Nanoscience and Nanotechnology:

An Introduction

Chemistry 445
Spring 2004

30 March/1 April 2004

Chemistry 445: Science and Technology at the Nanoscale

Teri W. Odom
 Why Nano Rather than Something Else?
A popular, understandable (but largely incorrect?) vision
Drexler, Merkle, Joy, Golden, : little submarines; the
replicator
The spice of apocalypse: grey goo
Legitimate scientific opportunity
An inseparable mlange of accomplishment and hyperbole
Unified support from the physical (and biological) sciences
A common story for the physical sciences; strong
advocates across competing disciplines
High potential for technological relevance
Information; military/national security; biomedicine
A New, new thing: venture capital

Chemistry 445: Science and Technology at the Nanoscale

Teri W. Odom
 What is Nano (i.e. less than 100 nm)?
Small aggregates/Single atoms
Quantum phenomena (1-30 nm)
New materials
Ultrahigh surface area
Low defects
New properties
10 m
Hierarchical structures: bottom-up and
top-down
Biological/cellular machinery
ATPase, chloroplast, ribosome
Sensors smaller than a cell
Large numbers of components
High-density technologies (e.g., memory)
Complex systems

Chemistry 445: Science and Technology at the Nanoscale

Teri W. Odom
 What is Nanotechnology?

Basic research on man-made structures that:

Have at least one dimension of less than 100
nanometers;

Are designed through a process that exhibits

fundamental control over the physical and chemical
attributes of the structures; and

Can be combined to form larger structures.

* This definition is attributed to Mihail Roco, senior advisor to the National

Nanotechnology Initiative.

Chemistry 445: Science and Technology at the Nanoscale

Teri W. Odom
 1 mm 1000 m

100 m

10 m

1 m

100 nm

10 nm

1 nm

0.1 nm 1

Chemistry 445: Science and Technology at the Nanoscale

Teri W. Odom
 Instrumentation

Science

Technology

Designing Systems

Commercialization

Implications for Society

Chemistry 445: Science and Technology at the Nanoscale

Teri W. Odom
 New Tools: Scanning probe microscopy
Nanonics, Ltd.
Digital Instruments

C.D. Frisbee, U. Minnesota

Eigler et al., IBM Research

Chemistry 445: Science and Technology at the Nanoscale

Teri W. Odom
 New Tools: Electron Microscopy

Chemistry 445: Science and Technology at the Nanoscale

Teri W. Odom
 New Tools: Optical Microscopy

S. Block, Stanford

S. Chu (Stanford), Science 288, 2048 (2000) W. Moerner, Stanford

Chemistry 445: Science and Technology at the Nanoscale

Teri W. Odom
 Instrumentation

Science

Technology

Designing Systems

Commercialization

Implications for Society

Chemistry 445: Science and Technology at the Nanoscale

Teri W. Odom
 Science: New Physics
Single phonon counting
Single electron detection through mechanical motion

M. Roukes (Cal Tech)

Nature 404, 974 (2000) M. Roukes, Cal Tech

H. Park, P. Alivisatos, P. McEuen, U.C. Berkeley

Chemistry 445: Science and Technology at the Nanoscale

Teri W. Odom
 Science: New Chemistry

20 nm

20 m

M.G. Bawendi (MIT)

A.P. Alivisatos (U.C. Berkeley)

30 nm
C.M. Lieber, Phys. Rev. Lett. 83, 5334 (1999) C.M. Lieber (Harvard), Nature 391, 62 (1998)

Chemistry 445: Science and Technology at the Nanoscale

Teri W. Odom
 Science: Hybrid and Composite Materials

50 nm

F. Caruso (Max Planck Institute)

Adv. Mat. 14, 908 (2002)

R. Crooks, Texas A&M

InAs

Ge
InP

Si

30 nm
C.M. Lieber (Harvard), Nature m
20420, 57 (2002)
Lund U., U. Berkeley, Harvard

Chemistry 445: Science and Technology at the Nanoscale

Teri W. Odom
 Science: New Biology

X.S. Xie (Harvard), Science 282, 1877 (1998)

A. Libchaber (NEC) Science 298, 1759 (2002) 10 m

A.P. Alivisatos (U.C. Berkeley), Science 281, 2013 (1998)

Chemistry 445: Science and Technology at the Nanoscale

Teri W. Odom
 Science: Single molecule biophysics

S. Block, Stanford H.E. Gaub, U. Hamburg

S. Block, Stanford

Chemistry 445: Science and Technology at the Nanoscale

Teri W. Odom
 Instrumentation

Science

Technology

Designing Systems

Commercialization

Implications for Society

Chemistry 445: Science and Technology at the Nanoscale

Teri W. Odom
 Revolution or Evolution?

Chemistry 445: Science and Technology at the Nanoscale

Teri W. Odom
 Evolution and/or Revolution in Information
Systems?
Evolution Revolution
Ultradense memory True Nano ICs (<10 nm);
Faster microprocessors single molecule
Customized/specialized electronics
microprocessors Cellular automata
Portable systems Quantum computing
Medium performance/
Self-assembling /3D /
Low Cost Systems
Biomimetic systems
Organic compounds
as conductors and Bio-hybrids
semiconductors

Chemistry 445: Science and Technology at the Nanoscale

Teri W. Odom
 Revolutions in Technology
Microelectronics and Information Technology
Silicon, the transistor, photolithography, the integrated circuit,
displays, microprocessors and memory, software, the laser, optical
fiber, the world-wide web
Biotechnology
DNA, sex, the double helix, restriction endonucleases, cloning,
expression vectors, protein engineering, polymerase chain reaction,
the cell cycle, oncogenes, apoptosis, genetically engineered foods
Nanotechnology
Scanning probe microscopy, carbon nanotubes, nanowires, top-
down nanofabrication, colloidal chemistry, structural biology
?? Nano-IC, bio/IT interface, applied quantum strangeness/
quantum computation, self-assembly, molecular electronics,
mechanical genomic surgery, sophisticated biomimicry, synthetic
complexity ??

Chemistry 445: Science and Technology at the Nanoscale

Teri W. Odom
 Technology: Fabrication Top - down

100

S. Chou, Princeton

10

C. B. Murray, IBM

Self - assembly 50 nm

C. Lieber, Harvard
1 nm Bottom - up
Chemistry 445: Science and Technology at the Nanoscale
Teri W. Odom
 Transistors and Integrated Circuits

Courtesy of Lucent Courtesy of Texas Instruments

Brattain, Bardeen, and Shockley,
Invented 1947
(1956 Nobel Prize in Physics)

Jack Kilby and Robert Noyce,

Invented 1958
(2000 Nobel Prize in Physics)

Chemistry 445: Science and Technology at the Nanoscale

Teri W. Odom
 Technology: Electronics

37 nm

Texas Instruments, 2004 Production, 90 nm Line IBM

C.M. Lieber (Harvard), Science 294, 1313 (2001)

http://domino.research.ibm.com/Comm/bios.nsf/pages/logiccircuit.html

Chemistry 445: Science and Technology at the Nanoscale

Teri W. Odom
 Technology: (Molecular) Electronics

J. Heath (CalTech), Science 285, 391 (1999)

J. Heath (CalTech), Science 289, 1172 (2000) http://www.hpl.hp.com/research/qsr/gallery/images/molectronics.html

Chemistry 445: Science and Technology at the Nanoscale

Teri W. Odom
 Technology: Ultra-dense memory

C.B. Murray (IBM), J. of App. Phys. 85, 4325 (1999)

S.K. Streiffer (Argonne), Nature 406, 1032 (2000)

http://www.research.ibm.com/resources/news/20020611_millipede.shtml

Chemistry 445: Science and Technology at the Nanoscale

Teri W. Odom
 Technology: Photonics

P. Yang (Berkeley), Science

C.M Lieber (Harvard), Nature

Samsung Electronics
M. Bawendi, MIT

Chemistry 445: Science and Technology at the Nanoscale

Teri W. Odom
 Technology: Optoelectronics

C.M Lieber (Harvard), Nature

C.M Lieber (Harvard), Nature 421, 241 (2003)

Chemistry 445: Science and Technology at the Nanoscale

Teri W. Odom
 Technology: Biology and Nanopores
K+ ion channel

G. Golovchenko and D. Branton (Harvard)

Nature 412, 166 (2001).

Chemistry 445: Science and Technology at the Nanoscale

Teri W. Odom
 Technology: Biology and Imaging

10 m MRI contrast
agent
Quantum Dot Inc.

T. Hyeon et al., Seoul National Univ., 2001

Chemistry 445: Science and Technology at the Nanoscale

Teri W. Odom
 Technology: Biological Sensors

Biotin

K a,surf
Ag + Ag

Glass Streptavidin Glass

R.P. Van Duyne (Northwestern), JACS 124, 10596 (2002)

J. K. Gimzewski (IBM Zurich), Science 288, 316 (2000)

Chemistry 445: Science and Technology at the Nanoscale

Teri W. Odom
 Technology: Chemical Sensors

H. Bayley (Texas A&M) Nature 398, 668 (1999)

C. Lieber (Harvard), Science 293, 1289 (2001) H. Dai (Stanford), Science 287, 622 (2000)

Chemistry 445: Science and Technology at the Nanoscale

Teri W. Odom
 Technology: Catalysis

A.T. Bell (Berkeley), Science 299, 1688 (2003)

A.T. Bell (Berkeley), Science 299, 1688 (2003)

D.R. Rolison (NRL), Science 299, 1698 (2003)

Chemistry 445: Science and Technology at the Nanoscale

Teri W. Odom
 Instrumentation

Science

Technology

Designing Systems

Commercialization

Implications for Society

Chemistry 445: Science and Technology at the Nanoscale

Teri W. Odom
 Designing Nanoscale Systems
Individual components + assembly System

Michael W. Davidson, FSU

Chemistry 445: Science and Technology at the Nanoscale

Teri W. Odom
 Assembly and Self-Assembly
Ribosome Peptide-amphiphile nanofibers

Nematic liquid crystal

G. Whitesides (Harvard), PNAS 99, 4769 (2002)

G. Whitesides (Harvard), Science 295, 2418 (2002)

Chemistry 445: Science and Technology at the Nanoscale

Teri W. Odom
 Nanoscale materials made by self-assembly
C atoms
r (nm) (sphere) Fabrication
Top-Down
1,000 7x1011

100 7x108

10 7x105
25 nm

1 7x102

0.1 0.7 Synthesis Pt50/Fe50

Bottom-Up C.B. Murray (IBM), Science 287, 1989 (2000)

Chemistry 445: Science and Technology at the Nanoscale

Teri W. Odom
 Assembled, functional, and static systems

Y. Xia, Adv. Mater. 13, 1605 (2001)

C. M. Lieber, Science 291, 630 (2001) G. M. Whitesides, Science 289, 1170 (2000)

G. Whitesides (Harvard), Science 295, 2418 (2002)

Chemistry 445: Science and Technology at the Nanoscale

Teri W. Odom
 Dynamic systems and nanoscale motion

www.pub.ucsf.edu

www.veeco.com

Nanoscale machines?
NEMS
Biological motors
www.zyvex.com

Chemistry 445: Science and Technology at the Nanoscale

Teri W. Odom
 The Cell: The Machinery of Life

1 m

Chemistry 445: Science and Technology at the Nanoscale

Teri W. Odom
 Biological Motors: ATP Synthase and Flagella
Eutreptiella Flagellate

2 m
Molecular Biology of the Cell, 2002

Chemistry 445: Science and Technology at the Nanoscale

Teri W. Odom
 Instrumentation

Science

Technology

Designing Systems

Commercialization

Implications for Society

Chemistry 445: Science and Technology at the Nanoscale

Teri W. Odom
 Nanotechnology in the News

Chemistry 445: Science and Technology at the Nanoscale

Teri W. Odom
 Targets of Nanotechnology
Advanced Materials
Five minute health swab tests
Interactive glucose sensing
Human repair
Genomic Medicine
Optical Computers
Self-monitoring food packaging
Fully target drug delivery
Heatless lights (LEDs)
Efficient solar radiation capture
Electronics and photonics

Chemistry 445: Science and Technology at the Nanoscale

Teri W. Odom
 Nanotechnology Today
$22 billion industry
Heterogeneous catalysts
Zeolite MCM-41 for higher octane gasoline
Cracking hydrocarbons
40% of gas produced this way
Wilson Tennis Balls
Oil of Olay and LOreal
NanoPants (Nano-Care Khakis)

Eddie Bauer

Chemistry 445: Science and Technology at the Nanoscale

Teri W. Odom
 Worldwide Government Spending on
Nanotechnology
FY 2001 Western Europe: $ 300 M
Japan: $430 M
U.S.A.: $450 M
Rest of the World: $ 180 M

Japan

U.S.A.
Rest of the
World

Western Source: Scientific American,

Europe NSF, UK Dept. Of Defense,
www.nanobusiness.org

Chemistry 445: Science and Technology at the Nanoscale

Teri W. Odom
 Worldwide Government Spending on
Nanotechnology Today

FY 2003 Western Europe: $699 M

Japan: $810 M
U.S.A.: $774 M Total Worldwide: $3.083 B
Asia: $800 M

Western
Asia Europe
U.S.A. Japan

Source: NSF
www.nanotechfoundation.org

Chemistry 445: Science and Technology at the Nanoscale

Teri W. Odom
 Nanomaterials Outlook

Air Products
BASF
Bayer
BHP Billiton
Boeing
Canon
CDP Capital
DSM
Henkel
Honda
Schott Group
Unilever

Source: C&E News (Sept. 1, 2003)

Chemistry 445: Science and Technology at the Nanoscale

Teri W. Odom
 US Government Outlook: 10-15 years
Need 1-2 million workers
$1 Trillion industry
New materials ($340 Billion)
Electronics ($300 Billion)
Pharmaceuticals ($180 Billion)
Transportation ($70 Billion)

Chemistry 445: Science and Technology at the Nanoscale

Teri W. Odom
 Commercialization of Technology
University Industry

Large Companies
Science (Evolutionary IT)

Technology Transfer

Start-up Companies
Technology
Business Proposal

Venture Companies
Manufacturing
(New technologies)

Chemistry 445: Science and Technology at the Nanoscale

Teri W. Odom
 Nanotechnology Start-up Companies

Converting the Promises of Nanotechnology into Reality

Chemistry 445: Science and Technology at the Nanoscale

Teri W. Odom
 Instrumentation

Science

Technology

Designing Systems

Commercialization

Implications for Society

Chemistry 445: Science and Technology at the Nanoscale

Teri W. Odom
 Issues in Policy
Research: What (and How) to Support?
Balancing applied, fundamental, and exploratory research
and development; National Initiatives
Nanobots/Grey Goo/Assemblers
Emphasis on nano may detract from micro (-fluidics,
MEMS, -optics, -TAS)
Commercialization: Involving Business
Small Start-ups: Innovation
Large Businesses: Development, manufacturing, distribution
Education
Can one pour new wine from old bottles?
Public Perception
Hyperbole and Reality; Risk

Chemistry 445: Science and Technology at the Nanoscale

Teri W. Odom
 Impacts on Society
Portable Technology

Strengthened Capitalism
high-quality jobs for better or worse
Improved National Security
in an age of asymmetric warfare and terrorism: global
surveillance; universal awareness
New Understanding of Nature
complex systems, materials, biomachines, single molecules

Loss of Privacy
very large databases; quantum computation; decryption;
universal genomics.
Alienation
Any technology, if sufficiently advanced, is indistinguishable from magic
Global Economic/Technological Segregation
Chemistry 445: Science and Technology at the Nanoscale
Teri W. Odom
 A Culture of Connectivity

Chemistry 445: Science and Technology at the Nanoscale

Teri W. Odom
 Privacy and Information

Chemistry 445: Science and Technology at the Nanoscale

Teri W. Odom
 Information

2010: 15 Petabits (1016) / $250,000

Human Genome: 10 Gigabits (1011)

For a few million dollars, one could

store the complete genome of every
American and European

for several more, could add credit

card records, telephone logs, travel
history, etc

Chemistry 445: Science and Technology at the Nanoscale

Teri W. Odom
 Environmental Impacts
ETC group
www.etcgroup.org
Greenpeace
Environmental and Energy
Systems Institute (Rice)

Nanoparticles
Penetration in living cells EESI
Production of copious Environmental & Energy Systems
Institute
quantities of Rice University
Effects on soil and ground
water

Chemistry 445: Science and Technology at the Nanoscale

Teri W. Odom
 Where Does Nano Stand?
Exciting science
- New discoveries are the current push
- Life may be the ultimate inspiration

A high level of hyperbole

Nanotechnology is already developing

- Electronics and materials
- Contributions from discovery and development

A high potential for eventual impact on society

- Information, genomics, privacy

Chemistry 445: Science and Technology at the Nanoscale

Teri W. Odom