ANALYTICAL AND MEASURING

TECHNICAL NEEDS FOR BIPV

STANDARDIZATION
STANDARDIZACIJA BIPV - POTREBE
ANALITICKE I MERNOTEHNICKE
KARAKTERIZACIJE
Fellow-ASHRAE, Fellow REHVA, Fellow WAAS
Academy Of Engineering Sciences Of Serbia, Guest Professor, School of
Energy & Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing, China,
Director vea-invi.ltd, Belgrade, Serbia

47. Meunarodni kongres i izloba o KGH, Beograd, 30.112.12.2016

47th International HVAC&R Congress and Exhibition, Belgrade, Nov.30Dec.2 2016
 Early Photovoltaic (PV) History
The term photovoltaic (PV) combines the Greek "phos
- "light and "Volt- Alessandro Volta (1745-1827), a
pioneer in electricity study.
PV effect at first observed 1887 by Heinrich Hertz,
followed series of names: J.J. Thomson (18561940),
Charles Fritts the first solar cells made from selenium
wafers (1883), Edward Weston 1st US patent for "solar
cell" 1988,
Nikola Tesla for "method and apparatus for the
utilization of, radiant energy" 190.
Philipp Lenard (18621947) found that intensity of the
incident light has no effect on the maximum kinetic
energy of the photoelectrons.
 Einsteins Nobel Award
Later experiments did show that frequencies below a
certain cutoff value (threshold frequency), would not
eject photoelectrons from the metal surface
independently how bright the source is) contra to the
classical model of light. New science advance was
necessary and it was reached by the world's most
famous physicist Albert Einstein in 1905.
Einstein did recognize that Planck's contrivance was in
fact a rational, description of reality. In 1905 he wrote
What we perceive as a continuous wave of
electromagnetic radiation is in reality a stream of
discrete particles.
Nobel Prize in Physics 1921 was given to Einstein for his
services to Theoretical Physics, and especially for his
discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect.
 From BIPV To Building Component
BIPV is PV materiallayer used on building
presenting/replacing traditional layer - building element of
the envelope structure.
Buildings Applied and Buildings Integrated PV, Thermal and
Hybrid PV/T systems growth of construction and utilization
Architecture and Engineering sciences/art maturity
Operational and maintenance experience gained
Performance and useful energy data collected
Commercialization, industry and market in enormous
growth
Despite all mentioned BIPV still is not used on large scale in
buildings and often are not considered at all by architect
and designer as a further option in their projects.
BIPV vs PV: a non standard
component
BIPV vs PV: a non standard
component
BIPV vs PV: a non standard
component
 BIPV versus PV: a non standard
component
Conventional or standard PV modules
Worldwide product: same in Switzerland, Italy, US or China
decontextualized
Built to produce electricity at low price
Same requirement worldwide (different climates
conditions or applications):
Standard Size (no building)
Easy to carry (but fragile)
All the same
Industrial mass production
Substructure optimized for
the module
Cheap
 Swiss BIPV focus
Planning regulations against urban sprawl
PV power plants prohibited
Exclusive integration into built environment
BAPV: 75%, BIPV: 25%
No PV power plants in Switzerland
PV integrated only in buildings
Architectural Design as innovation
Demonstration of PV into various
building envelope elements
ZEB performance validation through
measurements
BIM for modeling and planning
Comparison of 5-minute to 1-hour data for a PV system
Jjjj

Kkkkk
k

Source NUS Thesis Sheu Xu

11
Temperature Difference Vs. Irradiance

Source M.J. Jime n

ez et al. ENB 40 (2008) 157167
12
Main Heat Transfer Processes

13
M.J. Jime nez et al ENB 40 (2008) 157167
Schematic section of calorimetric hot box
system in SHGC measurement mode

14
 LBL FLEXLAB Test-bed Measurement
Energy & Daylighting Performance of BIPV Glazing Faade
Cooling and heating energy performance of a room with faade
with Solaria BIPV (Test room) and compare with the room
incorporating reference faade (Reference room);
Electrical energy production from a faade with Solaria BIPV;
Glare in Test and Reference rooms and compare;
illuminance at working height areas in Test and Reference room;
Metrics of success (measurable reduction in cooling load energy,
electrical energy production that is consistent with
manufacturer claims, measurable reduction in glare, and
increase in lighting energy use that does not represent
substantial portion of produced electrical energy).
 What is the European Situation:
IEC vs Construction Product Regulation
BIPV is both a PV element and a construction
component
Presently there is no harmonized standard specific
for BIPV in EU
Instead we have the Electro-technical framework
and the Building construction framework
So far 99% of BIPV modules have no CE mark
according to the Construction Product Regulation
CPR
Some countries have their own roles difficult to
comply with (i.e. Germany with the DIBT)
 What is the European Situation:
IEC vs CPR
Building performances to be addressed (CPR 305/11):
1. Mechanical resistance
2. Fire Safety
3. Hygiene, health and
environment
4. Safety in use
5. Noise
6. Energy economy and
heat retention
7. Sustainability
Palazzo Positivo, Chiasso
 The EN 50583 Photovoltaics in buildings
The standard introduces test on the whole system, like:
Wind resistance (uplift) and
Rain penetration test.
Snow resistance of the whole structure.

Mechanical test on roof systems at Swiss PV Module Test

Centre (SUPSI)
 What should be improved?
There is almost no coordination between the the
working groups
EN 50583 is approved and cover all possible
installation but:
It does not provide any further test for BIPV module apart
for Rain penetration test and Uplift resistence test for PV
tiles

Some EU Countries have more restriction for

BIPV since it is not a regulated building
product (I.E. Germany with the DiBT)
BIPV

Semitransparent PV glazing
Building Envelope
Integrated
Opaque PV
 What is the European Situation:
IEC vs Construction Product Regulation
BIPV is both a PV element and a construction
component
Presently there is no harmonized standard specific
for BIPV in EU
Instead we have the Electro-technical framework
and the Building construction framework
So far 99% of BIPV modules have no CE mark
according to the Construction Product Regulation
CPR
Some countries have their own roles difficult to
comply with (i.e. Germany with the DIBT)
 What is the European Situation: IEC vs CPR
Current IEC, UL, etc., qualification tests are performed on new or
near-new modules - not repeated on weather-aged products.
Therefore, their property retention characteristics are unknown.
Current IEC, UL, etc., qualification tests are primarily GO-NOGO
tests for infant mortality and initial pass/fail reliability, and do
not test or assure long-term durability or aging characteristics.
Design qualification and type approval of PV modules according to
the electro-technical standards EN 61215 or EN 61646 cannot
provide the required material resistance, because the included
mechanical load test is carried
our only once, testing only one
Module and no ultimate load is
determined which would lead
to breakage.
 2nd Faade PV Glazed & Primary
Building Faades Configuration Cross Section
 CFD & Building Total Performance
Optimization via Co-simulation
Proposed Standard
determines
Design Design

Simulate
both
designs

no yes
Revise Compliance
PD <= SD
design achieved
?
 BES CFD coupling goals
Energy simulation depends on air flow definition in
simulation
Energy simulation depends on convective heat transfer
coefficient.
CFD can provide exact heat transfer coefficient
on external and internal walls of building envelope
Thermal comfort demand can be provided by detailed air
flow simulation in particular space

Internal coupling External coupling

Domain integration is BES calls external
archieved by writing software when is
separated codes in BES necessery
software.
Full CFD-BES dynamic coupling (every
step is calculated until convergence)

BES BES

CFD CFD

Source Olivera Eim uri PHD Thesis

 Co-simulation External coupling
CFD-BPS
25
Room temperatures [C]

20

15

10 BES simulation
Measured
5
BES-CFD simulation
0
1005 1015 1025 1035 1045 1055
Hour [h]

Measured room air temperatures compared with BES only

and BES-CFD Temperature calculated values.
Source Olivera Eim uri PHD Thesis
 37.00

35.00
Temperatura u prostoriji [C]

33.00

31.00

29.00

TPO simulacija
27.00 TPO-CFD simulacija - I model
TPO-CFD simulacija - II model
TPO-CFD simulacija - III model

25.00
3965.00 3966.00 3967.00 3968.00 3969.00 3970.00
Sat [h]

Room temperatures in base and improved

models summer conditions
Residential Building Mixed Ventilation Optimal
Control
PV Powered

16

14.5
Vw [m/s]
13 1
Opening height [m]

1.5
11.5
2
2.5
10
3
3.5
8.5
4
4.5
7
5
5.5

4
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Air changes [h-1]

Low pressure 30
difference sensor
Model of the CFD BIPV & Indoor Space Study

Building CFD modeling

for external air flow
simulation
Outdoor &
Indoor CFD
Analysis

IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIILLLLLLLLLL

IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIILLLLLLLLLLL
 BIPV, CFD and BES co-simulation comments
Integrating BIPV and CFD can provide an architectural
modeling and energy efficiency optimization framework.
CFD analysis is generally restricted to the buildings
environment flows and designer must supply boundary
conditions.
This study dynamically describes the boundary conditions
and applies the BIPV via integrated CFD and BPS modeling to
optimize indoor environment quality and buildings energy
efficiency of one residential building block.
In the case of natural and mixed ventilation, presents a
fundamental problem as the outdoor and indoor boundary
conditions are dynamic and interactive via buildings
architecture and in addition are dependent on weather
conditions and indoor environment control.
 Conclusion BIPV an ISO - IEC
Standard Need as Integral Building Component
BIPV - the electricity producing modules are both a functional
unit of the finished building, and yet also a construction
element of the building skin, replacing conventional
materials.
This affects new builds, as well as the economically
significant retrofit segment and energy refurbishment
The potential to become an industry - leading, reliable,
renewable EnergyPlus cost-effective energy source
Most investors, planners, architects, and builders still find the
practical implementation of available BIPV solutions difficult,
and there is often both a considerable lack of awareness and
a persistent resistance among stakeholders towards this
matter.
 TC 6.7 Solar Energy Utilization Forum
ASHRAE Winter Conference, Orlando, 2016
BIPV as Cutting-edge technology needs relevant
Working Group & Plan for preparation of an
International BIPV Standard globally acceptable
concerning BIPV technologies technical requirements of
both buildings construction industries and of the
electronics industries.
It is to be developed as scientifically-technically sound
document with all relevant data and measuring-
technical specifications necessary for globally reliable
BIPV design, construction, testing/commissioning and
operation.
ASHRAE TCs encompass all relevant fields and could
have crucial role in international BIPV standardization.
 Forum Organizer and Sponsors
Track: Standards, Guidelines and Codes
Technical Committees:
01.09 Electric Systems
06.07 Solar Energy Utilization
Co-Sponsoring Committees:
07.01 Integrated Building Design and
07.04 Exergy Analysis for Sustainable Buildings
Other Sponsoring Committees:
4.1 Load Calculation Data & Procedures
4.4 Building Materials and Building Envelope
Performance
Fenestration
Energy Calculations
 Thank You for
Your kind Attention
Questions?

Marija S. Todorovic
vea@eunet.rs