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AbstractWater is a key resource for life on earth. Clean required for smooth operation of waste water treatment plant.
Drinking water is one of essential human needs. With the increase Section VI presents the sensors required for automation of the
in urbanization a threat of water scarcity is alarming. This plant. Section VII shows the flow chart of the sequence of
triggers the idea of reuse and recycling of waste water. This
paper presents the need for waste water treatment and also operation and Section VIII concludes the paper.
gives the brief description of various stages of waste water
treatment. The waste water treatment plan works optimally only II. NEED FOR WATER TREATMENT
under certain parameters. Hence sensors can be used at different
stages of water treatment for automation. This paper presents the Waste Water contains a variety of organic and inorganic
importance and necessity to recycle the waste water and provides substances dissolved which also includes toxic elements such
a solution for automation of the waste water treatment plant. as Cadmium(Cd), Zinc(Zn), Copper(Cu), Chromium(Cr), Ar-
Index TermsInternet of Things; Waste Water Treatment senic(As), Mercury(Hg), Lead(Pb) etc. These may not be in
Plant; Smart City; IoT. present in dense concentration to affect human life but may
affect plants and animal life.
I. I NTRODUCTION Disposal of the waste water directly into water bodies like
rivers and oceans may affect the aquatic animal life. The water
W ATER is one of the most vital natural resources.
Without it no life exits on the earth. Up to 60%
of human body is water. Hence the quality of water we
in these water bodies are consumed by animals and also by the
people living down stream. Consumption of this contaminated
water leads to health problems in a long run. The water in
consume is very important. The World population is expected
a river or lake id normally utilized by farmers for cultivation
to increase from 6.8 to 9.1 billion between 2009 and 2050.
and the presence of Micro and Macro Organisms in the water
The urban population is also projected to 6.3 billion in 2050.
affect the agricultural growth. Hence the water is to be treated
This projection shows that the urban areas all over the world
before disposing into water bodies. Also with the growth of
would have tremendous increase in population growth in the
urbanisation and the increasing scarcity of drinking water, it is
next 40 years.
necessary to recycle and reuse the waste water for agricultural
It is expected that the urban population would be 3.9 billion
purposes.
in developing countries and 1 billion in developed countries.
With this we could say that the population growth is an urban
phenomenon predominantly in developing countries. III. WATER TREATMENT PLANTS IN H YDERABAD
With increase in urban population the waste water generated Hyderabad is one of the fastest growing metropolitan cities
by them would also be increased. The urban waste water in India. It is the capital city of Telangana state and is the
when combined with untreated industrial waste could be very fourth most populous city in India. The area of Hyderabad is
dangerous. 650 square Kilometres and has a population of 10.1 Million
The Rural population and the slums in the city consume (in 2016). According to 2011 census, the population noted was
the water from open sources like rivers since they dont have 6.1 million which clearly shows an increase of 65 percentage
access to treated water. Hence the waste water treatment is of the population in the span of 5 years.
the need of the hour. The waste water must be treated before In Hyderabad there are 7.92 Lakh Connections which serve
leaving into them into rivers. 90 Lakh population. Entire Population of Hyderabad uses 1800
43 countries are presently facing the problem of water MLD (Million Litres per Day) for washing, toilet and for
scarcity. Hence it can be considered that waste water treatment drinking. A part from Domestic usage the water is also used
is a great necessity for smart cities. for Industrial Production. Musi River flows in the middle of
The rest of the paper is sorted in the following manner. Hyderabad City dividing it into two parts. The entire sewage
Section II talks about the Need of waste water treatment. flows to River Musi through 16 Nullahs. Fig.1 shows the
Section III presents the waste water treatmet plants present Nullas
in Hyderabad city. Section IV describes the Working of There are 18 waste water treatment plants in Hyderabad
waste water treatment plant. Section V describes the condition with a capacity of 715 MLD. A majority of the treated water
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B. Primary Treatment
After the water is screened, the water is flown into Main
Pumping Station where the flow rate is reduced and the water
is flown into fine screen which screens the particles above 6
Fig. 2. Waste Water Plant Block Diagram mm dia. and removes them from water. Fig.4 shows the Main
Pumping Station and Fine Screen.
There are four stages in treatment of Waste Water i.e.,
Initial Screening, Primary Treatment, Secondary Treatment
and Tertiary Treatment. Initial Screening removes all the
objects all diameter greater than 20 mm. In Primary Treatment
solids are made to settle by sedimentation and are removed
from waste water. The secondary Treatment uses biological
process to further purify the water. In Teritiary Treatment the
oxygen levels are increased and foul odour is removed. Fig.2
shows the block diagram of Waste Water Treatment Plant.
C. Secondary Treatment
From Aeration Tank the partially treated sewage flows into
Chlorination Tank for removal of excess bacteria. Clorine is
released in the water inorder to kill the Bacteria and to reduce
odour. This process kills 99 % of the bacteria. Alternative
process like treatment with UltraViolet Light or Ozone are
also used.
D. Flow Sensor
The Flow Sensor detects the changes in flow velocity. The
water flow velocity in the primary stage is to be maintained
as 1 m/s. In grit removal the horizontal flow velocity of water
must be maintained at 3 m/s so that the grit is settled down.
In Secondary process the flow velocity must be maintained as
mentioned in Section VI.E.
The deviations in the flow velocity can be detected and
corrective action can be taken.
E. Photo Sensor
In Primary Stage the blockage of coarse screen and fine
screen can be detected by Photo Sensor. The blockage can be
informed to concerned authorities by connecting it to a micro
controller.
F. Pressure Sensor
In primary stage, during screening water must be pumped
with suitable pressure through the Coarse Screen and Fine
Screen. The changes in pressure can be detected by pressure
sensor.
G. Gas Sensor
The amount of poisonous gases can be detected by the
Gas sensors. When the level of poisonous gases exceeds
the threshold limit concerned authorities can be notified by
connecting this sensor to a suitable micro controller.
H. Chlorine Sensor
The Chlorination is the last stage in the waste water treat-
ment. After chlorination the amount of chlorine is estimated
using chlorine sensors. The excess chlorine is detected by the Fig. 7. Flow Chart of Automation
sensor and that is removed by de-chlorination.
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VIII. C ONCLUSION [14] Lukasz Guz , Grzegorz Lagod , Katarzyna Jaromin-Glen, Zbigniew
Suchorab, Henryk Sobczuk and Andrzej BieganowskiApplication of
Usage of recycled water for purposes like gardening, flush- Gas Sensor Arrays in Assessment of Wastewater Purification Effects
ing toilets, watering plants and vegetables, washing cars, [15] Gernaey K, Bogaert H, Vanrolleghem P, Van Vooren L And Verstraete
cleaning of house and Fire fighting. The reuse of recycled W.Sensors for nitrogen removal monitoring in wastewater treatment
water decreases the usage of drinking water for these purposes
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which indirectly helps in decrease of water scarcity. The
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water scarcity for smart cities can be solved. waste water treatment
[5] L. Fan, K. Boshnakov and J. Lv, Integrated control for the urban
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Proceedings of the 29th Chinese Control Conference, Beijing, 2010, pp.
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[11] Liquid level sensors- different types of level sensors and their working
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level-sensors/