International Journal on Recent and Innovation Trends in Computing and Communication ISSN: 2321-8169

Volume: 5 Issue: 6 287 292

_______________________________________________________________________________________________
Analysis of the Transient Response of a Capacitor-Excited Induction Generator
for Unity Power Factor Load Condition using MATLAB/SIMULINK

Anindita Das Mondal

dept. of Electrical Engineering
Brainware Group of Institutions
Kolkata,India
e-mail:das_ina@yahoo.in

AbstractAdvantageous features of an induction generators are widely used in a single system like wind or micro turbo etc. It is
operated in a capacitor excited or self excited mode to generate electrical energy in remote areas. The Main drawbacks of a CEIG
under variable load conditions are poor voltage and frequency regulation .The aim of this paper is to provide a better
understanding of the dynamic response of a capacitor-excited, squirrel cage induction generator that is carried out for determining
the change in performance under the running condition from no-load to full-load. Voltage control, frequency control and
temperature rise due to continuous running of the machine are evaluated using transient analysis. This assessment would hopefully
help to develop a better controlled required for CEIG system, operated in remote areas.

Keywords- CEIG; Transient Response; poor voltage regulation; self excitation; stand-alone system, capacitor bank
__________________________________________________*****_________________________________________________

of the transient response of such generator during the

I. INTRODUCTION
This is very known fact that day by day energy
consumption is increasing very rapidly. The world's fossil-
fuel supply i.e coal, petroleum and natural gas will be
depleted in few hundred years. As a result we will face a
shortage of energy i.e energy crisis. But if we use renewable
energy resourses such as solar, wind, wave etc then our daily
energy demand can be fulfilled. Availability of such energy
resources give a great interest for power generation. Recent
trend is to generate electricity by using wind turbines due to
its stand alone applications. In wind turbines, induction
generators are often used due to their ability to produce useful
power at varying speeds and their special features like
operating in stand alone mode.
Usually, using of induction generators are
increased these days because of their relative advantageous
features over conventional synchronous generators. Induction
generators are i) simple and rugged construction, ii) requiring
no brushes or commutators, iii) low capital cost, , iv) self-
protection against external short circuit, v) capability to
generate power at varying speed. The induction generator
operation in stand-alone mode is required to supply remote
districts where extension of grid is not economically feasible.
Induction generator are capacitor excited by connecting
appropriate capacitor bank across its terminals, and the
residual magnetism in rotor initiates voltage build up which is
increased by capacitors current to cause a continuous rise in
voltage. Besides the advantages of using induction generator
in stand alone mode, there are a lot of problems associated
with CEIG. One of them is poor voltage regulation. The
output voltage and frequency basically depend on the prime
movers speed, load impedance and excitation capacitance.
This paper gives an approach to model performance analysis
IJRITCC | June 2017, Available @ http://www.ijritcc.org
_______________________________________________________________________________________
application of upf load.
II. LITERATURE REVIEW
The concept of self-excitation of induction machine
emerged for the first time in 1935 when Basset and Potter [1]
reported that the induction machine can be operated an
induction generator in isolated mode by external capacitor.
They concluded that the induction machine with capacitive
excitation would build up its voltage exactly as does a dc shunt
generators, the final value being determined by the saturation
curve of the machine and by the value of reactance of the
excitation capacitance. The induction generator can be made to
handle almost any type load. Doxey [2] in his paper concluded
that the basic requirement for the induction motor work as self-
excited induction generator is the leading current of correct
magnitude. Sutanto et al. [3] in his paper examined the
transient behaviour of a three phase SEIG supplying a
symmetrical load. They presented an approach to model
performance of induction generators to maintain constant
terminal voltage under resistive and reactive loads. They
explained a modified and analytical method for determining the
range of capacitive VAR requirements for maintaining a
constant flux and for obtaining performance with a desired
level of voltage regulation. The analysis used the steady state
equivalent circuit to predict the performance of the generator.
Bansal [4], in his paper, presented an exhaustive survey of the
literature over 25 years discussing the process of self-
excitation, voltage build-up, modeling, steady-state and
transient analysis, reactive power control methods and parallel
operation of SEIG. Grantham et al. [5] also considered the
steady-state and transient analysis of self-excited induction
generator. However Hallenius et al. [6] emphasized the
importance of cross saturation during self-excitation. Faiz el
al. [7] published a paper regarding the design of a self-excited
287
International Journal on Recent and Innovation Trends in Computing and Communication ISSN: 2321-8169
Volume: 5 Issue: 6 287 292
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
induction generator by minimizing the rotor resistance and
= + p +
increasing the flux density unti the magnetic circuit of the
generator saturated. They concluded the best way to optimize
the design of an induction generator is to design an induction (1)
machine, which can handle the saturated magnetizing current. From which, the current derivative can be expressed as:
Levi and Liao [8] provided a purely experimental treatment of = 1
(2)
a self-excitation process in induction generators. Jain et al. [9]
modeled a delta connected self excited induction generator (2)
which could handle symmetrical and unsymmetrical load and
capacitor configuration. They also discussed the self excited Where, , , , and are defined in Appendix I.
induction generator behaviour under balanced and unbalanced The developed electromagnetic torque of the CEIG ( ) is as
condition considering the main and cross flux saturation for
load perturbation, line to line short circuit, opening of one = (3P/4) (3) (3)
capacitor and opening of single phase load. The electromagnetic torque balance equation is as
Kuo and Wang [10] discussed that it was convenient
to simulate the power electronic circuits using circuit oriented = J(2/P) + (4) (4)
simulators, while equation solvers were more appropriate to
simulate the various electric machines and control systems. Where is the input torque i.e. transmitted to the shaft of
the generator from prime mover (typically wind turbine) and
III. DEVELOPED SCHEME is also can be expressed by,
The d-q axis model of an induction machine has been widely = a - b (5) (5)
used in the field of induction motor analysis and control; the
model is usually adapted to analyze the machine performance The values of a and b for the under test operating as CEIG
under three-phase balanced conditions. are given in Appendix I.
The derivative of the rotor speed from equation (2.4) is as
A schematic diagram of the developed CEIG system is shown
1 (6)
in figure (1). = (6)
2
The CEIG operates in the saturation region and it
magnetization characteristic is non-linear in nature. Hence the
magnetization current ( ) should be calculated in every step
of integration is terms of stator and rotor current as
1
2 2
+ 2 + +
= (7) (7)
2

Three-phase currents are obtained by converting direct and

quadrature axes components into a, b, c phase currents as
follows:
1 0

= 1 2 3 2 (8) (8)

1 2 3 2
Figure. 1. system configuration

For the delta connection of the CEIG shown in Fig. 1, the line
IV. MATHEMATICAL MODELING currents of the SEIG ( , and ) can be expressed in terms
of phase currents as:
The CEIG system consists of an induction generator, = ...(9)
capacitor bank and balanced three phase delta connected unity
power factor load or resistive load. The mathematical
= ..(10)
modeling of these system is explained below. Model
equations of CEIG are represented by a set of first order non
linear differential equations, which are solved to find out the = ...(11)
instantaneous values of the desired quantities.
B. Modeling of Capacitor Bank
A. Modeling of CEIG
For delta connection sum of three phase voltages is zero as:
The modeling of the three phase squirrel-cage induction
generator is developed by using a stationary d-q axes + + = 0 (12) (12)
reference frame and the relevant voltage-current equations of
a three phase CEIG are
288
IJRITCC | June 2017, Available @ http://www.ijritcc.org
_______________________________________________________________________________________
 International Journal on Recent and Innovation Trends in Computing and Communication ISSN: 2321-8169
Volume: 5 Issue: 6 287 292
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
In fig. 1, applying Kirchhoffs current law (KCL) to the static
= (28)
circuit comprising excitation capacitor, consumer load,
capacitor line currents equations are as:
= (29)
= = = (13)
(13) =
= = = (14) ..................................[13][14]
(14)
= = = (15)
(15) V. SIMULINK MODEL OF A WHOLE SYSTEM
To perform the analysis of the CEIG system, we need to
develop a model by using the mathematical equations, derived
Where currents , and are the line currents of delta
in the previous section. For this purpose we have used
connection load.
MATLAB/SIMULINK, which is considered as a useful
Using the equation (12), equations (13) to (14) reduce to two
software tool for modeling and simulation purposes. The
equations in terms of derivative of phase voltages as:
overall proposed SIMULINK model of CEIG has been
+ + = (16) (16) implemented by using different blocks, which are developed to
represent the corresponding equations.
+ = (17) (17)
CEIG system model
Solving equations (16) and (17) for derivatives of AC line
voltages as:
= (18)

= + (19)

Where = 3 2 (20)

For balanced excitation, with equal excitation capacitors:

Equation (18) and (19) simplify to:
(21)
= = 3
3

2 (22)
= = 2 3
3
From three phase voltages ( , , ) of the CEIG obtained
by solving (21), (22) and (12), the d- and q-axes voltages in
the stationary reference frame are as follows:

= 2 3
2 2
(23)
3 3
= 2 3
2 2
(24)
C. Modeling of Unity Power Factor Load
VI. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
For the three phase-phase resistive load, the model equations
for line currents from fig. 1 are defined as follows: Since the studied CEIG must be excited by injecting a
leading reactive power into the stator, a fixed capacitor bank
(25)
= with 50F/phase is used to supply the required reactive power

under the over-excitation condition, which ensures the
(26) generated voltage can be sustained under a no-load condition.
=
The analysis of the CEIG system is illustrated using the
(27) following conditions.
=

1. A three-phase balanced unity power factor load that
The line currents of the load are defined in terms of phase
remains constant throughout the simulation. The
currents as:
resistance value of each phase is 5 kilo-ohm. It is used
to simulate the no-load condition of the CEIG system.
289
IJRITCC | June 2017, Available @ http://www.ijritcc.org
_______________________________________________________________________________________
International Journal on Recent and Innovation Trends in Computing and Communication ISSN: 2321-8169
Volume: 5 Issue: 6 287 292
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
2. A three-phase balanced unity power factor load
that decreases after a certain time from 5kilo-ohm to
300 ohm to perform the transient analysis and
observe the change in voltage and current waveforms
during this time period.

For the first condition, the waveform of the magnetizing

current of the CEIG is shown in fig. 2. The developed phase
voltage across the stator terminals due to application of AC
supply is illustrated in the fig. 3. The stator phase current is fig. 5: Magnetizing current at transient condition
also represented in fig. 4 to represent the current waveform
under no-load condition.

fig. 2: Magnetizing current under no-load condition

fig 6: Phase voltage across the stator terminals of CEIG at
transient condition

fig. 3 : Developed Phase Voltage across the stator terminals of

CEIG under no-load Condition
fig.7 Phase current through the stator terminals of CEIG at
transient condition

The transient behavior of CEIG system can be observed due to

fig. 4 Phase current through the stator terminals of CEIG
under no-load condition
The CEIG takes 0.6 sec to build up the rated voltage. Initially
the voltage is at very low value. It increases rapidly and
reaches the steady state value due to saturation of the
magnetization characteristics.In fig. 3 and 4, the waveform of
phase voltage and current reach the steady-state when t=0.7
sec. and attains their steady-state peak value of 349.282V and
5.48A respectively.
For the second condition, a sudden change is
employed in the balanced three-phase upf load to observe the
transient responses of CEIG. During the simulation of the
model the resistive load in each phase is changed from 5 kilo-
ohm to 300 ohm after t=2.0 sec. and as a result the changes in
phase voltage and phase current obtained from
MATLAB/SIMULINK are shown in fig.6 and fig..7
respectively. The corresponding waveform of magnetizing
current under this condition are exhibited in fig. 5.
IJRITCC | June 2017, Available @ http://www.ijritcc.org
_______________________________________________________________________________________
the MATLAB/SIMULINK simulation of the CEIG system
model from fig. 6. and fig. 7.
Fig. 6 illustrates the transient waveform of CEIG phase voltage
( , and ) during the voltage buildup of the CEIG. We can
observe when suddenly applied unity power factor load, peak
phase voltage reduces to 331.5635V form 349.282V after
t=2.388 sec. From t=2.0 sec. to t=2.388 sec. the system exhibits
transient responses and after t=2.388 sec. the system reaches to
its steady-state condition for the new applied resistive load.
A similar transient waveform can also be observed in
case of phase current ( , and ) through the terminals of
CEIG (in fig. 7). Due to the change in load, the peak value of
the phase current reduces to 5.2A from 5.48A.
VII. CONCLUSION
The cost and simplicity of an induction generator
offers many advantages in todays renewable energy industry.
The limitation of an induction generator can be overcome by
connecting a three-phase capacitor bank to its stator terminals.
290
International Journal on Recent and Innovation Trends in Computing and Communication ISSN: 2321-8169
Volume: 5 Issue: 6 287 292
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
This paper presents an analysis of the transient
response of capacitor-excited induction generator (CEIG)
[L]= Lss 0 Lm 0
when operating in stand-alone mode, subject to balanced unity
power factor loading conditions. Transient analysis has been 0 Lss 0 Lm
carried out for simulating time domain response of a three- Lm 0 Lrr 0
phase CEIG under three-phase unity power factor balanced
load condition. Dynamic models are developed using d-q axes 0 Lm 0 Lrr
stationary reference frame for determining transient response
condition.The developed model is tested by simulating the
transient response for certain application of three-phase upf
loads. Voltage drop with load occurs as expected. The Where, Lss = Lls + Lm
transient analysis plays a vital role to predict the operation of
and Lrr = Llr + Lm
CEIG to obtain better performance.
Magnetizing Characteristic
VIII. APPENDICES
Lm = 0.3177 (for Im 0.75)
Appendix-1: Parameters of CEIG
Parameters of CEIG 2.2 kW, 230 V, 50 Hz,7.8 A, 4-pole, 3- = 0.3502 - 0.0349 Im + 0.0017 Im2
ph squirrel cage induction machine is operated at capacitor (for 0.75 < Im 4.25)
excited mode. = 0.17677 (for Im > 4.25)
The parameters are as follows: .........................................................[13][14]

P = 4; X. REFERENCES
[1] E.D Basset, F. M. Potter , Capacitive excitation for
Lls = 0.0142H/14.2mH;
induction generators , AIEE Trans. (Electrical
Llr = 0.0142H/14.2mH; Engineering), Vol. 54. pp.540-545, March 1935.
[2] B.C. Doxey, Theory and application of the capacitor self -
Rs = 2.88; excited induction generators the engineer, Nov.29,1963.
Rr = 2.88; [3] D. Sutanto, and B.Mismail, H.R. outhred, C. Grantham,
K.C Daly, Transient simulation of capacitively self-
C = 0.00005F/50F; excited induction generator, Electr. Energy conference,
J = 0.0842kg/sq. m; 1987,Adelaide.
[4] R.C.Bansal, Three-phase Self-Excited Induction
Coefficients in the shaft torque equation of the generator (i.e. Generators, IEEE Trans. Energy Convers., vol. 20 , no.2,
Tshaft =a-bwr) as June 2005.
a = 249.39; [5] C. Grantham, D.sutano, and B.Mismail, Steady-state and
transient analysis of self-excited induction generator, Proc.
b = 0.7875; Inst. Electr.Eng., vol. 136 , no.2, pp.61-68 Mar.1989.
Appendix-2: Main Equations and Matrices [6] K.E. Hallenius, P.Vas, J.E.Brown, The analysis of a
saturated self-excited asynchronous generator , IEEE
Matrices of (1) are defined as Trans. Energy Convers., vol. 6 , no.2, pp.336-341, June
1991.
[v]= [vds vqs vdr vqr ]T [7] J. Faiz, A.A Dadagari, S. Horning, A. Keyhani Design of
[i]= [ids iqs idr iqr ]T three-phase self-excited induction generators , IEEE Trans.
Energy Covers. Vol.10,no.3,Sep.1999.
vdr and vqr , are zero since the rotor terminals are short- [8] E. Levi , Y.W. Liao An experimental investigation of self-
circuited in the squirrel cage induction generator. excitation in capacitor excited induction generator ,Electr.
Power Research, vol.53 (2000) 59-65.
[R], [L] and [G] in (1) represents 4x4 matrices of resistance,
[9] S. K. Jain, J. D. Sharma, and S. P. Singh, Transient
transformer inductance and speed inductance respectively, performance of three-phase self-excited induction generator
and are defined as during balanced and unbalanced faults, Proc. Inst. Electr.
[R]= diag[Rs Rs Rr Rr ] Eng. Generation Transmiss. Distrib., vol. 149, no. 1, pp.
5057, Jan. 2002.
[10] S. C. Kuo and L. Wang, Analysis of voltage control for a
self-excited induction generator using a current-controlled
voltage source inverter (CC-VSI), Proc. Inst. Electr.
[G]= 0 0 0 0 Eng.Generation Transmiss. Distrib.vol. 148, no. 5, pp.
431438, Sep. 2001.
0 0 0 0 [11] L. Shridhar, B. Singh, and C. S. Jha, Transient analysis of
0 Lm 0 Lrr the self regulated short shunt self-excited induction
generator, IEEE Trans. Energy Convers., vol. 10, no. 2, pp.
Lm 0 Lrr 0 261267, Jun. 1995.
[12] L. Wang and C. H. Lee, Long-shunt and short-shunt
connections on dynamic performance of a SEIG feeding an

291
IJRITCC | June 2017, Available @ http://www.ijritcc.org
_______________________________________________________________________________________
International Journal on Recent and Innovation Trends in Computing and Communication
Volume: 5 Issue: 6
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
induction motor load, IEEE Trans. Energy Convers., vol.
15, no. 1, pp. 1 7, Mar. 2000.
[13] B.Singh, S.S Murthy, S.Gupta, Analysis and design of
STATCOM based voltage regulator for self-excited
induction generator feeding non linear loads, IEEE Trans.
on energy Convers.,vol.53, no.5,pp.1437-1452,Oct. 2006.
[14] Bhim Singh, S. S. Murthy, Sushma
Gupta,(september/october 2005): Transient Analysis of
Self-Excited Induction Generator With Electronic Load
Controller (ELC) Supplying Static and Dynamic Loads
IEEE trans. on industry applications, vol. 41, no. 5.
[15] Dawit Seyoum, Colin Grantham, Muhammed Fazlur
Rahman, (july/august 2003): The Dynamic
Characteristics of an Isolated Self-Excited Induction
Generator Driven by a Wind Turbine, IEEE trans. On
industry applications, vol. 39, no. 4.
[16] Journal of Emerging Trends in Engineering and Applied
Sciences (JETEAS) 3 (4): 729-733 Scholarlink Research
Institute Journals, 2012 (ISSN: 2141-7016).
[17] Self-excited Induction Generator A Study Based on
Nonlinear Dynamic Methods by Dandan Ma, A thesis
submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, May
ISSN: 2321-8169
287 292
2012,School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering,
Newcastle University, United Kingdom.
[18] E. Muljadi, J. Sallan, M. Sanz and C. P. Butterfield,
Investigation of Selfexcited Induction Generators for Wind
Turbine Applications, in Thirty- Fourth Industry
Applications Conference Annual Meeting, Phoenix, October
1999.
[19] P. K. Sen and J. P. Nelson, Application Guidelines for
InductionGenerators, in IEEE International Conference on
Electric Machines and Drives, Milwaukee, May 1997.
[20] B. Palle, M. G. Simoes and F. A. Farret, Dynamic
Simulation and Analysis of Parallel Self-excited Induction
Generators for Islanded Wind Farm Systems, IEEE
Transactions on Industry Applications, vol. 41, no. 4, pp.
1099 - 1106 , July 2005.
[21] Guiliani Scherer, Lucas; Figueiredo de
Camargo,Robinson,(2011): Advances in modeling and
control of micro hydropower stations with induction
generators, Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition
(ECCE), 2011 IEEE, Pp: 997 1004.

292
IJRITCC | June 2017, Available @ http://www.ijritcc.org
_______________________________________________________________________________________