Working condition (labor force)

There are special restrictions, or rather protection provisions, for women in the industrial or
agricultural sector. They are not permitted to work between the hours of 10 p.m. and 5 a.m.
Malaysian workers are eligible for full-time employment at the age of 14. But there are certain
protective regulations covering adolescents aged 14 to 16. The labour law in this case differs
slightly in Peninsular Malaysia from that in Sabah and Sarawak. Under the age of 14 children are
allowed to work as well but only six hours per day. The areas of work, are however highly
limited to non-physical work. normal business hours In Malaysia are 9 a.m. to 5 p.m. Mondays
to Fridays, with many businesses and government agencies also open until noon on Saturdays.

Holidays

The Malaysian Labour Law prescribes a minimum of 10 days of paid holidays in a year. This is
not that much, however, there is barely another country which has as many religious holidays as
Malaysia. Due to the different cultures and religions in Malaysia, and the freedom to live these
out, there are Muslim as well as Buddhistic, Hindu and Christian holidays.

Agriculture labor force

EMPLOYMENT IN AGRICULTURE (% OF TOTAL EMPLOYMENT) IN MALAYSIA WAS LAST
MEASURED AT 12.60 IN 2012, ACCORDING TO THE WORLD BANK. EMPLOYEES ARE
PEOPLE WHO WORK FOR A PUBLIC OR PRIVATE EMPLOYER AND RECEIVE
REMUNERATION IN WAGES, SALARY, COMMISSION, TIPS, PIECE RATES, OR PAY IN KIND.
AGRICULTURE CORRESPONDS TO DIVISION 1 (ISIC REVISION 2) OR TABULATION
CATEGORIES A AND B (ISIC REVISION 3) AND INCLUDES HUNTING, FORESTRY, AND
FISHING. THIS PAGE HAS THE LATEST RECORDED VALUE, AN HISTORICAL DATA CHART
AND RELATED INDICATORS FOR EMPLOYMENT IN AGRICULTURE (% OF TOTAL
EMPLOYMENT) IN MALAYSIA.
Agriculture
Why is the Contribution Declining?

Traditionally the face of the agriculture is seen as the poor mans sector; therefore,

1. There has been a gradual shift of emphasis, away from the agriculture sector by the
Government since 1970 from being a producer of raw materials to an emerging multi-sector
economy.

2. Mass migration of younger people to urban areas since the 1980s due to preferences on non-
farming jobs, which in turns led to increasing labour shortage. To compensate the situation of the
ageing farm labours, there rise a high demand for migrant labours, resulting to the increase in
wages and the cost of production that has eventually eats into the profits of the sector.

3. The scarcity of land for expansion had restricted this sector from growing to its full potential.
As the economy moves towards industrialization, this sectors performance has been seen as
relatively low in growth rate by comparison to other sectors. When other sectors expanded, the
scarcity of land for agricultures expansion became apparent as all sectors are competing for the
limited land areas and hence, putting pressure for the need in expanding into the woodland
preservation areas.

4. Problems in promoting change and improvement among rice producers due to attitude issues,
have resulted to higher cost of production, poor productivity and quality of agricultural products.
While they continue to remain locked-in to a relatively unproductive agricultural system, and the
gap between their and urban incomes has grown wider.

5. The idea of self-sufficiency has not been broadly favoured among the Malaysian policymakers
and Malaysians. Therefore lesser focus on research and development (R&D) in food crops,
emphasis predominantly on export-oriented crops and lacking of investors as this sector
continues to be seen as a risk venture due to perishable factors.

Today is a New Beginning

As we are facing new challenges in this era, the landscape of this sector seems to be heading
towards the direction of self-sufficiency. With the Government willingness to resume this
portfolio, the encouragement is gradually making its visibility among the people:

1. Plans were put in place to develop better infrastructure, and management techniques and
technology and increase the productivity in rice farming, seaweed farming and temperate
vegetables farming by more than 40%. News Straits Time (2012)

2. The Government is setting up pilot 21st Century Villages which will have modern
amenities such as broadband so that the young have at least some of the things they are used to
having in the urban areas. Overall, it is an experiment using four different models. Idris Jala
(2013).
3. The government has allocated RM6 billion to implement agricultural programmes with
highly-added and commercial values. The Malaymail.com (2013).

4. Recognising the vital importance of food security and nutrition in meeting the nations
needs; the Malaysias Permanent Representative to the United Nations (UN) Datuk Hussein
Haniff said Malaysia had made it a point to ensure that sustainable agriculture and food security
and nutrition were high on its national agenda. Borneo Post Online (2013).

Conclusion

With reference to the above videos message agriculture is a business venture and the
citations abstracted from the media as below:

We need to cultivate an environment for the farming industry where farmers see themselves as
businessmen. Our role is to facilitate the process and invest in capacity building in order to grow
the agri-industry to become a key contributor to the nations economic wealth. The Agriculture
and Agro-based Industry Minister, Datuk Seri Noh Omar (2012)

The point that I would like to make is that the agricultural sector can be attractive and income
generating. In fact we have to make it as attractive as possible if we want to revitalise
agriculture and make it a vibrant sector of the economy. One major finding in agriculture is that
over 66% of people in agriculture are over 50 the young simply do not want to be involved.
Our great challenge is to see how to get the young into agriculture. Idris Jala (2013)

It is clear that the Government is trying to change the traditional mindset agriculture is a poor
mans sector among the people. They are facing great challenges in wooing the young into the
agriculture sector, and ever wondered why is it so? Maybe due to lack of exposure in practical
knowledge and experiences of the agricultural related learning materials, that explains why the
young are not responding well?

Perhaps, getting schools to incorporate practical agricultural related syllabuses into the current
education system can be a good starting point to create an awareness of this sector. I will not go
further as we have covered this area before.

As my parting words; remember, it may not be easy for a start as it will takes years of hard work
to till the ground through rain or shine before reaping its yields.

Buurps.com appreciates the passion, generosity and contribution of others in the world of culinary.
Therefore we wish to emphasize that many of the contents seen in our articles are sourced from the
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three problems faced by the agriculture sector in Malaysia This is because agricultural is very vulnerable
to factors like change of climate, disease and pest infestation. In the case of large scale aquaculture,
disease outbreaks will be major problem until quality control, good management practices and disease
control are taken care of. 2) Relatively low growth rate compared to other sector A lack of capital halts
its rapid transformation, structural change and integration with manufacturing. A slow rate of
technological development and innovation with regard to product development, process and packaging
also contributed to low growth rate. 3) Export- oriented crops Despite efforts to diversify, Malaysian
agriculture has remained predominantly export- oriented. By 1990, about 70% of the total cultivated
agricultural area and 75% of the gross crop output could be attributed to the perennial export crops of
rubber, palm oil and cocoa.

Underemployment
underemployment refers to a mismatch between career aspiration, skills and expectations of a
person to his or her actual job. For example, someone with a university degree but is only able to
get a job meant for STPM leavers. Or an engineer forced to accept the job of a salesperson
because of the inability to get any jobs in his or her area of training. Or someone having to work
for lower pay and in less than desirable work conditions.

In Malaysia, even by our governments conservative definition, youth underemployment is high,

about 15.1 per cent. However, on further analysis, the problem is much more acute. For example,
21 per cent of degree holders who are employed are working in jobs which do not require a
degree. And furthermore, 75,800 graduates are unemployed.

In other words, our young people are forced between being a number in the statistics of brain
drain and youth unemployment or underemployment.

I have previously raised these issues in the last parliamentary sitting, but so far, the government
has yet to show any serious commitment in resolving them as if youths problems are trivial
compared to other major issues facing the country.

An unemployed youth today cannot be better off in ten years time. And by then, he or she is
expected to play leading roles in society. I have outlined some of the critical measures that the
government should take.

Any solutions by the government should be systemic at the policy level to have a more lasting
impact, and not merely by organising career fairs (like our Youth Minister is fond of doing).
Geographical location(intro)
GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION::
Located between 2 and 7 degrees north of the Equator, Peninsula Malaysia is separated from the states
of Sabah and Sarawak by the South China Sea. To the north of Peninsula Malaysia is Thailand while its
southern neighbour is Singapore. Sabah and Sarawak are bounded by Indonesia while Sarawak also
shares a border with Brunei.

Economic system
Sa isang mixed economy , ang mga indibidwal , mga negosyo, at pinagmamay ari ng
pamahalaan ang ilang mga bahagi ng ekonomiya. Ang lahat ng mga grupong ito ay may
responsibilidad sa paggawa ng pang-ekonomiyang mga desisyon tungkol sa kung ano ang
ipro-produce at kung paano upang ipamahagi ito.

Agriculture2
Less apparent problems faced by agriculture were trade and fiscal measures adopted by the country.
Agriculture in humid tropical countries is relatively efficient because of the natural advantages they
enjoy, a situation that has largely been taken for granted. Agriculture in Malaysia is no exception. Thus,
in terms of market protection, for example, agriculture enjoys very little in contrast to, say, the
automobile industry. Indeed, export taxes imposed on palm oil, rubber and pepper discourage
agricultural production.

With resources pouring into the non-agricultural sectors, those sectors were able to offer higher
wages and better conditions of work. Agricultural labour was drawn away and the sector had to
offer higher wages merely to mitigate, not reverse, the outflow. Agricultural employment in 1990
was almost at the same level as in 1985 despite a larger workforce. Consequently, the share of
employment in the agricultural sector fell from 39.7 per cent in 1980 to 27.8 per cent in 1990.

The agricultural sector also had to face the challenge of natural problems. Malaysia never had a
comparative advantage in the production of food. Production of beef and mutton, for example,
suffered from a lack of pasture, low production through reduced food intake by animals as a
result of the hot and humid climate, and the high import costs of animals. In addition, rice
production has continued to fall short of a series of successively lower targets.

A major challenge to the agricultural sector and more specifically TDT systems is to
develop/adapt the technologies which can increase the overall on farm production and
productivity of all major farming groups: peasant subsistence farmers (psf); small scale farmers
(ssf); medium scale farmers (msf) and large scale farmers (lsf), through intensification (where
there are land shortages) or extensification (where availability of land is not a constraint). Either
way the increase in overall on-farm production and productivity can only occur through
increased utilization of modern technological inputs (e.g. high yielding seed varieties, fertilizers,
mechanization and water management etc.)

The third challenge is to ensure that whatever is produced is safely stored on the farm (for home
consumption) and/or is transported, processed and marketed/exported to the urban consumer/external
markets with a minimum of post-harvest losses. The output recovery system will need both physical
(e.g. storage structures, post harvest processing technology, transportation systems, rural roads, etc.) as
well as socio-economic (e.g. prices, marketing institutions, etc.) technologies. With dismantling of the
public marketing organizations due to ESAP, an alternative system, which will largely be privately or
cooperatively owned, needs to be developed to ensure that the produce is efficiently
stored/transported/ processed/marketed in the urban areas/export markets

Manufacturing
Most are facing shortages and increased costs for raw materials such as rubberwood, a principal wood
used for solid components in bedroom and casual dining.
They also face ongoing labor shortages due to their reliance on foreign workers, who are allowed in
the country only on temporary visas. The ongoing need for replacement workers keeps many factories
running short of their full capacity and also lengthens lead times on shipments to the U.S. and other
markets

Agriculture3
Agriculture sector

Rubber plantation in Malaysia

Main article: Agriculture in Malaysia

Agriculture is now a minor sector of the Malaysian economy, accounting for 7.1% of Malaysia's
GDP in 2014 and employing 11.1% of Malaysia's labour force, contrasting with the 1960s when
agriculture accounted for 37% of Malaysia's GDP and employed 66.2% of the labour force. The
crops grown by the agricultural sector has also significantly shifted from food crops like paddy
and coconut to industrial crops like palm oil and rubber, which in 2005 contributed to 83.7% of
total agricultural land use, compared to 68.5% in 1960.[77]

Despite its minor contribution to Malaysia's GDP, Malaysia has a significant foothold in the
world's agricultural sector, being the world's second largest producer of palm oil in 2012[78]
producing 18.79 million tonnes of crude palm oil on roughly 5,000,000 hectares (19,000 sq mi)
of land.[79][80] Though Indonesia produces more palm oil, Malaysia is the world's largest exporter
of palm oil having exported 18 million tonnes of palm oil products in 2011

Economic system
In study of economic, we had learned the economic system. Economy system is the structure of
production, distribution of economic input and output and consumption of goods and services in
an economy. There are 3 economic systems such as centrally planned economy system, mixed
economy system and free market economy system. So, there are different country countries have
different economy system.

In Malaysia, our economy system is mixed economy system. What is mixed economy system?
Mixed economy system is the centrally planned economy system combine free market economy
system. Put in simply, mixed economy was included free enterprise and government control or
some form of direct intervention by government.

Some countries are same mixed economy as Malaysia such as, India, Indonesia, and Singapore and so
on.

Malaysia was a mixed economy, Malaysia are attempts to combine the advantages of Free Enterprise
System and the Central Command System. The price mechanism is allowed to operate but in some cases
the price mechanism fails or works against public interest. The mixed economies in Malaysia some are
controlled by government some are private. The government have authority to intervene the market
and economy sector, but not totally can control it.

Malaysia is a mixed economy system, the government have to intervene it by professionally and
take it seriously, if not, there will some negative indication will occur such as, supplier and
consumer dissatisfaction, public conduct demonstrate because of the price of daily needs of
goods increase by suddenly and so on.

Besides that, the government need to consider by rational and clear before decision making, this
is because governmentâs decision making will impact to the public The govern ment
also need to conduct the marketing research always in order to understanding the consumer are
satisfy the price of goods and services or not and does the supplier set the price of goods and
services by suitable or not, so it may reduce the market problem. When facing surplus or
shortages in the market, government may take appropriate action to adjust the situation.

EMPLOYMENT IN INDUSTRY (% OF TOTAL EMPLOYMENT) IN MALAYSIA

EMPLOYMENT IN INDUSTRY (% OF TOTAL EMPLOYMENT) IN MALAYSIA WAS LAST
MEASURED AT 28.40 IN 2012, ACCORDING TO THE WORLD BANK. EMPLOYEES ARE
PEOPLE WHO WORK FOR A PUBLIC OR PRIVATE EMPLOYER AND RECEIVE
REMUNERATION IN WAGES, SALARY, COMMISSION, TIPS, PIECE RATES, OR PAY IN KIND.
INDUSTRY CORRESPONDS TO DIVISIONS 2-5 (ISIC REVISION 2) OR TABULATION
CATEGORIES C-F (ISIC REVISION 3) AND INCLUDES MINING AND QUARRYING (INCLUDING
OIL PRODUCTION), MANUFACTURING, CONSTRUCTION, AND PUBLIC UTILITIES
(ELECTRICITY, GAS, AND WATER). THIS PAGE HAS THE LATEST RECORDED VALUE, AN
HISTORICAL DATA CHART AND RELATED INDICATORS FOR EMPLOYMENT IN INDUSTRY (%
OF TOTAL EMPLOYMENT) IN MALAYSIA.

General Characteristics of Agricultural, Industrial, and Information Age

Economic Systems

Agricultural Age Economic Systems: feudal economic systems and earlier ancient empire economic
systems based on slavery
Industrial Age Economic Systems: rise of capitalist economic systems and then socialist economic
systems ( as a critique of capitalism)
Information Age Economic Systems: both capitalist and socialist economic systems are being
greatly restructured as they become part of a global economy; no pure systems hybrids instead,
through also privatization trends world wide--including in former socialist countries

Introduction
Malaysia is a federation of 13 states and three federal territories in Southeast Asia. It consists of two
regions separated by the South China Sea and is bordered by Brunei, Indonesia, and Thailand. Malaysia
has strategic location along Strait of Malacca and southern South China Sea. The government system is a
constitutional monarchy; the chief of state is the king, and the head of government is the prime
minister. Malaysia has a mixed economic system which includes a variety of private freedom, combined
with centralized economic planning and government regulation. Malaysia is a member of the Asia-
Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC), the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), and the
Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP).

Ethnic Groups
Malay 50.4%, Chinese 23.7%, indigenous 11%, Indian 7.1%, others 7.8% (2004 est.)

Southeastern Asia, peninsula bordering Thailand and northern one-third of the

Location island of Borneo, bordering Indonesia, Brunei, and the South China Sea, south of
Vietnam
Total
329,847 sq. km
Area
Land
328,657 sq. km
Area
Water
1,190 sq. km
Area
Coastline 4,675 km
tropical; annual southwest (April to October) and northeast (October to February)
Climate
monsoons