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Research methods
techniques used for conduction of research, thus, refer to the methods the researchers use in
performing research operations.
Several methods: search engines, survey/questionnaire, interview, diary, and observation
Research design, known as plan or proposal to conduct research, involving the intersection of
philosophy/ philosophical worldviews
strategies of inquiry
specific methods/ procedures of research
Research Methods
Questions
Data collection
Data analysis
Interpretation
Write-up
Validation
Quantitative Strategies
Survey research (iu tra) provides a quantitative or numeric description of trends, attitudes, or
opinion of a population by studying a sample of that population
Experimental research (Thc nghim) seeks to determine if a specific treatment influences an
outcome. This impact is assessed by providing a specific treatment to one group and withholding it
from another and then determining how both groups scored on an outcome.
Qualitative Strategies
Ethnography (Dn tc hc thm nhp)
the researcher studies an intact cultural group in a natural setting over a prolonged period of time
by collecting, primarily, observation, and interviewing data
Phenomenology research (Hin tng hc)
Identify the essence of human experiences about a phenomenon as described by participants
Understand the lived experiences marks phenomenology as a philosophy as well as method, and
the procedure involves studying a small number of subjects through extensive and prolonged
engagement to develop patterns and relationships of meaning
Narrative research (tng thut/ li k)
Study the lives of individuals and asks one or more individuals to provide stories about their lives.
Seanorest
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
CHAPTER 2: PREVIEW OF LITERATURE
A literature review
Definition
It is an evaluative report of information found in the literature related to your selected area of study.
It describes summarizes, evaluates and clarifies this literature.
It goes beyond a descriptive annotated bibliography. All works included in the review must be read,
evaluated and analyzed.
Defined by a guiding concept (your research objective, the problem or issue you are discussing, or
your argumentative thesis)
Purposes
to convey to the reader what knowledge and ideas have been established on a topic, and what their
strengths and weaknesses are.
provide a context for the research
justify the research
ensure the research that had not been done before
show where the research fits into the existing body of knowledge
enable researcher to learn from previous theory on the subject
illustrate how the subject has been studied previously
highlight flaws in previous research
outline gaps in previous research
show that the work is adding to the understanding and knowledge of the field
help refine, refocus, and even change to topic
Steps
There is no single way to conduct a literature review.
1. Identify key words
2. Search the catalog for holdings
3. Identify the scope qui m
4. Skim articles on chapters, duplicate those that are central to your topic.
5. Designing a literature map
6. Draft summarizes of the most relevant articles
7. Assemble the literature review
Seanorest
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Steps
1. Choose topic
2. Decide on the scope of your review
3. Select the databases will be used to conduct research
4. Conduct your searchers and find the literature. Keep track of your searchers
5. Review the literature
Researchers have to
o Protect their participants from physical, emotional, and psychological harm.
o Develop trust with participants
o Promote the integrity of research
o Guard against misconduct and impropriety that might reflect their organizations or institutions.
o Cope with new, challenging problems
Misconduct
Fabrication (invent, produce false information)
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RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Falsification (change)
Plagiarism
Impropriety authorship abuses, exploiting research assistants, misleading statistical analyses, and
withholding data
Informed consent
A person knowingly, voluntarily, and intelligently, and in a clear and manifest way, gives his consent
Identification of the researcher, sponsoring institution, how the participants were selected, the
purpose of the research, benefits for participating, the level and type of participant involvement.
Notation of risks to the participant
Guarantee of confidentially to the participant
Assurance that the participant can withdraw at any time
Provision of names of persons to contact if questions arise
Note: Each variable should be exhaustive it should include all possible answerable responses
Moderating/moderator variables
the third variable that effects the correlation or the relationship between dependent and
independent variables.
Intervening variables
explains the relation or provides a causal link between other variables.
Also called mediating/intermediary variables
Seanorest
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Significant and meaning of a purpose statement.
The purpose statement
The central or controlling idea in the study
Indicates why you want to do the study and what you intend to accomplish
Conveys the overall intent of a proposed study in a sentence or several sentences
The purpose statement sets forth the intent of the study.
The research problem refers to a need for the study.
The research questions are those data collection tries to answer.
The statement of purpose sets the objectives, the intent, or a major idea of a proposal or a study. The
purpose statement builds on a need (a problem) and is refined into specific questions (the research
questions)
The qualitative purpose statement
Information about the central phenomenon explored in the study
The participants in the study
The research site
Emerging design
Using research words drawn from the language of qualitative inquiry
Research question
What is a research question?
The fundamental core of a research project, study, or review of literature. It focuses the study,
determines the methodology, and guides all stages of inquiry, analysis, and reporting.
Begins with a research problem, an issue that investigator would like to study or to know more
about; or an issue that needs to be changed or addressed like:
- Areas of concern
- Conditions that could be improved
- Difficulties that need to be eliminated
- Questions seeking answers
Leads to a hypothesis or a research questions that should be
- Be worth investigating
- Contribute knowledge and value to the field
- Improve educational practice
- Improve the human conditions
Seanorest
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Types:
o Narrative inquiry
o Case study
o Grounded theory
o Phenomenology
o Ethnography
Seanorest
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Seanorest