MuhammadIsmail(MyNotes)Ismaeel771@yahoo.

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OSPF
(Open Shortest Path First)
(Link-State Protocol / Classless / Triggered Updates/ AD of 110/ Interior Gateway Protocol)

1. OSPF&AS Definition
OSPF: A routing protocol that determines the best path for routing IP traffic over a TCP/IP network based on Different types of OSPF routers
OSPF is an interior gateway protocol that routes (IP) packets solely within a single routing domain (autonomous system)

AS: Group of routers sharing single routing policies under a single technical administration each AS have unique Identity
between 1 and 65535 (64512 through 65535 set for private use), usually assigned by outside authorities
OSPF features:
9 Fast Convergence: Detects and propagates topology changes faster than RIP. Count-to-infinity does not occur with OSPF.
9 Loop-Free Routes: OSPF-calculated routes are always loop-free.
9 Scalability: An AS can be subdivided into contiguous groups of networks called areas.
9 Subnet Mask Advertised: OSPF was designed to advertise the subnet mask with the network (VLSM)
9 Support for Authentication: Information exchanges between OSPF routes can be authenticated.
9 Support for External Routes: Routes outside of the OSPF AS are advertised within the AS so that OSPF routers can calculate the least
Cost route to external networks.
Link-State Protocol
9 Responds quickly to network changes
9 Send triggered updates when a network change occurs
9 Send periodic updates, known as link-state refresh, at long time intervals, such as every 30 minutes.
9 Uses a 2 layer are hierarchy

a. Transit Area primary function is the fast and efficient movement of IP packets. OSPF area 0 (backbone) is a transit
area.
b. Regular Area primary function is to connect users and resources. By default, they do not allow traffic from another area
to use its links to reach other areas
2. OSPF Router Types Description
1. Designated Router (used on Point Multi Point and NBMA, not in Point Point, Higher Router ID become DR )
(Priority range is from 0 --- 255, default is 1, if changed to 0 never become DR)
2. Backup Designated Router (used on Point Multi Point and NBMA, not in Point Point )
3. Internal router (within an same Area)
4. Backbone router (one interface connected to Area 0)
5. Area Border Router (connected to more then one Areas in Same AS)
6. Autonomous System Boundary Router (connected to more then one Areas in Different AS)
3. OSPF Areas
1. Backbone (area 0 is called Backbone area, its also called Transit area )
2. Not So Stubby (can import AS external routes and send them to the backbone, but cannot receive AS
External Routes from the backbone or other areas (LSA5))
3. Stubby (which does not receive external routes(LSA5))
4. Totally Stubby (does not allow summary routes (inter-area) and External routes)
5. Virtual Links (cannot be physically connected directly to the routers in the OSPF backbone area)
4. OSPF Operation
1. Neighbor Discovery (Hello sent to the multicast IP address 224.0.0.5, only OSPF enable routers reply)
2. Forming Adjacencies (after identifying Neighbors with Hellos its used to establish adjacencies)

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Adjacencies Stages
1. Down (The router has not exchanged any information with any other routers)
2. init (receive the hello packet from the router and add the router to their list of neighbors)
3. 2way (Routers that have each other in their list of neighbors have established bidirectional communication)
4. Exstart (The master and slave relationship is created between each router and its adjacent DR and BDR)
5. Exchange (begin to exchange one or more DBD packets)
6. Loading (Acknowledges the receipt of the DBD using a LSA packet and compares it info with its own LSDB,
If the DBD has a more up to date link-state entry, it Sends an LSR to the other router, other router
responds with the complete information about the requested entry in an LSU packet.)
7. Full As soon as all LSRs have been satisfied for a given router, the adjacent routers are full state (full
State is must to route traffic)
3. Link State Advertisements (LSAs)
1. Types (by type code)
1. Router LSA (lists the links to other routers or networks in the same area)
2. Network LSA (designated router on a broadcast segment)
3. Network summary LSA (ABR) takes information it has learned on from attached areas and summarizes before sending

4. ASBR Summary LSA (Type 5 External LSAs are flooded to all areas)

5. AS External LSA (contain info imported into OSPF from other routing processes)
6. Group Membership LSA (Multicast extensions to OSPF (not in general use))
7. NSSA External LSA (only allowed to send external routing information for redistribution)
8. External Attributes LSA (a link-local only LSA for the IPv6 version of OSPFv3)
9. Opaque LSA (link-local scope) (a link-local LSA in OSPFv2 and the Inter-Area-Prefix LSA in OSPFv3)
10. Opaque LSA (area-local scope) (Should be flooded information by other routers even if the router is not able to
Understand)
11. Opaque LSA (AS scope) (which is flooded everywhere except stub areas)
2. Flooding (A router OSPF learns and immediately floods to all its adjacent neighbors)

3. Reliable Transport
4. Shortest Path First Calculations
5. First - OSPF Network Types
1. Point to Point No DR or BDR, Joins a single pair of routers Dynamically detects its neighboring routers by Multicasting hello
Packets to all SPF routers using address 224.0.0.5
2. Broadcast DR and BDR elected, DR performs the LSA forwarding and LSDB synchronization tasks, if DR failed then BDR
3. Non-Broadcast Multiple Accesses: DR and BDR election is performed in full mesh topologies only, example : Frame Relay, X.25
6. OSPF Route Types
1 OSPF intra-area(Router LSA): Networks from within the routers area (displayed as O)
2 OSPF inter-area(Summary LSA) Networks from outside the routers area but within the OSPF AS (displayed as O IA)
3 Type 1 external routes(External Cost + Internal Cost) Networks outside the routers autonomous system, Advertised by way of external
LSAs (displayed as O E1)
4 Type 2 external routes (External Cost ONLY): Networks outside the routers autonomous system, Advertised by way of external LSAs
(displayed as O E1)
7. Communication between OSPF Networks
1 Broadcast Networks
224.0.0.5 (AllSPFRouters) The DR and BDR use this address to send Link State Update and Link State Acknowledgment packets.
224.0.0.6 - AllDRouters: Used to send OSPF messages to all OSPF DRs (the DR and the BDR) on the same network,
2 Point-to-Point Networks: Point-to-Point networks use the AllSPFRouters address (224.0.0.5) for all OSPF messages

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3 NBMA Networks: NBMA networks have no multicasting capability. Therefore, the destination IP address of any Hello or Link State
packets is the Unicast IP address of a specific neighbor
8. OSPF Packets Type
1. Hello (Discovers neighbors and builds adjacencies between them)
2. Database Description (DBD) (Checks for database synchronization between routers)
3. Link-state request (LSR) (Requests specific link-state records from another router)
4. Link-state update (LSU) (Sends specifically requested link-state records)
5. Link-state acknowledgement (ACK) (Acknowledges other packet types)
9. OSPF Network Topology Sample
1. Broadcast Multiaccess (example Ethernet LAN)
2. Point to Point (example Serial T1 Line)
3. Non-broadcast Multi-access (example Frame Relay, X.25)

10 OSPF Configurations
11 OSPF Troubleshooting
1 Adjacency Is Not Forming
Before proceeding, verify that the two neighboring routers should form an adjacency. If the two routers are the only routers on the
network, an adjacency should form. If there are more than two routers on the network, adjacencies only form with the DR and BDR. If the
two routers have already formed adjacencies with the DR and the BDR, they will not form adjacencies with each other. In this case, their
neighbor should appear as 2-way under neighbor state.

Ping the neighboring router to ensure basic IP and network connectivity. Use the tracert command to trace the route to the neighboring
router. There should not be any routers between the neighboring routers.

Use OSPF logging to log errors and warnings to record information about why the adjacency is not forming. To obtain additional
information about OSPF processes, enable tracing for the OSPF component. For more information about tracing, see "Routing and
Remote Access Service" in this book.

Verify that the areas are enabled for authentication and the OSPF interfaces are using the same password. Windows 2000 OSPF routers
have authentication enabled by default and the default password is "12345678". Change the authentication to match all neighboring
OSPF routers on the same network. The password can vary per network.

Verify that the routers are configured for the same Hello Interval and Dead Interval. By default the Hello Interval is 10 seconds and the
Dead Interval is 40 seconds.

Verify that the routers agree as to whether the area to which the common network belongs is a stub area or not.

Verify that the interfaces of the neighboring routers are configured with the same Area ID.

If the routers are on a Non-Broadcast Multiple Access (NBMA) network such as X.25 or Frame Relay and the connection to the NBMA
network appears as a single adapter (rather than separate adapters for each virtual circuit), their neighbors must be manually configured
using the unicast IP address of the neighbor or neighbors to which the link state information needs to be sent. Also verify that Router
Priorities are configured so that one router can become the DR for the network.

On broadcast networks (Ethernet, Token Ring, FDDI) or NBMA networks (X.25, Frame Relay), verify that all routers do not have a Router
Priority of 0. At least one router must have a Router Priority of 1 or greater so that it can become the DR for the network.

Verify that IP packet filtering is not preventing the receiving (through input filters) or sending (through output filters) of OSPF messages
on the router interfaces enabled for OSPF. OSPF uses the IP protocol number 89.

Verify that TCP/IP packet filtering is not preventing the receiving of OSPF messages on the interfaces enabled for OSPF.

2 Virtual Link Is Not Forming

Verify that the virtual link neighbor routers are configured for the same password, Hello Interval, and Dead Interval.

For each router, verify that the virtual link neighbor's Router ID is correctly configured.

Verify that both virtual link neighbors are configured for the correct transit area ID.

For large internetworks with substantial round-trip delays across the transit area, verify that the re-transmit interval is long enough.

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3 Lack of OSPF Routes or Existence of Improper OSPF Routes
If you are not receiving summarized OSPF routes for an area, verify that all the ABRs for the area are configured with the proper
{Destination, Network Mask} pairs summarizing that area's routes.

If you are receiving both individual and summarized OSPF routes for an area, verify that all the ABRs for the area are configured with the
proper {Destination, Network Mask} pairs summarizing that area's routes.

If you are not receiving external routes from the ASBR, verify that the source and route filtering configured on the ASBR is not too
restrictive, preventing proper routes from being propagated to the OSPF AS. External source and route filtering is configured on the
External Routing tab on the properties of the OSPF routing protocol in the Routing and Remote Access snap-in.

Verify that all ABRs are either physically connected to the backbone or logically connected to the backbone using a virtual link. There
should not be backdoor routersrouters connecting two areas without going through the backbone.

NBMA
Subnet Hello RFCor Example
OSPFMode Preferred Adjacency
Address Timer Cisco
Topology
NBMA FullyMeshed Same 30sec Manual RFC FrameRelay
Configuration configuredonaserial
interface
DR/BDRelected
Broadcast FullyMeshed Same 10sec Automatic Cisco LANinterfacesuchas
Ethernet
DR/BDRelected
Pointto PartialorStar Same 30sec Automatic RFC OSPFoverFRmode
Multipoint Mesh thateliminatesthe
NoDR/BDR needforaDR
Pointto PartialorStar Same 30sec Manual Cisco OSPFoverFRmode
multipoint Mesh Configuration thateliminatesthe
Nonbroadcast needforaDR
NoDR/BDR
Pointtopoint PartialorStar Differentfor 10sec Automatic Cisco T1SerialInterface
usinga each
subinterface subinterface NoDR/BDR

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OSPF Initialization States

1 Down
2 Attempt its NBMA
only it is
not
applicable
on Point to
Multi Point
3 Init
4 2way
5 Exstart
6 Exchange
7 Loading
8 Full

For more details about these topics OSPF (Details for (Quick reference Ismail).docx