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Failed State
1
CHAPTERS
Appendix 1 Page
160
Appendix 2 Page
163
2
Appendix 3 Page
166
Appendix 4 Page
169
References Page
172
Chapter 1
WHY PAKISTAN?
3
since independence trying to show how Pakistan is not
like India. And in the intervening years Pakistan,
Pakistani institutions and Pakistanis have developed
certain unique and recognizable defining features. While
these features have been noted time and again by
innumerable people in a large number of books, newspaper
reports and magazines, no effort been made to collect
this information and put it all together between the
covers of a single book.
4
are often considered to be opponents of secularism and
tolerance, and are sometimes called saffron sympathisers.
For this reason Pakistan and Islamic extremism emanating
from Pakistan have almost been taboo subjects in India,
not to be discussed by secular non-Muslim Indians, lest
they should hurt the sentiments of Muslims in India. An
automatic and needless mental connection is made between
the subject of Pakistan and the Muslims of India. This is
both unfortunate and unfair to Indian Muslims. Today,
Indian Muslims are quite different from Pakistanis, and
it is an insult to Indian Muslims to refer to them as
being associated with Pakistan.
5
factor in the Indian inability to develop a coherent
Pakistan policy.
6
Muslims, unless treated in an especially favorable and
kind manner, would somehow feel upset enough to want to
side with Pakistan. Pakistan has thus had a great impact
on Hindu-Muslim relations in India, and has put a great
strain on the ancient Indian tradition of tolerance and
pluralism.
7
would be a formula for a disaster of unimaginable
proportions, while a policy that puts too much emphasis
on hurriedly delivering a total military defeat on
Pakistan could divert too large a proportion of meager
resources towards a war machine. That is one of the
mistakes that Pakistani leaders committed, and India
would do well to learn from that.
8
Imagine India to be a box with 100 eggs in it, but 30 of
those eggs are broken. Imagine Pakistan to be a smaller
box with 10 eggs in it, and 5 of those eggs are broken. A
direct comparison will show that the India box has 30
broken eggs, and the Pakistan box has only 5 broken eggs,
and it would seem that the India box is in a far worse
shape, with many more broken eggs. But what is hidden
from this comparison, is that the India box has 70 intact
eggs while the Pakistan box has only 5 intact eggs.
9
comparison of numbers will not reveal this and such
direct comparisons are useful only to hide Pakistan's
increasing problems.
10
Chapter 2
THE PEOPLE OF PAKISTAN
11
an education in a society that believes the women should
not be seen in public places, mixing with strangers.
12
national income, while the bottom 20 per cent has only 6
percent,
13
to 30% of the population. A large middle class is an
indicator of the development of a society from the
traditional feudal pattern into a more modern society.
The old feudal structure of society which Pakistan still
retains, consists of a small, very rich elite governing a
large mass of poor people. A large middle class is an
essential component of a modern state and its absence
marks a feudal state.
14
Religion also helps to define the psyche of the
Pakistani, which is dealt with in chapter 5.
Paradoxically, religion also helps in the survival of the
rich, tyrannical and corrupt leaders of Pakistan. Islam
teaches its followers to accept their lives as being pre-
ordained by God, and, as a result of this belief, the
poor and deprived Pakistani does not question or complain
about his miserable life. This stoic acceptance has
allowed the rapacious elite and the resource-swallowing
army of Pakistan to carry on with their atrociously rich
lifestyles and blatant corruption for decades, without
having to be answerable to an angry or demanding
population.
15
16
Chapter 3
EDUCATION
17
Pakistani leaders have never really understood how the
twin facts of population explosion and lack of education
feed upon each other leading to the population-illiteracy
cycle getting worse at a faster and faster rate as time
passes, making it increasingly difficult to catch up.
18
structure, with 43 per cent below the age of 15 and 63
per cent below the age of 25.
19
A report in the San Francisco Chronicle (13) in Oct 2002
on the state of education in Pakistan states:
20
...in Sindh province we have more than a quarter of a
million students in the religious Madaris. In Karachi
alone there are well over 226,000 children in these
religious seminaries.. In the whole of the province there
are only 1,500 middle schools. Compare this with 869
Madaris in Karachi alone.
21
10,000 and 20,000; unregistered seminaries may add
another 10,000 to the total. As for the number of
students, here the estimate ranges from a conservative
half-million to over 2 million. (By comparison, some 1.9
million Pakistani children reportedly attended primary
schools in 2002.)
22
Madrassas were introduced about 300 years ago on the
Indian subcontinent by then Muslim monarchs and rulers to
produce a bureaucracy capable of running the day-to-day
affairs of state, especially in terms of financial and
legal issues, according to the wishes and pleasure of the
king.
Ahmed continues:
23
battlefield was surely very useful and convenient to
provide an endless supply of soldiers to fight in
Afghanistan, and such fighters under the name Taliban
took over when the Soviets withdrew from Afghanistan. But
even after this, the madrassas that had supplied all
these fanatical men did not close down, and indeed could
not be closed down. The curriculum teaching jihad did not
change either. Having nowhere else to go, thousands of
madrassa trained students in Pakistan collected up, ready
for jihad in any part of the world, including Kashmir,
Bosnia, Chechnya, the Philippines, Indonesia, Palestine,
Iraq and Turkey.
24
weapons to other militias
Schools in Pakistan:
25
Four themes emerge most strongly..
1. ... Pakistan is for Muslims alone;
2. ...Islamiat is to be forcibly taught to all the
students, whatever their faith, including a compulsory
reading of Qur'an;
3. that Ideology of Pakistan is to be internalized as
faith, and hate be created against Hindus and India;
4. and students are to be urged to take the path of Jehad
and Shahadat (martrydom).
26
Other things taught in state school texts:
27
hand, all Muslims can say their prayers together.
28
...
29
and a call for change was made by Pakistani Federal
Minister for Education Ms Zobaida Jalal in a statement
published in the Pakistan Tribune online in March 2004
(24):
30
behind the struggle for Pakistan! Of course, there is no
doubt that some of the texts do denigrate the Hindus but
this should not be a pretext for not creating an
awareness of the differences that led to the creation of
Pakistan.
Chapter 4
INDUSTRIES AND ECONOMY OF PAKISTAN
31
Sreedhar states (26):
32
missiles and Pakistan's nuclear program.
33
The father of Pakistan's atom bomb, Abdul Qadeer Khan,
worked at the Urenco uranium enrichment facility in the
Dutch city of Almelo in the 1970s.
34
centrifuges was necessary for Pakistan to start enriching
Uranium. Uranium occurs naturally primarily in two forms,
the heavier U238 and lighter U235. The latter, U235 is
needed for nuclear bombs but occurs in very small
quantities mixed with U238. For this reason Uranium needs
to be enriched to get material that contains 90% or more
of U235, which can then be used for making a nuclear
bomb. Several techniques exist for this and Pakistan
chose the route of Uranium enrichment by centrifuges
using the technology stolen by Qadeer Khan from the
URENCO labs.
One week after the Indian nuclear tests of May 1998, and
a one week before the official Pakistani nuclear test an
announcement was made at a G8 meeting that Pakistan had
tested a nuclear device. It is said that the device
failed to detonate. After this there was a flurry of
35
activity when Pakistani officials visited China. The next
week, on the 28th of May 1998, Pakistan conducted a
nuclear test in Chagai. Some experts believe that the
device tested was a ready made device provided to
Pakistan by China after the failure of an earlier test.
During this period mysterious news reports surfaced that
Plutonium was detected in the atmosphere over Chagai in
Pakistan (32). Since Pakistani bomb designs were Uranium
based ones, there is no way Plutonium could have
appeared. If the Plutonium story is true, it lends
credence to the theory that Pakistan may actually have
tested a ready made Chinese nuclear device.
36
seater trainer aircraft from Sweden. The aircraft,
called the Saab Supporter in Sweden is assembled in
Pakistan under the name Mushshak. Another trainer
aircraft that Pakistan became involved in is a Chinese
designed K-8 jet trainer. Current reports indicate that
the trainers will be manufactured in China, and not in
Pakistan.
st
On March 31 2002, a report in the The New York Times
stated, Barely a third of Pakistan's population is
literate, Even using a very low standard, the State
Department said in its most recent human rights report.
Pakistan's literacy rate ranks below that of countries
like Haiti, Rwanda and Sudan, according to the most
recent United Nations Development Program report.
Furthermore A UNDP report in 2003 ranked Pakistan a low
138th, in a list of 174 countries (33).
37
The report warns that population is shifting from upper
poverty bands to lower ones, showing a decline in their
welfare level
One report (36) says only one million Pakistanis pay tax
in a country of over 150 million people. The Karachi
Stock Exchange has trading in only about 30 stocks - with
over 700 other stocks listed for tax advantages. The
Exchange is run by a handful of crooked brokers and scams
are rampant. The same report goes on to say, Estimates of
the size of the country's black-market economy, which
38
includes everything from underground banking to narcotics
to the smuggling of consumer goods, range up to 100% of
the so-called formal sector. That ratio "is probably the
most severe" of any country in the world, says Muhammad
Mansoor Ali, one of Pakistan's leading economists. "It is
essentially a parallel economy."
39
Chapter 5
PAKISTANI PSYCHE - GENERAL OBSERVATIONS
40
understand each others' behavior. A deep understanding of
Japanese culture was required before international
agreements could be reached with Japan on the issue of
whaling and protection of endangered species of whales.
Some cultures, such as Japanese culture have been well
studied (41). The important role of saving face and
avoiding shame is well recognised, and must be taken into
account in negotiation. Another well known example of the
consequences of an inability to understand cultural
nuances comes from a transcript of a telephone
conversation in Arabic between Egyptian President Gamel
Abdel Nasser and King Hussein of Jordan when Egyptian
forces were being defeated by Israeli forces in 1967. The
cultural need to avoid shame forced Nasser to state that
his forces were fighting well against their enemy, but
King Hussein was unable to understand the nuances by
which Nasser hinted that his forces were being defeated.
That left Hussein, and Jordan unprepared for their defeat
in the war subsequently (42).
41
psychological hurdles that come in the way of Indian and
Pakistani relations. These are listed in a review of his
book (44):
42
Pakistanis as being just like Indians. But after over
50 years of being a separate nation with different threat
perceptions, problems and priorities, and with 75 % of
present day Pakistanis having been born after 1947, it
can easily be observed that there are certain behavioral
characteristics that can be called Purely Pakistani There
is, in effect a Pakistani psyche or a Pakistani mindset,
that is separate from the old Indian identity.
43
Hospitality and generosity:
44
some have gone as far as to make needlessly hostile and
malicious references to India in their writings despite
strong evidence that their words are misinformed at best,
and often just plain wrong. Prominent among people who
have written warm words for Pakistan are writers like
Brian Cloughley, Eric Margolis and John Fricker.
45
honour killing is often the sentence carried out on a
woman who is thought to have shamed the family. David
Pryce Jones has written (45) that the key to
understanding some Islamic societies is to recognise the
need for acquisition of honour, pride, dignity, respect,
and the converse avoidance of shame,disgrace, and
humiliation. The powerful codes of shame and
honour...enforce identity and conformity of behaviour.
Everything is permitted in order to safeguard the family
or tribal honour, lying, cheating, and even murder.
46
military commanders goes to the extent of suppressing any
news of a defeat or setback suffered by the military,
while insisting that victory was always achieved. A brief
study of the way Pakistan's wars with India have been
reported in Pakistan are illustrative of this.
47
The operations of 1971 finally dispelled any vain dreams
that the 'sword-arm' of old India could, despite its
numerical inferiority, sweep aside the armies of the
effete Hindus and win another battle of Panipat outside
the walls of Delhi. Not an Indian brigade had to be moved
West. General Jagjit Singh Aurora's daring concentric
attack on East Pakistan went forward uninterrupted and on
16 December he received the surrender of the Pakistani
commander in Dacca.
48
withdrawal of Pakistani forces facing rout. By the time
the withdrawal started the Indian forces had wiped out
almost the entire Northern Light Infantry of the Pakistan
army. Nawaz Sharif, who was Prime Minister of Pakistan
during this conflict, said in an interview to the Weekly
Independent from his place of exile in Saudi Arabia,
49
can present a united front to the village.
But the need to save Pakistani honour was too great after
the Indian tests. The national sense of shame in being
unable to publicly match India was so intense that Prime
Minister Nawaz Sharif acknowledged that he would not
survive unless he sanctioned nuclear tests by Pakistan.
Pakistan did test a nuclear device of its own two weeks
after India's tests and although there is some
controversy about the real origin of the device tested by
Pakistan, the test greatly diluted the international
50
attention that India was getting after its tests, and put
the spotlight on Pakistan, a spotlight that has only
become brighter after the September 11th 2001 terrorist
attacks in the US.
For example, wars are never lost, and any defeats are
temporary setbacks. Arms built under licence are always
shown as indigenous. Ballistic missiles imported from
51
China and North Korea are repainted and given Pakistani
names to be flaunted as missiles designed and
manufactured in Pakistan. Indians are always depicted as
being conniving and scheming, never as courageous and
honourable. The Indian armed forces are always referred
to by Pakistan as being weak and dishonourable and always
accused of raping and murdering civilians. Indian leaders
are often referred to as scheming high caste Brahmins or
Banias who are plotting to either dominate or eliminate
people of all other religions and social groups.
52
it was an act of military piracy at the highest level to
destroy the professional propriety of soldiers who were
on lawful duty...The interference of Indian army in East
Pakistan was a well thought out conspiracy hatched by
India and vociferously backed by the Soviet Union
53
When faced with a situation in which Pakistan is the
weaker party, the need to maintain honour and avoid shame
requires that Pakistan must not sue for peace by directly
negotiating with India. This calls for the introduction
of a mediator or middleman. It is cowardly to call for
peace directly, but it is honourable to agree to peace
when mediated by a respected third party, which avoids
the need for defeat and dishonour. Any concessions that
Pakistan is forced to make can be conveniently blamed on
the mediating party. The important need here is for
Pakistani leaders to appear to be strong and retain their
honour in front of their own people. It does not matter
if anyone else considers that Pakistan was defeated, weak
or dishonoured as long as the Pakistani people see their
leaders as having pulled off some kind of victory, and
are not seen as having lost their honour to the weaker
party India.
54
initiatives are seen as a sign of weakness, which must be
met with threats and demands for concessions. But an
India that appears to be showing weakness by talking
about peace mystifies Pakistan by refusing third party
mediation. For India, third party mediation is
unacceptable in what is essentially a bilateral dispute
with Pakistan. This confuses and angers the Pakistani
leadership, because on the one hand India appears weak to
them by asking for peace, but on the other hand India
refuses third party mediation which a weak nation should
accept with gratitude to save its own face.
55
General Ayub Khan who led Pakistan into the 1965 war with
India had boasted that One Pakistani soldier is equal to
six Indian soldiers The genesis of this attitude is
interesting.
Pakistan the nation was formed with the belief that its
army was, from the beginning, somehow superior by virtue
of its being composed of martial races. Maj. Amin goes on
to write:
56
Qualities of the Pakistani (Punjabi and Pathan Muslim
soldier) vis a vis the Hindu Indian soldier, as proved in
1965 war and felt that somehow, in the next war to
miracles would occur and the Pakistan Army would do well
Positive Self-image:
57
if it is not carried to extreme lengths in which all
others are considered inferior. Unfortunately that has
occurred among Pakistan's elite, to the detriment of
Pakistan. Former Prime Minister of Pakistan, Benazir
Bhutto, herself a Sindhi, recalls having been taught as a
child that West Pakistanis are tall, fair-complexioned
and eat wheat, while East Pakistanis (Bengalis) are
short, dark-complexioned and eat rice. The East
Pakistanis were held in contempt by West Pakistanis.
Major Amin writes(57):
the generals were convinced that the Bengali was too meek
to ever challenge the martial Punjabi or Pathan
Muslim..The Bengalis were despised as non martial by all
West Pakistanis.
58
surprising to note that Pakistanis have considered
themselves racially superior to the dark, ugly Hindustani
Indians. This feeling was a carry over from the pre-
Independence days when the British relied on the martial
race for their army recruits. Maj. Amin writes, To
Kiplings contemporaries, the taller and fairer a native,
the better man he was likely to be
59
The obvious question is Why would anyone's religion make
his behavior different or peculiar? It is better to
answer the question than ignore it and assume that
religion has, or does not have any bearing on behavior.
60
feudal master, local lord, or religious leader tells him
to do, so long as it does not go against his Islamic
conscience.
61
Chapter 6
WOMEN AND MINORITIES OF PAKISTAN
With 108 men for every 100 women in Pakistan (59), the
women of Pakistan could probably be called a minority, to
be counted along with other minorities of Pakistan such
as Shia Muslims, Ahmedis, Hindus and Christians.
62
Pakistani women continue to be victims of an unjust
society rooted in history and tradition. Lack of
awareness about their rights and their need for education
has added to their predicament. Most Islamic communities
are averse to the idea of giving women social status
equal to that of men. That a strong feudal elite still
rules the roost in the vast countryside is a major
impediment to enlightenment and democracy, while a
powerful clergy rejects all notions of equality and
freedom for women. Those women who rebel by asserting
their rightful place in society are punished and
considered immoral; many have been the victims of
domestic violence, rape, and murder.
63
this can lead to dishonour a crime punishable by death.
honour killings in which a father or a brother kill a
woman for having dishonoured the family are common in
Pakistan.
64
off, uneducated and discriminated; and this leads to
further poverty and degradation in society. No force in
Pakistan seems to have the wisdom, will or power to
change this.
65
of the country. Almost 54% of the minority population
ended up as refugees in India, while a very high 35% of
the minority population is simply unaccounted for. These
are people who were likely killed or converted into
Islam.
66
that Pakistan is for Sunni Muslims alone, and people of
other religions, and even Shia Muslims are to be looked
upon with contempt. The discrimination extends to
derogatory references to non-Islamic people in school
textbooks, as noted in chapter 3.
67
me that he saw houses en-route burning and that the route
provided a spectacle of war and destruction.
The last years of the Zia regime saw the Shias of Gilgit
come out with a demand for a separate Shia State
consisting of Gilgit and the Shia majority areas of
Punjab and the North-West Frontier Province (NWFP). They
wanted the Shia state to be called the Karakoram Province
and remain part of a confederation of Pakistan. The Zia
regime crushed the Shia movement ruthlessly. In August
1988, the Pakistan Army inducted a large Sunni tribal
force from the NWFP and the Federally-Administered Tribal
Areas (FATA), led by Osama bin Laden, into Gilgit and it
massacred hundreds of Shias and crushed their revolt.
The hatred of the Shias for Osama bin Laden and his Al
Qaeda dates from this period.
Chapter 7
68
PARTITION AND THE TWO-NATION THEORY OR
The many nations that formed the state of Pakistan(?)
69
MB Naqvi wrote in the Jang of Pakistan (70):
70
as extending from Arabia in the center to North Africa in
the West, Southern Europe to the North and Central Asia,
India and South East Asia to the East. The Caliph was the
symbolic head of this empire, although he by no means
controlled even a fraction of that empire. The word
Caliph means deputy in Arabic, and the first Caliph had
been appointed by the Prophet Mohammad, and the end of
the Caliphate was the end of a long line of Caliphs that
extended from antiquity.
71
Allama Iqbal asserted that there is only one nation
opposed to the Muslim Umma, and that is the nation of
non-Muslims! In other words, the world is divided into
two camps, the Muslims and Non-Muslims.
With Islam, and Islamic reasons being the basis for the
formation of Pakistan, Pakistanis have, right from the
72
beginning, been taught to regard themselves as Muslims
first and foremost, and as opposed to being citizens of
the nation, Pakistan. Pakistan was supposed to be a
homeland for Muslims of India and its formation was
pushed through by the groups who wanted it, over the
wishes of other groups, including some such as the
Jamaat-i-Islami who did not favor the formation of
Pakistan.
73
toe or a fingertip so that the body itself can survive
and not be affected by the disease that damaged the toe
or finger. For India partition was akin to that - a
civilizational auto-amputation.
74
It was only after the formation of Pakistan that all the
assumptions made about Islam as a unifying concept began
to break down. There were contradictions at every turn.
The 15 million mohajirs who migrated to Pakistan from
India were not welcomed. But they were educated and held
all the important bureaucratic posts. The mohajirs found
that their survival in Pakistan would be made easier by
creating and maintaining an India scare - a phobia
against the scheming Hindu who was out to subjugate or
kill all Muslims. The mohajirs, the Muslim elite of India
who had migrated to Pakistan were in an ideal position to
concoct any stories they wished about the bestial Hindus
they had left behind.
75
standards set for them, the ruling elite lived as they
pleased.
76
Chapter 8
ISLAM AND PAKISTAN
77
Islam are one and the same.
But this charade could only last a few years before the
fallacies began to show.
78
rationalized by the local culture.
But the leaders of the new Pakistan who took over after
Jinnah died in 1948, certainly felt that Pakistan should
be stripped of all its connections with India. In an
experimental and unparalleled act of ignorance, Pakistan
was deliberately set on the path of being an orphan,
culture-less nation. Pakistan was not Arabic; it was not
Egyptian or Persian; it was not Indonesian, but it was
definitely not going to be Indian any more. The India
connection had to be stripped clean, leaving Pakistan
purely Islamic. Islamic, for Muslims alone, free from
India or any Indian roots. Indian culture had to be
actively cleaned out of the minds of millions of
Pakistani citizens - a culture of centuries was to be
washed clean, and nobody had any idea of what would
79
replace the void. The only thing people knew was that
Pakistanis would have to be Islamic, and good Muslims.
80
was and what it should do, ended up trying to make
Pakistan take all the routes that it could possibly take
simultaneously. And like a man whose arms and legs are
being pulled apart by horses moving in different
directions, parts of Pakistan, and social and ethnic
groups of Pakistan have all headed in different
directions, resulting in the chaos that Pakistan is
today.
81
postponing development of Pakistan indefinitely. And
conveniently, aid and funds poured into Pakistan in the
early years as part of US aid to Pakistan as a cold war
ally. As long as the money kept coming in, there was no
pressure to change policy. India could be fought and
opposed, the people of Pakistan could be kept busy, and
elections postponed. Money and the economy were not a
problem. Allah (God), who had given Pakistan to the
faithful, was providing funds and arms via the US. India
would be defeated. Pakistan could do no wrong.
82
of insecurity at the hands of India, commitment to
Islamic ideology and the need to unite against all
odds...the migrant elite...dreaded the prospects of their
exit from power in the event of elections.
83
powers to lessen his troop casualties in 1965 war stated,
'There was a hidden hand deflecting the rounds'..General
Mahmud Ahmad during Pakistani ambassador's conference
reprimanded the ambassadors for not relying on the
intercession of Providence while analyzing Pakistan's
Afghan policy. Another compelling reason to be very
cautious about overuse of religion is to avoid seeping of
sectarian tendencies into the armed forces.
84
The Ideal Islamic state existed at the time of the
Prophet Mohammad. The desire for an ideal Islamic state
has been described as follows (83):
85
(a non-profit multinational organization committed to
resolving conflict) the introduction carries the
following quote (85):
86
seceded and formed Bangladesh (chapter 11). This blow to
Pakistan was explained on the basis of Pakistan not being
Islamic enough. More and more Islamic laws had to be
passed and implemented. The sharia, zakat, and the Hudood
ordinance were brought in. Islamic fervor, it was
implied, would solve all of Pakistan's problems, and put
and end to the people's misery.
87
of madrassas and ensured that they would have jobs and
influence. They took charge of the madrassas with gusto
and preached with fervor. They preached jihad, Jihad
against the enemies of Islam. In order to be good
Muslims, Pakistanis were urged to do jihad - not the
internal, self correcting jihad of the Koran, but the
external violence of the Generals and their games of
military domination. More and more Pakistanis were needed
to fight Pakistan's wars. Men were needed to fight India.
Men were needed to fight the Soviet Union in Afghanistan.
The army brass, getting richer, needed men to do their
fighting, and the mullahs, secure and happy in their
newly funded madrassas, ensured the delivery of any
number of men to fight for Pakistan, for Islam.
And as these men prepared for and died fighting for the
cause that they had been told was Islamic - the people
who trained them and sent them to die the army and the
mullahs, got fatter, and more powerful.
88
As the institutions of Pakistan failed in this unique and
unorthodox concept of a nation, the faith Islam, grew
stronger.
89
Step by step, out of its Islamic striving, Pakistan had
undone the rule of law it had inherited from the British,
and replaced it with nothing
Chapter 9
ATTITUDES TOWARDS INDIA AND INDIANS
90
country of Pakistan was built on hate and nothing else.
Aiyer continues:
91
universal
92
difficult for the Pakistanis to accept the reality of
India's intrinsic superiority in size and economy. The
fact that in 1965 and also in Kargil it was the Moslems
of India who alerted the country is too insulting to
believe. The cup of Pakistani hatred brims over and
India, in the Pakistani mindset, is the cause of their
nation('s) deprivations..
93
Conducting terrorist activities in various parts
of Pakistan to exploit ethnic and religious differences;
Developing Pakistan-specific nuclear and
conventional arsenal, thus forcing this country to enter
into a suicidal arms race with the consequent irreparable
damage to its economy;
Keep bullying Pakistan by concentrating Indian
armed forces on its borders and on the Line of Control in
Kashmir on trumped up grounds, having previously imposed
three wars on Pakistan.
Expecting an enemy with such a criminal record to change
its heart overnight and become friendly toward us is
nothing but inanity.
94
students
Chapter 10
THE PAKISTANI ARMY: POWER AND GLORY IN THE FAMILY
Time and time again, and from many sources, one can find
people who have made the quote: Pakistan is not a nation
95
with an army; it is an army with a nation
96
Punjab itself was partitioned so a lot of army
personnel had relatives or friends in Punjab who were
affected by the events of partition.
Pakistani army units from Punjab were tasked
with the protection of civilians in the post-partition
violence, so the personnel in these army units served
both as protectors of the civilians as well as sufferers
as their villages or families were affected during
partition.
Punjabi units were also utilised in Pakistan's
unsuccessful attack to wrest Kashmir from India in 1947.
97
people suddenly had a nation to lead, a new nation,
Pakistan - one of the biggest countries on earth. It was
a victory for them, and for Islam. They were not about to
fritter away that victory by allowing power to pass into
the hands of the more numerous uneducated locals in
democratic elections, in the same way as they would later
refuse to hand over power, and the rule of Pakistan to a
Bengali party from faraway East Pakistan. After all, the
reason these migrants had left India was precisely
because they feared democracy attenuating their
privileges.
98
In the first decade of Independence, Pakistan was
nominally a parliamentary democracy but civil bureaucrats
ruled the state with the military as junior partner. No
elections were held ..the President had power to dismiss
the Prime Minister and used it liberally. (Governor-
General Iskander) Mirza...ruled in league with Army
Chief, general Mohammad Ayub Khan. Dispensing even with
the pretence of democracy, Ayub ousted Mirza and imposed
martial law in October 1958
99
Ayub exercised total control of Pakistan before, during
and after 1965 when he launched and lost a war with
India. The Army replaced Ayub Khan when it was sensed
that popular opposition to Ayub Khan would harm the
Armys interests, and General Yahya Khan, who oversaw the
splitting away of East Pakistan and the formation of
Bangladesh after the worst defeat that the Pakistani
armed forces have ever faced replaced him.
100
But the Pakistani army has always grabbed power from
elected governments or prevented democracy from actually
being established, and have prevented all attempts to
check the finances or power of the military in any way.
101
Describing the decrepit and run-down state of most
schools in Pakistan, the Washington Post goes on to
compare that with a Pakistani army run school:
102
The Pakistan Weekly reported (94):
103
Shaheen Sehbai wrote in the Weekly Independent in 2002
(95),
104
Trust, the Shaheen Foundation and the Bahria Foundation.
105
other nation on earth. But they are normal and routine
for the Pakistani armed forces. Like a core business
that has diversified, the Pakistani armed forces have
diversified into fields well outside the mandate of an
armed force.
106
manned by retired military officers, the military run
businesses of Pakistan are above all accountability.
"When you dig into them, you find out they are
inefficient, and there is evidence of corruption,"
Siddiqa-Agha said. "There is also evidence of corruption
linked to monopolization of government contracts.
107
through similar allotments...This conversion of generals
into landlords also explains why no serious effort has
been made by the military to introduce land reforms in
the country, which could cure many political and social
imbalances in the Pakistani society.
108
Since the late 1970s, the Pakistan army has maintained a
mutually profitable relationship with Islamic elements in
the country. The Islamicists have offered two critical
inputs to the military: they have provided armed manpower
for the military's security agendas in the neighborhood,
as in Afghanistan since 1979 and in India since 1989. And
they have been ever ready to join hands with the military
to undermine popularly elected and mainstream civilian
governments inimical to the military's corporate view of
Pakistan's interests in one way or another.
109
strategy for his unit's combat operations. The commanders
have lap top computers in which they store their data,
from which they generate summaries of their operations
for their military officers.
The Pakistan army has, over the course of the last few
decades, subcontracted its fighting to the jihadis.
Former Indian Intelligence analyst B.Raman was quoted in
the online portal Rediff (104):
110
Karachi Stock Exchange, controls the largest network of
elite public schools, owns the largest construction
company and the largest transportation company the
National Logistics Cell that has the dubious distinction
of not only transporting weapons for the ISI and the CIA,
but also heroin from Peshawar for export from Karachi.
111
..two or three of the 10 corps commanders are seen as
Islamicists. B. Raman, RAW's former Pakistan expert, says
only one of the 30 officers of lieutenant-general rank
and above is definitely a jehadi.
112
Chapter 11
KASHMIR, PLEBISCITE, WARS AND GENOCIDE
113
circumstances under which this war started is generally
lost in a maze of rhetoric, myth and misinformation, and
needs to be described.
114
up his mind. India wanted to formalize this agreement
with a representative of the King. Pakistani leaders
suspected that this was a ploy by India to make the
Maharaja of Kashmir accede to India, and hastily
commenced an invasion of Kashmir to take over the Kingdom
before the Maharaja made up his mind (112).
115
State are marching on with the aim of capturing
Srinagar... armed with up-to-date weapons, cannot
possibly be done without the knowledge of the Provincial
Government of the North-West Frontier Province and the
Government of Pakistan.
116
military rule, Pakistan allied itself with the United
States of America in the cold war against the Soviet
Union. The US in the 1960s had just emerged from the
Cuban missile crisis of 1962, when Soviet nuclear
missiles were placed in Cuba right under the nose of the
US. The US was also fighting communist forces in Vietnam,
and communism was considered the most serious threat by
the US. Any ally was welcomed as long as he declared that
he was opposed to communism.
117
General Ayub Khan in his letter to C-in-C General
Muhammad Musa stated, as a general rule Hindu morale
would not stand more than a couple of hard blows
delivered at the right time and place.
118
The 1971 war of liberation of Bangladesh:
The 1971 war was one of the most shameful episodes in the
history of Pakistan. At the time of writing of this, the
instability that Pakistan displays more than three
decades after the 1971 war is indicative of the deeply
dysfunctional internal forces that have kept Pakistan in
turmoil since then.
119
brutal.
120
Bangladesh is a nation criss-crossed by rivers, and the
Pakistan army tended to line up men along river-banks at
night and shoot them, allowing their bodies to float
down-river (115)
121
taking 93,000 prisoners of war. At the end of this
action, the new nation of Bangladesh was born out of the
ravaged remains of East Pakistan. The army of the martial
races of Pakistan had capitulated and surrendered a
nation of 144,000 square kilometers along with 93,000 of
its men in a mere 16 days.
122
conceding that the earlier denial of involvement was a
lie in the first place. This ultimately has a great
bearing on credibility and international standing.
Pakistan seems to have gleaned more shame than honour
from this action.
123
Pakistani viewpoint. Why did Pakistan do it? And having
done it, why was it done so half-heartedly? If they
wanted to be involved in the conflict, why did they deny
involvement? If they did not want to be identified as
being involved, why did they admit to involvement later?
What was it that Pakistani leaders hoped would be
achieved by this action?
124
the Pakistani military not plan a counter-offensive to
blunt or stop India from relentlessly clearing the
heights as it did?
125
This statement by a senior Pakistani army general eerily
echoes the assessment made by Pakistani dictator Ayub
Khan 34 years earlier when he stated that Indian morale
would break after a couple of hard blows. As indicated in
the description of the Pakistani mind in chapter 5, such
assessments are more indicative of the psychological
state of the Pakistani army officer, with a self-image
amounting to delusions of grandeur rather than objective
and rational military judgment. It is interesting to note
that the large and powerful army of Pakistan has
cultivated a leadership that somehow believes that the
Indian military will be a pushover in battle. Such an
attitude can be termed as nothing short of suicidal, as
events have shown.
126
claim this as a victory.
127
Pakistan. An excerpt from the report says:
128
census is estimated to be between 160 and 170 million in
2006.
129
Balochistan is rich in natural resources, including
natural gas and minerals. The people of Balochistan have
long fought for independence of their land from Pakistani
rule, and more recently for a fair share of the proceeds
from the natural resources being exploited in
Baluchistan.
130
supposed to be Pakistani citizens guarantees that the
Pakistani army will never return to Waziristan and a
return of confiscated weapons, as well as the payment of
reparations for damage. This has been described as a de-
facto acceptance of an independent Islamic Emirate of
Waziristan ruled by the Taliban, in an area that
serves as a safe harbor for the Al Qaeda and other
assorted Islamist militia personnel.
Chapter 13
PAKISTAN, JIHAD AND TERRORISM
131
deep changes taking place in Pakistan.
132
terrorism. It is stated that jihad is an internal
struggle and not external violence. But this assertion
goes against the facts on the ground. Terrorism and
senseless violence are being routinely committed in the
name of jihad. In the Pakistani context, terrorism and
jihad are one and the same. In his study of jihadi groups
in Pakistan, Ehsan Ansari says of jihad (120):
133
According to The Washington Post, some 7,000 madrasas
currently operate in Pakistan, with enrollment at more
than 650,000 students. Pakistani officials estimate that
10 to 15 percent of the madrasas in Pakistan promote
extremist ideologies.
134
came guns and drugs, mainly heroin, to fund the US backed
war against Soviet troops in Afghanistan. With US arms,
Saudi funds and Jihad recruits from Pakistan, the Soviet
Union was put under sufficient military pressure to
withdraw from Afghanistan, paving the way for the
Pakistan sponsored Taliban to form a government in
Afghanistan.
135
served as a safe place to continue to train jihadis to
fight Pakistan's war against India.
136
The moment we left Fortress Abbottabad, it was jehadi
territory. Wall chalking after wall chalking advertised
jehadi outfits and announced recruitment for jehadi
fighters. Just a few kilometers from the Havelian
cantonment, there are slogans such as Jehad is the
shortest route to Paradise and Contact us for commando
Jehadi training. Walls between Havelian and Haripur are
full of jehadi slogans and adverts
137
runs to between US$125 and $250 million a year. These
funds are used to cover salaries for fighters (which run
from 5,000 to 10,000 rupees a month), support to next of
kin, cash incentives for high-risk operations and
retainers for guides, porters and informers.
138
intercepted and killed 17,000 terrorists who were found
committing acts of terrorism or infiltrating into India
from Pakistan, along with the staggering recovery of over
27,000 assault rifles and machine guns, and over 59,000
hand grenades, 6 million rounds of ammunition and 34,000
kilograms of explosives (129).
Once somebody picks up the gun then his family knows that
it is only a matter of days before they hear that he has
been killed in an encounter. We put the average lifespan
of a terrorist at two-and-half years. Within this period
we are bound to eliminate him.
139
against the presence of large numbers of Indian counter-
insurgency personnel within India, and diplomatic
protests grew shriller as Indian security forces chalked
up success after success.
140
In an article on Pakistan-sponsored terrorism, the
magazine India Today, referring to the L-e-T (Lashkar-e-
Tayeba), a powerful and deadly Pakistan based jihad
group, had this to say in its December 2003 edition
(132):
141
Musharraf blamed the Al Quaeda for attempting to
assassinate him. Other reports too have pointed to
Islamist forces within Pakistan as being responsible for
wanting to replace General Musharraf. Although the first
of the two assassination attempts was thought to have
been stage managed by Musharraf's supporters to win
greater sympathy for him (138), the second one, a suicide
bombing involving multiple bomb laden trucks was a very
real indicator of the sort of forces that exist in
Pakistan today.
142
Chapter 14
THE GOVERNMENT AND CRIMINAL ACTIVITY
Mr Pallone said:
Mr. Speaker, I rise to bring to the attention of my
colleagues a report that appeared in the Washington Post
of September 12, 1994, which describes a disturbing link
between narcotics and terrorism. The report from Karachi,
Pakistan, headlined `Heroin Plan by Top Pakistanis
143
Alleged' quotes Pakistan's former Prime Minister Nawaz
Sharif saying that `drug deals were to pay for covert
operations' brings to mind other reports not so long ago
of Pakistani involvement in using the Bank of Credit and
Commerce International [BCCI] to launder drug money that
was eventually believed to have been used in financing
terrorist groups involved in the New York World Trade
Center bombing. The report cites Pakistan's army chief
and head of intelligence agency proposing to then-Prime
Minister Sharif `a detailed blueprint for selling heroin
to pay for the country's covert military operations in
early 1991.
The news report said that three months after Nawaz Sharif
became Prime Minister of Pakistan he was approached by
the Pakistan army chief of staff, Gen. Aslam Beg and Gen.
Asad Durrani, the head of the Inter-Services Intelligence
(ISI) with the blueprint for a plan to export heroin to
raise money for the Pakistan army's covert foreign
operations a euphemism for Pakistan sponsored terrorism
in the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir.
Raman writes:
144
level of arms purchases from abroad and to finance its
proxy war against India through the jehadi organisations.
Nuclear Proliferation:
145
reduced each city to rubble, killing hundreds of
thousands of people, causing Japan to surrender within
days. That brought the second World War to an end. The
destructive potential of nuclear weapons made them
attractive to nations as a deterrent - a weapon of
terrifying power to scare a potential attacker from
waging war for fear of being hit by nuclear weapons. And
because of their destructive potential, the technology
for manufacturing nuclear weapons remained a closely
guarded secret, available to only a handful of nations in
the world.
146
carrying nuclear weapons (143).
147
the military and the Pakistani Inter-Services
Intelligence agency, especially since some shipments were
made on Pakistani military aircraft.
Airliner hijacking:
148
come out of a B-grade semi-comic motion picture.
149
the aircraft blown up on the ground. After a 1976 hijack,
the hijackers were imprisoned for a token one month in
Pakistan for entering Pakistan without due documents. In
two instances of hijacking in 1981 and 1984, the
hijackers were given refuge in Pakistan. And in an
unbelievable second hijacking event in 1984, the
hijackers received a weapon along with snacks in Lahore
(149).
150
4. Chhota Shakeel, a key associate of Dawood Ibrahim.
Wanted for murder, extortion, kidnapping, blackmail of
businessmen and film stars in India. He lives in and
operates from Karachi, Pakistan.
151
in cases of kidnapping and murder. He lives in and
operates from Karachi, Pakistan.
152
Lahore, Pakistan.
153
Most wanted list, one of the prisoners released by India
after the 1999 hijacking of an Indian Airlines aircraft
to Kandahar in Afghanistan.
154
currency is available even cheaper..
155
"Pakistan" is both a Persian and an Urdu word. It is
composed of letters taken from the names of all our
homelands - "Indian" and "Asian". That is, Punjab,
Afghania (North West Frontier Province), Kashmir, Iran,
Sindh (including Karachi and Kathiawar), Tukharistan,
Afghanistan, and Baluchistan. It means the land of the
Paks-the spiritually pure and clean. It symbolizes the
religions, beliefs and the ethnical stocks of our people;
and it stands for all the territorial constituents of our
original Fatherland.
156
grasped in relation to something else that is impure. To
define purity, one must simultaneously define what is
impure, and Pakistanis have spent the years since 1947
years struggling to weed out anything that they consider
impure, rather than concentrate on nation building.
India, and Indians were impure and were rejected.
Minorities and religious groups in Pakistan were impure
Hindus, Sikhs, Christians, Ahmediyas and later even Shia
Muslims in Pakistan were not pure enough for Pakistan.
Further purity was required by fighting wars and making
sacrifices. Social imbalance, corruption, poverty and
greed were all minor blips in the route to Pakistan's
mythical purity.
157
The elite are educated, often in the best schools and
universities of the world. They travel, and are familiar
with all the major cities that a man of this world should
know about New York, London, Paris, Rome, Geneva. They
are seen in parties and receptions attended by friends
and diplomats, actors and society people. Their
photographs appear in glossy magazines and on the
Internet. These charmed people are the Pakistanis that we
see and hear.
158
Malnutrition is rampant, as is lack of education. Any
education that can be gained, can be gained only from
madrassas that often provide food and shelter for its
students. That is a welcome source of relief for a very
poor family with many children to care for. But girls are
not allowed, and girls are not sent to schools either, in
the few places where schools exist.
159
poor was bypassed as usual. Money from any source was
poured developing nuclear weapons to deter India. Money
was diverted to training Islamist operatives for covert
operations against India, and a system of salaries and
pensions had to be set up for them, while the stoic
Pakistani public, with women and children at the bottom
of the pile received little. Even criminal activity aimed
against India, gun running or currency counterfeiting
swallowed funds that should have gone into schools and
healthcare in Pakistan.
160
grossly skewed with many more men than women.
161
the businessmen and feudal lords get money, and very
little reaches the Pakistani on the ground. The only
funding that reaches this level comes from unaccounted
and unaccountable sources funding the madrassas that
preach an agenda of hatred and jihad.
162
that too much action in curbing or controlling the vast
business empires of their rivals will upset one's own
business interests. Opponents are rarely killed, punished
severely or publicly humiliated. They are gently
sidelined, along with sops to keep them happy. This
mechanism was clearly illustrated after the father of
Pakistan's nuclear bomb Abdul Qadeer Khan made a public
confession that he was responsible for the proliferation
of nuclear technology (chapter 13). Within a day, he was
publicly pardoned by Pakistani President General
Musharraf, and allowed to keep all the wealth that he had
earned from nuclear proliferation activities. The ruling
clique of Pakistan stands to gain from this form of loose
cooperation in which all the business interests survive
at the expense of the constitution and law, while people
are constantly fed with the anti-Muslim India threat.
163
was akin to a temporary alliance with the devil to deter
an immediate threat. This ploy is a fail safe formula
that has allowed the survival of the Pakistani oligarchy
so far, even as the human condition of the people in
Pakistan has gradually deteriorated.
164
Nations like India, China, Russia and Western countries,
who have all had to face the violent consequences of
trained jihadi fighters from Pakistan are vigorously
resisting and neutralizing them. The forces of jihad are
unlikely to receive sanctuary or be allowed to survive in
these nations in the current geo-political scenario.
Faced with such pressure outside Pakistan, thousands of
indoctrinated, armed and dangerous young men could well
turn inwards at Pakistani rulers, blaming them for their
inability to help in the victory of jihad over
unbelievers. If Pakistani leaders can show constant
military victories, it is likely that their population
will at least temporarily continue to be happy at the
successes. But when low-tech irregular Islamic militias
spawned by the Pakistani army and governments are unable
to achieve victories despite tremendous losses, they are
increasingly likely to ask the leaders of Pakistan, the
army and the elite why they are being defeated.
165
Islamic groups have infiltrated into the ranks of the
army and appear set to take control of Pakistan. The
Islamic groups themselves are divided, and their unity
may only last as long as it takes for them to gain
control of Pakistan.
166
no leader who can show Pakistan a way out. Too many
Pakistanis have been taught that they exist only for
Islam and for jihad and these people are now caught
between the twin pincers of the global war on terror
being conducted by many nations on the one hand, and by
the rich and corrupt Pakistani rulers on the other. The
long term outlook for Pakistan does not appear
encouraging.
167
and government have enough weapons to equip several
armies, and anyone trying to bring heavily armed private
militias under control will have to contend with a lot of
firepower.
168
APPENDIX 1
http://www.kashmir-information.com/LegalDocs/Maharaja_letter.html
to Lord Mountbatten
169
my State is contiguous wit h both of them. Besides, my State has a
common boundary with the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and with
China. In their external relations the Dominion of India and Pakistan
cannot ignore this fact. I wanted to take time to decide to which
Dominion I should accede or whether it is not in the best interests
of both the Dominions and of my State to stand independent, of course
with friendly and cordial relations with both. I accordingly
approached the Dominions of India and Pakistan to enter into
standstill agreement with my State. The Pakistan Government accepted
this arrangement. The Dominion of India desired further discussion
with representatives of my Government. I could not arrange this in
view of the developments indicated below. ln fact the Pakistan
Goernment under the standstill agreement is operating the post and
telegraph system inside the State. Though we have got a standstill
agreement with the Pakistan Government, lhe Govemment permitted a
steady and increasing strangulation of supplies like food, salt and
petrol to my State.
170
With the conditions obtaining at present in my State and the great
emergency of the situation as it exists, I have no option but to ask
for help from the Indian Dominion. Naturally they cannot send the
help asked for by me without my State acceding to the Dominion of
India. I have accordingly decided to do so, and I attach the
instrument of accession for acceptance by your Government. The other
alternative is to leave my state and people to free booters. On this
basis no civilised government can exist or be maintained.
Yours sincerely,
Hari Singh
October 26, 1947
171
APPENDIX 2
http://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/kashun80.htm
Resolution 80 (1950)
Concerning the India-Pakistan question, submitted by the
Representatives of Cuba, Norway, United Kingdom and United States and
adopted by the Security Council on March 14, 1950.
(Document No. S/1469), dated the 14th March, 1950).
172
decision taken by the Security Council on December 17, 1949,
173
Council any suggestions which, in his opinion, are likely to
contribute to the expeditious and enduring solution of the dispute
which has arisen between the two Governments in regard to the State
of Jammu and Kashmir; to exercise all of the powers and
responsibilities devolving upon the United Nations Commission for
India and Pakistan by reason of existing resolutions of the Security
Council and by reason of the agreement of the parties embodied in the
Resolutions of the United Nations Commission of August 13, 1948 and
January 5, 1949; to arrange at the appropriate stage of
demilitarisation for the assumption by the Plebiscite Administrator
of the functions assigned to the latter under agreements made between
the parties; to report to the Security Council as he may consider
necessary, submitting his conclusions and any recommendations which
he may desire to make;
5. Agrees that the United Nations Commission for India and Pakistan
shall be (terminated, and decides that this shall take place one
month after both parties have informed the United Nations
Representative of their acceptance of the transfer to him the powers
and responsibilities of the United Nations Commission referred to in
paragraph 2 (c) above.
174
APPENDIX 3
http://www.indianembassy.org/South_Asia/Pakistan/Tashkent_Declaration_January_
10_1966.html
Tashkent Declaration
January 10, 1966
The 1965 armed conflict between India and Pakistan was formally
brought to an end by signing this declaration at Tashkent, the
capital of the Republic of Uzbekistan in the Soviet Union. Prime
Minister Lal Bahadur Shastri and President Ayub Khan signed it on
behalf of their respective countries in the presence of the Soviet
Premier Alexi Kosygin who mediated between them.
175
The Prime Minister of India and the President of Pakistan, having met
at Tashkent and having discussed the existing relations between India
and Pakistan, hereby declare their firm resolve to restore normal and
peaceful relations between their countries and to promote
understanding and friendly relations between their peoples. They
consider the attainment of these objectives of vital importance for
the welfare of the 600 million people of India and Pakistan.
The Prime Minister of India and the President of Pakistan agree that
both sides will exert all efforts to create good neighborly relations
between India and Pakistan in accordance with the United Nations
Charter. They reaffirm their obligation under the Charter not to have
recourse to force and to settle their disputes through peaceful
means. They considered that the interests of peace in their region
and particularly in the Indo-Pakistan Sub-Continent and, indeed, the
interests of the people so India and Pakistan were not served by the
continuance of tension between the two countries. It was against this
background that Jammu and Kashmir was discussed, and each of the
sides set forth its respective position.
II
The Prime Minister of India and the President of Pakistan have agreed
that all armed personnel of the two countries shall be withdrawn not
later than 24 February, 1966, to the positions they held prior to 5
August, 1965, and both sides all observe the cease-fire terms on the
cease-fire line.
III
The Prime Minister of India and the President of Pakistan have agreed
that relations between India and Pakistan shall be based on the
principle of non-interference in the internal affairs of each other.
176
IV
The Prime Minister of India and the President of Pakistan have agreed
that both sides will discourage any propaganda directed against the
other country, and will encourage propaganda which promotes the
development of friendly relations between the two countries.
The Prime Minister of India and the President of Pakistan have agreed
that the High Commissioner of India to Pakistan and the High
Commissioner of Pakistan to India will return to their posts and that
the normal functioning of diplomatic missions of both countries will
be restored. Both Government shall observe the Vienna Convention of
1961 on Diplomatic Intercourse.
VI
The Prime Minister of India and the President of Pakistan have agreed
to consider measures towards the restoration of economic and trade
relations, communications, as well as cultural exchanges between
India and Pakistan, and to take measures to implement the existing
agreements between India and Pakistan.
VII
The Prime Minister of India and the President of Pakistan have agreed
that they will give instructions to their respective authorities to
carry out the repatriation of the prisoners of war.
VIII
The Prime Minister of India and the President of Pakistan have agreed
that the two sides will continue the discussion of questions relating
to the problems of refugees and eviction/illegal immigrations. They
177
also agreed that both sides will create conditions which will prevent
the exodus of people. They further agreed to discuss the return of
the property and assets taken over by either side in connection with
the conflict.
IX
The Prime Minister of India and the President of Pakistan have agreed
that the two sides will continue meetings both at the highest and at
other levels on matters of direct concern to both countries. Both
sides have recognized the need to set up joint Indian-Pakistani
bodies which will report to their Governments in order to decide what
further steps should be taken.
APPENDIX 4
http://web.mid-day.com/news/nation/2003/november/67781.htm
178
However, not every terrorist gets Rs 3,000. Payments relate directly
to performance, area of operation, number of casualties the terrorist
has inflicted upon Indian security forces, motivation level and other
HR criterion.
In short, the ISI maintains dossiers and gives annual marks to its
cadres very much like the Pakistan Army does for its regular
employees.
The pay scale is not rigid as it varies depending on the risks one is
willing to take and his commitment to the cause. Some of the more
'enthusiastic' Kashmiri youth get around Rs 5,000. With the number of
years one puts in, the annual increment increases.
Nevertheless, one thing is clear that Kashmiri youth get a raw deal
compared to the Pakistani or foreign counterpart. The Kashmiri
mujahideen is paid less by the ISI than a Pakistani terrorist.
The rank and file from Pakistan or Afghanistan or any other country
gets a starting salary of Rs 5,000 that can go up to Rs 7,000.
But it is sure that the money Shahzad got was for operations in his
area and his logistical support. His monthly emoluments were being
directly sent to his home in Pakistan.
179
Kashmiri gets Rs two lakh as one-time payment to join. There is a
catch. One must go over to Pakistan to get the complete four to five
month training and then work his way back into India from the 120
launch pads.
The basic training at the 85 training camps is the same and involves
handling small arms (AK-47) and explosives, small unit tactics of
raid and ambush and radio communication. The second term involves
training of special
operations-explosives.
There are other factors too at work. Competition and style for
instance drive most youth into the realm of the AK-47. "It has become
a style. If you don't have a gun you don't get good girlfriends and
nobody respects you," a militant said to an army officer serving in
the Valley.
Sources also point to the presence of foreign militants who come to
the Valley after sessions of intense motivation and psychological
drills. LeT's Shahzad said he came to Jammu & Kashmir (J&K) to fight
jehadis as he was told harrowing stories of atrocities being
committed on the Muslims in the Valley.
I felt I had to take revenge but now after fighting the army for more
than three years I realise the futility of this 'freedom' movement,"
he said in a heart-to-heart talk.
However, the ISI makes sure that those who help recruit while on the
job are not neglected. It rewards handsomely. "If a militant
motivates and enrols another youth, he can make upto Rs 1.5 lakh,"
explained a source.
However, initially the ISI made sure the money was delivered to the
militant's parents but as the numbers started dwindling, so did it
the commitment.
180
of the deceased militant not getting a single penny. Realising this,
Kashmiri youths are now averse to taking up the gun while recruitment
from Pakistan remains high.
181
2. The eight conflicts that the Indian armed forces have
been involved in since 1947 are the four conflicts with
Pakistan described in Chapter 11, the long running low-
grade war of cross border terrorism from Pakistan
described in Chapter 12; Operation Vijay against the
Portuguese occupation of Goa in 1961, the India-China war
of 1962, and Operation Pawan, the Indian peacekeeping
operations in Northern Sri Lanka in the late 1980s.
182
http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=story_1-8-
2003_pg3_3
183
12.
http://www.statpak.gov.pk/depts/fbs/publications/pocket_b
ook2003/chapter02.pdf - a document published by the
statistics division, Government of Pakistan, page 2.
184
These are the Sunni madrassas"
http://light.afgha.com/article.php?sid=7657
185
23.THE MENACE OF EDUCATION What Are They Teaching In
Pakistani Schools Today? by Pervez Hoodbhoy,
http://www.zmag.org/sustainers/content/2000-
09/14hoodbhoy.htm
186
29.http://www.stuff.co.nz/stuff/0,2106,2741933a12,00.html
187
34.Jobs or jihad, thats the question, Shalini Chawla, Fri
19 July 2002,
http://www.indian-
express.com/full_story.php?content_id=6224.
188
41. Cross-Cultural Face-Negotiation: An Analytical
Overview" by Professor Stella Ting-Toomey,
http://www.cic.sfu.ca/forum/ting-too.html
46. http://usembassy.state.gov/tokyo/wwwhse1421.html
189
49. We must hang together, I M Mohsin, http://www.jang-
group.com/thenews/jul2002-daily/11-07-2002/oped/o4.htm
190
soldiers,
62.
191
http://www.geocities.com/CapitolHill/Parliament/3251/spri
ng99/pakistan.html
192
70.http://www.jang.com.pk/thenews/jan2003-daily/22-01-
2003/oped/o5.htm
72.http://www.tolueislam.com/Bazm/misc/pkk_04.htm
73.http://www.witness-
pioneer.org/vil/Articles/politics/mawdudi2.html
193
Although the majority of people in Pakistan are Muslims
by birth and faith, there is a strong influence of Hindu
culture on the present Pakistani culture. The shadows of
this influence are quite visible on the marriage
ceremonies and festivals like "Basant"
194
85. An Advanced History of India, Vol 1, (Lahore, 1980),
p 391), Majumdar, Raychaudhuri and Datta,
195
October 2001
http://www.independent.co.uk/story.jsp?story=101459
196
its "World Development Indicators-2002", the World Bank
says that 31 percent of Pakistan's population lives off
$1 a day, while the percentage of people living below $2
a day is a staggering 84.7 percent.
197
107. The rogue army of Pakistan, G. Parthasarathy,
Financial Daily from THE HINDU group of publications
Thursday, Jan 02, 2003
http://www.blonnet.com/stories/2003010200060800.htm
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115. Case Study: Genocide in Bangladesh, 1971
http://www.gendercide.org/case_bangladesh.html
199
bomb', Pepe Escobar http://www.atimes.com/ind-
pak/CJ10Df01.html
200
Guest Column: Arindam Banerji, South Asia Analysis Group,
Paper no. 710, 09. 06. 2003
http://www.saag.org/papers8/paper710.html
201
135. Musharraf eludes assassination bid - Dec 14th 2003,
http://cnnstudentnews.cnn.com/2003/WORLD/asiapcf/12/14/bl
ast.musharraf/
202
imitation weapons from all over the world. The Dawn
report said Darra Adamkhel still had around 900 arms
factories, all of them illegal and about 150 shops
selling arms and ammunition
203
2004
http://www.nytimes.com/2004/02/08/weekinreview/08sang.htm
l?hp
204
Indian currency, PRESS TRUST OF INDIA,
http://www.indianexpress.com/ie/daily/20000104/ifr04015.h
tml
205
160. Pakistan Surrenders The Taliban control the border
with Afghanistan, by Daveed Gartenstein-Ross & Bill
Roggio ,10/02/2006, Volume 012, Issue 03
http://www.weeklystandard.com/Content/Public/Articles/000
/000/012/738ijawx.asp
206