Cranial Nerves

CASLPA
2007 Annual Conference, April 25-28

Moncton, New Brunswick
Cranial Nerves: Implications for Speech and Swallowing
Cranial nerves originate from the brain stem or surrounding area. Think of
the implications for injury/insult to the brainstem.

Julie A.G. Stierwalt, Ph.D.
Florida State University
CASLPA
Cranial Nerve I:
Olfactory
Olfactory bulbs
located on the inferior border of the frontal lobes
function is smell
associated disorders
anosmia
frequently disrupted following traumatic brain injury
Cranial Nerve II:
Optic
Optic nerves
located behind the eyes
optic tracts
optic chiasm
some fibers deccusate, others stay ipsilateral
function is vision
vision loss
dependent upon where the lesion/damage occurs
Cranial Nerve III:

Oculomotor
Oculomotor nerves
located at the base of the cortex at the cortical/pons junction
function is eye movement, pupillary constriction, and accomodation
diplopia
ptosis
loss of accommodation
mydriasis
Cranial Nerve IV:

Trochlear
Trochlear nerves
located on the dorsal aspect of the brainstem
These nerves function to move the eyes
Associated disorders include diplopia
Cranial Nerve VI:
Abducens
Abducens nerves
CASLPA
located at the level of the brainstem
function to move the eyes
diplopia
Cranial Nerve V:
Trigeminal
Trigeminal nerves
located at the level of the pons
function includes facial sensation, chewing and proprioception
facial numbness
weakness
Cranial Nerve VII:

Facial
Facial nerves
function includes facial expression, taste (anterior 2/3), sensation of tonsils, soft
palate, external and middle ear and salivation
upper and lower facial weakness, loss of taste, dry mouth (xerostomia),
dysarthria
Cranial Nerve VIII:

Auditory
Auditory /Vestibulocochlear
brainstem
function is to maintain equilibrium and hearing
vertigo
nystagmus
disequilibrium
deafness
Cranial Nerve IX:

Glossopharyngeal
Glossopharyngeal nerves
involved in many functions
pharyngeal elevation
taste (post. 1/3)
sensation of the tongue base
CASLPA
epiglottis
uvula
pharynx
eustachian tube
parotid secretion
Associated disorders
dysphagia
dysarthria
loss of taste
anesthesia of the pharynx
xerostomia
Cranial Nerve X:
Vagus
Vagus nerve
functions include
taste/posterior tongue
sensation
epiglottis
larynx
trachea
stomach
small intestine
transverse colon
external ear
motor
deglutition
phonation
cardiac
GI tract
respiratory tracts
dysphagia
hoarseness
palatal weakness
cardiac dysfunction
dysfunctions of the viscera
Cranial Nerve XI:

Spinal/Accessory
Spinal/Accessory nerves
function in phonation, respiration, head and shoulder movement
CASLPA
horarseness
weakness of head and shoulder muscles
compromised respiration
Cranial Nerve XII:

Hypoglossal
Hypoglossal nerves
responsible for tongue movement
dysarthria
dysphagia
weakness / atrophy of tongue

CASLPA
Cranial Nerve Information Sheet

Oral Peripheral Mechanism Examination
Cranial Nerve Type Function

I Olfactory Sensory Smell
II Optic Sensory Vision
III - Oculomotor Motor Eye movement
IV - Trochlear Motor Eye movement (superior oblique)
Facial sensation 3 branches
Opthalamic
Maxillary
V - Trigeminal Sensory Mandibular
Anterior tongue sensation
Motor Muscles of mastication
VI - Abducens Motor Eye Movement - lateral rectus
Sensory Taste - anterior 2/3 tongue
VII - Facial Motor Facial expression
Hearing
VIII - Vestibulocochlear Sensory
Balance
Sensory Pharyngeal sensation
IX - Glossopharyngeal Motor Pharyngeal muscles
Sensory Pharynx, larynx, esophagus
X - Vagus Muscles of palate, pharynx, and
Motor
larynx
XI- Spinal Accessory Motor Shoulder, head movement
XII - Hypoglossal Motor Tongue movement
For the purpose of screening, the functions listed above are the primary functions of the
cranial nerves. This is not meant to serve as an exhaustive list of cranial nerve functions.
Stierwalt, J.A.G., (2003) Cranial Nerve Information Sheet

CASLPA
Cranial Nerve Screening
Cranial Nerve Function Screening Task

I Olfactory Sensory - Smell odors
II Optic Sensory - Vision vision chart/acuity
III- Oculomotor Motor Eye movement "follow the moving finger"
Motor Eye movement
IV - Trochlear (superior oblique)
look at the nose
Sensory - facial Have the individual close

V - Trigeminal sensation/anterior tongue their eyes: touch the face
Motor - muscles of Palpate muscles that clench
mastication the teeth
VI - Abducens Motor - lateral rectus look to the side
VII - Facial Sensory - taste sweet, sour, bitter, salt
Motor - facial expression smile, raise the eyebrows
VIII -
Sensory - hearing a tuning fork
Vestibulocochlear
balance look for vertigo
IX - Sensory - pharynx
gag reflex
Glossopharyngeal sensation
Motor pharyngeal muscles gag reflex
Sensory pharynx, larynx,
esophagus Check phonation
X - Vagus Motor - muscles of palate, Assess vocal quality
pharynx, and larynx
shoulder shrug and/or
XI- Spinal Motor Shoulder, head
turning the head to
Accessory movement
resistance
XII - Hypoglossal Motor - tongue movement Assess tongue movement
2003 Julie A.G. Stierwalt, Ph.D.



Cranial Nerves

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CASLPA

2007 Annual Conference, April 25-28

Cranial Nerves: Implications for Speech and Swallowing

Cranial Nerves: Implications for Speech and Swallowing

Cranial Nerve III:

Cranial Nerve IV:

Cranial Nerve VII:

Cranial Nerve VIII:

Cranial Nerve IX:

Cranial Nerve XI:

Cranial Nerve XII:

Cranial Nerves: Implications for Speech and Swallowing

Cranial Nerve Information Sheet

Cranial Nerve Type Function

Stierwalt, J.A.G., (2003) Cranial Nerve Information Sheet

Cranial Nerves: Implications for Speech and Swallowing

Cranial Nerve Screening

Cranial Nerve Function Screening Task

Sensory - facial Have the individual close

2003 Julie A.G. Stierwalt, Ph.D.

Cranial Nerves: Implications for Speech and Swallowing

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