventh-generation console, Wii, features an IBM chip codenamed
Broadway. The older Nintendo GameCube also utilizes the Gekko processor, designed by IBM.
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Microsoft Corporation
Founded to develop and sell BASIC interpreters for the Altair 8800, Microsoft rose to dominate the
home computer operating system market with MS-DOS in the mid-1980s.
In 2006, Bill Gates announced a two year transition period from his role as Chief Software Architect,
which would be taken by Ray Ozzie.
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McAfee, Inc. is an antivirus and computer security company headquartered in Santa Clara, California.
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Hardware
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Mouse
The name mouse, coined at the Stanford Research Institute, derives from the resemblance of early
models (which had a cord attached to the rear part of the device, suggesting the idea of a tail) to the
common eponymous rodent.
The first marketed integrated mouse - shipped as a part of a computer and intended for personal
computer navigation - came with the Xerox 8010 Star Information System in 1981.
Douglas Engelbart of the Stanford Research Institute invented the mouse in 1963.
The computer industry often measures mouse sensitivity in terms of counts per inch (CPI), commonly
expressed less correctly as dots per inch (DPI) - the number of steps the mouse will report when it
moves one inch.
Keyboard
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Alternative layouts do exist, the best known of which is the Dvorak Simplified Keyboard; however, these
layouts are not in widespread use.
Christopher Latham Sholes patented the typewriter that we commonly use today in 1868.
Monitor
The first cathode ray tube scanning device was invented by the German scientist Karl Ferdinand Braun in
1897.
Floppy Disk
In 1971, IBM introduced the first "memory disk", as it was called then, or the "floppy disk" as it is known
today.
The "floppy" was invented by IBM engineers led by Alan Shugart. The first disks were designed for
loading microcodes into the controller of the Merlin (IBM 3330) disk pack file (a 100 MB storage device).
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Printer
In 1953, the first high-speed printer was developed by Remington-Rand for use on the Univac computer.
In 1938, Chester Carlson invented a dry printing process called electrophotography commonly called a
Xerox, the foundation technology for laser printers to come.
In 1979, Philips and Sony set up a joint task force of engineers to design a new digital audio disc.
The task force, led by prominent members Kees Immink and Toshitada Doi, progressed the research into
laser technology and optical discs that had been started by Philips in 1977.[2] After a year of
experimentation and discussion, the taskforce produced the Red Book, the Compact Disc standard.
Touch Screen
In 1971, the first "touch sensor" was developed by Doctor Sam Hurst (founder of Elographics) while he
was an instructor at the University of Kentucky.
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Technologies
*
Resistive
* Capacitive
* Infrared
* Strain Gauge
* Optical Imaging
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Technology in Sports
Hawk-Eye is a computer system used in cricket, tennis and other sports to track the path of the ball. It
was developed by engineers at Roke Manor Research Limited in 2001; the patent being held by Paul
Hawkins and David Sherry. SkyScope is a very similar system developed by some other company.
Snick-o-Meter
A device used to measure the distinct sound generated when a batsman snicks the ball. The distinct
sound is shown as a high spike (like one generated by a seismograph during an earthquake) on the
Snick-o-Meter.
Cyclops (computer system) is a system used on the ATP and WTA tennis tours to help determine
whether a serve is in or out. It was invented by Bill Carlton. The machine projects five or six infra-red
horizontal beams of light along the court 10 mm above the ground to determine this.
The most famous involvement with this technology was when Ilie Nstase got down on his hands and
knees at Wimbledon and looked at and talked to the equipment after it judged one of his serves to be
out that he believed was in.
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The cyclops computer system was introduced to the Wimbledon Championships in 1980 and has been
used ever since. But, it has recently been removed from court No1 and centre court to allow the use of
the Hawk-Eye.
Trinity is a device used to indicate net faults in tennis during a players' service. It sits on the net and
measures vibrations, when the vibrations exceed a certain value this is indicated to the referee visually
and audibly. The circuitry is designed in such a way that it is not sensitive to atmospheric conditions
(wind). The introduction of TRINITY in 1995 meant that net judges were no longer required. However, a
net judge is often called upon during a match if it is thought that the device is not working properly.
In F1 Racing :-
Total Computer Systems & Solutions Ltd (TCSS) is marketing a system called 'Gamebreaker' that could
detect when a car has completely left the track at the inside of a corner. The officials judge the corner to
have been cut when all four wheels have left the track. Inexpensive cameras would be mounted at each
corner. The 'Gamebreaker' system would detect that a car has cut a corner by analysing the video
footage. Race Marshals or another computer system would compare sector times to judge whether an
advantage had been gained.
In Football :-
Another potential future system called 'Sportrack', used to track the players, officials, and ball, is under
development by Israeli electronics company Orad Hi Tec Systems. This system works by placing a
transponder about half the size of a credit card into the shirts of players and officials. This device
receives microwaves from a transmitter a small distance away from the pitch and it transmits to two
receivers at the side of the pitch. This allows a computer to accurately find the position of a player.
Although this system is marketed for use in the broadcast of games over the Internet it could equally be
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BMP Bitmap
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Cc Carbon Copy
CD Compact Disc
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DV Digital Video
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I/O Input/Output
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IM Instant Message
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IP Internet Protocol
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IT Information Technology
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PC Personal Computer
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SD Secure Digital
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People
Alan Turing Alan Kay Jack Kilby Shawn Fanning Bram Cohen Niklas
Zennstrom
Father of Computers First GUI IC Napster BitTorrent
Skype/KaZaA/Joost
Shantanu Narayen Michael Dell Pierre Omidyar Eric Schmidt L-R Larry Page and
Sergey Brin
CEO, Adobe Dell Founder, eBay CEO, Google Founders, Google
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Mark Zuckerburg Mark Hurd Bill Hewlett David Packard Samuel Palmisano
Facebook CEO, HP Founder, HP Founder, HP CEO, IBM
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Jon Rubinstein Howard Stringer Scott McNealy Vinod Khosla Andy Bechtolsheim N
Chandrasekaran
CEO, Palm CEO, Sony Sun Founder, Sun Founder, Sun
CEO, TCS
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Jack Dorsey Carol Bartz Jerry Yang David Filo Douglas Engelbart Herman
Hollerith
Twitter CEO, Yahoo Founders, Yahoo Mouse Punched
Cards+IBM
Blaise Pascal Charles Babbage James Russell Lady Ada Lovelace George Boole
Pacaline Difference Engine CD Boolean Algebra
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Lee de Forest John Bardeen Dennis Ritchie Bjarne Stroustrup Niklaus Wirth Larry Wall
Vacuum Tubes Transistor C, UNIX C++ Pascal Perl
William Shockley John von Neumann Mark Shuttleworth Tim Berners Lee Steve
Jobs
Transistor owner of Ubuntu/Canonical WWW Apple
+ Pixar
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Jen Hsun Hwang Jonathan Schwartz Jorma Ollila Kiran Karnik CP Gurani
CEO, nVidia CEO, Sun CEO, Nokia Chairman, Satyam CEO, Satyam
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Jack Tramiel Alan Shugart Joseph Weizenbaum David Bradley Jim Kimsey
Commodore First Floppy ELIZA Ctrl+Alt+Del AOL
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Jordan Mechner Christopher Sholes Philip Rosedale Scott Fahlman Ray Tomlinson
Prince of Persia QWERTY SecondLife Smiley Email + @
History Hardware :P
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Abacus
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Slide
Rule
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Pascaline
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Engine
Babbage
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Analytical engine
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1.
Early punch cards.
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By 1890
The International Business Machines Corporation (IBM).
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Mark 1
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Mark 1
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Eniac
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Edvac
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Univac
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1. ).
1. Vacuum tubes as their main
logic elements.
2. Punch cards to input
and externally store data.
3. Rotating magnetic drums
for internal storage of data and
programs
Programs written in
Machine language
Assembly language
Requires a compiler.
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the 1940s
Crystalline mineral materials
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languages
E.g., FORTRAN and
COBOL
3. The Third Generation (1964-
1979).
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Company Lists
1. AMD
2. APPLE COMPUTERS
3. AMAZON
4. CISCO
5. Dell
6. eBay
7. Google
8. HP
9. INtel
10. Mozilla
11. Nvidia
12. Opera
13. ORacle
14. Yahoo
15. Sony
16. IBM
17. Digital Equipment
18. Alienware
19. Adobe
20. Autodesk
21. Ubisoft
22. Borland
23. EA
24. INfinity Ward
25. Facebook
26. Kaspersky
27. Lenovo
28. Microsoft
29. Mcafee
30. Myspace
31. Motorola
32. Nokia
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33. Sony
34. Android
35. Orkut
36. Phillips
37. Satyam
38. Kingston
39. Seagate
40. .Sony
41. Symantec
42. Sun
43. TCS
44. Twitter
45. Wipro
46. Xerox
47. HTC
48. ATI
49. ASUS
50. Hi5
51. Creative
52. AOL
53. Scribd
54. Bing
55. Opera
56. Dell
57. Dreamcast
58. Sega
59. Samsung
60. RIM
61. Lenovo
62. Paypal
63. VeriSign
64. Bell Labs
65. Skype
66. Sun Microsystems
67. HP
68. Konami
69. Java
70. Wikipedia
71. Alohanet
72. Mphasis
73. Nintendo
74. Texas Instruments
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75. Kazaa
76. Mozilla
77. Sify
78. Twitter
79. Ning
80. Linkdln
81. 4 square
82. Eidos
83. MSN
84. Benq
85. Blackberry
86. Sony ericsson
87. Nokia
88. Micromax
89. Napster
90. Compaq
91. Epson
92. Xerox
93. Vodafone
94. Motorola
95. Netscape
96. Pixar
97. Next
98. DEC
99. ATAR
100. Youtube
101. Homtail
102. CDAC
103. Nupedia
104. Digg
105. Kodak
106. PARC
107. Canon
108. RIM
INDIAN IT
1. Reliance Communications
2. Bharti Airtel
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IT AWARDS
IT awards
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23. Loebner Prize - prize for artificial intelligence that can pass a Turing test
24. Longitude prize - precise determination of a ship's longitude
25. Marconi Prize - advancements in communications
26. Millennium Technology Prize - for outstanding technological achievements
27. Mountbatten Medal
28. Netflix Prize
29. Newton Faller Award (Brazilian Computer Society)
30. Norbert Wiener Award for Social and Professional Responsibility
31. Pirelli Internetional Award
32. Tony Kent Strix award
33. Timoshenko Medal (ASME)
34. The ASME Medal (ASME)
35. Elmer A. Sperry Award (ASME)
36. Theodore von Karman Medal (ASCE)
37. Emerging Leaders of the Digital World (Diplo Foundation)
38. Infosys Prize in Engineering and Computer Sciences
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IT JARGON
GeoCloud - geographic data and visualisation tools via cloud computing, we used it in a
paper last year and it still feels timely.
Digital Recursion - the activity of representing and accessing digital media which is
nested in some form within computer networks. A phrase by Mike Batty, again in a joint
paper from last year (see our publications page), he has a tendency to come up with
catchy terms.
Web 3.0 - although annoying to many after the over use of Web 2.0, Web 3.0 is
arguably read/write/execute with the operating system and the web being one and the
same.
Steady
Mirror Worlds - representations of the real world in scaled down simplified form that
were originally pictured as working in parallel to the reality itself but with strong
interaction both ways between reality and it mirror. The term was first popularized by
David Gerlernter.
Social Shaping - although not a new term by any means it crops up a lot in papers and
grant applications at the moment. In short the term can be linked back to MacKenzie
and Wajcman's 1985 publication 'The Social Shaping of Technology' where they state
that the characteristics of a society play a major part in deciding which technologies are
adopted.
With the rise of browser technologies the concepts behind social shaping provide an
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interesting take on which tech comes to the forefront and we would argue their ever
shortening lifespan.
Far Down -
The Grid - increasingly being replaced in papers by mentioning Web Based Services,
which it could be argued can also be seen as The Cloud. The Oxford e-Science
Centre define The Grids as:
The name that describes the next significant development in Internet computing. A term
first coined in the mid '90s to describe a vision for a distributed computing infrastructure
for advanced science projects, the Grid was first properly explained by Ian Foster and
Carl Kesselman in their book The Grid: Blueprint for a New Computing Infrastructure.
The Grid is currently lost in the trough of disillusionment and all those hours sat at
conferences talking about it feel a bit wasted.
Web 2.0 - the term Web 2.0 has been around since 2004 and is still at the forefront of
many academic discussions on the future of technology. Coming about as the result of
a discussion between Tim O'Reilly andDale Dougherty on the status of the web, Tim
puts forward a list from 2004 which puts the term into context:
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Wikipedia notes that Web 2.0 refers to a perceived second generation of web-based
communities and hosted services such as social-networking
sites, wikis and folksonomies which aim to facilitate collaboration and sharing
between users. Web 3.0 is nipping at its heals as a new dawn of read/write/execute
leaves Web 2.0 behind.
The launch Monday of the iPhone 4 was full of new tech buzzwords from Apple
things like a retina display and FaceTime. What do they all mean?
Apple says its new retina display will make text clearer and easier to read.
Retina Display
The retina display is Apples marketing language for a higher-definition iPhone
screen. Why the name? As Apple CEO Steve Jobs explained during the iPhone
unveiling, the new display shows 326 pixels per inch four times as many pixels
as in the previous iPhone. The human retina, Mr. Jobs said, can differentiate only
300 pixels per inch (at a certain distance), so the new display will show more
continuous curves.
According to Apple, this is the highest-resolution phone screen ever, with pixels
so small that the human eye cant differentiate them individually. Reporters
looking at the screen images at Apples demonstration couldnt see much
difference between the new screen and the old. But, as technology blog
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Gizmodo put it, the resolution is fantastic for a phone, even if the name is
mostly marketing hype.
Gyroscope
Gyroscopes are gadgets that detect orientation usually they involve a disk that
spins on an axle that can move around. The iPhone has always had something
called an accelerometer that helps it detect motion. So why does the phone need
a gyroscope? Mobile gaming. The gyroscope promises to allow for finer controls
on game applications telling the phone to a greater degree of precision when
its tilted, for example. Apple says the gyroscope and accelerometer together will
detect acceleration, angular velocity and rotation rate. App developers could also
come up with other uses for the more specific detection.
FaceTime
Apples term for its video-calling service on the iPhone, FaceTime was the one
more thing that Mr. Jobs unveiled at the end of his iPhone launch. It makes use
of the phones front-facing camera, a feature available on other phones that
iPhone watchers have long wanted. (It can also use the rear-facing camera, if the
user needs to.) According to the Journals report on the launch, the new feature
works only between the newest iPhones, not from phone to PC strange, given
how long video-chat services have been in use on computers.
A4
The A4 is the processor that powers the iPhone. Designed by Apples team, the
chip enables the phone to perform tasks such as video editing, which also was
introduced for the iPhone at the conference. In particular, Mr. Jobs touted the
improvements in battery life that the chip would bring. He said users would five to
seven hours of talk time, 10 hours of Wi-Fi browsing, 10 hours of video, 40 hours
of music and 300 hours of standby time. The talk time is a 40% improvement over
the older phone, Mr. Jobs said.
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In this article I list 25 key web buzzwords that every modern web
developer should understand. For each buzzword, I explain its meaning,
talk about why the technology is useful, and include a few links for
further reading.
Enjoy!
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To create your actual web page columns, you just combine columns in
the grid. For example, you might base a 2-column page layout on the
12-column template, with the main left-hand column taking up 8
columns and the right-hand sidebar taking up 4 columns.
Ajax
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Canvas
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Here's a tutorial that shows how to create an animated pie chart using
Canvas.
CDN
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When a user requests the file from a central server, the server redirects
them to the optimal server on the CDN (typically the server closest to the
user). The user's browser or app then downloads the file from this new,
closer server.
A CDN can improve download speeds and reliability for the end user, as
well as reduce the load on the hosting server's network.
Cloud computing
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o Ease of use: Since you don't have to know the low-level details of how
a service is provided, cloud computing tends to be more
straightforward to set up and use.
CSS3
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CSS3 adds all sorts of fun new features to the mix, including:
o Drop shadows
o Multi-column layouts
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CSS sprites
CSS sprites are a way of getting a single image to serve the purpose of
many images in a web page. This can make the page quicker to load,
since the browser only has to request one image.
The basic idea is that you use the same image as the background of
several different page elements (buttons, headings, and so on). The
image is typically quite large, and contains many smaller images, such as
icons, buttons, and logos, within it.
Since the page elements are smaller than the image, only a small part of
the image is shown within each element. By controlling the position of
the background image for each element, you can display a different part
of the sprite image for the element.
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Doctype
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"http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/strict.dtd">
<!DOCTYPE HTML>
While required, the HTML5 doctype is purely there for legacy reasons.
Including the doctype line prevents browsers from entering quirks
mode and introducing strange layout bugs.
DOM
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As a simple example, say you have the following markup in your web
page:
You could then use JavaScript to access the paragraph as a DOM object,
and display its contents, as follows:
alert( document.getElementById("myParagraph").first
Child.nodeValue );
Want to know more about the DOM? I've written a few tutorials on the
subject that you might enjoy.
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Geolocation API
Find out more about geolocation, and try out a demo, over at Mozilla.com.
HTML5
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At its core, HTML5 is the latest version of HTML the markup language
that has powered all websites since the birth of the web. It's backwards-
compatible with HTML4, and also introduces some new and very useful
elements, such as <canvas> and<video>.
However, there's a lot more to HTML5 than some new tags. HTML5
features include:
o Canvas
o Geolocation
o Web workers
o Microdata
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HTML5 also introduces new APIs for controlling all this stuff through
JavaScript, making it possible to write powerful web apps that can run
without plugins such as Flash.
Want to learn more about HTML5? Here's a good visual overview, and
here's an excellent online book on the topic. For an example of the power
of HTML5, check out The Wilderness Downtown. Amazing stuff!
HTML5 Boilerplate
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Enter HTML5 Boilerplate. This is a set of HTML, CSS and other files to use
as a basis for a new site. The files are loaded with tons of useful tricks
and code snippets to help you build awesome sites. You just download
the files, strip out the chunks of code you don't need, and start adding
your own code and content. Couldn't be easier!
As the web has evolved, web apps have been getting more and more
complex. Since it's quite tedious (and hard) to write lots of complex,
cross-browser JavaScript code, many JavaScript libraries have sprung up
to make life easier.
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While jQuery is currently the most popular JavaScript library, there are
many others out there, including:
o MooTools
o Dojo
o Prototype
o YUI
Each library has its strengths and weaknesses. For example, MooTools
provides a complete framework to help you write more elegant, modular
JavaScript, but it has a steeper learning curve than jQuery.
JSON
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receive data from the server. It's often used as an alternative to XML
because it's more lightweight.
"widgetName": "MegaWidget",
"price": 39.99,
"stockLevel" : 14,
"options": {
"colour": "red",
"size: "large"
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Find out more about JSON, and read the spec, over at json.org.
LAMP
LAMP is an acronym that stands for Linux, Apache, MySQL, PHP the 4
cornerstones of an open-source web server setup. This is one of the
most commonly-used setups on the web, and is used to power a huge
number of websites and web applications.
The 'P' in LAMP can also stand for Perl or Python 2 other popular web
programming languages.
There are many free LAMP software packages that you can download and
install to get a web server running on your computer. A popular one
is XAMPP.
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Minification
o Whitespace
o Newlines
o Comments
There are many free minifiers out there. Here's one for JavaScript, and
here's one for HTML.
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Modernizr
You can then use this feature detection to progressively enhance your
web pages that is, start with a basic design and only add cutting-edge
features if the browser supports it.
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class
borderradius to the html element. If the browser doesn't
support it then Modernizr adds no-borderradius. You can then
write CSS like this:
.borderradius #myDiv {
.no-borderradius #myDiv {
For example, if your chosen border looks great when curved, but terrible
when straight, then you can place properties under .no-
borderradius #myDiv to style the border differently for browsers
that don't support border-radius.
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Non-blocking JavaScript
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myscript.src = 'myscript.js';
var head =
document.getElementsByTagName( 'head' )[0];
head.appendChild( myscript );
Quirks mode
Back in the dark old days of the web, browsers were pretty terrible at
sticking to the HTML and CSS standards. They would do things like
including an element's paddinginside the element, instead of the padding
being outside the element's width and height (the so-called IE box model
bug). They would also handle tables and images in odd ways.
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Unicode
Although it's been around for a couple of decades now, Unicode has only
recently started to hit the mainstream in terms of web development, as
various popular web browsers, platforms and programming languages
start to embrace it fully.
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Whereas ASCII characters are 1 byte long, Unicode characters are usually
2-4 bytes in length. This can cause problems with programming
languages and scripts that expect 1 character to equal 1 byte. Such
languages and scripts need to be updated to cope with Unicode.
The most common way to use Unicode in a web page is using UTF-
8 encoding. You can indicate that a web page is encoded using UTF-8 by
placing the following line of code inside the page's head element:
The Unicode Consortium has a list of useful Unicode character charts for
reference.
UX
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Many web designers these days talk about the "UX" of a website, meaning
"user experience". This term encompasses the whole relationship that a
user has with a website, from usability and accessibility through to their
feelings on the site's visual design, interface, branding, and marketing
message.
WebSockets
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It also means much faster data transfer compared to the current Ajax
approach, where a new connection is opened each time the web app
wants to talk to the server.
The result of all this should be much smoother web apps and, ultimately,
the death ofAjax as a means of transferring data between a JavaScript
web app and a web server.
Web storage
You can store a lot more data than with cookies (typically 5MB of data per
domain). You can store data per tab or window session using
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Here's a good tutorial on web storage that explains how to use both
session storage and local storage.
Web Workers
One of the snags with JavaScript running in a browser is that it's single-
threaded. In other words, a script can only do one thing at a time.
For simple scripts that run quickly, this isn't usually a problem. However,
as web applications get ever more complex, they can tend to become
sluggish for the user, especially on mobile devices. One of the main
reasons for this is JavaScript's single-threaded nature. If a script is
performing complex calculations, the user has to wait until it's finished
before they can continue using the app's user interface.
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The Opera dev site has a good intro to Web Workers, with some code
examples.
WOFF
For a while now, web developers have been able to include downloadable
fonts in their pages using the CSS @font-face rule. This is great, as
it means that designers are no longer limited to using the small range of
system fonts (Arial, Times and so on) for text in their web pages.
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WOFF the Web Open Font Format aims to solve these problems once
and for all. It's a new file format that can contain TrueType, OpenType
and Open Font Format fonts. It offers built-in compression, as well as
licensing information to help ensure that fonts are properly licensed for
use. What's more, since it's a standard, we can expect all modern
browsers to support it soon (yes, even IE9 seems likely).
This means that web designers will be able to download a WOFF web font
(whether free or paid), upload it to their site, link to it with @font-
face, and have their text look gorgeous, without any extra fussing.
Lovely!
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3. God Particle The Higgs boson, thought to account for mass. The
God Particle has eluded discovery since its existence was first postulated
some thirty years ago.
5. Plasma (as in plasma TV) Refers less often to blood products than
to a kind of television screen technology that uses matrix of gas plasma
cells, which are charged by differing electrical voltages to create an
image.
6. IPOD What the Alpha Whale calls his personal pod. Actually, Apple
maintains that the idea of the iPod was from the film 2001: A Space
Odyssey. The origin of the word IPAD is a completely different story.
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10. Virtualization Around since dinosaurs walked the planet (the late
70s) virtualization now applies to everything from infrastructures to
I/O.
13. Robust No one quite knows what it means, but its good for your
product to demonstrate robustness
16. Green washing Repositioning your product so that its shortfalls are
now positioned as environmental benefits: Not enough power? Just re-
position as energy-saving.
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21. Versioning Creating new revisions (or versions) with fewer bugs
and more features.
22. VoIP Voice Over IP, itself shorthand for Voice over Internet
Protocol, which in plain English means the ability to talk on the phone
over the Internet.
23. Web 2.0 Now theres talk of Web 3.0, just when we were finally
getting used to the advances web services called Web 2.0.
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25. WORM Not only not a computer virus anymore, let alone a
slithery creature of the soil, but a Write Once, Read Many file system
used for optical disk technol
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GOOGLE DOODLES
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Vasaloppet - (Sweden)
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Martisor - (Romania)
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Carnival - (Brazil)
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John Lennon's 70th Birthday. Courtesy of Yoko Ono Lennon/Bag One Arts, Inc. - (Global)
Oct 08, 2010
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Previous
Happy 12th Birthday Google by Wayne Thiebaud. Image used with permission of VAGA NY -
(Global)
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Oktoberfest - (Germany)
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Doodle 4 Google Winner: Her Majesty the Queen's Birthday - Mother's Day - (Thailand)
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