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RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

CHAPTER 1: THE SELECTION OF A RESEARCH DESIGN


Research
a creative and systematic work undertaken in order to increase the stock of knowledge including
knowledge of humankind, culture, and society, and to devise new applications of available knowledge
Research methodology
a way to systematically solve the research problem or a science of studying how research is done
scientifically

Research methods
techniques used for conduction of research, thus, refer to the methods the researchers use in
performing research operations.
Several methods: search engines, survey/questionnaire, interview, diary, and observation

The three types of designs


Research designs
plans and procedures for research that span the decisions from broad assumptions to detailed
methods of data collections and analysis
selection of research designs based on the nature of the research problem or issue being
addressed, researchers experiences, audiences for study.

Qualitative research (nh tnh) in words


a means for exploring and understanding the meaning individuals or groups ascribe to a social or
human problem
emerging questions and procedures, data typically collected in the participants setting, data
analysis inductively (qui nap) building from particular themes to general themes, and the researcher
making interpretations of the meaning of the data.
i.e.
interview data collection through recording and taking notes listen and transcribe and read,
thus, build up themes to analyze

Quantitative research (nh lng) in number of figures (s liu)


a means for testing objective theories by examining the relationship among variables
variables measured, typically on instruments, so that numbered data can be analyzed using statistic
procedures

Mixed methods research


an approach to inquiry combining or associating both qualitative and quantitative forms
involving philosophical assumptions, use of qualitative and quantitative approaches, and mixing
both approaches in researching
assumption about testing theories deductively, building in protection about bias, controlling for
alternative explanations, being able to generalize and replicate the findings
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Approach to research involves philosophical assumptions as well as distinct methods or procedures

Research design, known as plan or proposal to conduct research, involving the intersection of
philosophy/ philosophical worldviews
strategies of inquiry
specific methods/ procedures of research

Three components involved in a design


Philosophical Worldviews Selected Strategies of Inquiry
Postpositive Qualitative strategies
Social construction Quantitative strategies
Advocacy/participatory Mixed methods strategies
Pragmatic Research Designs
Quantitative
Qualitative
Mixed methods

Research Methods
Questions
Data collection
Data analysis
Interpretation
Write-up
Validation
Quantitative Strategies
Survey research (iu tra) provides a quantitative or numeric description of trends, attitudes, or
opinion of a population by studying a sample of that population
Experimental research (Thc nghim) seeks to determine if a specific treatment influences an
outcome. This impact is assessed by providing a specific treatment to one group and withholding it
from another and then determining how both groups scored on an outcome.
Qualitative Strategies
Ethnography (Dn tc hc thm nhp)
the researcher studies an intact cultural group in a natural setting over a prolonged period of time
by collecting, primarily, observation, and interviewing data
Phenomenology research (Hin tng hc)
Identify the essence of human experiences about a phenomenon as described by participants
Understand the lived experiences marks phenomenology as a philosophy as well as method, and
the procedure involves studying a small number of subjects through extensive and prolonged
engagement to develop patterns and relationships of meaning
Narrative research (tng thut/ li k)
Study the lives of individuals and asks one or more individuals to provide stories about their lives.

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CHAPTER 2: PREVIEW OF LITERATURE
A literature review
Definition
It is an evaluative report of information found in the literature related to your selected area of study.
It describes summarizes, evaluates and clarifies this literature.
It goes beyond a descriptive annotated bibliography. All works included in the review must be read,
evaluated and analyzed.
Defined by a guiding concept (your research objective, the problem or issue you are discussing, or
your argumentative thesis)
Purposes
to convey to the reader what knowledge and ideas have been established on a topic, and what their
strengths and weaknesses are.
provide a context for the research
justify the research
ensure the research that had not been done before
show where the research fits into the existing body of knowledge
enable researcher to learn from previous theory on the subject
illustrate how the subject has been studied previously
highlight flaws in previous research
outline gaps in previous research
show that the work is adding to the understanding and knowledge of the field
help refine, refocus, and even change to topic
Steps
There is no single way to conduct a literature review.
1. Identify key words
2. Search the catalog for holdings
3. Identify the scope qui m
4. Skim articles on chapters, duplicate those that are central to your topic.
5. Designing a literature map
6. Draft summarizes of the most relevant articles
7. Assemble the literature review

Searching Computerized Databases


Sources
ERIC (Educational Resources Information Center) is a free, online digital library of education
research and information.
Google scholar
PubMed (major in health sciences)
Academic libraries site licenses

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Steps
1. Choose topic
2. Decide on the scope of your review
3. Select the databases will be used to conduct research
4. Conduct your searchers and find the literature. Keep track of your searchers
5. Review the literature

A literature map of the research


Definition
A useful tool for students to use when organizing their review of the literature for making
presentations to graduate committees or summarizing the literature for a scholarly presentation or
a journal article publication.
A visual summary of the research that has been conducted by others, and it is typically represented
in a figure. It could be a hierarchical structure, a flowchart, or a series of circles.
Purpose
To enable a person to understand how the proposed study adds to, extends, or replicates research
already completed.

Ethical issues to anticipate


Ethics is norms for conduct that distinguish between acceptable and unacceptable behaviors.
Research ethics provides guidelines for the responsible conduct of research. In addition, it
educates and monitors scientist conducting research to ensure a high ethical standard.
Ethics in research is the set of values, standards, and principles used to determine appropriate and
acceptable conduct at all stage of the research process.
Ethical practices involve much more than merely following a set of static guidelines. Writers need
to anticipate and address any ethical dilemmas that may arise in their research.
These issues arise in specifying research problem, identifying a purpose statement and research
questions, and collecting, analyzing, and writing up the results of data.

Researchers have to
o Protect their participants from physical, emotional, and psychological harm.
o Develop trust with participants
o Promote the integrity of research
o Guard against misconduct and impropriety that might reflect their organizations or institutions.
o Cope with new, challenging problems

Misconduct
Fabrication (invent, produce false information)
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Falsification (change)
Plagiarism
Impropriety authorship abuses, exploiting research assistants, misleading statistical analyses, and
withholding data

Informed consent
A person knowingly, voluntarily, and intelligently, and in a clear and manifest way, gives his consent
Identification of the researcher, sponsoring institution, how the participants were selected, the
purpose of the research, benefits for participating, the level and type of participant involvement.
Notation of risks to the participant
Guarantee of confidentially to the participant
Assurance that the participant can withdraw at any time
Provision of names of persons to contact if questions arise

CHAPTER 3: THE USE OF THEORY


Variable is any entity that can take on different values, anything that can vary, not always quantitative
or numerical.
Attribute (gi tr bin) a specific values in a variable
Types of variable
Independent variables the resumed cause
what you (or nature) manipulates a treatment or program or cause
stable and unaffected by other variables
Refers to the condition of an experiment that is systematically manipulated by the investigator.

Dependent variables the resumed effect


What is affected and expected to change by independent variable effects or outcomes
Depends on other factors that are measured

Note: Each variable should be exhaustive it should include all possible answerable responses
Moderating/moderator variables
the third variable that effects the correlation or the relationship between dependent and
independent variables.

Intervening variables
explains the relation or provides a causal link between other variables.
Also called mediating/intermediary variables

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Significant and meaning of a purpose statement.
The purpose statement
The central or controlling idea in the study
Indicates why you want to do the study and what you intend to accomplish
Conveys the overall intent of a proposed study in a sentence or several sentences
The purpose statement sets forth the intent of the study.
The research problem refers to a need for the study.
The research questions are those data collection tries to answer.
The statement of purpose sets the objectives, the intent, or a major idea of a proposal or a study. The
purpose statement builds on a need (a problem) and is refined into specific questions (the research
questions)
The qualitative purpose statement
Information about the central phenomenon explored in the study
The participants in the study
The research site
Emerging design
Using research words drawn from the language of qualitative inquiry

Basic design features for writing the qualitative purpose statement


Use words such as purpose, intent, or objective to signal attention to this statement as the central
controlling idea
Focus on a single phenomenon (a concept or idea)
Use action verb to convey how learning will take place
Use neutral words and phrases (nondirectional language)
Problematic words all words that suggest the outcomes that may (not) occur
Provide a general working definition of the central phenomenon or idea
Includes words denoting the strategy of inquiry to be used in data collection, analysis, and process
of research
Mention the participants in the study
Identify the site for the research
Includes some language that delimits the scope of participation or the sites in the study

The quantitative purpose statement


A visual model clearly Identify the proposed major variables in a study (independent, intervening,
and dependent variables).
Locating and measuring how the variables will be measured or observed.
Using the variables quantitatively to relate variables as those typically found in a survey
Using the variables quantitatively to compare samples or groups in terms of an outcome as
commonly found in experiments.
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Major components of a quantitative purpose statement


Include words to signal the major intent of the study such as purpose, intent, or objective to signal
attention to this statement as the central controlling idea.
Identify the theory, model, or conceptual framework.
Use words to connect dependent and independent variables to indicate that they are related such
as the relationship of/ or the comparison of
Position the order of variables from left to right starting with I.V D.V
Mention the specify type of strategy of inquiry (survey or experiment)

Mixed methods purpose statement


Begin with signal words like the purpose of or the intent of
Indicate the overall intent of the study from a content perspective
Indicate the style of mixed methods type to be used
Discuss the reason for combining both quantitative and qualitative data
Include the characteristics or a good qualitative purpose statement
Include the characteristics or a good quantitative purpose statement
Consider adding information about the specific types of both qualitative and quantitative data
collection

Research question
What is a research question?
The fundamental core of a research project, study, or review of literature. It focuses the study,
determines the methodology, and guides all stages of inquiry, analysis, and reporting.
Begins with a research problem, an issue that investigator would like to study or to know more
about; or an issue that needs to be changed or addressed like:
- Areas of concern
- Conditions that could be improved
- Difficulties that need to be eliminated
- Questions seeking answers
Leads to a hypothesis or a research questions that should be
- Be worth investigating
- Contribute knowledge and value to the field
- Improve educational practice
- Improve the human conditions

Qualitative research question


Qualitative researchers state research questions: not objectives, not hypotheses
Two forms:
o Central question: broad question that asks for exploration of the central phenomenon or
concept in the study
o Sub-question: questions that narrow the focus of the study

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Types:
o Narrative inquiry
o Case study
o Grounded theory
o Phenomenology
o Ethnography

Quantitative research question and hypotheses


Quantitative researchers pose research questions or hypotheses to focus the studys purpose
Quantitative research questions about the relationship among variables that the investigator seeks
to know
Quantitative hypotheses
o Predictions the researcher makes about the expected relationships among variables
o Predictions about the population values that the researcher will estimate based on data
from a sample
Guidelines for writing
o Write questions or hypotheses, not both
o Consider 3 approaches to the variables for a question or hypotheses
Compare groups on an independent variable to see its impact on dependent variable
Relate on or more independent variables to one or more dependent variables
o Specify questions and hypotheses based on theory if possible
o Measure independent and dependent variables separately
o Generally use demographic information as intervening variables
o Use consistent words and ordering for independent and dependent variables
o If writing a hypotheses

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