Polytechnic University of the Philippines

Quezon City

World Literature
LITE 1023

Group 3
Submitted by:
Bulatao, Christian Garen
Caseas, Allen Ronald
Casuncad, Kimberly Anne
Cereneo, Ruth Eve
Edora, Carissa Mae
Gilbuena, Marianne
Lacsamana, Emmanuel John
Madronero, Lorainne Anne
Reyes, Louie May

Submitted to:
Prof. Ma. Zandra Rosal
Terrorism
The word terrorism first appeared in English in 1795, referring to the Reign of Terror during the French
Revolution. As Alex P. Schmid notes, in 1793, the revolutionary leader Maximilien Robespierre and the
delegates to the French National Convention had decided that terror through repression and bloodshed
was legitimate state policy. By 1794, however, the delegates had begun to fear that Robespierre would
turn on them. They accused him of a criminal abuse of power, which they called terrorisme, and they sent
him to the guillotine. Thus in late nineteenth-century France, terrorism became a legal instrument of the
state.

The dictionary definitions of terrorism are usually simple and clear, though. They often go something like
this: The use of violence, or the threat of violence, to frighten people in order to achieve a political, social,
or religious goal. As of this posting, the Oxford Dictionary (US English) defines terrorism as the use of
violence and intimidation in the pursuit of political aims, yet The Oxford Dictionary (British & World
English) further elucidates terrorism as the unofficial or unauthorized use of violence and intimidation in
the pursuit of political aims. It would seem that theres no universal consensus about what constitutes
terrorism.

Understandings of terrorism emphasize other aspects as well: Terrorism disregards the rules of war. Its
asymmetric, involving the weak vs. the strong, the armed vs. the unarmed, etc. Sometimes its used to
provoke an over-reaction, other times to avenge a perceived wrong or to undermine public order and
security. Terrorism is typically premeditated.

History of Terrorism
The first recorded use of "terrorism" and "terrorist" was in 1795, relating to the Reign of Terror instituted
by the French government. The use of "terrorist" to signify anti-government activities was recorded in
1866 referring to Ireland, and in 1883 referring to Russia.

Throughout history humans have terrorized their neighbors to generate fear and compel changes in
behavior. At the dawn of China's imperial age, T'ai Kung, the first Chinese general and progenitor of
strategic thought, described the "spreading of civil offensives" to sow dissension, demoralize the populace
and incapacitate the government.

In the modern period, all regular armies have recruited "irregulars" to do their dirty work: Cossacks,
hunters, Hussars, all were used to draw a civilized veil over the actions of their sponsors as they raped
and pillaged in towns and across countrysides. (Ironically, Ivan the First had to subdue the very Cossacks
he used to pacify the Muslim regions of Russia; today the U.S. is forced to "subdue" the Muslims we used
to pacify Russia.)

Today terrorism must be viewed within the context of the modern nation-state. Indeed, it was the rise of a
bureaucratic state, which could not be destroyed by the death of one leader that forced terrorists to widen
their scope of targets in order to create a public atmosphere of anxiety and undermine confidence in
government. This reality is at the heart of the ever more violent terrorism of the last 100 years, from
anarchists' assassinations to hijackings and suicide bombings.
Cause and effect of Terrorism
Causes of Terrorism

Loosely defined, terrorism is the use of violence with the aim of furthering a political or ideological goal at
the expense of the general population. Terrorism can take many forms and has many causes, often more
than one. It can have its roots in religious, social, or political conflicts, often when one community is
oppressed by another.

Some terrorist events are singular acts linked to a particular historical moment, such as the assassination
of Austria's Archduke Franz Ferdinand in 1914, which touched off World War I.

Other terrorist attacks are part of an ongoing campaign that may last years or even generations, as was
the case in Northern Ireland from 1968 to 1998.

Historical Roots

Although acts of terror and violence have been committed for centuries, terrorism's modern roots can be
traced to the French Revolution's Reign of Terror in 179495, with its gruesome public beheadings,
violent street battles, and bloodthirsty rhetoric. It was the first time in modern history that mass violence
was used in such a fashion, but it would not be the last.

In the latter half of the 19th century, terrorism would emerge as the weapon of choice for nationalists,
particularly in Europe as ethnic groups chafed under the rule of empires. The Irish National Brotherhood,
which sought Irish independence from Britain, carried out a number of bomb attacks in England in the
1880s. About the same time in Russia, the socialist group Narodnaya Volya began a campaign against
the royalist government, ultimately assassinating Tsar Alexander II in 1881.

In the 20th century, acts of terrorism became more prevalent throughout the world as political, religious,
and social activists agitated for change. In the 1930s, Jews living in occupied Palestine conducted a
campaign of violence against the British occupiers in a quest to create the state of Israel.

In the 1970s, Palestinian terrorists used then-novel methods such as hijacking airplanes to further their
cause. Other groups, espousing new causes like animal rights and environmentalism, committed acts of
violence in the 1980s and '90s. And in the 21st century, the rise of pan-nationalist groups like ISIS that
use social media to connect its members have killed thousands in attacks in Europe, the Middle East, and
Asia.

Causes and Motivations

Although people resort to terrorism for a number of reasons, experts attribute most acts of violence to
three major factors:

Political. People choose terrorism when they are trying to right what they perceive to be a social
or political or historical wrong. During the "Troubles" in Northern Ireland, which stretched from
1968 to 1998, Catholic and Protestant groups waged an ongoing campaign of violence against
one another in Northern Ireland and in England, seeking political dominance.

Religious. In the 1990s, a number of religion made headlines. The Japanese doomsday cult
Aum Shinrikyo perpetrated two deadly sarin gas attacks in the Tokyo subways in 1994 and '95. In
the Middle East, numerous suicide attacks since the 1980s have been celebrated as the work of
Islamic martyrs.
 Socioeconomic. Various forms of deprivation can drive people to terrorism, in particular, poverty,
lack of education, or lack of political freedom. The group Shining Path carried out a years-long
campaign of violence against Peru's government in the 1980s and early '90s in an attempt to
create a Marxist state.

This explanation of the causes of terrorism may be difficult to swallow. It sounds too simple or too
theoretical. However, if you look at any group that is widely understood as a terrorist group, you will find
these elements are basic to their story.

Analysis

Rather than seek the causes of terrorism itself, a better approach is to determine the conditions that make
terror possible or likely. Sometimes these conditions have to do with the people who become terrorists;
they are described as having certain psychological traits, like narcissistic rage.

And some conditions have to do with the circumstances they live in, such as political or social repression,
or economic strife.

Terrorism is a complex phenomenon; it is a specific kind of political violence committed by people who do
not have a legitimate army at their disposal. There is nothing inside any person or in their circumstances
that send them directly to terrorism. Instead, certain conditions make violence against civilians seem like
a reasonable and even necessary option.

Stopping the cycle of violence is rarely simple or easy. Although the Good Friday Agreement of 1998
brought an end to the violence in Northern Ireland, for example, the peace remains a fragile one. And
despite nation-building efforts in Iraq and Afghanistan, terrorism remains a daily fact of life after more than
a decade of Western intervention. Only time and commitment by a majority of the parties involved can
resolve a conflict.

The FBI defines terrorism as the unlawful use of force or violence against persons or property to
intimidate or coerce a government, the civilian population, or any segment thereof, in furtherance of
political or social objectives. While horrific tragedies such as 9/11, the Charlie Hebdo attack, the Paris
attacks, the Brussels bombings and the nice rampage are etched into recent Western memory, the
Middle East has seen more than 1,500 terrorist attacks since the beginning of 2015. These events beg
the question: what are the causes of terrorism and can it be prevented?

Social infrastructure

Social conditions like poverty can leave populations vulnerable to terrorist activity. In 2015, the executive
director of the World Food Programme (WFP) Ertharin Cousins explained that many young men struggle
to feed their families and terrorists often exploit this vulnerability. As food prices in Pakistan soared in
2009, extremist groups used food to advance their causes. Social psychologist Albert Bandura has
concluded that social conditions matter more than personality traits when it comes to committing atrocious
acts.

Following this logic, some argue that lack of education can also cause terrorism. Some madrassas
Islamic religious schools embed extremist philosophies in their curriculums. In an interview with Vali
Nasr, an authority on Islamic fundamentalism, PBS discovered that poor children of Afghani and Pakistani
peasants encounter radical indoctrination when enrolling in these madrassas. To meet the need for
proper education and to combat this issue, the U.S. House of Representatives passed the Reinforcing
Education Accountability Act (READ) to improve basic quality education in developing and war-torn
countries. This Act is awaiting a vote in the U.S. Senate.

Having been on the frontlines of the global war on terror, many in the U.S. military have argued for
greater investment in non-military tools of development. Approximately 75 percent of soldiers who served
in Afghanistan and Iraq believed that non-military tools, such as diplomacy and development assistance,
would have helped make their work more effective. After multiple deployments, Force Recon commander
Jake Harriman suggested that terrorism is primarily caused by extreme poverty. In 2010, 50 retired three
and four-star generals called on Congress to increase the International Affairs Budget. The International
Affairs Budget is roughly one percent of the federal budget.

Yet, many still dispute that poverty is a root cause of terrorism, and a number of scholars have
demonstrated that national income is not significantly associated with terrorism. However, David Sterman,
a research associate for New Americas International Security Program, argues that researchers must
focus on how poverty might have different effects depending on the context. One cannot completely
erase the relationship between poverty and terrorism in Afghanistan, one of the worlds poorest countries
with the second-highest level of terrorist activity.

A struggle centuries old

Other suggested causes of terrorism are Western imperialism and apathy. A 2001 article in the New
Yorker outlines Muslim history, a culture that emphasizes its deep roots and a religion that became the
basic unit of organization between nations. During the medieval ages, the Islamic empire was the richest,
most powerful and most enlightened civilization on earth. Napoleon Bonapartes landing in Egypt in 1798
marked the first time that a small Western force had invaded the heartland of Islam. The article argues
that the Muslim world, after failed partnerships with Germany and the Soviet Union, viewed the U.S. as an
imperial overlord.

Even without direct interference in Middle Eastern nations, American leaders complied with the corrupt
tyrants that ruled over them. After Syrias Hafiz-al-Assad murdered more than 10,000 civilians in response
to a 1982 uprising, U.S. leaders continued to court the former president. In 1991, the U.S. called for the
Iraqi people to revolt against Saddam Hussein. In 2015, Al Jazeera, a Doha-based state broadcaster,
reported that approximately one million Iraqi civilians were killed during the war on terror. This represents
five percent of the countrys population.

Former Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) operative Amaryllis Fox described an encounter she had with a
former Al Qaeda fighter. From the perspective of a scrappy rebel fighter without many resources, he
described the U.S. as a technologically advanced invader. The rebels portray themselves as the
underdogs. Fox emphasizes the need for a dialogue between the two sides to end this cycle of violence.

Where are we now?

The psychological causes of terrorism are both individual and collective. At the individual level, terrorists
romanticize their cause to younger men, especially through social media channels. Social camaraderie
and a sense of identity are vital for extremist recruitment. As globalization brings people of many different
cultural values together, the American Psychology Association (APA) suggests the existence of a rise in a
cultural version of survival of the fittest. Online news magazine Vox argues that terrorists seek this type
of ideological war.

As President Trumps rhetoric has begun to legitimize this ideological war, a poll conducted by USA
Today found that 55 percent of 10,000 people surveyed in 10 European countries supported Trumps
immigration ban centered on Muslim-majority nations. The Institute for Economics and Peace discovered
that many foreign fighters join terrorist networks due to feelings of exclusion in their home countries.
Although the underlying causes of terrorism may not be straightforward, there is reason to believe that the
kind of ideological justification for an immigration ban policy could potentially leave people vulnerable to
terrorism.

After jihadists slaughtered 132 people in a Paris nightclub, French ambassador Grard Araud declared
on CNN, It is not because you are unemployed that you blow yourself up in a theater...the problem is
radical Islam. Yet, unemployment among Muslim youth is estimated by Eurostat to be 40 percent in
France and 50 percent in Germany. Can there be any doubt that financial desperationnot religionis
handing terrorist recruiters a huge pool of potential foot soldiers?

To cut recruiters off at the knees, the United States must encourage its allies to commit to new strategies
to integrate Muslim youth into their economies. According to Brandeis professor Andrew Hahn, Studies
demonstrate that entrepreneurship education programs are among the few strategies that work during
periods of massive youth joblessness,

We blame religion and ignore the economic underpinnings of terrorism at our peril. We can fight back with
entrepreneurship education, and initiatives that will encourage a worldwide entrepreneurial eco-system to
take root, instead of poisonous ideologies.

An Historic Pattern: Youth Unemployment Leads to War

Viewed historically, it is no surprise that high rates of youth unemployment could lead to shocking acts of
violence. In The Bachelor Bomb: This Lost Generation of Young Men is Threatening Global
Stability, Quartz editor Gwynn Guilford explores the close relationship between surging populations of
underemployed young men and revolutions or wars. Clear examples she cites include the English
Revolution (1642-51), the French Revolution of 1789, and the emergence of the Nazi Party in the 1930s.

Since 2005, France has suffered through a series of youth riots ignited by rage over unemployment and
discrimination. In her 2007 paper for the Institute for Social Policy and Understanding, Muslims in
France: French or Muslim, What Is the Choice? Moushumi Khan argued that the riots exploded out of
French Muslim frustration at not getting rights of equal citizenshipincluding employment. Khan added:
The degree of misinformation and prejudice about Muslims in Europe clouds any examination of the
underlying reasons for social unrest.

Studies Prove Entrepreneurship Education Changes Minds

When I began teaching in New York Citys public high schools in 1982, I was only able to reach my angry,
disenfranchised low-income students when I started teaching them about business. Once I started using
business lessons to get their attention, I discovered that they coped exceptionally well with the stress of
business risk. They were eager to learn how to make money, and worked hard with great enthusiasm
once they were shown how to create and run their own small businesses. They became interested in
improving their math, reading and writing skills because these helped them run their businesses, and
were less likely to drop out.

But I couldnt prove it.

Luckily, starting in 1997, Brandeis and Harvard University partnered with the Network for Teaching
Entrepreneurship (NFTE) for two decades to conduct the first-ever double-blind studies on the effect of
entrepreneurship education on low-income youth. The studies showed that students exposed to
entrepreneurship education developed:

A 32% increase in attending college.

A 4X increase in occupational aspirations.
Three times as many new businesses as the control group.

The Harvard study also concluded that students learned critical thinking and collaboration skills which
created a psychology of entrepreneurship and made them stronger candidates for employment.

France Begins Entrepreneurship Education Initiative

Education is a priority in France, with 21 percent of the annual national budget earmarked for it, yet
according to the French Council of Economic Analysis, roughly 150,000 young people drop out of school
annually.

In 2014, France recognized entrepreneurship education as a cross-curricular objective at all levels of

school education, according to School Education Gateways report Entrepreneurship Education in
France. France has begun to add entrepreneurship objectives into the national curriculum and target
Junior Achievement (Entreprenedre pour Apprendre) programs to low-income youth. These initiatives are
small, yet encouraging.

Sub-Saharas Entrepreneurship Boom

Meanwhile, the 2014 and 2016 GEM Global Reportsthe worlds largest entrepreneurship studyfound
burgeoning entrepreneurial activity in the worlds poorest economies.Ten sub-Saharan economies
Angola, Botswana, Ethiopia, Ghana, Malawi, Namibia, Nigeria, South Africa, Uganda, and Zambiaare
in the midst of an entrepreneurial revolution that is invigorating the region with new opportunities,
increased employment, and a robust rise in gross domestic product, according to GEM.

American foreign policymakers need to be aware of this activity. We and our allies can help encourage
entrepreneurial eco-systems to take root in Nigeria, for example, to help low-income youth resist the lure
of Boko Haram and other violent extremist groups

The GEM Report found an incredible ability for people here to create their own jobs, and in many cases,
jobs for others, adding, entrepreneurship in sub-Saharan Africa can contribute substantially toward
providing income for families and lifting communities out of poverty.

EFFECTS OF TERRORISM

1. Direct Economic Destruction

Terrorists destroy existing plants, machines, transportation systems, workers and other economic
resources. On smaller scales, acts of terrorism may blow up cafes, churches or roads.
2. Increased Uncertainty in the Markets

Even if you do not live anywhere near terrorist attacks, you might still be negatively impacted indirectly.
This is because all kinds of markets hate uncertainty, and terrorism creates a lot of it.

3. Society impact

Creates atmosphere of suspicion, fear and panic everywhere.

4. Emotional Impact

Causes mental trauma to the victims.

CASE OF TERRORISM IN ASIA

1. April 1995: Abu Sayyaf militants raid the mostly Christian town of Ipil in southern Philippines,
killing more than 50 people after robbing banks and stores and burning the town center.
2. April 2000: Abu Sayyaf gunmen seize 21 people, including Western tourists, from a Malaysian
resort and take them to their Philippine stronghold on Jolo Island; most are released in exchange
for millions of dollars in ransom reportedly paid by Libya.
3. May 2001: Americans and other tourists are snatched from the Dos Palmas resort in the
southwestern Philippine province of Palawan, starting a yearlong kidnapping saga that leaves
several hostages dead, including Americans Guillermo Sobero and Martin Burnham.
4. August 2001: 33 Christian residents of Balobo village on southern Philippines Basilan Island are
taken hostage and 10 are beheaded.
5. October 2002: Triple bombings on Bali, Indonesia, kill 202, mostly foreign tourists, including 88
Australians. Police say al-Qaida helped fund the attacks.
6. October 2002: A nail-laden bomb detonates in Zamboanga city in southern Philippines, killing
four, including an American Green Beret. Four more bomb attacks during the month, killing 16,
are blamed on Abu Sayyaf.
7. August 2003: A suicide bomber attacks the J.W. Marriott Hotel in Jakarta, killing 11.
8. February 2004: A bomb on a passenger ferry in Manila Bay kills 116 in the Philippines worst
terrorist strike.
9. April 2004: Three crewmen of a Malaysian tugboat are abducted off Malaysias Sabah state; they
are believed to have either died of illness or killed by their captors.
10. September 2004: A suicide bomber detonates a ton of explosives packed into a delivery van
outside the Australian Embassy in Jakarta, killing 11 and wounding 200.
11. February 2005: Almost simultaneous bombings in Manila and two southern cities kill eight and
wound more than 100.
12. October 2005: Triple suicide bombers kill 20 in attacks on restaurants in Bali.
13. January 2009: Gunmen on Jolo kidnap three aid workers of the International Committee of the
Red Cross from Switzerland, Italy and the Philippines. They are freed separately, reportedly after
ransom is paid.
14. July 2011: Filipino militants kidnap an American, her teenage son and Filipino cousin. She is
freed two months later and the boy escapes in December.
15. February 2012: Gunmen seize two tourists, one Dutch and one Swiss, in Tawi-Tawi province in
southern Philippines.
16. August 19, 1978: the Cinemax Red located in Abadan in central west Iran was set on fire killing at
least 422 individuals. This attack took place when hundreds of people watching The Deer in the
Cinema were set ablaze by four men who had already barred the entrance doors. Everyone
trapped inside the cinema conflagrated to death.
 17. October 29, 2005: In New Delhi, three explosions occurred, leading to a death toll of 62, and an
injury count of 210 people. The plans were laid perfectly, just two days in advance of Diwali, a
major festival of India. The bombs were triggered in two markets in central and south Delhi. It is
believed that the Kashmir separatist group Lashkar-e-Taiba was behind these attacks.
18. August 5, 1949: In the Jewish quarter of Damascus, Syria Menarsha Synagogue was under a
grenade attack that resulted in 12 deaths, out of which eight were children. The attack took place
on a Friday evening which was to coincide with the Lausanne Conference, following the 1949
Armistice Agreement which was signed on July 20 of the same year. Several hand grenades
were thrown into the synagogue resulting in serious injuries of at least 30
19. May 7, 1949: A Philippine-o airliner exploded in midair after 30 minutes into flight on 7th of May,
Saturday; killing 13 passengers including the flight crew. The flight was scheduled to travel from
Daet to Manila. Investigators and historians believe that the job must have been done with the
help of a time-bomb, which detonated right after 30 minutes of the flights departure near Alabat
Island.
20. March 7, 1954: In Israel, eleven passengers on a carrier bus were shot dead by attackers who
ambushed and boarded the bus in the middle of the day. Male Akrabim is Hebrew for the
Scorpions Pass, which is a narrow, winding grade old road that connects Eilat and Beersheba,
just south of Makhtesh Katan. The pass was on the primary route between Eilat and central Israel
in 1954. Four passengers survived the attack, from whom two were Israeli soldiers, a woman and
a five-year old girl Miri Fristenberg, whose parents were killed in the attack.
21. October 23, 1989: During the Lebanese Civil War, the Beirut Bombing was basically two truck
bombs that had struck separate buildings housing United States and French military forces
members of the multinational force on the 23rd of October, resulting in more than 299 fatalities.
The trucks were driven and struck on the respective buildings by suicide bombers. 241 American
servicemen: consisting 220 Marines, 18 sailors and three soldiers were killed in the attack on the
American Barracks along with sixty Americans that were seriously injured representing the
deadliest single-day death toll for the United States Marin Corps since the World War IIs, Battle
of Iwo Jima.
22. November 26, 2008: Coordinated shooting and bombing attacks began on 26 November and
continued till 29th of November 2008 across Mumbai, including at The Taj and Trident hotels. It
killed almost 173 people while injured at least 308. It is said that the attacks were carried out by
Islamic terrorists from neighboring country Pakistan. The distressful incident drew widespread
condemnation from all around the world.

HERE ARE THE TOP 10 WORST TERORRISM ATTACK OCCURRED IN THE PHILIPPINES

1. Plaza Miranda Bombing August 21, 1971

- A very public tragic event which was heavily-cited by the Marcos administration as an aggression
that called for an iron hand (i.e. Martial Law). During a political rally of the opposition Liberal Party
where party stalwarts were on stage (Senator Jovito Salonga, LP President Gerry Roxas), two
hand grenades were thrown on stage causing panic and instant deaths. The event is key as it
provided additional pretext for the imposition of Martial Law.

Probable Cause of Attack: political

Dead: 9 Wounded: 95

2. Nunungan Massacre April 22, 2013

- In that quaint town in Northern Mindanao, just after 4PM, gunmen, without warning whatsoever,
opened fire on a truck which carried incumbent mayor Abdulmalik Manamparan and supporters
on their way home after a campaign sortie. Relatives of the mayor and friends were killed.
Probable Cause of Attack: Family Feud

Dead: 13 Wounded: 10

3. General Santos Bombing April 20, 2002

- A bomb exploded inside a department store killing instantly 15 people while wounding dozens.
Subsequently two other bombs exploded at a nearby gas station and bus terminal. General
Santos is a predominantly Christian city of 800,000 residents.

Probable Cause of Attack: Abu Sayyaf

Dead: 15 Wounded: 55+

4. Sibago Island Massacre January 24, 2012

- Three pump boats carrying unidentified gunmen approached and opened fired on a group of
fishermen fishing in an artificial fish shelter (payao) off Sibago Island in Basilan, ARMM. Victims
were all Pagadian residents.

Probable Cause of Attack: Piracy

Dead: 15 Wounded: 3

5. Dos Palmas Hostage Crisis May 27, 2001

- This was one was all over the news, locally and globally. Dos Palmas, Palawan was home to
many tourists and the nice beaches attracted a thriving tourism activity. Everything changed in an
instant when the Abu Sayyaf seized twenty hostages and laid waste to the beautiful paradise in
the ensuing hostage crisis. When everythings settled, dozens were dead with 2 Americans,
Guillermo Sobero and Martin Burnham, beheaded.

Probable Cause of Attack: Abu Sayyaf

Dead: 40+ Wounded: Many

6. Rizal Day Bombings December 30, 2000

- Within a span of an hour, a series of explosions occurred in 5 different locations leaving dozens
of people dead and more wounded. The locations of the bombings were key areas in Metro
Manila: NAIA airport, EDSA, Plaza Ferguson, EDSA-bound bus, Blumentritt train cab.

Probable Cause of Attack: Islamist Extremists

Dead: 22 Wounded: 120+

7. Baguio Bombing: March 18, 1987

- In President Corys transition to power, the military, many of whom had been loyal to the late
strongman Marcos, was dragging its feet, to say the least. In a military academy in Baguio, on the
day when President Cory Aquino was scheduled to speak, an explosion happened at the
specially-built grandstand at exactly 10AM.

Probable Cause of Attack: Disgruntled Military

Dead: 4 Wounded: 38+

8. Lady Mediatrix Bombing February 25, 2000

 - An incendiary bomb exploded inside a bus loaded on the ferry Lady Mediatrix as it was nearing
bay crossing Panguil Bay going to Ozamiz City. People were killed on the spot while some had
the chance to jump into the sea.

Probable Cause of Attack: Islamist Extremists

Dead: 41 Wounded: 100+

9. Ipil Attack April 4, 1995

- This event made Ipil, a town of 50,000 people, splashed on all front pages of all dailies. At the
break of dawn 200 gunmen, heavily-armed, attacked the peaceful town of Ipil in the Zamboanga
Peninsula. Banks were robbed, town centers burned to the ground and people were used as
human shield. Almost a billion pesos were looted with 8 commercial banks ransacked.

Probable Cause of Attack: Abu Sayyaf

Dead: 53 Wounded: 48+

10. Super Ferry Bombing February 26, 2004

- And the biggest so far, with over a hundred dead is one that involves a large commercial ship,
Super Ferry. The bomb used was an 8-pound TNT bomb placed strategically on board at the
lower deck. At 11PM, off the island of El Fraile in the CALABARZON province, a massive
explosion tore the ship, causing fire and sending it to the depths.

Probable Cause of Attack: Terrorism, Abu Sayyaf

Dead: 116 Wounded: Unaccounted for

Currently, the Philippines is having fight against the Maute-Isis in Marawi that started on May 23, 2017.
As of September 29, 2017, it is currently on the healing and restoration process.

CASE OF TERRORISM IN EUROPE

There is a long history of terrorism in Europe. This has often been linked to nationalist and separatist
movements, while other acts have been related to political extremism (including anarchism, far-right and
far-left extremism) or religious extremism.

Pre-World War II
European states were at the fore of plans for an international
criminal court under the League of Nations in the 1930s, working
through the Committee for the Repression of Terrorism (CRT).
The CRT sought to define terrorism and get nation's domestic
policies to support anti-terrorism activities. Opposition by Britain
and tensions over fascism in Germany and Italy limited the final
proposals.
Terrorism in Europe

Terrorism in Europe around the beginning of the twentieth

century was often associated with anarchism.
Terrorism within the European Communities since 1951
has often been linked to separatist movements, including
the Irish Republican Army within the United Kingdom,
and Euskadi Ta Askatasuna within Spain. Other
perpetrators have been linked to far-right and far-left
extremism, environmental extremism and anarchism. Since
2001, there has been an increase in attacks linked to
extremist Islamist groups, particularly in France. Many
separatist terrorist activities also have a religious angle, as,
for example, with Chechen separatism in Russia. The
internationally co-ordinated element has seen increasing
attempts by governments to seek to weaken extremist ideology, particularly Islamist extremism.
It remains the case that the majority of deaths from terrorism do not occur in the "West". When the Al
Qaeda attacks against the United States in 2001 are excluded, only 0.5% of all deaths from terrorism
have occurred in Western countries European nations, United States, Canada and Australia in the
past fifteen years. However, there have been recent increases in the number of high-fatality attacks.
There had been a decrease in the number of overall fatalities from terrorist attacks between 1990 and
2015, compared to those between 1970 and 1990. Prior to 1990, on average 150 people died each year
from terrorist attacks; this figure would be even higher if the large number of people who died in 1988
from the Pan Am 2013 bombing were included. From
1990, an average of a little fewer than 50 people died
each year. However, this figure has begun to increase
again from 2011, with the attacks by far-right extremist
Anders Breivik in Norway, and Islamist extremist
attacks in France in 2015 and 2016.
Europol has published an annual trend report on
terrorist attacks (including failed, foiled, and completed
attacks) and terrorist related arrests in the EU since
2006. The reports identify that perpetrators' known or
suspected affiliations have been disparate in nature.
Europol break these down into five categories: jihadist
terrorism (previously termed "religiously-inspired
terrorism) ethno-nationalist and separatist
terrorism; left-wing and anarchist terrorism; right-wing terrorism; and single-issue terrorism. Europol's
reports do not provide a breakdown of the proportion of attacks that have been completed or the type of
damage inflicted. According to these data the vast majority of terrorist attacks in the EU between 2006
and 2013 are affiliated with ethno-national or separatist motives, followed by left-wing attacks and those
that are registered as 'unspecified'. A significant number of terror attacks are motivated religiously or
associated with right-wing groups. However,
among those arrested on terror-related crimes most
are religiously motivated and form the largest
group, followed by separatist related terror
suspects.
In 2015, a total of 211 completed, failed, or foiled
terrorist attacks were reported by EU states,
resulting in 151 fatalities (of which 148 were in
France,
With 130 of them occurring during the November
2015 Paris Attack and over 360 people injured. As
in previous years, separatist attacks accounted for the largest proportion (65), followed by jihadist attacks
(17). The latter, however, caused the largest number of fatalities (150) and injuries (250). The United
Kingdom reported the largest number of attacks (103), but did not provide statistics on suspected
affiliation. Tackling jihadist terrorism threats has become an over-riding priority for security services,
although many commentators express concerns that the risk of far-right terrorism is currently being
underestimated.

CASE OF TERRORISM IN MIDDLE EAST

November
Saudi Arabia The Grand Mosque seizure, in Mecca by the Ikhwan 244 180
20, 1979
November The 1981 Azbakiyah bombing, in Damascus, by the Muslim
Syria 200 0
29, 1981 Brotherhood.
April 18, The 1983 U.S. Embassy bombing, in Beirut by the Islamic Jihad
Lebanon 63 120
1983 Organization.
October 23, The 1983 Beirut barracks bombing by the Islamic Jihad
Lebanon 307 75
1983 Organization.
The 90-minute coordinated 1983 Kuwait bombings of six key
foreign and Kuwaiti installations including two embassies, the
airport, and the country's main petro-chemical plant, was more
December
Kuwait notable for the damage it might have caused than what was 5 0
12, 1983
actually destroyed. What could have been "the worst terrorist
episode of the twentieth century in the Middle East" succeeded in
killing only six people because of the bombs' faulty rigging.
September
Lebanon The 1984 United States embassy annex bombing in Beirut. 24 0
20, 1984
Israel July 7, 1989 Tel Aviv Jerusalem bus 405 suicide attack, near Kiryat Yearim. 16 0
September
Turkey Neve Shalom Synagogue attack. 22 0
6, 1986
December
Yemen The 1992 Yemen hotel bombings by al-Qaeda 2 7
29, 1992
Sivas Massacre, Arson attack at a gathering in Sivas killing 35
Turkey July 2, 1993 35 0
intellectuals from Turkey, most of whom were Alevis.
Israel April 6, 1994 Afula Bus suicide bombing 8 55
April 13,
Israel Hadera bus station suicide bombing 5 30
1994
October 19, The Dizengoff Street bus bombing was a Hamas suicide attack on
Israel 22 50
1994 a passenger bus driving down Dizengoff Street in Tel Aviv.
November
Israel Netzarim Junction bicycle bombing 3 12
11, 1994
January 22, The Beit Lid suicide bombing was a suicide attack by Palestinian
Israel 20 69
1995 Islamic Jihad
July 24,
Israel The Ramat Gan bus bombing, a suicide attack by Hamas. 5 33
1995
February 25, The Jaffa Road bus bombings, two attacks on Jerusalem route 18
Israel 45 52
1996 buses by Hamas.
 March 4, The Dizengoff Center suicide bombing was a terror attack by
Israel 13 130
1996 Hamas on the eve of the Jewish holiday of Purim.
June 25,
Saudi Arabia Khobar Towers bombing 20 372
1996
March 21, The Caf Apropo bombing was a Hamas suicide bomber who
Israel 3 46
1997 detonated at a Tel Aviv sidewalk caf.
The 1997 Mahane Yehuda Market bombings were two
July 30,
Israel consecutive suicide bombings carried out by Hamas militants at 16 178
1997
the Mahane Yehuda Market in Jerusalem.
October 12,
Yemen Attack on USS Cole in the Yemeni port of Aden. 17 39
2000
March 4, The 2001 Netanya bombing was a suicide bombing in Netanya,
Israel 3 60+
2001 Israel.
May 18,
Israel The 2001 HaSharon Mall suicide bombing in Netanya, Israel. 5 100+
2001
Israel June 1, 2001 Dolphinarium discotheque suicide bombing 21 100+
August 9, The Sbarro restaurant suicide bombing was a Hamas terrorist
Israel 15 130
2001 attack on a pizzeria in downtown Jerusalem.
The Nahariya train station suicide bombing was executed by an
September
Israel Arab-Israeli who was sent by Hamas and detonated himself on the 3 94
9, 2001
crowded platform
September The assassination of Ahmad Shah Massoud in Takhar Province,
Afghanistan 1 0
9, 2001 Afghanistan
November The Pardes Hanna bus bombing was a suicide bombing on a bus
Israel 3 7
29, 2001 from Nazareth to Tel Aviv.
December 2,
Israel Haifa bus 16 suicide bombing 15 40
2001
The 2002 Tel Aviv outdoor mall bombing was a terrorist attack
January 25,
Israel which occurred in which a Palestinian suicide bomber blew himself 1 24
2002
up in Tel-Aviv, Israel, injuring at least 24 civilians.
January 27,
Israel Jaffa Street bombing. 2 100+
2002
February 1, Daniel Pearl, an American journalist working for The Wall Street
Pakistan 1 0
2002 Journal, was beheaded in Pakistan.
March 2, The Yeshivat Beit Yisrael massacre was a suicide bombing which
Israel 12 54
2002 occurred in the Beit Yisrael neighborhood in downtown Jerusalem.
March 9, The Caf Moment bombing was a Palestinian terrorist attack in a
Israel 12 54
2002 coffee shop in downtown Jerusalem, Israel.

The Umm al-Fahm bus bombing was a suicide bombing which

March 20,
Israel occurred on a bus which was passing through Umm al-Fahm in 8 27
2002
northern Israel.
March 21,
Israel King George Street bombing. 4 42
2002
March 27, The Passover massacre was a suicide bombing carried out by
Israel 31 140
2002 Hamas at the Park Hotel in Netanya.
March 29,
Israel Kiryat HaYovel supermarket bombing. 3 28
2002
March 31, The Matza restaurant suicide bombing occurred, when a
Israel 17 40+
2002 Palestinian Hamas suicide bomber detonated his bomb inside the
 Matza restaurant in Haifa, Israel, near the Grand Canyon shopping
mall.
April 10,
Israel Yagur Junction bombing. 9 19
2002
April
Israel 2002 Mahane Yehuda Market bombing. 7 104
12,2002
The 2002 Rishon LeZion bombing was a suicide bombing which
Israel May 7, 2002 occurred at a crowded game club located in the new industrial 16 57
area of Rishon Lezion.
2002 Karachi bus bombing A man driving a car bomb detonated
Pakistan May 8, 2002 15 40
next to a bus carrying mostly French engineers.
May 19,
Israel Netanya Market bombing. 4 59
2002
Israel June 5, 2002 Megiddo Junction bus bombing. 14 43
June 11,
Israel 2002 Herzliya shawarma restaurant bombing. 1 15
2002
June 14,
Pakistan The first of several attacks targeting the U.S. consulate in Karachi. 12 51
2002
June 18,
Israel Patt Junction Bus bombing. 19 74
2002
June 19,
Israel 2002 French Hill suicide bombing. 7 50
2002
July 16,
Israel 2002 Immanuel bus attack. 9 20
2002
July 17,
Israel Neve Shaanan Street bombing. 5 40
2002
July 31,
Israel Hebrew University bombing. 9 100
2002
August 4,
Israel Meron Junction Bus 361 attack. 9 38
2002
September
Israel Allenby Street bus bombing. 6 70
19, 2002
Faylaka Island attack Two Kuwaiti jihadists attacked a group of
October 8,
Kuwait United States Marines, killing one and injuring another. Both 1 1
2002
attackers were killed.
October 21,
Israel Karkur junction suicide bombing. 14 40+
2002
October 27,
Israel Sonol gas station bombing. 3 18
2002
November
Israel Kiryat Menachem bus bombing. 11 50
21, 2002
January 5,
Israel Tel Aviv central bus station massacre 23 100+
2003
February 28,
Pakistan A gunman opens fire on the U.S. consulate in Karachi. 2 6
2003
March 5,
Israel Haifa bus 37 suicide bombing. 17 53
2003
April 30,
Israel Mike's Place suicide bombing. 3 50+
2003
 A man dressed in a Royal Saudi Navy uniform penetrated an
Saudi Arabia May 1, 2003 1 0
American base, killing one American, before escaping unscathed.
Several heavily armed gunmen open fire and detonate vehicle
May 12,
Saudi Arabia bombs outside three housing compounds in Riyadh occupied by 39 160+
2003
Westerners.
May 18,
Israel 2003 French Hill suicide bombings. 7 20
2003
May 19,
Israel Afula mall bombing. 3 70
2003
June 11,
Israel Davidka Square bus bombing. 17 100
2003
August 19,
Israel Shmuel HaNavi bus bombing. 24 130+
2003
September
Israel Tzrifin bus stop attack. 9 15
9, 2003
September
Israel Caf Hillel bombing. 7 50+
9, 2003
The Maxim restaurant suicide bombing was a suicide bombing in
October 4, the beachfront "Maxim" restaurant in Haifa, Israel. Among the
Israel 21 51
2003 victims were two families and four children, including a two-month-
old baby.

November 8, A suicide truck bomb detonated outside a housing compound in

Saudi Arabia 17 122
2003 Laban Valley, west of Riyadh.
November
Turkey 2003 Istanbul bombings. 57 700
1520, 2003
January 14,
Israel 2004 Erez Crossing bombing. 4 10
2004
January 29,
Israel Gaza Street bus bombing. 11 50+
2004
February 22,
Israel Liberty Bell Park bus bombing. 8 60
2004
March 9, 2004 attack on Istanbul restaurant, caused by two
March 9,
Turkey Islamic militants who opened fire and detonated pipe bombs. One 1 5
2004
attacker was killed and the other was seriously injured.
April 21, A car bomb explodes outside a building originally used by the
Saudi Arabia 5 148
2004 Saudi police.
The 2004 Khobar massacre was a shooting and bombing
May 2930, campaign led by four Al Qaeda-linked militants against two oil
Saudi Arabia 22 25
2004 industry installations and a residential compound in Al-Khobar,
Saudi Arabia.
BBC journalist Simon Cumbers and correspondent Frank Gardner
were attacked by Al Qaeda sympathizers while filming an Al
Saudi Arabia June 6, 2004 1 1
Qaeda safehouse in Al-Suwaidi, Riyadh. Cumbers was killed,
while Gardner was seriously injured.
Saudi Arabia June 8, 2004 An American employee of Vinnell Corp. was killed in Riyadh. 1 0
June 18, American Paul Marshall Johnson was beheaded in Riyadh after
Saudi Arabia 1 0
2004 being kidnapped at a fake police checkpoint on June 13, 2004.
July 28,
Iraq 2004 Baqubah bombing. 68 24+
2004
 August 1,
Iraq 2004 Iraq churches attacks. 12 71+
2004
August 3,
Saudi Arabia An Irish national was shot and killed in Riyadh. 1 0
2004
September A British national working for the Marconi Company was shot to
Saudi Arabia 1 0
15, 2004 death in his car in Riyadh.
Five militants attacked the American consulate in Jeddah. Three
December 6,
Saudi Arabia attackers were killed by Saudi security forces, and the other two 9 10
2004
attackers were wounded and arrested.

CASE OF TERRORISM IN AFRICA

1. UGANDA
2015 Terrorist Incidents: On March 30, Joan Kagezi, Assistant Director of Public Prosecution and
Head of the International Criminal Division in Uganda's Ministry of Justice, was shot and killed while
shopping at a local market. Kagezi was prosecuting individuals associated with the Lords
Resistance Army as well as suspects in the 2010 World Cup terrorist bombings in Kampala that
killed 76 people, including one American. The Government of Uganda officially labeled this a
terrorist-affiliated assassination act. At years end, no one had been charged with Kagezi's
murder.

http://www.state.gov/j/inl/rls/nrcrpt/2014/index.htm.

2. TANZANIA
2015 Terrorist Incidents: In July, an al-Shabaab attack on the Stakishari police station near the
Dar es Salaam airport resulted in the deaths of seven people. Press reports indicated that four
police officers, two civilians, and one attacker were killed. The assailants stole a number of
weapons from the police station during the attack.

http://www.state.gov/j/inl/rls/nrcrpt/index.htm.

3. SOUTH AFRICA

Overview: Following the September 2013 Westgate Mall attack in Kenya, the South African Police
Service (SAPS) began engaging with U.S. law enforcement agencies to advance its preparedness
for similar terrorist attacks in South Africa. U.S. law enforcement interacted primarily with Crimes
Against the State (CATS) within the SAPS Directorate for Priority Crime Investigation (DPCI). The
Foreign Branch (SSA/FB) of South Africas State Security Agency (SSA) and SAPS Crime
Intelligence were also involved in counterterrorism.

http://www.state.gov/j/inl/rls/nrcrpt/index.htm.

4. SOMALIA

2015 Terrorist Incidents: Al-Shabaab conducted complex suicide attacks, remote-controlled roadside
bombings, ambushes, and assassinations of government personnel and military forces, security officials,
and civil society leaders throughout Somalia. It also executed complex attacks in Mogadishu in a targeted
campaign against Somali security forces and other government officials, government and foreign buildings,
convoys, and popular gathering places for government officials, the Somali diaspora, and foreigners.
Notable incidents in 2015 included:

In March, al-Shabaab terrorists launched a complex attack against the Hotel Maka al-Mukaram in
Mogadishu, detonating a vehicle-borne IED (VBIED), followed by a ground assault using small
weapons and grenades. Al-Shabaab controlled the hotel for at least four hours until security agents
from the National Intelligence and Security Agency's (NISA) elite paramilitary unit Gaashaan
regained control. At least 13 people were killed, while approximately 20 others sustained injuries,
according to NISA officials.
In May, al-Shabaab terrorists launched a complex attack against the Somali Parliament compound
in Mogadishu using a VBIED and a ground assault team of about seven to eight attackers armed
with AK-47s. Two members of Parliament reportedly sustained injuries when the terrorists
detonated the VBIED at the main gate. Security forces reportedly killed all the terrorists during the
attack. Casualties included around 12 security officials from AMISOM, NISA, SNA, and the Somali
Police Force (SPF). In addition, about 24 security officials and civilians sustained injuries.
In June, al-Shabaab executed a complex attack on the popular Sahafi Hotel in Mogadishu,
detonating two VBIEDs and executing a ground assault by a small group of attackers. Up to 15
individuals were reportedly killed.
In September, al-Shabaab attacked a Ugandan AMISOM forward-operating base in Janale, Lower
Shabelle region, killing between 20 and 50 Ugandan AMISOM soldiers. After breaching the gate
with a VBIED and bombing a bridge to cut off a potential escape route and AMISOM
reinforcements, al-Shabaab was able to enter and take over the base for a limited amount of time
until AMISOM troops retook the area.
Also in September, al-Shabaab attacked a UN convoy as it was exiting the Somali Presidential
Palace in Mogadishu, killing approximately 11 people, including two soldiers and the bomber, in
addition to injuring several other victims. Nobody in the UN delegation was harmed in the attack,
according to the Ministry of Internal Security.

http://www.state.gov/j/inl/rls/nrcrpt/index.htm.

5. SENEGAL

Overview: The Government of Senegal continued to take a firm stance against terrorism as
international and regional terrorist activity led to growing concern that Senegal itself could become
a target for terrorist attacks. The government worked closely with U. S. military and law enforcement
officials to strengthen its counterterrorism capabilities. The risk of violent extremism and terrorist
activity in Senegal arises from transnational threats due to the Senegalese military presence in
several theaters of operation, including the UN Multidimensional Integrated Stabilization Mission in
Mali (MINUSMA).

http://www.state.gov/j/inl/rls/nrcrpt/index.htm.

6. NIGERIA
2015 Terrorist Incidents: Although Boko Haram suffered setbacks in 2015, it withstood and
adapted to the military offensive, and in just a few months managed a resurgence by returning to
its previous practice of conducting asymmetric attacks on civilians, significantly escalating the
number of suicide attacks in the region. In the span of two days in July, for example, Boko Haram
attacked a mosque in Kano (Kano State) and a university in Zaria (Kaduna), and mounted mass-
casualty attacks in Jos (Plateau), which included a suicide car bomb at a church, a suicide attack
at a popular restaurant, and a rocket attack at a mosque. These three cities had previously been
targeted by Boko Haram; they are outside of the majority ethnic-Kanuri parts of northeast Nigeria
 and the Lake Chad basin region where Boko Harams influence is strongest. There were more than
1,240 persons killed by terrorist attacks in Nigeria in 2015. Some of the more notable attacks are
listed below:

On February 24 at a Kano bus station in Kano State, 34 persons were killed by three suicide
bombers.
On March 6 in Maiduguri in Borno State, the Baga Fish market, mosque, and bus terminal were
attacked with 54 persons killed.
On July 5 in Jos in Plateau State, 51 were killed in a bombing of a mosque.
On November 30 in Maigumeri LGA in Borno State, Boko Haram killed seven civilians and a soldier
in Bam and Gajigana villages. They also abducted an unspecified number of teenage girls.
Also on November 30 in Kano, Kano State, Boko Haram claimed responsibility for a suicide
bombing on a Shiite Muslim procession that killed 22 people.

http://www.state.gov/j/inl/rls/nrcrpt/index.htm

7. NIGER
2015 Terrorist Incidents: There were dozens of localized attacks in the Diffa Region, many
leading to loss of life, injury, and loss of property. Attacks included:

On February 6, Boko Haram terrorists attacked Diffa town and Bosso town in Diffa; one civilian was
killed.
On September 25, approximately 10 Boko Haram terrorists attacked NGourtouwa village in Diffa,
killing 15 villagers, including the village chief.
On October 4, four individuals detonated suicide bombs in two locations near Diffa town, killing five
civilians and one police officer.
On October 27, Boko Haram terrorists killed 13 civilians in the village of Ala in Diffa.

http://www.state.gov/j/inl/rls/nrcrpt/index.htm.

8. MAURITANIA

Overview: Mauritania remained a key regional counterterrorism partner in 2015. The Mauritanian
government actively and effectively countered terrorism, building on an approach that hinges on
improving the capacity of security forces and securing the countrys borders. As in years past, the
Mauritanian authorities cooperated with U.S. counterterrorism efforts and took advantage of
opportunities to participate in U.S.-sponsored training on counterterrorism tactics and techniques.

http://www.state.gov/j/inl/rls/nrcrpt/index.htm.
9. MALI
2015 Terrorist Incidents: AQIM, MUJAO, AMB, and AAD continued to conduct terrorist attacks in
2015, primarily targeting international and Malian military forces. In January, attacks by violent
Islamist extremist groups began moving beyond the traditional conflict zone in the north to the
center and south of the country. Terrorist incidents included:

On March 6, an attack later claimed by AMB killed five civilians at La Terrasse nightclub in Bamako.
A July 2 attack claimed by AQIM on the Goundam Road near Timbuktu killed six Burkinabe soldiers
with the MINUSMA peacekeeping mission and injured five others.
AMB and MLF claimed responsibility for an assault on the Byblos Hotel in Sevare near the Mopti
airport that took place August 7-8. The attack resulted in the deaths of five civilians and four Malian
soldiers.
AQIM, AMB, AAD, and MLF all claimed responsibility for a November 20 attack on the Radisson
Hotel in Bamako that resulted in the deaths of 19 civilians, including one U.S. citizen.
 http://www.state.gov/j/inl/rls/nrcrpt/index.htm.
10. KENYA
2015 Terrorist Incidents: The April al-Shabaab attack on Garissa University College left at least
147 people dead, most of them students, more than twice the death toll of the 2013 al-Shabaab
attack on the Westgate Shopping Mall in Nairobi. The attack in Garissa was the worst single terrorist
incident in Kenya since the 1998 bombing of the U.S. Embassy in Nairobi.

Mandera, Garissa, and Lamu counties near the border with Somalia all experienced multiple
terrorist incidents during 2015. In July, presumed al-Shabaab attacks killed 14 people near a
military camp and 11 quarry workers in Mandera County, and five people in a firebomb attack on a
vehicle in Lamu County.

In other incidents, al-Shabaab fighters temporarily took over small villages in Kenya near the Somali
border and threatened villagers. There were no major terrorist incidents in Nairobi or Mombasa.
This was significant given a number of very high profile international events that took place in Kenya
over the year, including the visits of President Obama and Pope Francis, as well as Kenyas hosting
of the Global Entrepreneurship Summit and the World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference
in Nairobi.

http://www.state.gov/j/inl/rls/nrcrpt/index.htm.

11. ETHIOPIA

Overview: The continuing threat of al-Shabaab emanating from Somalia dominated the
Government of Ethiopias security posture and the Ethiopia National Defense Forces (ENDFs)
counterterrorism efforts in Somalia. Therefore, the Government of Ethiopias counterterrorism
efforts focused on fighting al-Shabaab in Somalia and pursuing potential threats in Ethiopia. In
2015, the Government of Ethiopia collaborated with the United States on regional security issues
and participated in capacity building trainings.

In April, the Government of Ethiopia denounced the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) in
response to a video released by ISIL in Libya that showed the beheading of 30 Ethiopian migrants.
In October, the Government of Ethiopia arrested 20 Ethiopians alleged to support ISIL, which
marked the first time the Ethiopian government arrested alleged ISIL supporters.

On December 11, an unknown attacker threw a hand grenade at a crowd that injured about 10
outside the Anwar Mosque in Addis Ababa. The motive and other details of the attack were unclear.

http://www.state.gov/j/inl/rls/nrcrpt/index.htm.

12. ERITREA

Overview: The Government of Eritrea continued to make regular public statements about its
commitment to fighting terrorism. Additionally, it participated in the Countering Violent Extremism
Conference in Kenya in June and the UN Global Counterterrorism Forum Conference in Morocco
in July, making strong statements at both international gatherings. Also, on December 21, the
Ministry of Foreign Affairs issued a press statement expressing its support for the Saudi initiative
to form an alliance against terrorism.

In May, the United States re-certified Eritrea as not cooperating fully with U.S. counterterrorism
efforts under Section 40A of the Arms Export and Control Act, as amended. In considering this
annual determination, the Department of State reviewed Eritreas overall level of cooperation with
 U.S. efforts to combat terrorism, taking into account U.S. counterterrorism objectives and a realistic
assessment of Eritrean capabilities.

The Government of Eritrea has been under UNSC sanctions since December 2009 as a result of
past evidence of support for al-Shabaab and regional destabilization. UN Security Council
Resolution (UNSCR) 1907 (2009) and 2013 (2011) continued an arms embargo on Eritrea and a
travel ban and asset freeze on some military and political leaders, calling on the nation to cease
arming, training, and equipping armed groups and their members, including al-Shabaab, that aim
to destabilize the region. The Somalia-Eritrea Monitoring Groups 2014 and 2015 reports found no
evidence that Eritrea is supporting al-Shabaab.

Lack of transparency on how governing structures function means that there is not a clear picture
of the methods the Government of Eritrea uses to track terrorists or maintain safeguards for its
citizens. For a number of years, members of the police have refused to meet with security officials
from western nations to discuss policy matters, although the U.S. government had informal contact
with law enforcement counterparts in 2015.

http://www.state.gov/j/inl/rls/nrcrpt/index.htm.

13. DJIBOUTI

Overview: Djibouti remained an active and supportive counterterrorism partner in 2015. Djibouti
hosts Camp Lemonnier, which serves as headquarters to the U.S. Africa Commands Combined
Joint Task Force-Horn of Africa. Djiboutis notable counterterrorism activities in 2015 included
increased training through the Department of States Africa Contingency Operations Training and
Assistance program and the deployment of a second battalion of soldiers to the African Union
Mission in Somalia (AMISOM).

As a result of the November 2015 terrorist attacks in Paris and Bamako, Djibouti implemented
enhanced security measures throughout Djibouti City. Separately, more than 30,000 people fled
from Yemen to Djibouti from March to December as a result of the conflict in Yemen. This influx of
people taxed government resources and revealed vulnerabilities in port and immigration security
procedures. The United States provided Djibouti with significant capacity-building assistance
through counterterrorism training and equipment from a variety of courses and programs sponsored
by the Departments of State, Defense, and Justice. Djibouti publicly condemned Islamic State of
Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) acts such as beheadings, as well as ISILs focus on recruiting vulnerable
youth and its misuse of Islam to advance its goals.

http://www.state.gov/j/inl/rls/nrcrpt/index.htm.

14. CHAD
2015 Terrorist Attacks: Boko Haram attacked Chad in retribution for Chads role in the MNJTF
and for countering Boko Haram in Nigeria and elsewhere in the region. Boko Harams attacks on
villages, internally displaced persons camps, and military installations in the Lake Chad region
represented a significant increase above and beyond the attacks on villages that were perpetrated
in 2014. Attacks included:

On three days immediately before and during Ramadan, several attacks struck Chad's capital
N'Djamena:
o On June 15, three suicide attacks against two police targets killed 33;
o On June 27, five policemen and six terrorists were killed during a police raid; and
o On July 11, a suicide bomber killed 15 in N'Djamena's main market.
On November 8, suicide bombings killed two and injured 14 in Ngouboua, Lake Chad Region,
following the withdrawal of Chadian troops.
 http://www.state.gov/j/inl/rls/nrcrpt/index.htm.

15. CAMEROON
2015 Terrorist Incidents: Boko Haram was responsible for suicide bombings, raids and targeted
killings of Cameroonians in the Mayo-Sava, Mayo-Tsanaga, and the Logone and Chari Divisions
of the Far North Region including the villages of Amchide, Blabline, Bia, Fotokol, Kolofata, Waza,
and other localities at the border with Nigeria. Although their precise citizenship has been difficult
to ascertain, evidence suggested that most Boko Haram assailants and suicide bombers to date
have been Nigerian and Nigeria-based. However, the Government of Cameroon acknowledged
there were Cameroonian members of the group in both Cameroon and Nigeria.

From July 12 until December 31, there were 37 known suicide bombing attacks which resulted in
an official count of 131 civilian casualties. The actual number of casualties is likely to be higher as
many victims died of their wounds days and weeks after the attacks, but were not counted in the
official tally. Throughout the year, Boko Haram conducted almost daily raids that resulted in as
many as 1300 casualties, although conclusive figures were difficult to obtain. Specific terrorist
incidents included:

In mid-January 2015, Boko Haram kidnapped 80 people in Mayo Tsanaga and killed four villagers.
On April 9, Boko Haram fighters wearing Nigerian Army uniforms infiltrated the village of Guoues,
located nine kilometers from the Dabanga border post. The attackers killed eight people including
Issa Sale, the village chief.
On April 16, a large Boko Haram force attacked the villages of Blabline and Bia, in the Kolofata
district. They killed 24 civilians, set fire to houses, and stole a large number of cattle.
In early May, Boko Haram killed 19 people in Tchebe-Tchebe and Ldaoutsaf, burned 76 market
stands, and killed two members of the security forces in Zelevet.
On July 12, two suicide bombers wearing niqabs blew themselves up in Fotokol, on the border with
Nigeria, killing 10 civilians and a soldier from neighboring Chad. On July 22, two bombers detonated
themselves near the central market in Maroua and its adjoining Hausa neighborhood, killing 21
persons and wounding 85 others, according to official figures. These were the first two suicide
attacks in Cameroon.
On July 19, Boko Haram killed 24 civilians, including multiple children in Kamouna, Far North
Region. More than 80 assailants stormed and set fire to the village, located near Lake Chad in the
northern strip of Cameroon.
On July 26, in Afade, in the Logone and Chari division of the Far North Region, Boko Haram set
the gendarmerie post on fire, killing four people who were in the stations detention cells, including
a suspected Boko Haram member who was being held by the gendarmes.
On July 25, in Maroua, a suicide attack killed 23 civilians and wounded more than 80.
On September 3, a double suicide attack hit the locality of Kerawa, some 10 kilometers from
Kolofata district in the Far North Region, killing at least 40 people and injuring more than 150 others.
On December 28, in Bodo, Far North Region, two female attackers self-detonated, but did not
cause any civilian casualties.

http://www.state.gov/j/inl/rls/nrcrpt/index.htm.

16. BURUNDI

Overview: Burundi continued to deploy six battalions to the AU Mission in Somalia (AMISOM). Of
serious concern, Burundian security forces, in particular the Burundian National Police, were
increasingly credibly implicated in widespread human rights abuses in 2015 as a result of the
Government of Burundis determination to crack down on political opponents.
 Burundi demonstrated its continued commitment to addressing international terrorism in 2015
primarily through its six battalion contribution to the AU Mission in Somalia (AMISOM). However,
the Burundian National Police (BNP) was hampered by a lack of training, resources, and
infrastructure. In addition, the BNP focused its investigative efforts on political opposition in Burundi.

Burundis porous land and water borders posed significant border security challenges.

http://www.state.gov/j/inl/rls/nrcrpt/index.htm.

17. BURKINA FASO

2015 Terrorist Incidents: According to local police sources, Burkina Faso endured four significant
incidents believed to be terrorist-related or perpetrated:

A Romanian national was kidnapped near the Tambao manganese mining site in April,
reportedly by the terrorist group al Murabitoun.
Two cross-border attacks on gendarmerie outposts, one in Oursi in August, that resulted in one
death, and one in Samorogouan in October, which resulted in three deaths.
A complex attack in November on a gold convoy, near Djibo, involving IEDs, rocket-propelled
grenades, and small arms. The attack resulted in one death.

Investigations of these incidents were ongoing at years end.

http://www.state.gov/j/inl/rls/nrcrpt/index.htm.

CASE OF TERRORISM IN ANTARCTICA

(insert mo nalang kim mwa)

MOST DANGEROUS TERRORISTS GROUPS IN THE WORLD

1. AL-QAEDA- Al-Qaeda is without a doubt the most dangerous terrorist group in the world, whose
objective is the unity of all Muslims through jihad, and the interpretation of the Sharia Law to the letter. The
founder of this group is the late Osama Bin Laden, a once most wanted man by the United States and many
other governments but who was killed by US forces in 2011. This terrorist organization is so dangerous
because it carries out acts of terror that result in the loss of numerous lives, with one of the most notable
attacks being the September 11, 2001 attacks on the US soil where over 3,000 Americans lost their lives.
This terrorist group is famous for planting suicide bombers in crowded places, killing all people they consider
infidels, Christians, and Americans and they do not hesitate to kill anyone they feel is against their cause.

2. ISIS - is an acronym standing for Islamic State of Iraq and al-Sham and this group is fast becoming one
of the worst terrorist groups in the world, operating especially in Iraq, Syria, Palestine and most of the
Middle-East. This is a jihadist extremist group with its leadership hailing from the Suni Arabs living in Iraq
and Syria. ISIS has affiliate groups in different parts of the world, including groups in Southern Asia, Nigeria,
and Libya. This group lays claim to political, military, and religious authority of all Muslims around the world,
and it has approximately 80,000 fighters pushing for its cause. One of the worst things about ISIS is its use
of deadly measures, indiscriminately killing civilians and children alike. They have been known to start firing
at civilians, treat their captives inhumanly, abuse people sexually, and do all sorts of evil against non-
Muslims.

3. TALIBAN - The Taliban was founded by Mullah Mohammed Omar, the man who continues to be the
groups spiritual leader since its inception in 1994. At one time, the United States assisted the Taliban in
unshackling Afghanistan from Soviet Clutches and the group later ruled Afghanistan and formed the
government between 1996 and 2001. Today, the Taliban is one of the worst terrorist groups in the world.
Some of the ways this group makes money includes engaging in activities such as human trafficking, drug
trafficking, and extortion. The Taliban is also responsible for indiscriminately killing innocent people in the
name of jihad, with one of their ugliest and most senseless attacks being on a high school in Northern
Pakistan where it killed over 130 students and teachers. The group is also famous for perpetrating heinous
human rights violations such as raping women, ethnic cleansing, etc.

4. BOKO HARAM - Boko Haram is the worst African terrorist group based in West Africa, and it is no
surprise that it has close ties with Al-Qaeda. Although, like other terrorist groups, Boko Haram engages in
kidnapping, bombing buildings and killing innocent civilians, propagating for and adopting the extreme and
intolerant sharia law, and taking part in other inhuman activities, this group is uniquely against western
education. In fact, the name Boko Haram actually means Western education is sin. Boko Harams founder
and sect leader is Mohammed Yusuf, and under his leadership the terrorist group has conducted some of
the worst crimes against innocent people, including kidnapping over 200 Nigerian schoolgirls, killing over
5,000 civilians over a five-year period between 2009 and 2014, and threatening to take over governments.

5. HEZBOLLAH - Hezbollah, which is a word that means Party of Allah, is a military group that is slowly
falling off the list of international terror groups but is still considered a terrorist group in many parts of the
world. Hezbollah, which is a group of very strong militants formed by Muslim clerics, came up and as a form
of resistance to Israels 1982 occupation of Lebanon. This group has been linked to numerous terrorist
activities including Embassy bombings, hostage crisis situations, flight attacks, and the killing of innocent
civilians in Lebanon and especially Israel. Today Hezbollah has representatives in the Lebanese
government as high up as in the cabinet, and the group has not been in the media for terrorism in the recent
past.
6. AL-SHABAAB - Founded in 2006, Al-Shabaab is a terrorist group based in East Africa whose main
objective is the elimination of foreign military forces in Somalia and the formation of an Islamic government.
This terrorist group is well funded, with most of its income coming from kidnappings and ransoms, piracy,
illegal trade, illegal collection of taxes, and obtaining sponsorships from other terrorist organizations. Al-
Shabaabs area of operation is around Somalia, Kenya, and Uganda, where they carry out deadly attacks
against civilians through car bombs, indiscriminate shootings, the use of suicide bombers, and many more.
Some of their worst attacks on Kenyan soil include the Westgate Mall attack in Nairobi in 2013 where over
60 people lost their lives, and an attack at a university in Kenya where 148 students died in 2015.

7. LASHKAR-E-TAYYIBA - Lashkar-e-Tayyiba (LT) is a terrorist group whose name means Army of the
Righteous. This group operates in areas in and around Pakistan and India, and it has a reputation of being
one of the largest and most skilled militant groups in the area. The LT started off as a military wing of the
Markaz-ud-Dawa-wal-Irshad in the early 1900s, which is an Islamic fundamentalist organization that used
to oppose the then Soviet Union presence in Afghanistan. This group has conducted several attacks aimed
at Indian troops as well as against innocent civilians. This includes an attack on Indias parliament in 2001
where 12 people lost their lives, an attack in Mumbai in 2008 where over 160 civilians lost their lives, the
2006 attacks on Mumbai commuter trains where over 180 people died, and many other acts of terror in
India. One of their objectives is to establish an Islamic state in South-East Asia where they can exercise
and uphold the sharia law.

8. TEHRIK-E TALIBAN PAKISTAN - This group is mainly made up of active Islamist groups along the
border between Pakistan and Afghanistan, and the main objectives of the groups is to overthrow the
government of Pakistan, fight the NATO forces in Afghanistan, and set up sharia law as the only law in
Afghanistan. The current leader of this terrorist organization is called Mullah Fazlullah, a devoted anti-
Islamabad, anti-Western, and proponent of harsh tactics. The strong ties that the group has with Al-Qaeda
makes them to openly threaten to attack the US and Europe over Osama Bin Ladens death. This group
claimed responsibility for the car-bomb attack that failed to go off in Times Square, it has threatened to
attack the UK because of its participation in the War on Terror in Afghanistan, it has endorsed numerous
suicide bombings, it has bombed the Pakistani UN offices, it has attacked army and naval stations in
Pakistan, among other despicable acts.

9. FORAS ARMADAS REVOLUCIONRIAS DA COLMBIA (FARC) - Translated to English, this

organization is called The Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia and it is believed to have been formed
during the period of the conflict between the conservatives and the Liberals in Colombia. This organization
claims to be an anti-imperialist group that fights for communism, defends the poor farmers, and fights
against the privatization of natural resources in Colombia. In order to do this, the group employs guerrilla
tactics and other violent means. FARC makes money through extortion, kidnappings, drug trafficking, and
illegal mining, and many countries around the world classify it as a terrorist organization owing to the
numerous bombings, killings, and assassinations that it has committed in Colombia.

10. THE LORDS RESISTANCE ARMY (LRA) - The lords Resistance Army is a terrorist organization
operating in parts of Uganda, the Central African Republic, the Democratic Republic of Congo, and parts
of Southern Sudan. This movement is both a terrorist group and a cult, under the leadership of Joseph
Kony, who is currently in hiding. The original intention of the group was to make Uganda peaceful and
prosperous, but that quickly degenerated into acts of murder, child sex slavery, abductions, mutilations,
and the recruitment of child soldiers. Although the LRA is almost defunct, between 2008 and 2011 the group
is believed to have killed at least 2,300 people, abducted thousands, and displaced hundreds of thousands
of people in the central regions of Africa.