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Page 1. Introduction
Blood pressure is affected by several factors:
peripheral resistance
vessel elasticity
blood volume
cardiac output
As you go through this topic, keep in mind this flow chart, which outlines the
factors affecting blood pressure:
Factors Affecting Blood Pressure
Page 2. Goals
To understand the factors that affect peripheral resistance, and therefore blood
pressure.
To understand how vessel elasticity, blood volume, and cardiac output affect blood
pressure.
Page 3. Sources of Peripheral Resistance
One of the main factors that affects blood pressure is peripheral resistance.
Blood cells and plasma encounter resistance when they contact blood vessel walls.
If resistance increases, then more pressure is needed to keep blood moving.
Three main sources of peripheral resistance:
1. blood vessel diameter
2. blood viscosity
3. total vessel length
Factors Affecting Blood Pressure
Interactive Physiology
Factors Affecting Blood Pressure
Angiotensin II
Vasopressin
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Increased blood volume (for example due to water retention from excessive salt
intake) increases blood pressure short term. Long term homeostatic mechanisms
compensate, bringing blood volume and blood pressure back up to normal levels.
Page 13. Cardiac Output: Heart Rate
Anything that decreases cardiac output, also decreases blood pressure, because
there is less pressure on the vessel walls.
An increase in cardiac output results in increased blood pressure.
Cardiac Output = Heart Rate X Stroke Volume
Anything that affects heart rate or stroke volume affects cardiac output and thus
blood pressure.
What happens to heart rate, cardiac output, and blood pressure with
parasympathetic stimulation (vagus nerve)?
__________________________________________________________
What happens to heart rate, cardiac output, and blood pressure with sympathetic
stimulation?
__________________________________________________________
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Notes on Quiz Questions:
Quiz Question #1:
This question asks you to choose the factors that will decrease the blood
pressure.
20. (Page 13.) What is the relationship between blood pressure and cardiac output?
21. (Page 13.) What is the relationship between heart rate, stroke volume and cardiac
output?
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22. (Page 13.) What happens to heart rate, cardiac output, and blood pressure with both
parasympathetic and sympathetic stimulation?
23. (Page 14.) What is the relationship between venous return and stroke volume?
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