Revision Book (Final)

CHAPTER (1) WORK DONE AND POWER
Definition
1. Work done 8. Mechanical Advantage 15. Hookes law
2. Energy 9. Velocity Ratio 16. Stress
3. Power 10. Input work 17. Strain
4. One joule 11. Output work 18. Hydraulic system
5. One watt 12. Efficiency 19. Lever and Pulley
6. One horse power 13. Elasticity 20. Kinetic energy
7. Machine 14. Elastic limit 21. Potential energy
Fill in the blank
1. The total energy of the universe is ----------. It is also known as law of

conservation of energy.
2. The energy may be given in terms of ---------- (or the electron volt.)
3. The unit joule is the unit for ----------.
4. The unit ---------- is the same as newton metre.
5. When a body is raised to a height h above the ground, the amount of
work done against the gravitational force is ----------.
6. The unit of work done in British system is ----------.
7. In British engineering system, the power of motors and engines are
also expressed in ----------
8. If a machine is perfect, the mechanical advantage will be equal to the -
---------.
9. The unit one joule per second is equivalent to ----------.
10. The ratio of the stress to the strain is ----------.
11. If the work done in 9s is 63J, the power is ----------.
12. The mechanical advantage of a machine depends on the ----------
present.
13. The velocity ratio is usually much greater than ----------.
14. When the speed of a moving body is doubled, its kinetic energy
becomes ---------- times of former value.
15. 1 hp is equivalent to ----------ergs-1.
16. Flowing water has ---------- energy.
17. The kinetic energy is directly proportional to the square of the ----------
.
18. The force applied to an elastic body is called ----------.
19. The potential energy stored in a body can be converted into ----------.
20. A wound clock spring has the ---------- energy.
21. Within elastic limit ---------- is directly proportional to strain.
22. A spring obeys ---------- law.
23. ---------- is extension of length in coil spring.
24. There are 1 kW in ----------hp.
25. Hooke's law relates the elastic behavior of -----------.
TRUE or FALSE
1. Work is a vector quantity.
2. Energy can changed from one form to another.
3. A stream engine converts heat energy to mechanical energy.
4. A body at rest can have energy.
5. The food we eat possesses chemical potential energy.
6. Water dam has potential energy.
7. The potential energy cannot be transformed into electrical energy.
8. Energy and power have the same units.
9. The power is the product of force to velocity.
10. The gravitational energy of an body at the same height above the
Earths surface and above the moons surface are the same.
11. Power is more fundamental than energy.
12. Velocity ratio of a machine is usually greater than 1.
13. Velocity ratio of a machine has no unit.
14. Mechanical advantage is the ratio of the effort to the load.
15. Frictional forces do not affect the M.A. of a machine.
16. The ratio of stress to strain is constant.
17. The ratio of input work to output work is efficiency.
18. Efficiency of a machine is always less than 100%.
CONCEPTUAL QUESTIONS FROM TEXT AND OLD QUESTIONS
1. Power is not a fundamental concept like energy but it is a very important concept for
engineering works. Explain why power is a useful concept in practical works.
2. Which is more advantageous to pay wages according to the amount of work done or
according to power?
3. The rate of doing work for the first worker is twice that of the second worker. But the
working hours per day of the second worker is two and a half times that of the first. Who is a
better worker?
4. A machine of high power should be used if a lot of work has to be done quickly. True or
false.
5. Choose the correct answer from the following:
(a) When a larger power machine and a smaller power machine are operated for the same
period of time, the larger power machine consumes less fuel.
(b) A lot of work can be done only if a large power machine is used.
(c) A lot of work can be done by operating a small power machine for as long as necessary.
Give explanation to support the chosen answer.
6. What is the unit of power in British engineering system? What are the units of power which
are larger than watt?
7. How many types of simple machine are there? What are they?
8. If a load L is raised by a machine when an effort E is applied. What is its mechanical
advantage? Has it any units? Is it a scalar or vector?
9. Write down the formula for velocity ratio of a machine. Can the velocity ratio be usually
less than one? Does a machine depend on the friction present?
10. Is it possible to build a machine having 100% efficiency? Explain.
11. Why is the efficiency of a machine less than 100%?
12. Is the statement The ability to regain elastic form is known as elasticity true or false? Can
threads and rubber bands have elasticity?
13. Which of the following must be essentially less than 100%
mechanical advantage (MA), velocity ratio (VR), input work, output work, efficiency.
14. What are the power units of different unit systems?
15. Where is the term efficiency use?Derive the expression of power in terms of force.
16. What do you understand by the efficiency of a machine?
17. State Hooke's law. What is meant by elasticity? Define velocity ratio and mechanical
Advantage.
18. Explain the statement, the power of a machine is 1 kW.
19.What happens to the energy which is used to moved an object against friction?
20.Name the physical quantities on which the amount of work done depends.
21. Draw the graph for (i) kinetic energy and velocity (ii) potential energy and height.
22.For what type of machine will the mechanical advantage be equal to the velocity ratio.
23. Derive the expression of power in terms of force.
24. Derive the efficiency of a machine in term of MA and VR.
CHAPTER (2) PRESSURE
Definition
1. Pressure 6. Manometer 11. One pascal
2. Atmospheric pressure 7. Buoyancy 12. Density
3. Normal atmospheric 8. Archimedes 13. Upward thrust (or) Buoyant
pressure principle force
4. standard atmospheric 9. Hydrometer 14. Sucking
pressure
5. Barometer 10. Pascals law 15. Syringe
Fill in the Blank
1. The liquid pressure is directly proportional to the height of the liquid

column and the ---------of liquid.
2. The sensitive device used for measuring pressure relative to
atmospheric pressure is a -------.
3. The atmospheric pressure changes according to ---------- and time.
4. Manometer is a device used to measure the ----------.
5. The denser the liquid, the ---------- will be submerged portion.
6. When a body is immersed in a fluid, they suffers a ----------.
7. If the weight of a body is smaller than the upward thrust, the body
will ---------- to the surface.
8. When an object is placed in a liquid of a lower density, the object ----
------.
9. The product of density and volume of a substance is equal to----------.
10. The normal atmospheric pressure at sea level is ----------kNm-2.
11. Pressure of a liquid exerts in all ----------.
12. There is ----------pressure at the surface of the liquid.
13. The normal atmospheric pressure at sea level is ----------.
14. Nose bleeding sometimes occurs at a place of ----------atmospheric
pressure.
15. The pressure of 760 mmHg or 1 atm is called ----------pressure.
16. The atmospheric pressure at the plain is ----------than that at the hilly
region.
17. The vertical height of the mercury barometer is dependent only on the
----------.
18. A body whose volume is 2.5 cm3 is fully immersed in water. The
volume of water displaced is ------.
19. A unit of pressure equivalent to a force of 1 N acting on 1 m2 is -------
---.
20. The pressure exerted by the column is independent of ----------.
21. If a body is ---------- in shape, pressure will be exerted on the body
from every direction.
22. The construction of hydrometer is based on------------.
23. The loss in weight of a body immersed in a fluid is due to ----------.
24. Pressure of a liquid exerts in all ----------.
True or False
1. The pressure in a liquid at the same depth is same in all directions.
2. The pressure does not depend on the shape of the liquid column.
3. The deeper the point inside a liquid, the greater the pressure at that
point.
4. The average value of atmospheric pressure at sea level is taken as
normal atmospheric pressure.
5. The density of sea water and flesh water are the same.
6. Pressure is a vector quantity.
7. When bodies are immersed in a liquid there is loss in mass.
8. Manometers are used to measure the atmospheric pressure.
9. Archimedes principle is true only for liquids.
10. The densities of different substances can be obtained by using
Pascals law.
11. The construction of hydraulic press is constructed based on Hookes
law.
12. The area of input piston must be larger than that of output piston in a
hydraulic press.
13. Liquid pressure always acts downwards.
14. At the ground level the standard atmospheric pressure is 75 cmHg.
15. The ocean-liner will sink deeper when it reaches the ocean.
16. Greater the density of the liquid, the greater is the pressure at the
same depth.
17. The weight of the liquid column depends on its base area.
1. Compare the atmospheric pressure and forces acting on a man and a child who are standing
side by side.
2. Write down Pascals law. Mention any two uses of Pascals law.
3. Although Pascals Law is not a fundamental law, it is a very useful law for practical
purposes. Is this statement correct? Discuss.
4. What will be the effect, if any, on the mercury column if the glass tube used has (a) a smaller
internal diameter (b) a slightly bigger internal diameter?
5. Will the mercury column be higher or lower than 76cm when the whole up of the barometer
is taken to a high mountain top? Explain your observation?
6. Why is mercury used in a barometer rather than water?
7. What is the effect on the vertical height of the mercury column in a barometer of (a) using a
wider glass tube (b) pushing the tube further into the bowl (c) tilting the glass tube at an
angle (d) taking the barometer to the top of the mountain?
8. At sea level, what is the approximately value of atmosphere pressure ( a) in Pa (b) in mm Hg

(c) in atm ?
9. Explain why the thickness of the dam increases downwards.
10. A beaker containing water and placed on a pan is balanced by the weight which is in the other
pan of the balance. Explain what will happen if a man immerses his finger in the water
without touching the beaker.
11. An ocean-liner was loaded at the port of Yangon. Would the ocean-liner sink deeper or not
when it reached the ocean? (The density of sea-water is greater than that of fresh-water)
12. Steel will float in liquid (mercury) but sink in water. So how does a steel ship manage to float
in water?
13. Why are you able to withstand atmospheric pressure?
14. How is normal atmospheric pressure taken? For what purpose the barometer is used?
15. Where are hydraulic brakes and hydraulic press used?

16. Define density of a substance. Under what condition can a body float in fluid?
17. What are the uses of Archimedes principle? Can Archimedes principle be used for gases?
18. Why is it easier to float in the sea than in a swimming pool?
19. Why is the weight of body lost when it is immersed in a liquid?
20. For more sensitive measurement, which liquid must be filled in a manometer?
21. Explain by the density of sea-water is greater than that of fresh water.
22. What factors does the pressure in a liquid depend?
23. If a body floats in a liquid, write down the ratio of volume of the immersed portion to the
volume of the whole body.
24. Explain two simple applications of atmospheric pressure, sucking and syringe.
25. Under what condition, can a body (i) float in a fluid? (ii) sink in a fluid?
26. For what purpose the barometer is used?
27. What instrument do you use to measure the pressure?
28. When a body is fully or partly immersed in a liquid, name the forces acting on the body.
29. Draw a graph for pressure and depth in the liquid. Compare the weight of a body and upward
thrust of the following cases
(i) If a body sinks in water (ii) If a body floats in water. Use illustrative diagrams.
30. Which liquid must be filled in manometer?
31. Steel will float in liquid (mercury) but sink in water. So does a steel ship manage to float in
water?
CHAPTER (3) TRANSFER OF HEAT
Definitions
1. Heat 7. Temperature gradient 13. Best absorber
2. Temperature 8. Thermal conductivity 14. Emissivity
3. Thermometer 9. Heat conduction 15. Stephan-Boltzmann law
4. Conductor 10. Heat convection 16. Kinetic theory of gas
5. Insulator 11. Heat radiation 17. Brownian motion
6. Heat current 12. Black body
Fill in the Blank
1. The SI unit of heat is ----------.
2. The unit of heat is joule or ----------.

3. Heat is a form of ----------.
4. Heat is a form of energy transferred from one object to another
because of ---------- in temperature.
5. There are ---------- different modes by which heat may be transferred
from one place to another.
6. The rate of heat flow is called ----------.
7. Heat conduction in solid, liquid and gases takes place due to ----------.
8. In solid, major (primary) heat transfer is ----------.
9. Body tissues are also a good ---------- of heat.
10. Thermal conductivity of air, wood, plastic and asbestos are ----------of
heat.
11. (T2 T1 )
The rate of heat flow depends on the ratio , which is called

------.
12. Heat ---------- is the primary mode of heat transfer in fluids (liquids
and gases).
13. The rooms are heated by heat ---------- process.
14. The weather is fair at sea coast (coastal regions, lake and ponds) due
to heat ---------process.
15. When the absolute temperature of a body is doubled, its rate of
energy radiation becomes ----------.
16. The sun can be taken as a ---------- body.
17. The best absorber of radiation is a ----------.
18. ----------surfaces are best emitters of radiant energy.
19. Every object can emits energy in the form of ----------.
20. For a black body the radiation law represented by the equation --------
--.
21. Heat is transmitted from the sum to the earth by ----------.
22. The value of speed of infrared radiation in vacuum is ----------.
23. ----------material medium is required for the passage of
electromagnetic waves.
24. Thermal radiation or infrared radiation is a form of ---------- radiation.
25. Heat radiation from the sum reaches us according to the law given by
-------.
26. The irregular movement of minute particles in a fluid or a gas
medium is called ----------.
27. According to ----------, a system has discrete energy levels.
28. The Brownian motion was first observed by the ----------in the
nineteenth century.
29. The Brownian motion was explained by ---------- in 1905.
30. Einstein used Brownian motion to determine the ----------.
31. An object emits ----------, no matter whether there is temperature
difference between the object and its environment.
32. If there is no ----------, the amount of heat absorbed by the object is
equal to that emitted by it.
TRUE or FLASE
1. Thermal conductivity of metals are high ( or good thermal

conductor).
2. The flow of warm blood is the major factor in body heat transport.
3. Thermal radiation or infrared radiation has the range of wavelengths
from about 10m to about 100m.
4. Thermal radiation is a form of electromagnetic radiation.
5. Heat convection can create some weather condition.
6. In vacuum heat is transported by radiation process.
7. In solids, the major (primary) heat transfer is conduction.
8. In vacuum, heat is transported by convection process.
9. The difference electromagnetic waves have the different velocity in
vacuum.
10. All metal are good conductor of heat.
11. Trapped air is a very good insulator.
12. Brownian motion is regular motion of visible particles.
13. Brownian motion of smoke particles is caused by collisions between
smoke particles and air molecules.
14. Thermal radiation can travel through air.
15. Body tissue is a good conductor of heat.
16. Heat is form of energy.
17. An object emits radiation only when there is temperature difference
between the object and its environment.
18. The total emissive power of a black body is 0.
19. The Stephan-Boltzmann law is expressed in terms of fourth power of
Kelvin temperature.
20. No material medium is required for the passage of electromagnetic
waves.
21. A black body radiates heat better than a shiny one.
22. For a black body the radiation law is given by 0=T4.
23. The rate of heat flow is proportional to the temperature difference.
24. Heat can be measured in kilocalories.
25. Birds in winter keeps themselves warm by ruffling their feathers.
26. The individual parts of a medium do not move as a whole in heat
conduction.
27. When we tough a silver spoon and a wooden spoon in winter, the
silver spoon feels cold because silver is denser than wood.
28. The unit for thermal conductivity is Wm-2K-1.
29. Heat is transmitted from the sun to the earth by radiation.
30. The unit of heat can be expressed in terms of work unit.
1. Is the following statement correct? The reason why a person feel warm when wearing wool
and down clothes in cold regions is that wool and down are very good insulator.
2. In a cold region, it is seen that birds on the branches of tree often ruffling their feathers.
Explain the reason why the birds feel warm by ruffling their feathers.
3. How does a blanket wrapped round your body keep warm on a cold day?
4. One end of a poker is placed in fire. After sometime the other end becomes hot. Explain how
heat is transferred along the poker. Name the method of heat transfer in this case.
5. If a tea spoon is put into a very hot cup of tea, the spoon handle becomes hot. Explain how is
heat is transferred along the spoon. Name the method of heat transfer in this case.
6. If a person wearing ordinary clothes travels out into space, the liquid in the body will boil.
Why? Explain how a space suit can prevent this effect.
7. Which of the heat transfer processed are involved in vacuum flask?
8. A silver spoon and a wooden spoon are at room temperature. The silver spoon feels cold
when it is toughed. The reasons is because
(a) silver is denser. (b) silver is good conductor (c) silver spoon is heaver(d)
wood is not bright(e) sliver can be polished and made to shine
9. Explain with diagram why a person sitting in the middle of the upper room feels warm when
a furnace is placed at the ground floor in winter.
10. Explain with a diagram why a air conditioner should be best positioned high, near the ceiling
of a room.
11. What process of heat transfers are involved in the working of a car radiator?
12. How is heat transmitted from the sum to the earth? Why?
13. What is the difference between the two processes of heat propagation: heat conduction and
heat convection? Illustrate your answer with diagrams where possible.
14. Name the three methods of heat transfer.
15. Why does a silver spoon feel colder than a wooden spoon although they are both at room
temperature?
16. Is heat lost by convection important in human beings? What is the major factor in body heat
transport?
17. How does heat conductions take place in solids, liquids and gases?
18. Why is body tissue either a good insulator or a poor conductor?
19. What is meant by heat convection? Give three illustrative examples.
20. Write three differences between radiation and conduction.
21. What is the difference between radiation and convection?
22. How are weather conditions created by heat convection process?
23. How does the kinetic energy of a molecule depend on the temperature of gas?
24. On what factors, does the rate of heat flow in a rod depend?
25. How is heat energy transferred from one place to another?
26. Give short description of each mode of heat transfer. Briefly about (i) the rate of heat flows
due to conduction (ii) the rate of heat flow due to convection (iii) the rate of heat radiation.
27. Using Stephan-Boltzmanns law, define the total emissive power of the objects other than a
black body.
28. By which method does heat travel through vacuum?
29. Define heat conduction. Give one example and explain.
30. What do you understand the Brownian motion? Is it regular motion of visible particles? Is
heat radiation a form of electromagnetic wave? Does it need a medium for propagation?
31. What is the best absorber? Is this called a black body?
32. Light waves are electromagnetic waves which can travel in vacuum with the speed of light
and obey Maxwells theory of electricity and magnetism. Is heat radiation a form of
electromagnetic waves? Does it need a medium for propagation? What is its speed? Can heat
radiation be explained by Maxwells theory of electricity and magnetism?
CHAPTER (4) VIBRATION OF STRINGS, RESONANCE AND
VIBRATION OF AIR COLUMN
Definitions
1. Progressive wave 8. Oscillation 15. Fundamental (OR)

First harmonic
2. Stationary wave 9. Longitudinal wave 16. Overtones
3. Production of stationary wave 10. Transverse wave 17. Beat frequency
4. Antinode 11. Wavelength 18. Wave equation
5. Node 12. Harmonics 19. Intensity of wave
6. Frequency 13. Amplitude 20. Mechanical wave
7. Hertz 14. Resonance frequency 21. Forced motion
Fill in the Blank
1. The points of zero displacement in stationary wave are called ---------.

2. The points of maximum displacement in a stationary wave are called
---------.
3. Nodes and antinodes are not present in ---------- waves. They are
present only in ---------- wave.
4. Distance between two successive nodes (antinodes) is----------.
5. Distance between a node and an antinode is ----------.
6. Only odd harmonics are present in ---------- organ pipes.

7. Both even and odd harmonics are present in ---------- organ pipes.
8. The wavelength of the resonating air column is given by the relation
---------.
9. The vibrating string of short length gives----------frequency.
10. The resultant wave obtained from the superposition of the incident
and reflected wave is a ----------wave.
11. Waves acquired energy and ----------from their sources.
12. The wave velocity in a vibrating string is given by ----------.
13. The distance between two successive nodes is ----------wavelength.
14. SI unit of frequency is ----------.
15. Third harmonic of closed organ pipe is called-------overtone.
16. Third harmonic of vibrating string is called ---------overtone.
17. For a stretched string the longest wave vibrating in one segment is
called----------.
18. One ----------is equivalent to one oscillation per second.
19. The velocity of sound in vacuum is-----------.
20. The SI unit for intensity of sound wave is -----------.
21. The intensity of sound is directly proportional to the square of --------.
22. Sound wave in air are----------wave.
23. The third harmonic is -------- over tone in a closed organ pipe.
24. The third harmonic is -------- over tone in a string.
25. The points between nodes are vibrating with different -----------.
26. Ocean waves can transform the shape of coast lines.
TRUE or FALSE
1. The frequency of a wave remains the same in different media.
2. Sound wave and water waves are progressive waves.
3. Sound wave can be heard on the surface of the moon.
4. Waves in a vibrating string do not spread out.
5. Sound can travel from the sun to the earth.
6. Sound travels the fastest in solid and the lowest in air.
7. Drums produce all harmonics.
8. The frequency of a wave is directly proportional to its wavelength.
9. The second harmonic is second over tone in a closed organ pipe.
10. No material medium is required for the passage of progressive waves.
11. Waves formed in resonance column are progressive wave.
12. The velocity of sound is the same in air and water.
13. The points between nodes are vibrating with the same amplitude.
14. 1 hertz is equivalent to 1 oscillation per second.
15. Water waves which are produced when a stone is dropped are called
stationary waves.
16. In an open organ pipe all harmonics are present.
17. Oscillation is one complete to and fro motion of a vibrating object.
18.
The distance between two successive nodes is .
2
19.
The distance from a node to a nearest antinode is .
2
20. In the case of an open organ pipe all harmonics are present.
21. Production of beats in a result of phenomenon of interference.
1. There are always points that do not move in stationary waves. (a) What are those points
called? (b) How is the distance between two such successive points related to the
wavelength?
2. How does the velocity of a stationary wave found in a string, with both ends firmly fixed,
depend on the tension and mass per unit length of the string?
3. A vibrating tuning fork is placed over the top end of a glass tube, almost full of water, as
shown in the figure. Explain what will happen if the water surface in the glass tube is lowered
when the water tap is opened.
4. A tuning fork is struck and placed over the open end of a resonance tube with adjustable air
column (shown in figure). Why is a node formed at closed end and an antinode formed at
open end?
5. What is the difference between a progressive wave and a stationary wave?
6. Write down the equation for frequency of the nth harmonic of the vibrating string, with both
ends firmly fixed.
7. Sketch a graph showing the relation f - T.
8. Write down wave equation which applies to all forms of wave motion.
9. Are sound waves transverse or longitudinal waves? Are they mechanical or electromagnetic
waves? Can they travel through vacuum? Can they travel faster than light?
10. Give examples and illustrations of progressive and standing waves. Are nodes and antinodes
present in progressive waves?
11. Describe how stationary waves can be produced.
12. Describe how stationary waves can be produced in a closed organ pipe.
13. What is the noise exposure limits which can rupture eardrums and cause permanent hearing
loss?
14. Explain how can demonstrate the formation of a stationary wave used a string and electric
bell.
15. What do waves carry from one place to another? Can sound wave travel through vacuum?
16. On what factors does the frequency of a vibrating string depend?
17. How does the intensity depend on the amplitude of the wave?
18. How will the intensity of sound change if the amplitude of the wave is doubled?
19. What can you say if you know the value of beat frequency?
20. What is the relation between the wavelength and the length of the string? (n=2/n)
21. Draw a diagram of vibrating string fixed at both ends vibrating in one long segment.
22. How is the distance between two successive nodes related to the wavelength?
CHAPTER (5) INTRODUCTION TO LIGHT
Definition
1. Light 10. Law of refraction 19. Spectrum

2. Photon 11. Snells law 20. Dispersion of light
3. Nature of light 12. Refractive index using 21. Light pipe
velocities of light
4. Reflection of light 13. Refractive index using 22. Optical fibres
Snells law
5. Normal 14. Absolute refractive index 23. Minimum Deviation
6. Angle of incidence 15. Critical angle 24. Total refracting prism
7. Angle of refraction 16. Total internal reflection 25. Thin prism
8. Law of reflection 17. Prism 26. Primary light colour
9. Refraction of light 18. Angle of deviation 27. Secondary colour
Fill in the Blank
1. Light is a form of ----------.

2. The ---------- are particles of electromagnetic field, (radiation or
light).
3. Light, X-ray and gamma ray are ---------- radiations
4. Light photons have ---------- energy than X-ray photons.
5. A particle of light called a corpuscle by Newton is now called a -----.
6. Light has both particle and ---------- nature.
7. Electromagnetic wave can travel through ----------.
8. The bending of a ruler partly immersed in water is due to ---------- of
light.
9. Transparent media have ---------- optical densities.
10. For refraction to take place two optical media are needed.
11. The refractive index of glass is ---------- than that of air.
12. The refractive index of diamond is ---------- than that of glass.
13. The refractive index of the prism for ---------- color is the largest.
14. The speed of light in vacuum is ----------
15. The value of the velocity of light in free space is ----------.
16. The relationship between the refractive indices of two media n1, n2
and angle of incidence "i" (medium 1) and angle of refraction "r"
(medium 2) is ----------.
17. The angle of incidence is equal to the angle of ---------- for a ray
passing through a glass slab with parallel sides.
18. The angle of minimum deviation is denoted by ----------.
19. Successive total internal reflection can occur in ----------.
20. Snells law is given by ----------.
21. The interference of light can be explained based on ---------- nature
of light.
22. The concept of ---------- is used in cuttings the facets of diamond.
23. The refractive index of air is taken as ----------.
24. The incident ray and refracted ray are in the same ----------.
25. The critical angle of ice is ---------- than that in diamond.
26. The more optically dense a medium is, the ----------is the velocity of
light in that medium.
27. When light passes from one medium to another, the ----------remain
the same.
28. For the refraction from medium x to medium y, the refractive index
is express as ---------
29. The second part of the laws of refraction is called ----------law.
30. The incident ray and refracted ray are in the different----------.
31. Total reflecting prisms are used in----------.
32. The velocity of light found in Roemer was----------.
33. Splitting of white light into different colour-band is called ----------
of light.
34. Light ----------are used to examine the objects which are difficult to
see.
35. A band of different colours is called---------.
36. Transparent media has different --------densities.
TRUE or FALSE
1. The different colors of light have different wavelengths.

2. The higher the refractive index of a medium, the slower will be the
speed of light through it.
3. All electromagnetic wave are transverse waves.
4. Lights of different colors have different speeds in air.
5. Snells law can be given as n1 Sin i= n2 Sin r.
6. Light has only wave nature.
7. The wave equation v=f cannot be used for the light waves.
8. For refraction to take place two optical media are required.
9. Electromagnetic waves cannot travel through vacuum.
10. When light passes from one medium to another, the speed of light
changes.
11. The more optically dense a medium is, the smaller is the velocity of
light in that medium.
12. The energy E released from an atom is given by E=mc2 where m is the
mass defect.
13. The incident ray and the refracted ray are in same medium.
14. The refractive index of glass is less than that of diamond.
15. Refraction takes place when light travels from one medium to an
optically denser or rarer medium.
16. The wavelength of yellow light is shorter than that of orange light.
17. The critical angle of glass is smaller than that of diamond.
18. In refraction of light, the light rays do not obey the principle of
reversibility of light.
19. An optical medium is sufficient for refraction to take place.
20. The total internal reflection can take place for all angles of incidence.
21. The violet is deviated the most; the refractive index of the prism
material for this color has the smallest value.
22. The velocity of light is an important physical constant.
1. Write down the names of the two theories concerning the nature of light that were introduced
by the middle of seventeenth century. How do they differ?
2. Are the incident ray and the refracted ray in the same plane? in the same medium?
3. Compare and contrast the laws of reflection and laws of refraction of light.
4. What are the optical phenomena that cannot be explained by Newtons corpuscular theory?
5. Why did the majority of scientists hesitate to accept wave theory of light when it was first
introduced?
6. Why can the bending of light not be seen although the bending of water waves can be seen?
7. Why did Galileo not succeed in measuring the velocity of light?
8. Can an object move with a velocity greater than the velocity of light?
9. Explain the statement "the refractive index of glass is 1.5".
10. Write out the refractive index of the medium in which an object is placed in terms of the real
and apparent depths. (OR) Express the refractive index in terms of real depth and apparent
depth.
11. Draw a ray diagram showing the object O the image I and the real depth and the apparent
depth. (Observer is viewed from less dense medium.)
12. In the electromagnetic wave spectrum visible light wave lie between 400 nm and 700nm.
Where will you place the UV and IR in the electromagnetic spectrum? (UV stands for
ultraviolet and IR stands for infrared).
13. Draw the diagram of dispersion by prim. How many colours are in the spectrum? what are
they?
14. Why is the smaller the velocity of light v in a medium, the greater its refractive index n?
Is it true that nv = constant? What is the value of this constant?
15. How much is the percent of light reflected? Where are they used?
16. What type of prism can be used as total reflecting prism. What prism are used in periscopes
and binoculars.
17. (i) Write the formula of the refractive index of the prism. (ii) Describe the expression for the
angle of deviation D of a thin prism and explain the symbols used.
(iii) State the condition for which the angle of deviation of a thin prism is constant.
18. Write two conditions necessary for total internal reflection to take place. Give a diagram to
illustrate how to occur total internal reflection when the light passes a pair of media, glass and
ice.
19. When light passes a less optically dense medium into more dense medium, will the total
internal reflection occur? Give any two uses of the concept of total internal reflection.
20. Draw diagrams to show how a 45 - 45 - 90 prism can be used (i) to turn a ray of light
through 90 (ii) to turn a ray of light through 180 (iii) to invert a beam of light.
21. Complete the ray diagram to illustrate the formation of image by two totally reflecting prisms
(90-45-45 prism). Name the optical instrument which employ this concept.
O
'
O
22. In the figure, the refractive index of glass prism is 1.5. Will the ray emerge from the
hypotenuse surface of the prism? State some application of total internal reflection with
diagrams.
23. What is meant by light pipe? Illustrate your answer with a neat diagram. Where are light
pipes used? Give important use of light pipe.
24. Sketch a neat diagram for optical fibres.

25. In the formation of the spectrum of white light by a prism (i) which colour is deviated least?
(ii) which colour is deviated most?
26. A narrow beam of white light is incident upon a triangular glass prism. Draw a clear diagram
to illustrate what is meant by (a) deviation (b) dispersion.
27. Draw ray diagram that shows the refraction through a glass slab with parallel sides.
28. Why is the smaller the velocity of light in a medium the greater its refractive index.
29. Draw a ray diagram to illustrate total internal reflection and critical angle.
30. Give a drawing showing how refraction takes place when the ray is incident at the critical
angle. Where is the refracted ray? Obtain a relation between the critical angle and the
refractive index.
31. When the light passes through two different media, the change in direction of light occur.
Why?
CHAPTER (6) REFRACTION, DIFFRACTION AND INTERFERENCE
OF LIGHT
Definition
1. Lens 8. Principle focus of a 15. Real image
concave lens
2. Convex lens (OR) 9. Focal length of a lens 16. Virtual image
Converging lens
3. Concave lens (OR) 10. The principle rays 17. Lens-makers equation
Diverging lens and their properties
for a lens
4. Thin lens 11. Magnifying glass 18. Lens equation
5. Principle axis 12. Magnification 19. Sign convention for R
6. Centre of a lens 13. Power of a lens (OR) 20. Real image
Dioptic power of a
lens
7. Principle focus of a 14. One dioptre 21. Sign Convention for
convex lens Lenses
Fill in the blanks.

1. The power of a lens is ---------- proportional to its focal length.
2. The focal length of a concave lens is ----------.
3. The image formed by a concave lens is always ----------.
4. The power of a lens is given by ----------.
5. The lens formula is given as----------.

6. The magnification formula is given as----------
7. The focus of the convex lens is ----------.
8. The power of a lens of focal length -20 cm is ----------.
9. When an object moves towards a convex lens, the size of the image is-
---------.
10. One unit power of a lens is also called ----------.
11. A virtual image ----------than the object is formed by a concave lens.
12. Both real and virtual images can be formed by a ---------- lens.
13. If the object is at infinity, its image formed by a concave lens is at -----
-----.
14. The formation of image by a lens is due to the ---------- of light.
15. The camera's is a ----------lens.
16. The object and its ---------- image are on either side of the convex lens.
True or False
1. The object and its virtual image are on the same side of the convex
lens.
2. The focus of diverging lens is real.
3. A convex lens can converge parallel beam of light.
4. A projector lens produces an enlarged virtual image.
5. A virtual image smaller than the object is formed by a concave lens.

6. A concave lens is thicker in the middle than at the edge.
7. The virtual image formed by a convex lens is larger than the object.
8. Real images can be formed by a convex lens.
9. The unit of the power of lens is dioptre (or one dioptre).
10. A lens of power 2 D has a focal length of 2 m.
11. An image formed on the same side of the lens as the object is virtual.
12. A concave lens never forms a magnified image.
13. The focal length of concave lens is positive.
14. Radius of curvature is positive if the surface is convex towards the
object.

1. State the sign conventions for lenses. Explain why sign conventions are used.
2. What is the major difference between real and virtual images? Draw ray diagrams to show
how the real and virtual images can be formed by a convex lens.
3. State the properties of an image formed by a concave lens.
4. Determine the nature of the images formed in the mirrors and the lens for the magnifications
given below (a) magnification is between -1 and 0
(b) magnification is between 0 and +1 (c) magnification is greater than 1.
5. Draw ray diagrams to illustrate the formation of virtual images by lenses.
6. Write down the lens maker equation. Explain the symbols you used.
7. When a lens is immersed in water, does its focal length change?
8. How does an increase in the index of refraction affect the focal length of the lens?
9. Draw a ray diagram that shows the refraction at a spherical surface and write down the
equation using Snells law.
10. Give the two uses of the convex lens.
11. State the similarities and differences between the virtual images formed by the convex and
concave lens.
12. An object is placed F and P of a biconvex lens. Draw a ray diagram to show the position of
image. Write down the properties of image.
13. State the principle rays and their properties passing through a convex lens.
14. Define the principle axis of a convex lens and draw a ray diagram to illustrate the focus of
concave lens.
15. Define principle focus of a convex lens (or concave lens). Is this focus real or virtual? Why?
16. Draw the ray diagram for focus of lenses.
17. The concave lens cannot be used as a magnifying glass. Why?
18. Draw a ray diagram of a convex lens when the object is beyond 2F. State the properties of
the image for this case.
19. What is a convex lens? Name three types of convex lens and also illustrate with diagrams.
20. What is meant by the power of a lens is +4 D?
21. Can a real image be formed by a concave lens or convex lens? If so, draw a ray diagram to
illustrate your answer.
CHAPTER (7) THE ELECTRIC FIELD
Definitions
1. Nature of charges (OR) 5. Electric field 9. Resultant electric field

Law of charges
2. Four fundamental forces 6. Electric field intensity 10. Electric lines of force
3. Coulombs law 7. Uniform electric field 11. Lightning conductor
4. Direction of electric 8. Non-uniform electric 12. The uses of lightning
force field conductor
Fill in the blanks

1. The value of the charge of an electron is----------.
2. Two bodies having ---------- charges attract each other.
3. The electric force between two electrons is ----------.
4. The Coulomb force between the neutron and the proton (positron) is
----------.
5. The coulomb force between two neutral particles is ----------.
6. If the electric charges are unlike charges the force between them is
directed ----------.
7. Newtons gravitational law is also called ---------- law.
(OR) Coulomb lawis also called ---------- law.
8. An electric line of force is a line along which a ---------- charge
move.
9. The electric field intensity at a point 3m from a point charge of 40
coulomb is -------
10. Electric lines of force are ---------- lines. Electric lines of force do not
really exist.
11. The electric field inside a conductor of any shape is ----------.
12. The electric field is zero everywhere inside a charged ----------object.
13. The electric field is ---------- (1) midpoint between two equal charges
and (2) at infinity from a charge.
14. The magnitude of electron charge is ----------coulomb.
15. ----------rods are commonly used as lightning conductor.
16. An electron and a proton ----------each other.
17. If the electric charges are ----------, the force between them is
directed inward.
18. There is ----------electric field around a neutron.
19. A----------drawn at a point on the electric line of force gives the ------
----of electric field at that point.
20. The electromagnetic force and Coulomb force are ----------range
forces.
21. In symbols Coulomb's law is given as----------.
22. Charges are highly concentrated at the ----------portion of the object.
23. The other unit of electric field intensity is----------.
24. The concept of lines of force was introduced by----------.
25. There is an ----------surrounding a charged conducting object.
26. The electric field is a region in which----------act.
27. Electric force is along the----------joining the two charges.
28. A uniform field is presented by uniformly spaced parallel lines of the
---------- length.
29. The electric lines of force around a single positive charge are
directed radially ----------.
30. Electrical forces bind electrons and ---------- to form atoms.
TRUE or FALSE
1. The charges are uniformly distributed on the outer surface of the
metal sphere.
2. Electric field is a scalar quantity.
3. The tangent drawn at any point on an electric line of force gives the
direction of the electric field at that point.
4. A thunder cloud can contain neutral particles.
5. Electric force is along the line joining the two charges.
6. There are only three fundamental forces.
7. There is no electric field around a neutron.
8. Electromagnetic forces and gravitational forces are fundamental
forces.
9. A thunder cloud can contain both negative and positive charged
particles of water.
10. The electric line of force never interest.
11. An electron carries a negative charge.
12. There is no electric field between two protons.
13. The unit NC-1 is the same as Vm-1.
14. If the force between two charges is attractive, they have opposite
signs.
15. Coulomb's law is given in symbols as V=IR.
16. Silver rods are used as lightning conductors.
17. The electric force between -particle and -particle is an attractive
force.
18. Electric lines of force do not really exist.
19. The electrical forces hold atoms to form molecules, liquids and
solids.
1. State the similarity and the difference between Newton's gravitational law and Coulomb's
law.
2. When a plastic comb is run through dry hair for a long time the comb becomes a charged
body and attracts small pieces of paper, although the plastic comb is negatively charged, the
pieces of paper are initially uncharged. Explain why the comb can attract the pieces of paper.
3. Why don't the electric lines of force intersect one another?
4. Is it correct to say that an electric field intensity is a vector quantity?
5. Why is the electric field intensity a vector quantity?
6. An insulation rod has a positive charge at one end and a negative charge of the same
magnitude at the other. This rod is placed in a uniform electric field. (i) How would the rod
behave when the direction of the electric field is parallel to the rod? (ii) How would the rod
behave when the direction of the electric field is perpendicular to the rod? Answer by
drawing suitable diagrams.
7. Explain why the electric field intensity is zero everywhere inside a charged sphere or
conductor.
8. Give two reasons why a lightning conductor is made of copper rather than iron.
9. What does the value of variation constant of Coulomb's law depend upon? (or) What factors
does the constant K depend?
10. Why Coulombs law is also called an inverse square law?
11. What is Coulomb's law also called? What law does it remind you of?
12. Write down the value of K in SI units when the charges are in air.
13. How many fundamental forces are there? Which forces are long-rang forces and which are
short-range forces? Which is the strongest?
14. Are electric lines of force real or imaginary lines? Do they intersect each other? Where do
they start and where do they end?
15. Draw the electric lines of force which represent a uniform electric field and those represent
non-uniform electric field.
16. Draw the lines of force around a positive charge and a negative charge. Draw a curve and
assume that as a line of force and mark two points on such a curve and call them A and B.
Indicate the directions of the electric field at A and B.
17. What is the difference between the electric lines of force which represent non-uniform
electric field and those which represent a uniform electric field?
18. How much work is done in moving a sphere of charge +q a distance d in an electric field
of intensity E as shown?
E
F +
19. Represent the electric field intensity by the lines of force, illustrate by drawing in the lines of
force a region of high electric field intensity and a region where the electric field intensity is
low.
20. Using the electric lines of force illustrate the electric field of a charged conducting sphere.
21. Draw the electric lines of force (i) around two unlike charges, (ii) around two positive
charges.
22. Describe the use of the lightning conductor by means of a diagram.
23. Explain how lightning conductor can prevent from lightning discharge when a charged cloud
passes over a building.
24. Using Coulomb's law, define electric field intensity.
25. Is the coulomb constant K a universal constant like G.Explain.
26. How is electric field determined?
CHAPTER (8) ELECTRIC POTENTIAL
Definitions
1. Electric potential energy 4. Electric potential difference
2. Electric potential 5. One volt ( electric potential difference)
3. One volt (electric potential) 6. Equipotential surface
Fill in the blanks

1. The ---------- around a charge +Q are spherical surfaces centered
about +Q.
2. The potential difference between two points on the equipotential
surface is ----------.
3. No work is done in moving a charge from one point to another on the
---------- surfaces.
4. The earth is a ---------- conductor.
5. The electric potential of a conductor is ---------- when it is connected
to the earth.
6. The unit volt is the same as----------.
7. A positive charged body has ----------electric potential.
8. The unit of electric potential energy is the----------.
9. If an electron moves from point A to B in an electric field, point A
will have----------electric potential.
10. A small ----------charge will move from a point of higher electric

potential to a point of lower electric potential.
11. The work done in bringing a unit positive charge from infinity to a
point in an electric field is ----------.
12. ----------charges move from a point of lower potential to higher
potential.
13. The surface of a charged conducting sphere is an----------surface.
14. The potential difference is measured in----------
15. Work done is independent of the ----------taken by the charge.
16. Electric potential at infinity is taken as------------.
17. The electric lines of force are ----------to the surface of the charged
conductor.
TRUE or FALSE
1. Voltage is a scalar quantity.
2. The unit watt is the same as joule per coulomb.
3. The points on an equipotential surface have the same electric field
intensity.
4. A proton moves from a point of higher electric potential to a point of
lower potential.
5. On an equalpotential surface, the charges are stationary.
6. Electric potential can also be measured in Vm.
7. Electric lines of force are parallel to an equipotential surface.
8. The electric potential inside a conductor of any shape is zero.
9. The electric potential due to a point charge at infinity is zero.
10. Electric potential energy and mechanical potential energy have the
same unit.
11. The unit joule is the same as volt per metre.
12. The earth can receive as well as give out quite a number of electrons.
13. There is no electric field around a charged conducting sphere.
14. Work done is independent of a path taken by the charge.
15. The potential difference is measured in joule.
16. The electric potential of the earth is taken as one.
CONCEPTUALQUESTIONS FROM TEXT AND OLDQUESTIONS
1. (a) Why is electric potential a scalar quantity? (b) Can electrons by themselves move from a
point of lower electric potential to a point of higher electric potential?
2. Explain how work is done in carrying a unit positive charge from a point of higher electric
potential to a point of lower electric potential and how work is done in carrying a unit
positive charge from a point of lower electric potential to a point of higher electric potential.
3. If the electric field intensity at a point in an electric field is zero, is the electric potential at
that point necessarily zero?
4. Draw the equipotential surfaces and electric lines of force a charged conducting sphere and
between two parallel plates having charges of equal magnitude and opposite sign.
5. Why can the earth be regarded as a body having zero electric potential?
6. Is the earth a good conductor of electricity? Is the electric potential at an infinite distance
from a charge Q, zero?
7. Illustrate your answer by means of diagrams for a negatively charged body and positively
charged body connected to the earth.
8. The figure shows the equipotential surfaces. What is the work done in bringing a charge + q
from A to B? from A to C? and from B to C?
A
C
B
Q
+
Equipotential
surface
9. Does the work done in an electric field depend on the path taken by the charge?Can you say
that the surface of a charge conducting sphere is an equipotential surface? Why?
10. What is the electric potential of a conductor if it is connected to the earth?
11. What sign of the potential is at a point near a negative charge? What is the value of electric
potential at infinity due to a point charge?
12. How much work is done in moving a charge of + 1.6 10-19 C from one point to another on
an equipotential surface of 200 V?
13. Show that 1 NC-1 = 1 Vm-1. Prove V=Ed.
14. Why is the surface of charged conducting sphere is an equipotential surface?
CHAPTER (9) CAPACITANCE
Definition
1. Capacitor 4. Dielectric constant 7. Surface charge density

2. Capacitance 5. Electric capacity of a 8. Capacitor in series
conductor
3. Parallel plate capacitor 6. One farad 9. Capacitor in parallel
Fill in the blanks.

1. A ---------- is an electrical device that stores electrical energy in the
form of an electric field.
2. The unit farad is the same as ----------.
3. The unit of capacitance is the ----------.
4. The energy stored in a capacitor can be expressed as ----------
5. For a vacuum k = 1 and for other media ----------.
6. The charge of a capacitor is directly proportional to its ----------
7. The ---------- is a device that stores electrical energy.
8. The dielectric constant is also called the ---------- permittivity of the
medium.
9. The magnitude of the charge per unit area of the plate is called the
----------.
10. The unit for surface charge density is ----------.
11. The unit NC-1 is equivalent to ----------.
12. When the charge on a capacitor is doubled, the potential difference is
----------.
13. The dielectric constant of air is close to----------.
14. The capacitance of parallel plate capacitor is given by----------.
15. To decrease capacitance, the capacitors must be connected in ---------.
16. The value of 0 is ----------.
17. When two capacitors are connected in parallel to a battery, they have
the same----------.
18. A----------capacitor is the simplest capacitor.
19. A capacitor can block a ----------current.
20. For n identical capacitors, each of capacitance C, the equivalent
capacitance when connected in series is----------.
21. The dielectric material is an----------
22. If one conductor of a capacitor has a charge +Q, the other has a
charge----------.
True or False
1. The dielectric constant of air is close to 1.
2. The dielectric constant of vacuum is two.
3. Capacitances are used in radios and televisions.
4. A dielectric material is a conductor.
5. Capacitors are of different types and shapes.
6. One unit of capacitance is microfarad.
7. Capacitance is a vector quantity.
8. The dielectric constant of air is less than that of glass.
9. A capacitor consists of two insulators separated by a small distance.
10. The unit farad is the unit of capacitance.
11. The capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor is doubled if the distance
apart of the plates is halved.
12. The electric field between two conductors of a parallel plate capacitor
is uniform.
13. The capacitance of a capacitor depends on charge and potential
difference.
14. The value of dielectric constant for glass is greater than that for air.
15. The capacitance of a capacitor is directly proportional to the surface
area of the plate.
16. When capacitors are connected in parallel, its equivalent capacitance
will increase.
17. A capacitor stores electrical energy.
18. When two capacitors are connected in series with a battery, they have
the same charge.
19. When the plates of a parallel-plate capacitor are pulled apart, the
capacitance increases.
20. Capacitors are connected in series to get the higher capacitance.
1. When an insulating material is insertedbetween the conductors of a capacitor in a vacuum (or

air), does its capacitance increase or decrease? Explain.
2. When the charge on a capacitor is increased, does its capacitance increase? Explain.
3. What must be done to increase the capacitance of a capacitor?
4. Is there any kind of material that, when inserted between the plates of a capacitor, reduces its
capacitance?
5. What is the relationship between capacitance, voltage and charge?
6. One plate of the capacitor carries positive charge; the other plate is earthed. Explain why the
earthed plate carries a negative charge.
7. What does the capacitance of a capacitor depend on? (or) On what factors does the
capacitance of the capacitor depend?
8. Draw the circuit symbols for a capacitor, a battery and sketch a circuit diagram for charging a
capacitor.
9. What are the uses of capacitor? Give a short description of a capacitor.
10. Does the capacitance of a capacitor increase when the air medium between its plates is
replaced by an insulating material? Explain.
11. When the distance between the two parallel plates having charges of equal magnitude and
opposite sign is reduced, what will happen to the potential difference between the plates?
12. If you want to get more capacitance, how do you connect the capacitors and less capacitance;
how do you connect the capacitor?
13. In which connection of capacitors has each capacitor the same charge? In which connection
of capacitors has each capacitor the same potential difference?
14. Does the capacitance of a capacitor depend on the charge on each conductor and the potential
difference of the capacitor?
15. How does the capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor depend on the area of each plate and
the distance between the plates?
16. A parallel plate capacitor which have charge Q equal and opposite sign has a potential
difference and distance between them are V and d. Determine the capacitance of a an parallel
plate capacitor.
17. Write down the expression for the capacitance of a parallel-plate capacitor. Draw the
illustration for a parallel-plate capacitor.
18. What is the resultant capacitance when n equal capacitors having capacitance C are
connected (a) in parallel and (b) in series?
19. The unit for is N-1m-2C-2 and the unit of E is NC-1. What is the unit for E? Is it reasonable
Q
to assume that E = ?
A
1 Q2
20. Compute the energy stored by the capacitor (or) Show that W = noting Vav = (0 +
2 C
V)/2.
21. How much energy can be stored by a capacitor of capacitance, C and the potential difference,
V?
22. How does the electric field between capacitor plates vary with the separation distance?
23. Give two major reasons for using dielectric materials in capacitors.
24. Two parallel plates capacitor have the same charge, but one of the capacitors has plate of
smaller area. In which capacitor is the electric field greater?
25. The parallel-plate capacitor remains connected to a battery. Is the charge on the plates
increased or decreased when sheet of glass is substituted for the air separating them?If the
dielectric constant for glass is 5, how many times does the capacitance increases or
decreases?
26. How does a capacitor store electrical energy? Can alternating current pass through the
capacitor?
CHAPTER (10) CURRENT AND ELECTRIC CIRCUIT
Definition
1. What is electric current 8.

Rheostat 15. One ampere
2. Define electric current 9.
Resistor in series 16. One Ohm
3. Direction of current 10.
Resistors in parallel 17. Available voltage
4. Ohms law 11.
Electromotive force without 18. Three main effects
connected external circuit of electric current
5. Resistance of a conductor 12. Electromotive force connected 19. Heating effect
using Ohms law to external circuit
6. Resistivity of a conductor 13. Ammeter 20. Chemical effect
7. Resistor 14. Voltmeter 21. Magnetic effect
Fill in the blanks
1. The ---------- of current is used in electric bell.

2. The ---------- of current is used in charging batteries.
3. Electric current is a ----------quantity.
4. A device to measure the current is called ----------.
5. The resistivity is measured in ----------.
6. The Ohm's law is given by ----------.
7. The unit ---------- is the same as coulomb per second.
8. Since the resistivity varies slightly with ---------- it can be taken
as a constant.
9. The unit of electric current is the ----------.
10. You need an ---------- to measure a current in a circuit.
11. You need a ---------- to measure a potential difference across a
resistor in a circuit.
12. If a battery has no internal resistance, its ---------- is equal to the
available voltage.
13. A ---------- is a variable resistor.
14. A parallel connection of one 3 resistor and one 6 resistor
will give an equivalent resistance of ----------.
15. If the length of the wire is increased, it resistance ----------.
16. When an electric current is a flows through substance, it can
produce----------main effect.
17. An electric current is a flow of ----------from one place to another.
18. Conductors contain a large number of ----------.
19. The resistance of semiconductors and electrolytes ----------with
increasing temperature.
20. Electromotic force is a----------quantity.
21. A ---------- is a circuit component which is made from a
substance having resistance.
22. ----------has negative temperature coefficient.
23. The ---------- of current is used in electroplating work.
24. The direction of current is defined as the direction of----------.
25. The current flowing through a conductor is -----------proportional
to its resistance.
TRUE or FALSE
1. The electromotive force of a battery is a vector quantity.
2. A conductor obeys Ohm's law.
3. The thicker a wire of given length, the less is its resistance.
4. The resistance of a given wire does not vary with temperature.
5. The resistivity of the metal in wire does not depend on the
dimensions of the wire.
6. A voltmeter is always placed in series with the resistor.
7. The practical unit of emf is the volt.
8. The resistance of carbon increases with increasing temperature.
9. The electric current produces magnetic effect.
10. The unit ohm is the same as VA-1.
11. Resistors are connected in parallel to get higher resistance.
12. If the length of the wire is increased, its resistance is decreased.
13. Current is a vector quantity.
14. The Ohm's law is expressed in terms of the fourth power of
Kelvin temperature.
15. The resistance of resistor is independence of temperature.
16. A rheostat is a fixed resistor.
17. Conductors obey Ohm's law.
1. Which is more fundamental, the resistance or the resistivity ? Explain.

2. What is the difference between the e.m.f. of a battery and the potential difference across its
terminals ? (b) Under what condition are they the same?
3. On what factors does the resistance of a conductor depend?
4. Does a resistor store or dissipate energy?
5. A copper wire and a silver wire have the same length and size. Do they have the same
resistance? Why?
6. What is the differences between resistance and resistivity.
7. Describe the resistivity of a conductor of length and area A in symbols. If a current "I"
flows through the conductor find the voltage across the two ends of the conductor of
resistance R in terms of the resistivity .
8. When the parallel combination of two resistors having different resistances is connected to a
battery, which resistor will draw a greater current?
9. Draw a circuit consisting of a resistor R, an ammeter A and a battery of electromotive force
(e.m.f), E with internal resistance, r.
10. Write an expression for current 'I' that flows in the circuit using the Ohm's Law. (or) Write
down circuit equation.
11. When two or more sources of e.m.f connected (i) in series (aiding, opposing) and (ii) in
parallel are connected to an external circuit, find the circuit equations.
12. Explain the statement, "the resistance of a conductor is 2".
13. Does the resistance of a conductor depend on temperature?
14. Find the expression for the current flowing in the circuit shown.
R R
I I
E1,r1 E2, r2 E1, r1 E2, r2
15. If the potential difference between two ends of a conductor is increased, does its resistance
increase? Why?
16. What are the three main effects of electric current and their uses? (OR) What are the three
main effects produced by a current on a substance when the current passes through the
substance? Give at least one example for each effect.
17. Find the current through the equivalent resistance for the case of two resistors (R1, R2)
connected in parallel.
18. If three resistors are connected in series, is the current flowing through each resistor
different? Compute the voltage across the equivalent resistor.
19. If three resistors [R1, R2, R3] are connected in series, compute the voltage across each of
them. Does the same current I flow through each?
20. Is electric current a scalar quantity? Why?
21. Draw the symbol of an ammeter and show how to use an ammeter in a circuit consisting of
resistors R1 and R2 connected in series.
22. What are the sources of electromotive force? Explain the converted energies for these
sources.
23. Write out the expression for the temperature coefficient of resistance. Explain the symbols
used? Carbon has negative temperature coefficient. Why?
24. Describe the dependence of resistance of a conductor on its length and its cross-sectional
area. Can you use Ohm's law in electronics?
25. Draw an I-V graph and Rt t graph for a conductor.
26. Describe the dependence of resistance (i) on length and area (ii) on temperature. What is the
unit of constant in each dependence?
27. How many definitions are there for the electromotive force (emf)? State the definitions of
emf using circuit diagrams.
28. In which connection of batteries in the circuit will the electric current reduced?
29. How must a voltmeter be connected to a battery to measure the emf of the battery? Illustrate
with a suitable diagram.
30. Explain what is meant by an e.m.f of 6.0V?
31. Draw illustration the electron flow in a conductor.
32. What is meant by charging a battery? How much electrical energy is required for a unit
positive charge in this case? What is the potential difference between the terminals when
charging the battery?
33. What is meant by resistivity of copper is 1.710-8m.
34. Why is e.m.f scalar quantity?
35. Is the e.m.f really a force? Explain.
36. Distinguish between a voltmeter and ammeter.
37. Explain how to measure the current and voltage in the circuit.
38. How does the resistance of (i) metal and (ii) semiconductor vary with temperature?
39. A wire of resistivity is stretched to double its length. What will be its new resistivity?
CHAPTER (11) ELECTRICAL ENERGY AND POWER
Definition
1. Electrical energy 3. Joules law of electrical and heat
2. Electrical power 4. Fuse and its uses
Fill in the blanks

1. The practical unit of electrical energy is ----------.
2. ---------- is called one unit of electricity.
3. There are ---------- J in 1kWh.
4. The electrical power may be represented by the equation ----------.
5. The work done is related to the amount of heat by the equation ------.
6. 6. The electric stove converts the ---------- energy into heat energy.
7. The electrical energy may be represented by the equation ---------.
8. The work done by the battery is transformed into ---------- energy in
the resistor.
9. If the potential difference across a resistor is doubled, the power
used by it is ---------- times of former(or initial) value.
10. In electric motor, the electric energy will be transformed into --------
energy.
11. The SI unit for electric power is----------.
12. If three unequal resistors are connected in parallel, the smaller
resistor develops heat at ----------rate.
13. .Joule's law of electricity and heat can be expressed as----------.
14. A fuse wire is usually made of----------.
15. If a 10 resistor is connected to a 6V supply, the power dissipated in
the resistor is --------.
16.
17.
TRUE or FALSE
1. kilowatt hour is the unit of electrical energy.

2. The electrical power is the product of current and voltage.
3. The electric stove converts the electrical energy into mechanical
energy.
4. A copper wire cannot be used as a fuse wire.
5. A fuse is usually iron-lead alloy.
6. If 2kW electric lamp is used 2h, the meter show an increase of 2
units.
7. Electrical power is a vector quantity.
8. A 50W and a 60W light bulbs have the same resistances.
9. In generators, mechanical energy is converted into electrical energy.
10. The unit watt is the same as volt-ampere.
11. The fuse must be in the live lead and must never be in the neutral.
12. If three unequal resistors are connected in parallel, the power
produced each resistor is the same.
13. Thicker wire of same wire can carry larger currents.
14. The power of electric iron is lower than refrigerator.
15. The power of reading lamps is greater than electric motor.
16.
17.
1. Why is electrical energy transferred into heat energy when a current flows through a
resistor?
2. Give a circuit diagram for conversion of electrical into heat energy. Describe how the
conversion takes place. What happens if instead of a resistor R, for example, one has an
electric motor?
3. What is the practical unit of electrical energy? What is one unit of electricity? How many
joules are there in 1 kWh? Show by doing necessary calculations.
4. Show that H = VIt/J = V2t/RJ.
5. Express the amount of heat in terms of V, t, R and J. What is the value of J?
6. If two unequal resistors are connected in parallel, which resistor developed heat at the
greater rate?
7. Fuses are used in electric circuit, why?
8. How does a fuse work?
9. Explain the work function of an electrical fuse in an electric circuit with example?
10. Describe the relationship between the mechanical energy unit joule (J) and heat energy unit
calorie (cal).
11. Assuming the light bulbs and the batteries are ideal and identical rank. Compare the bulbs
A, B, C, D, E by brightness and explain.
C
A B E
D
12. What is electrical energy? Express its unit.

13. (a) Define electrical power. (b) Write down the unit of electrical power. (c) How many
joules are there in 1 kWh? State Joule's law of electricity and heat.
14. Express the electrical powers of electric iron and electric stove.
CHAPTER (12) ELECTROMAGNETISM
Defintion
1. Magnet and bar magnet 6. Flemings 11. Moving coil galvanometer
left-hand-rule
2. Magnetic field 7. Torque 12. shunt
3. Magnetic lines of force 8. Couple 13. Moving coil ammeter
4. Right-hand-rule 9. Electromagnet 14. Moving coil voltmeter
(Temporary magnet)
5. Solenoid 10. Permanent magnet 15. Electric bell
Fill in the blanks
1. Magnetic field intensity is a ---------- quantity.
2. Magnetic iron oxide is a ----------magnet.
3. By using a low resistance shunt a moving-coil galvanometer can

be transformed into an ----------.
4. An ammeter is a device used to measure the ----------.
5. The resistance of a voltmeter is very ----------.
6. You need a ---------- to measure a potential difference across a

resistor in a circuit.
7. A ---------- is a cylindrical coil of wire.
8. The changing magnetic field produces an electric field.
9. Lawpita generator produces ---------- current.
10. A battery provides a----------current.

11. The electromagnetic effect was discovered by----------.
12. Moving coil galvanometers are used to construct ammeters and

voltmeters.
13. There is a ---------- field around every wire carrying an electric
current.
14. The magnetic effect of an electric current was discovered by ----
------ in 1820.
15. The ---------- lines of force leave the north pole and enter the
south pole.
16. The ---------- is represented by the magnetic lines of force.
TRUE or FALSE
1. The changing magnetic field produces an electric field.
2. The moment of a couple is also called torque.
3. Generators are produce dc current.
4. The resistance of voltmeter is very low.
5. A soft iron bar can be made a temporary magnet.
6. There exists a magnetic field in the vicinity of or near a current

carrying wire.
7. In moving coil galvanometer, the angle of rotation is inversely
proportional to the current.
8. The shunt of an ammeter has a very low resistance.
9. Magnetic field intensity is a vector quantity.
10. A bar magnet has two poles.
11. The magnets used in electric bells are artificial magnets.
12. A magnetic field experiences a force on a stationary charge.
13. A moving electric charge or an electric current and the magnetic

field have mutual effects between them.
14. The stationary electric charge and the magnetic field do not
affect each other.
15. An electromagnet is a temporary magnet.
16. Magnetic field of solenoid is identical with that of a bar magnet.

1. (a )Why is a compass needle placed near a current-carrying wire deflected?
(b) What is the difference between the magnetic lines of force around a bar magnet and those
around a current-carrying wire?
2. (a) What is a solenoid ?
(b)Why can a current-carrying solenoid be considered as a magnet?
3. How will you know which is the north and which is the south pole of a current-carrying
solenoid?
4. (a) What is an electromagnet ?
(b) Write down the name of three devices which use the electromagnet.
(c) Describe, with a diagram, the function of a device consisting of an electromagnet.
5. Describe the basic principle of the construction of a moving-coil galvanometer.
6. How must a moving-coil galvanometer be modified to convert it into a voltmeter?
7. State the difference between an ammeter and a voltmeter.
8. Why is it necessary for the shunt of an ammeter to have a very low resistance?
9. What is meant by "a.c." and "d.c."? What type of current is produced by the following?
(a) Lawpita generator(b) a dry cell---(c) a storage battery
10. Suppose you sprinkle iron filings on a sheet of paper placed on a current carrying solenoid
what kind of lines of force would you see? Illustrate using a schematic diagram.
11. When a compass needle is brought near a straight wire carrying current it is deflected.
Explain this effect of electric current by drawing diagrams. Who discovered it in 1820?
12. What is a solenoid? What kind of field exists in its vicinity when a current flows through it?
Does one need a current to flow through it for it to become a bar magnet?Give your
explanations with the aid of simple diagrams.
13.What effect was discovered by Oersted? Who discovered the reverse effect of that discovered
by Oersted? Name the two devices which use the electromagnet.
14. Draw a solenoid together with its magnetic field. Is it different from that of a bar magnet?
Are solenoids used in simple electromagnets?
15. Draw the magnetic lines of force around a bar magnet and around a current carrying wire.
What are their differences?
16.Draw diagrams to show the pattern of the magnetic field (i) around a bar magnet. (ii) of a
solenoid.
17. Can a soft iron be made a permanent magnet? Can a soft iron be made a permanent magnet?
18. How would you construct (make) a voltmeter from a moving-coil galvanometer? Answer
with a suitable diagram.
19.How would you construct (make) an ammeter from a moving-coil galvanometer? Answer
with a suitable diagram. Obtain an expression for the shunt resistance in terms of other
quantities such as RG, I and i.
20.How must a wire of resistance R be connected with the coil of resistance RG to convert the
galvanometer into a voltmeter?
21. On which principle is construction of ammeter based. Write down the equation for the
resistance of the shunt to be used and explain the symbols.
22. What is voltmeter? Does it have a low or high resistance?
What instruments would you use to measure a current? a voltage?
23. What electrical instrument is shown in the figure? What physical quantity can you measure
using it? Explain how it can be constructed from moving-coil galvanometer?
Volts
. R1
moving coil R2
24. How do you find the direction of magnetic field from the magnetic line of force?
25. Discuss how a powerful magnetic field can obtain for a solenoid and how can make a
permanent magnet.
Formula Derivation
CHAPTER 1
1. Show that the power exerted on a body is equal to the product of the force and
velocity.(OR) Derive the expression of power in term of force.
2. Show that the efficiency of a machine is the ratio of the mechanical advantage to the
velocity ratio.
CHAPTER 2
1. Show that the pressure of mersury in a barometer is P=gh.
2. Prove that the pressure exerted by the liquid is directly proportional to the height of the
liquid column and the density.
3. Prove the upward thrust is equal to the weight of the liquid displaced.
4. For a body floating in a liquid derive the volume ratio and density ratio formula,
VS . (OR) Prove the ratio of the densities is equal to the ratio of the volume of the

V 0
immersed portion to the volume of the whole body.
CHAPTER 5
1. Show that nxx = nyy for a ray of light passing through two media x and y.
2. Show that the angle of incidence is equal to the angle of emergence for a ray passing
through a glass slab will parallel sides.
3. Show that the refractive index of the medium y with respect to x is equal to the reciprocal
of the refractive index of medium x with respect to y. (OR) Show that for the refraction
1
of light through two media x and y, xny =
y nx
4. Show that the refractive index of medium z with respect to y is the ratio of the refractive
index of z with respect to air to the refractive index of y with respect to air. Lateral
Displacement of a Ray passing through a Glass Slab with Parallel Sides.
5. Show that the refractive index of medium y with respect to medium x is equal to
reciprocal the sine of the critical angle. (OR) Show that the refractive index n and the
1
critical angle iC of a medium are related by n .
sin i c
x
6. apparentdepth
Show that y n x .
real depth
7. apparent depth
Show that x n y .
real depth
8. Derive the formula for the refractive index of prism.
9. For thin prism or small-angled prism show that D = (n-l)A
CHAPTER 6
1. n1 n 2 n 2 n1
For refraction at curved surface, show that
u1 v1 R1
2. 1 1 1
For a lens, show that .
u v f
3. Derive the magnification formula for the formation of images by lens.
CHAPTER 7
1. Find the electric field intensity at a distance r from a charge Q using Coulombs law.
(OR) Calculate the electric field intensity at a point at some distance from a charge +Q
using Coulomb law.
CHAPTER 8
1. Show that the work done does not depend on the path taken by the charge in moving it
from one point to another.
2. Prove V=Ed
CHAPTER 9
1. 0 A
Derive the capacitance formula C for the parallel-plate capacitor. (OR)
d
Show that for a given medium the capacitance of a parallel-plate capacitor is directly
proportional to the area of the plate and inversely proportional to the distance between
the plates.
2. Show that the energy of a capacitor or the energy stored by a capacitor is W = QV
Q2
(or) W = CV (or) W=
2
C
3. Show that when three capacitors of capacitances C1, C2 C3 are connected in series the total
1 1 1 1
capacitance C is .
C C1 C 2 C 3
4. Show that when three capacitors of capacitances C1, C2 C3 are connected in parallel the total
capacitance C is C= C1+ C2+ C3
CHAPTER 10
1. Show that when three resistors of resistance R1, R2 and R3 are connected in series, the
total resistance R is R=R1+R2+R3
2. Show that when three resistors of resistance R1, R2 and R3 are connected in series, the
1 1 1 1
total resistance R is
R R1 R 2 R 3
3. Derive the circuit equation and the available voltage formula.
CHAPTER 11
1. Show that the work done by a battery in bringing a charge through a resistor R in a
circuit is W=VIt.
CHAPTER 12
1. Derive formula for the resistance of the shunt to be used can be calculated from the
i
above equation. (OR) Show that r R G
( I i)
2. Derive formula for the resistance of the wire which must be used in order that the voltmeter may
measure the maximum potential difference. (OR) Show that R V - R G

i
Graph and Diagram
CHAPTER 1 i are plotted against those of D.
1. Hookes law graph (OR) Stress and 7. Totally reflecting prism
strain graph (hypotenuse-surface) 90deviation
CHAPTER 2 case
1. Pressure and depth in liquid graph 8. Totally reflecting prism (side
CHAPTER 3 surfaces)
1. Emissive power and temperature 180deviation case
graph 9. Formation of image by a totally
CHAPTER 4 reflection prism (hypotenuse-surface)
1. Progressive wave 90deviation case
2. Stationary wave 10. Formation of image by a totally
3. Sound wave reflection prism(side surfaces)
4. First four harmonic in a vibrating 180deviation case

wave 11. Total internal reflection in a light
5. First four harmonics in a closed organ pipe

pipe 12. Total internal reflection in a cluster of
6. First four harmonics in an open organ glass fibres prism

pipe 13. Dispersion by prism
7. Beat frequency 14. Formation of pure spectrum
CHAPTER 5 CHAPTER 6
1. Electromagnetic spectrum 1. Three types of convex lens or
2. The bending of a ruler, partly converging lenses

immersed in water, can be explained 2. Three types of concave lens or
by drawing a ray diagram. diverging lenses
3. Critical angle and total internal 3. Principle focus of a convex lens

reflection 4. Principle focus of a concave lens
4. A glass prism(3D) 5. Formation of image by a convex lens
5. Refraction by a prism 6. Formation of image by a concave lens
6. the appearance of an i-D graph 7. Refraction at curved surface
obtained if the experimental values of 8. A ray diagram to illustrate principle
focus, centres of curvature and centre 3. Equipotential surface and Electric
of lens of concave lens and convex lines of force in two parallel plates
lens 4. Equipotential surface and Electric
9. Formation of image by convex lens lines of force around a irregular shape
and concave lens 5. Diagram for a negatively charged
CHAPTER 7 body and positively charged body
1. Direction of force between two connected to the earth.
charges CHAPTER 9
2. Electric lines of force around a 1. Parallel plate capacitor
positive charge and negative charge 2. Charging capacitor
3. Electric lines of force around two like 3. Symbol of capacitor and battery
charges CHAPTER 10
4. Electric lines of force around two 1. Symbol for resistor and available
unlike charges resistor
5. Electric lines of force around a metal (or rheostat)
sphere 2. Heating effect
6. Electric lines of force around a 3. Chemical effect
conducting object of any shape 4. Magnetic effect
7. Electric lines of force between the CHAPTER 12
parallel plate. 1. Magnetic field around a bar magnet
8. Charge distribution on a conductor 2. Magnetic field around a current
9. Uniform electric field carrying wire.
10. Non-uniform electric field 3. Magnetic field around a solenoid
11. Use of lightning conductor 4. Flemings left-hand rule
CHAPTER 8 5. The electric bell
1. Equipotential surface and Electric 6. Simple electromagnet
lines of force around a charge 7. Moving coil galvanometer
conducting sphere 8. Moving coil ammeter
2. Equipotential surface and Electric 9. Moving coil voltmeter
lines of force around a point positive CHAPTER 13
charge 1. Edisons experiment
2. Vacuum diode 27. The exponential nature of radioactive
3. Diode characteristic curve decay
4. Triode 28. Thomsons atom
5. Characteristic of tiode 29. Bohr-Rutherfords atom
6. p-n junction diode 30. Energy level diagram for an atom
7. Current-voltage characteristic 31. Structure of hydrogen atoms, helium
8. Forward biased atom and lithium atom
9. Reverse biased 32. Chain reaction
10. Half-wave rectifier 33. Nuclear fission
11. Full-wave rectifier
12. Pnp trasnstor
13. npn transistor
14. Transistor biasing circuit for pnp and
npn transistor
15. Symbols and truth table for five
common logic gates
16. Two universal gates
17. Simple AND gate
18. The electric discharge tube
19. The electric discharge at 20 mmHg
pressure
20. The electric discharge at 5 mmHg
pressure
21. The electric discharge at 0.05 mmHg
pressure
22. The electric discharge at 0.01 mmHg
pressure
23. Cathode rays oscilloscope
24. x-ray tube
25. Production of x-ray
26. x-ray spectrum
Home Work And Old Questions Answer
CHAPTER 1 efficiency=80% This is Archimedes
Eg.1 1. W=2400J, P=8 Ex.12 1. MA=3.6 law.
2. W=900J, P=600w OQ.7 k=5bin-1 OQ.6 The cube will float.
OQ.1 P=2.1105 W hf=2 cm
Eg.2 1. P=250W CHAPTER-2 EX.22 (OQ) The direction of
2. W=9000J, Eg.2 2280mmHg, 3.03b force needed is
P=1800W Eg.3 F=200kN downward.
OQ.2 P=1000 W Ex.13 89.05 cm V 1.737 104 m3
OQ.3 h=13.75ft OQ.1 m=243g OQ.7 F=5.48 N
Ex.15 1. P=187.5 W OQ.2 m=1540g OQ.8 Vf=15.43%
2. P=16.67 W Eg.5 1. 305.45 Eg.9 =2000kgm-3
Ex.17 W=200J, P=33.33 W 2. 100.45 Ex.20 =2500kgm-3,
OQ.4 P=326.67 W Eg.6 h=51.53m V=0.02m3
Eg.3 1. P=1.5hp Eg.7 1. p=1.46105Pa OQ.9 V=2.410-4 m3
2. P=4.02hp 2. P=2.01105Pa wf=9.6 N
-1
OQ.5 v=2.002 fts Ex.18 h=20.61m Eg.12 1. Fout=20 b
3
Ex.14 1. P=25W Ex.11 V=1000m 2. Fin=250 b
3
2. P=50W OQ.3 V=27.27 m Eg.13 1. Fout=270b
-1
Ex.16 1. v=0.3125ms Ex.19 T=880 N 2. Fin=875b
-1
2. v=0.167ms Ex.24 1. F=1415N Ex.23 1. Fin=1N
Eg.4 1. efficiency=50%, 2. F=450N 2. Fin=25N
MA=4.5 OQ.4 m=31 kg
2. efficiency=75%, Eg.10 1.88.8% of ice is CHAPTER-3
MA=7.5 immersed Eg.1 1. (T2-T1)=14K
3. efficiency=62.5%, Ex.21 12% of ice block will 2. (T2-T1)=24K
MA=3.75 be above the water 3. (T2-T1)=28K
Ex.11 1. MA=21, surface OQ.1 (T2-T1)=28K or 28C
efficiency=50% OQ.5 = 666.67 kgm
-3
Ex.15 1. Q=1129680J
2. MA=16, 2. Q=75330J
=740.74 kgm-3
0
3. Q=1134000J OQ.6 01=1602 Ex.10 1. f1=141.67Hz,
OQ.2 =0.6276 Wm K .-1 -1
OQ.7 01=5.062502 f2=425.01Hz,
OQ.3 H=3038 W f3=708.35Hz
Ex.17 1. H=3139W CHAPTER-4 2. f1=160Hz,
2. Q=18832.5J Ex.1 1. f1=32.5Hz; f2=65Hz f2=480Hz, f3=800Hz
3. H=4185W 2. f1=25Hz; f2=50Hz Ex.13 1. l=0.4014m
OQ.4 Q=1883 J 3. f1=32.5Hz; f2=65Hz, 2. l=0.3389m
Eg.2 H=0.017W f3=97.5Hz OQ.4 f1=257.58Hz
Ex.16 1. Time=5000s =1h, Eg.2 1. f=2250Hz OQ.5 f3=768 Hz, =0.3359m

h23min, 20s 2. f=1500Hz Ex.11 1. v=341ms-1
2. Time=7039s=1h, 3. f=1885.7Hz 2. v=410.88ms-1
57min, 19s Eg.3 3. v=341ms-1
1. L =10.18
3. Time taken=5973s H OQ.6 1=202
=1hr 39min 33s Eg.4 1. fb=6Hz, Yes (six

Eg.3 1. Hloss=37.95W 2. L = 9.766 pulsating sounds will
H
2. Hloss=63.56W be heart).
Ex.3 1. =1.1m, v=110ms-1
3. Hloss=41.1W Ex.14 1. fb=4Hz
2. =1m, v=110ms-1
Ex.18 1. d=5.83510-4m 2. fb=6Hz
OQ.1 2. =1.2m, distance N
2. d=1.43310-4m Ex.15 1. f2=435Hz (or)
to A = 0.3m,
3. d=5.18410-5m f2=445Hz, there are
v=127.2ms-1
Ex.19 1. =0.1639m two possibilities for the
Ex.4 1. (i) 0.8m (ii) 0.4m
2. =0.1639m value of f2.
Ex.7 1. f1=223.6Hz
Ex.21 1. T=647.6K 2. f2=509Hz or
2. f1=50Hz
2. T=602.7K f2=515Hz, thee are two
3. f1=150Hz
3. T=497.5K possibilities for the
Ex.8 1. T=30.67N
OQ.5 H=17.46 W value of f2.
2. T=57.34N
Ex.20 1. T=5826K, Yes
OQ.2 T=57.34 N
2. T=5990K CHAPTER-5
OQ.3 T2=134.5 N
Ex.22 1. 01=5.062502 Ex.14 1. d=1980m
Ex.9 1. f1=40Hz (open),
2. H2=5.0625H1 2. d=2720m
f1=20Hz (closed)
3. H2=16H1 3. The velocity of light
is very much greater 2. r=3246', =8714' Ex.25 Dm=46.16'
than that of sound. OQ.7 n=1.76, ic=3437' (b)
Ex.16 n=2, Ex.21 (i)i=65 (ii)r=40 OQ.10 n x 1.35
8 -1
(a) v=2.0410 ms (iii)n=1.41 iC=47 48'
8 -1
Ex.16 v=1.2410 ms , (iv) ic=4510', i'>ic
(b) =1.65310-7m The ray will not CHAPTER-6
Ex.19 ice=5.07610 m, -7
emerge. Eg.1 1. v=60cm, m=-5
8 -1
v=2.2910 ms , Ex.24 1. ic=5458' (a) 2. v=18cm, m=-0.5
14
f=4.5110 Hz The ray will enter Eg.1 v=-7.5cm, m=0.25
OQ.1 glass=3.9210 m -7
the ice. (b)
decrease 2. ic=5458' Eg.2 1. f=-10cm, P=-10D
OQ.2 n=1.5. This medium is The ray will enter 2. P=-2.5D
glass. the ice. Ex.2 1. v=90cm, II'=-5cm,
OQ.3 c 3. ic=4456' the image is inverted.
nx
v x =1.2 The ray will not
OQ.1 v=90cm, II'=-5cm, the
enter the ice.
OQ.4 =2m, vg=2 108 m image is inverted
Ex.22 1. d=1.644cm 1. convex lens,
OQ.5 Ex.3
In ice, light will travel 2. d=1.006cm f=+16cm, P=6.25D
the fastest. Eg.2 1. n=1.579
OQ.2 f=+16 cm(convex
In diamond, light will 2. n=1.3 lens), P=6.25 D
travel the slowest. 3. n=1.416
OQ.3 f=-25cm, it is concave
Eg.1 1. r2=287' OQ.8 n=1.5, ic=4149', lens.
2. r2=2116' appeared thickness=6
Eg.3 1. u=33.33cm
3. r2=2754', n=1.511 cm
2. u=-20cm
Eg.4 1. r=2422' OQ.9 The fish can be seen at 3. u=45cm
2. r=2720' 6cm from the bottom.
Eg.4 1. u=12cm, v=60cm
3. r=2721' Ex.23 1. i=3534' 2. u=16.5cm, v=165cm
OQ.6 gnq=1.047, r=2831' 2. i=2841'
OQ.4 u=16.88cm, v=135cm
Eg.3 1. ic=4748', nd=2.443 3. i=2927'
Ex.7 (i) u=7.143cm (ii)
2.nd=2.416 Ex.25 1. n=1.532
u'=12.86cm
Ex.20 1. =12230' 2. n=1.51
OQ.5 u=4cm, Eg.1 1. F=9109N force)
9
distance moved = 4cm 2. F=910 N OQ.4 . Fe/Fg = 4.171042,
Ex.8 1. v=24cm, II'=-4cm, (repulsive force) Fe/Fg=0
image moves 12 cm OQ.1 1 Q1 Q 2 Hw1 Fe/Fe=7.9910-37
F
2. v=24cm, II'=-4cm, 4 0 r 2 OQ.5 Fe/Fg=3.1291025
image moves 12 cm Q = 55.5810-6C OQ.6 E 1.67 105 NC1
Ex.13 1. Distance Ex.4 1. F=20N (attractive (- x direction)
moved=0.875cm force) OQ.7 F=2.410-14N,
2. Distance 2. F=0.6N (repulsion) a=2.6371016ms-
moved=1cm 3. F=180N (attractive 1
(upward direction)
Ex.9 1. u=5cm force) OQ.8 2. F=3.210-15N
(b) 2. u=12cm, m=+0.5 Ex.8 1. F=4.5N (towards - (upward),
Ex.10 1. u=8cm 5C) a=3.521015ms-1
2. u=15cm 2. F=9104N (directed Ex.24 F=1.610-16N
OQ.6 u=8cm inwards)
Fe/Fe=1.7581013
Ex.11 m=-1, it is impossible. Ex.6 1. (i) F=0.1N (ii)
Ex.25 E=1.137510-3NC-1
-3
OQ.7 It is possible, if u=6cm, F=410 N
(opposite direction of
v=12cm, then m=-2 Eg.2 1. Q1=Q2=10-6C the motion of the
OQ.8 u=60 cm, f=15 cm (a) electron)
-6
The size of the image Eg.2 1. Q1=Q2=1.05410 C
OQ.9 E = 14.22 NC-1
-5
can change. (b) 2. Q1=Q2=2.10810 C
Ex.26 F=510-5N,
-5
Ex.12 1. u=12cm Ex.3 1. Q2=+1.510 C kE=510-5J
-6
2. u=8cm or 24cm 2. Q2=+3.47210 C
Eg.7 1. Q=910-6C,
Ex.14 1. u=60cm, f=15cm OQ.2 Q2=-210-6C F=1.4410-15N
2. u=12cm, f=4cm, Eg.4 F=0 2. Q=8.33310-6C,
convex lens. Ex.7 F=9103N (towards - E=750NC-1
OQ.9 M=-2 (erect) 110-4C) OQ.10 Q=1810-6C
v= -12 cm (virtual Ex.10 F=4500N (towards E=405 NC-1
image) Q2) OQ.11 For 1 cm
Ex.11 F=270N, Q=+10-5C E2=4105 NC-1
CHAPTER-7 OQ.3 F=0.9N (repulsive
For 4 cm Ex.14 V=+43.4V Ex.17 V=8.121103V
E2= 25000 NC-1 OQ.1 V=+441.6V OQ.4 2.82106V
Ex.22 1. E=3.75105NC-1 HW V=+1324.8V GCE W=1.610-15J
(away from the charge) Ex.12 1. r=675m Eg.4 1. x1=0.5m (inside),
OQ.12 E = 6.2510-5 NC-1 2. r=0.45m x2=1m (outside)
(away from the charge) 3. r=450m, 2. x1=0.4285 (inside
-2 -1
Ex.29 1.(a)E=1.3251021NC-1 E=8.8910 NC from Q2)
-8
(away from nuclear) Ex.13 1. r=3m, Q=510 C x2=3m (outside
-7
(b) F=2.11968103N 2. r=4m, Q=1.510 C from Q2)
-7
(toward nucleus) OQ.2 r=4m, Q=2.6710 C Eg.8 1. d=0.0167m,
5
OQ.13 E=8.631010 NC-1 Eg.3 1. V=+2.710 V, W=810-19J
(away from the W=8.6410-14J 2. d=0.03m,
nucleus) 2. V=150V, W=+9.610-19J
Eg.9 1. E=5NC-1 W=4.510-6J 3. (i) d=0.04m, (ii)
-3 -1
2. E=5NC-1 Ex.15 1. E=4.510 NC W=1.9210-18J
OQ.14 E=0 (towards Q2), Eg.9 V=2.054106ms-1
OQ.15 E =7.210-3 NC-1 V=-2.710-2V Ex.18 F=810-15N,
(toward Q2) 2. V=-1810-3V, W=810-17J
Eg.8 x=2m E=0.0135NC-1 Ex.19 1. V=10000V
Ex.27 1. x=1.618m (towards Q2) 2. V=5000V
4
(outside from Eg.5 1. VBA=3.7510 V 3. V=6.25103V
+410-8C) 2. VBA=6.75104V PP V=284.4V
OQ.3 VBA=1.8104V, OQ.5 V = 0.333103 N
CHAPTER-8 WAB=3.610-2J Ex.20 1. E=5.6875NC-1
Eg.1 1. V=+18V HW1. 2. E=2.843103NC-1
W=2.4410-7J VBA=1.125104V,
2. V=+40V, WBA=2.2510-2J CHAPTER-9
W=6.410-18J HW1. Eg.1 1. W=510-3J
Eg.2 1. V=-4.5V VBA=1.82106V, Ex.5 % change=66.67%
2. V=-15V WBA=1.82J OQ.1 C1=2C
Ex.12 =6.25 OQ.5 C3(C1 +C2 ) V2=120V
C=
OQ.2 =6, C1 + C2 +C3 2. Before
C=2.65510-10F OQ.6 Q Q V1=500V,
C= , V=
Ex.13 1. V=894.43V V C V2=800V,
(a) 2. V=500V, Q After V1=433.33V,

V1 = V2=866.67V
Q=410-3C C1
Ex.13 =6 3. V1=800V
Q
(b)
V2 = , V2=150V
C2
Eg.2 1. C=1.9910-8F, OQ.7 V1=800V,V2=400V
Q
E=1.5106Vm-1 V3 = Ex.21 1. Q=75C, V1=37.5V,
C3
2. C=3.5410-11F, V2=15V, V3=7.5V
Yes, each posses the
E=3105 Vm-1 2. Q=248.28C,
same amount of
3. C=7.0810-8F, V1=82.76V,
charge.
W=0.5664J V2=20.69V,
Ex.17 1. Cp=15F,
Ex.11 1. C=8.8510-12F, V3=16.55V
Cs=1.67F,
W=2.548810-9J OQ.8 Q=240 C
Csp=7.5F,
2. (i) C=2.65510-11F, Eg.5 1. C=3.2F
Cps=3.33F
(ii) Q=1.32710-9C, 2. V1=V2=V3=160V,
2. (i) Cp=45F (ii)
(iii) W=3.31910-9J V4=160V
Cs=5F
OQ.3 C=7.0510-9F, Q1=640C,
3. Cp=36F, Cs=4F,
Q=1.06210-5C Q2=Q3=960C
4. Csp=18F,
Ex.10 1. W=0.288J, Q4=2560C
Cps=8F
Q=0.0024C 3. Vp=80V,
Ex.18 1. n=4
2. W=0.3125J, Q1=160C,
Eg.3 1. C=3F, V1=75V,
Q=0.0025C Q2=240C, Q3=400C
V2=25V
3. W=0.24J Q4=800C, V4=160V
2. C=3F, V2= 62.5V
Ex.16 1. Cp=36F, Ex.22 1. C=1.778F,
3. C=1.5F, V1= 150V
Cs=3.273F Vp=13.33V;
Eg.4 1. (i) V1=500V,
OQ.4 Cp=18F, Cs=4F V3=106.67V
V2=100V
Ex.23 Cab=4.2F 2. Q1=120C,
(ii) V1=480V,
Q2=600C,
Cab=1 F
Q3=720C, series and 6F in Ex.8 1. rc/rt=0.5986
V1=V2=120V, parallel) 2. ral/rc=1.28
V3=120V To obtain 25F, (6F Eg.9 (i) R1=0.01031
OQ.9 Q1=120C, Q- and 30F in series and (ii) R2=6.4410-4
2=600C,Q3=720C 20F in parallel)

V1=V2=120V, OQ.6 R1=0.275,
V3=120V CHAPTER-10 R2=0.01718
Ex.19 1. 4 capacitors are Eg.1 1. (i) I=4A, (ii) OQ.7 R1=4.125,
needed.
19
n=2.510 electrons R2=1.031
2. 6 capacitor are 2. (i) I=8.2A, (ii) OQ.8 R=0.3125
needed. n=21020 electrons Eg.5 1. t=2500C
OQ.10 Six 5 F capacitor 3. (i) I=3A, (ii) 2. t=1389C
19
should be connected to n=1.87510 electrons 3. t=3195C
get 11.25 F. OQ.1 I=3A, Q=6C Ex.11 1. =0.0043C-1

Ex.3 1. Q=900C, 2. =3.92C-1
OQ.11 To obtain 6F, (4F
n=5.6251021 electrons 3. =0.0125C-1
and 8F in parallel and
Eg.2 1. I=0.5A OQ.9 R150=5.918
12F in series),
2. I=2A OQ.10 R=13
To obtain 11F, (4F
3. I=1A OQ.11 R=7
and 12F in series and
Eg.3 1. R=2.4310 -4
Ex.13 1. To obtain 2, all
8F in parallel)
2. R=3.4410-4 (a) in parallel
OQ.12 To obtain 3F, all in
OQ.2 =1m To obtain 12.5, two
series,
Eg.4 1. R=3.056 5 in parallel and
To obtain 12F,
2. R=0.3056 one 10 in series.
(10F and 15F in
OQ.3 R=4.8, V=14.4V 2. To obtain 6,
series and 6F in
Ex.12 d=4.94410-4m three 6 in parallel
parallel)
(a) and two 2 in
OQ.13 To obtain 4F, all in
OQ.4 r=0.535210-3 m series.
series,
Ex.10 R=90 To obtain 10,
To obtain 18F,
OQ.5 c=2i two 6 in parallel,
(20F and 30F in
and series in one 6
connected and series (iii) I=6A cost=18kyats
to two 2 in parallel. Ex.26 1. V1=10V, V2=5V, 2. W=1.6kWh,
Ex.13 1. (i) 30 (ii) 3.33 E=15V cost=80kyats
(b) (iii) 15 (iv) 6.67 2. V1=25V, V2=4V OQ.3 I=0.4545A
OQ.12 Rmax=3, OQ.18 (i) To give the R=484
Rmin=0.273 minimum current, they W=0.4 kWh
OQ.13 n=5, R=10 are in series opposing. Eg.4 1. The metre reading
HW. n=6, R=3 (ii) To give maximum, increases 0.5kWh,
OQ.14 R2=3, R1=6 they are in parallel. cost=25kyats
OQ.15 For Figure 1 (iii) Yes. Two 2. 5.55 unit increases,
R=4 batteries are connected cost=194.25 kyats
For Figure 2 in series aiding to give OQ.4 2kWh
R=15 I=2.4 A. Eg.6 1. P=330W
For Figure 3 OQ.19 I=0.3871 A 2. P=1540W
R=2.5 Eg.9 1. (i) I=2A, I=0A Ex.13 Pmax=1100W
OQ.16 I=1.5A (ii) I=1.33A P=2400 W
Eg.7 1. E=3V, r=1 2. I=2A (ii) I=2A Ex.14 1. P=1200W, Yes
2. r=1, E=15 3. I=0A, I=0A, I=2.5A 2. Yes
3. r=1, E=1.6V Ex.15 1. n=4 OQ.5 P=1200W, No
Ex.14 1. I=0.25A, V=1V 2. n=4 OQ.6 No
2. I=0.4A, V1=2V, 3. n=2 OQ.7 10 lamps, 738.5 kyats
V2=0.8V Ex.19 1. R=2 OQ.8 Yes, 340 kyats
3. I=0.5A, V1=1.5V, 2. R=5 OQ.9 Vmax=1.581 V
V2=1V Ex.16 1. R1=25, R2=8.83 Eg.5 1. V=1.789V
OQ.17 Rs=8, Rp=2 2. V=1.732V,
Is=0.67A, Ip=2A CHAPTER-11 I1=0.3464A,
Eg.8 1. I=3A, V3=3V Eg.1 1. W=0.225kWh I2=0.1443A,
Ex.17 1. (i) I=3.33A (ii)I=4A 2. W=0.0667kWh I3=0.1155A
2. (i) I=0.4A (ii)I=0.5A OQ.1 R=0.7638, P=0.7638W Eg.3 (i) I=0.167A
3. (i) I=2A (ii) I=3A OQ.2 3 units (ii) R=1440
Ex.20 (i) I=1.5A (ii)I=3A Eg.2 1. W=0.72kWh, (iii) Q=50C
(iv) H=2862.85 cal 2. 0.67, 1.5, 0.16, 0.36
OQ.10 I=0.2A, R=1000
W=0.667 kWh CHAPTER-12
OQ.11 I=0.5 A , R=480 Eg.1 1. r=210-4
Q=60C 2. r=210-4,
Ex.5 1. H=6.857kcal R=1105
OQ.12 P=1150W, 3. r=1.610-4 (ii)
H=985.7kcal R=30k
Ex.7 (i) R=57.6 (ii) Ex.10 1. r=0.165,
I=4.167A (iii) R=18152
H=238.3cal (iv) 2. r=0.025,
P=694.4W R=19975
OQ.13 R=48, costs=30 kyats 3. r=0.0625, R=24k
Q=18000C, Ex.11 1. r=0.02, R=9980
H=10.28105 cal 2. r=0.0803,
Ex.12 1. H=9.2571105cal, R=9980
cost=54kyats 3. r=410-3
2. W=0.8625kWh Ex.13 1. R=240k
cost=21.56kyats 2. R=230k
OQ.14 H=2.829105cal, 3. R=380k
W=0.33kWh
Ex.8 1. H=6.429cal
2 H=5.486cal
OQ.15 H=1142.86cal
OQ.16 H=964.29cal
Ex.11 1. H/t=8.229cals-1
OQ.17 H/t=8.229 cals-1
PP 0.5, 2, 0.11, 0.44
PP 0.67, 1.5, 0.16, 0.36
Ex.6 1. 0.5, 2, 0.11, 0.44
Detail Solutions For All Chapter
CHAPTER I
Eg.1 m=70 kg, h=3m,g=9.8ms-2,t=2 s Ex.14 v = 0.01ms-1, F = 4000N, P = ?
W=?, P=?
P = Fv = 4000 0.01 = 40 W
(a) W = mgh
= 70 9.8 3 = 2058 J Ex.16 P = 2000 W, v = ?, m = 1000 kg
(b) P = W = 2058 = 1029 W P = Fv
t 2
P p
Eg.2 m=200 kg, h=6 m, g= 9.8 ms-2, v= = = 2000 = 1
F mg 1000 10 5
t=10 s, W=?, P=?
v= 0.2 ms-1
W = mgh
Eg.4 VR=8,input work=1000 J (required
= 200 9.8 6 = 11760 J work), F=500 N, s=1 m, efficiency=?,
200 9.8 6 MA=?
P= W = = 1176 W
t 10 output work= work done by load
=F.s= 500 1=500 J
Ex.15 m = 40kg, h = 8m, t = 15s,P = ?
output work
P = W efficiency = 100 %
t
input work
= 500 100 = 50%
mgh 40 10 8 1000
P= = = 213.3 W
t 15 efficiency = M A 100%
VR
Ex.17 h = 200 m, W = ?, m = 1kg
MA
50% = 100%
(a) W = mgh = 1 10 200= 2000 J 8
Ex.17 P = ?, m = 10 kg, h=200 m 50 8
MA = =4
(b) t = 1min = 1 60 = 60s 100
Ex.11 VR = 25, Load = 3300 N
mgh 10 10 200 1000
P= = = (a)
t 60 3 effort = 165 N, MA = ?
P = 333.3 W load
MA = = 3300
Eg.3 F=500 b, P=? efford 165
P =Fv =500 2 =1000 ft-b s-1 MA = 20
1 hp = 550ft-bs-1 Ex.11 efficiency = ?
1000 (b) efficienty = MA 100%
P= = 1.82 hp VR
550 efficiency = 20
100 %= 80%
25
Ex.12 Load = 720 N, effort = 200 N 3 Load=120 N, effort=? VR=2
MA = load = 720 = 3.6
effort 200
efficienty = MA 100%
Ex.13 x-axis 1 N=1 inch VR
y-axis 10 cm= 1 inch MA
line y-axis 75 100
2
(i) From graph, MA=1.5,

load =1.1 N load
the length of spring= 43 cm MA
effort
(ii) load= 0
120
Length of unstretched spring=30 cm 1.5
(iii) length of spring= 30 + 20= 50 cm effort
Load=1.65 N effort=80 N
GCE P=150 kW=15000 W GCE VR=6, effort(P)=1000 N
1 m
h=100 m, ? 4 Load(W)=4500 N, m=5000 kg
t
h=2 m
W mgh
P MA
W 4500
4.5
t t P 1000
m P 15000
15 kg s 1 Wout=mgh
t gh 10 100
=5000202=105 J
GCE m=9.11000=9100 kg,
efficiency = M A 100% =57%
2 t=1h=3600s, h=4+32=36 m VR
output work output work

efficiency = 100 %
Wout=mgh=9100103600 input work
=3.276106J Win=133333.33 J
The waste energy=Win-Wout
efficiency = output work 100 %
input work =33333 J
3.276 106 6 GCE deffort= 7m, dload=1m
70 100 Win=4.6810 J
Win 5 efficiency= 70%
Minimum power rating load=W=? , effort=P=150 N
Win 4.68 106 d effort 7
P 1300W VR 7
t 3600 d load 1
efficienty = MA 100%
GCE Efficiency=75%, MA=?, VR
MA 7 By Hooke's law, F=kx
70 100
7 F2 x 2

MA=4.9 F1 x 1
W
MA x2=5 cm
P
W
4.9
150
W=735 N
GCE Extension of spring=54 mm
6
GCE F1=1N, x1=1cm,F2=5N,x2=?
CHAPTER II
Eg.1 h1= 96-50=46 cm , Hg h Hg
hw 13.6 0.76
h2 =96-20=76 cm, w
h3 = 96-10=86 cm hw=10.336 m
The space above A is a vacuum. Ex.13 In the same pressure,
Pressure at A, pA =0 pressure of = pressure of
Pressure at B, pB = 46 cm Hg turpentine column mercury column
Pressure at C, pC = 76 cm Hg turghtur=merghmer
Pressure at D, pD = 86 cm Hg pmer h mer 13600 5
h tur
Ex.11 Patm=75 cmHg, PHg =70 cmHg p tur 840
Patm=P air+PHg = 80.95 cm = 81 cm
P air = Patm - PHg Ex.12 The pressure fall= Psea - Pmoutain
= 75 - 70 = 5 cmHg =76-70.5=5.5cmHg
Eg.2 2 atm = 2 (760 mm Hg) 10 mmHg=1cmHg
= 1520 mm Hg Pressure fall by
2 atm =2 (1.01 b) =2.02 b 1 cmHg per 120 m ascent
Eg.3 The force acting is F = pA 5.5 cmHg=?
F =100 3 ( p =100 kN m ) -2
120 5.5
660m
= 300 kN 1
Ex.4 Patm=1.01105 Pa, w=1000 kgm-3 The height of mountain= 660 m
g = 10 ms-2 , h = ? OQ.1 V = 3 cm 3 cm 3cm =27 cm3,
-3
pressure of water= atmospheric =9 gcm ,m = ?
column pressure
m = V= 9 27 = 243 g
wgh=Patm
Patm 1.01 105 OQ.2 Volume of water,
h 10.1m
w g 103 10 V=Ah= r2h = 22 7 7 10
7
Ex.5 Hg 13.6 w V= 1540 cm 3
pressure of = pressure of Mass of water; m = V

mercury column water column = 1540 cm3 1gcm-3
Hg g hHg= w g hw = 1540 g = 1.54 kg
Eg.5 w = 1025 g= 10 ms-2
h= 2 km= 2 103 m g=10 ms-2, patm = 1.01 105pa
P5m Patm
P2 km Patm
Pw
Pw
The pressure at the depth of 5m is

The pressure at the depth of 2 km is p5m = patm + pw
p2 km = patm + pw p5m = patm + w g h
p2 km = patm + gh
= 1.01 105 + 1000 10 5
p 2km = 1 + gh
= 1.51 105 Pa
p atm p atm
Ex.18 h = ?, Pman=2 Patm=2 atm
p 2km 1025 10 2 10 3
= 1+ Patm
p atm 1atm Pman
= 1 + 2050 10
4
Pw
1.01 10 5
p 2km = 1 + 202.97 =203.97 The pressure on the man is
p atm Pman= Patm + Pw
Eg.6 w = 1000 kgm , g = 10 ms , h=?
-3 -2
2atm = 1atm + w gh
patm = 1 atm = 1.01 10 Pa 5
1atm = 1000 10 h
Ptotal = 3 atm
1.01 105 =104h
Ptotal Patm h = 10.1 m
Land Pw Dam Eg.8 h=1 m, P1m=1.01105Pa,
air=1.29 kgm-3, g=10 ms-2,
The total pressure at the botton of the
Pfloor-P1m=?
tank is
P1m=Patm
Ptotal= Patm + Pw Pfloor
3 atm= 1 atm + w gh
Pair
2 atm = 1000 10 h
1000 10 h = 2 1.01 105
The pressure on the floor is
h = 2 1.01 10 = 20.2 m
5
Pfloor=P1m+Pair
10 10
3
= P1m+ air g h
Eg.7 h=5 m, w = 1000 kgm-3,
Pfloor-P1m=1.29101=12.9 Pa
Eg.11 air =1.3 kgm-3, m=1000kg Upwart thrust
He=0.18 kgm-3, V=?
Upwart thrust T +Wb +WHe
It is in equilibrium,
WL+ WH Upward thrust = Total weight
wHe mass wL total of air
weight
air gV = WH + Wb + T
air gV = H gV + mbg + T
1.310100=0.0910100+3010+T
Upward thrust = Total weight
1300 = 90 + 300 +T
of air
T = 910 N
air gV = WHe + Wb
OQ4 F =900 N,V= 100m3, H = 0.09kgm-3
1.310V=He gV +mg
13V=1.8V+104
V=900.9 m3
of air
OQ3 m=30 kg, air=1.3 kgm-3, V=?
air gV = WH + Wb + F
X= 0.2 kgm-3
It is in equilibrium, air gV = H gV + mbg + F
Upward thrust = Total weight 1.310100=0.0910100+m10+900
of air 1300 = 90 + 10m +900

m=31 kg (Buoyant force and,
air gV = WX + Wb
gravitational force.)
air gV =XgV + mbg Ex.19 mt = 50kg, V = 110m3, T = ?
1.3V=0.2V+30 air = 1.3 kgm-3
V=27.27 m3
= 100m3, Upwart thrust
Ex.24 mb = 30kg, V
H = 0.09kgm-3
wH Tension T mass T +Wt
wb total weight
10% of the floating ice block will be
Total mass wt Tension T
above the water surface.
total weight
It is in equilibrium, OQ Archimedes' principle.
Upward thrust = Total weight OQ.5 Vs 2

In water, =
of air V 3
air gV = Wt+ T Vs 2
= =
V 0 3
air gV = mtg + T
2
1.3 10 110 = 50 10 + T =
3 0
1430 = 500 + T
Density of wood is
T = 930 N
2
= 1000 = 666.67 kgm-3
Eg.10 ice = = 0.9210 kgm ,3 -3
3
w= 0 = 1000 kgm-3 Vs
In oil, = 0.9
V
Vs 920
Vs
V 0 1025 = = 0.9
V
0
= 0.898100%=89.8%
=740.74 kgm-3
0
Nearly 90% of the ice block will be
This is Archimedes law.
immersed in water.
OQ.6 =20 cm, m=7200 g
(OQ) Yes, about 90% of the ice block
is immersed V=3=8103 cm3
(OQ) downward
m 7200
0.9gcm3
Ex.21 V = 1 cm3, == 0.9 gcm-3, VF = ? V 8000
ice
V
w>
0 = 1gcm -3
Therefore the cube will float in

Immersed portion water.
Vs = 0.9 = 0.9
=
V 0 1 Immersed portion
Floating portion Vs
= 0.9
VF = 1 - Vs = 1 - 0.9 V 0
V V
Floating portion
= 0.1 100% = 10%
VF V mL
= 1- S 0.9 Hg g = F + mLg
V V L
Ah F mL
= 0.1 (V=Ah) Hg g - mg = F
Ah L
h F = 0.1 20 2cm
2
13.6103 10 - 210 = F
The height 2 cm will be above the 11.5 103
water surface. 54.4 - 20 = F
2.3
Ex.22 =11.5gcm-3, =13.6gcm-3, Vs = ?
0
V 23.65 - 20 = F
(a)
F = 3.65N
Immersed portion
(OQ) The direction of force needed
Vs 11.5
= = =0.8457 100% is downward.
V 0 13.6
m
Vs = 84.57%
V
V
m 2
Nearly 85% of the lead block is V 1.737 104 m3
11.5 103
immersed in mercury.
Ex.22 =11.5103gcm-3=11.5103kgm-3, OQ.7 F= 5.48 N

0
(b) OQ.8 =11.5gcm-3, =13.6gcm-3, Vs = ?
=13.6gcm-3=13.6103kgm-3 0
V
F=?, m=2 kg
Immersed portion
m
V Vs 11.5
V = = =0.8457
V 0 13.6
Floating portion
Upward thrust F VF V
1 S 1 0.8457 0.1543
V V
w Nearly 15% of lead block will be
above the mercury.
Ex.25 h=6 cm, w=1000kgm-3,
upward thrust =F + wL
b=1200kgm-3, hb=?
of mercury
Upward thrust =weight of rod
Hg gV = F + mLg
of water (1)
Upward thrust =weight of rod OQ.9 wi=12 N,wf =?, = 5000 kgm-3,
of brine (2) w=1000kgm-3, V= ?
From (1) and (2) wi=gV
Upward thrust = Upward thrust wi 12
V 2.4 104 m3
of brine of water g 5000 10
Upward thrust of water= wi wf
b g V(b) = w g V(w)
Ahbb=Ahww w gV = 12 wf
h 6 1000 1000 10 2.410-4 = 12- wf
hb w w 5 cm
b 1200 wf =9.6 N
Eg.9 wi = 10 N, wf = 8 N, Eg.12 Ain = 2in2, Aout = 10 in2
w = 1000 kgm-3, = ?, V = ? Fout = 500 lb, Fin=?
Upward thrust of water= wi wf Fin = A in Fout = 2 500
A out 10
w gV =10-8 = 2
Fin = 100 b
1000 10 V = 2
Eg.13 Ain = r2 = (1)2 = in2
2 3
V 2 10 4 m Aout = r2 = Aout = (10)2
10 4
m = 100 in2
(w i m g )
V Fin = 20 lb
A out 100
wi 10 Fout Fin 20 =2000 b
5 103 kgm 3 A in
g V 10 2 10 4
Ex.23 din = 1cm, dout = 5cm
Ex.20 wi=300 N,wf =200 N, = ?,V= ?
(a) din 1
Upward thrust of water= wi wf rin = = = 0.5cm
2 2
w gV = 300 200
d out 5
rout = = = 2.5cm
1000 10 V = 100 2 2
100 Fin = ?, Fout = 10N
V= 4
= 10-2 m3
10 Fin A
= in
m Fout A out
(w i m g )
V
rin 2
Fin = Ain Fout = Fout
wi 300 A out rout
2
= = = 3000 kgm-3
gv 10 10-2
2
= 1 10 = 1 10 wha Tension T mass
5 25
wb total weight
Fin = 0.4 N
Ex.23 Lout = ?, Lin = 0.1m
(b) Fin L
= out of air
Fout Lin
air gV = wb+ wha+T
F Lin
Lout = in = 0.4 0.1
Fout 10 air gV =mbg+ hagV+T
Lout = 0.004 m 1.3101200=400100.8101200+T
GCE The pressure fall= Psea - Pmoutain T=15600-13600=2000 N
1 =75-65=15 cmHg Fup=upward thrust of air
15
1.013 105Pa
Fnet=m a=(mb+mha) a
=
76 Fup-wha-wb=(400+960) a
=1.99 10 Pa
4
2000=1360 a
psea-pmoun=air g h a=1.47 ms-2
1.99 104 1.25 10 h GCE Weight of boat= Upward thrust=
1.99 104 4 weight of water displaced=10000 N
h 1599 m
12.5 GCE =2 cm=210-2 m
Height of mountain= 1599 m 5 V=3=810-6 m3, wi=0.56 N,
ws=0.85gcm-3=0.85103 kgm-3
GCE2 The maximum load=3000 N (a) wf=?
GCE V=1200 m3, ha= 0.8 Upward thrust of = wi - wf
white sprit
3 mb=400 kg, air=1.3 kgm3 ws gV =0.56-wf
(b) T=? (c) a=? 0.8510310810-6=0.56-wf
(a) If the balloon is not tethered, it 6.810-2=0.56-wf
wf=0.56-0.068=0.492 N
will rise because upward thrust of air
is greater than the total weight. (b) =?
w i Vg )
Upwart thrust
w
i
gv
T +Wb +Wha 0.56
7 103 kgm3
10 8 106
CHAPTER III
Eg.1 5 -3
A = 1.5 m2, = 0.03 m = 1.412 10 4 102
T2 T1 0.25 1 36 10
H A
= 1.417 4 102
H
T2 - T1 = 0.25 1 36 102
A
= 0.03 0.07 = 0.6276 Wm-1K-1
5 105 1.5
OQ.3 H=3038 W
= 28 K or 28 C
OQ.1 T2 - T1 =28 K or 28C Ex.17 A = 25m2, = 0.04m
Ex.15 A = 0.25 m2, =4 mm= 410-3m T2 = 20C+273=293 K,
T1 = 25C+273=298 K, T1 = -10C+273=263 K
T2 = 26C+273=299 K T2 - T1 = 293 -263 = 30K
T2-T1 = 299 - 298 = 1K H=?
Q = ?, =8.3710-5 kJs-1m-1K-1
t = 1 hour = 3600s =8.3710-2 Js-1m-1K-1
= 0.6276 Wm-1K-1
H = A T2 - T1
T - T1
H = A 2 = 0.62760.25 1
4 10-3
= 8.37 10-2 25 30
H = 39.22 W 0.04
Q H = 1569 W
H=
t OQ.4 A=30 m2, =8 cm= 810-2 m
Q = H.t = 39.22 3600= 141192J t= 1 min=60 s,
OQ.2 A = 0.25 m2, = 4 10-3m =8.3710-5 kJs-1m-1K-1
=8.3710-2 Js-1m-1K-1
t = 3600 s, Q= 1.412 105 J T2 = 30C+273=303 K,
T1 = 20C+273=293 K
T2= 26C+273=299 K, T2 - T1 = 303 -293 = 10K
T1 = 25C+273=298 K, = ? A (T2 T1 )
H

T2 -T1=299-298= 1 K

Q = A(T2 -T1 )
H = k A(T2 -T1 ) t
A (T2 -T1 )t
Q=
Q = A(T2 -T1 )
2
t Q= 8.37 10 30
2
10 60
Q 8 10
=
A(T2 -T1 )t Q= 18.83103 J
Eg.2 T1 = 33C+273=306 K,
T2 = 29C+273=302 K T = 3000K
H = AeT4= deT4
T2-T1= 306 - 302 = 4 K H
d =
q = 1.7 10-3 Wm-2 K-1 eT 4
H = q A (T2-T1) = 100

4
= 1.7 10-3 1.5 4 = 0.01 W 3.140.20.35.68510-8 3103
Ex.16 mw = 1.3kg, mice = 0.6kg d = 1.153 10-4m
5 -1 -1
Lf =3.33510 Jkg ,H=35.564Js t = ? Ex.19 K = 2500 K = 2.5 103 K
d=0.1 mm = 110-4m, e = 0.35
H= Q H = 40 W, = ?
t mass mass H = AeT4 =deT4 (A=d)
H = mice Lf (Q = miceLf)
H
t deT 4
40

t = mice Lf 0.6 3.335 10
5
3.140.110 0.355.68510-8 2.5103
-3 4
H 35.564
40
t = 5626.47 s
3.140.13.55.685 2.5
4
Eg.3 T2=306 K=3.06102 K, = 0.1637 m No Log

T1=302 K=3.02102, e=1, 5.685 0.7547
2 -8 -2 -4 0.35 1 .5441
A=1.5 m ,=5.68510 Wm K No Log 3.14
Hout = e AT24
0.4969
2.54 0.3979 2.54 1.5916
4
= 15.6851081.5(3.06102)4 2.3873
1.5916
40 1.6021
Hout= 747.4 W 2.3873
Hin = e AT1
4 0.1637 1.2148
= 15.68510 1.5 (3.0210 )
-8 2 4
Ex.21 A = 100cm2 = 100 10-4 m2

Hin =709.2 W
Hloss=Hout Hin e = 1, H = 42W, T = ?
=747.4-709.2=38.2 W t=1day=243600 s, Q=?
H = AeT4
No Log No Log
3.064 0.4857 3.024 0.4800 T4 = H
4 4 Ae
1
1.9428 1.9200
T = 42 4
-8
No Log No Log 10010 5.68510
-4
5.685 0.7547 5.685 0.7547 1 No Log

-8 4
1.5 0.1761 1.5 0.1761 = 420010 4200 3.6232
3.064 1.9428 3.024 1.9200 5.685 5.685 0.7547
747.4 2.8736 709.2 2.8508 2.8685
T =5.213102K 4
5.213 0.7171
Ex.18 H = 100W, e= 0.3, = 0.2m,d = ?
H
Q 02 16 01
t Sixteen time larger.
Q=H.t=42243600 =3.63106 J OQ.7 02 5.0625 01
OQ.5 A= 120 10-4 m2 GCE =20 cm=210-1m,

T= 127 + 273 = 400 K, e = 1 T2=40C+273=313 K
H = e AT
4
T1 = 30C+273=303 K
-8 -4 4
H=15.68510 12010 (400) T2 - T1 = 313 -303 = 10K
H= 17.46 W Temperature gradient
Ex.20 0 = 62.5MWm-2=62.5 106 Wm-2
T2 - T1 10
e = 1 (black body) , T = ? = -1
=50 Km-1
210
= eT4 unit Wm-2
For black body one unit area GCE T2= 273 K
T1 = 260 K
0 = T 4
T2 - T1 = 273 -260 = 13 K
4 =4.6 cm= 4.610-2m
T = 0
= 2.3 Wm-1K-1
1 T2 - T1
62.5106 4 H A
T=
15.68510-8
H T -T
1
2 1
A
62501012 4 No Log
= H 2.3 13
5.685 6520 3.7959 2
650Wm2
5.685 0.7547 A 4.6 10
1 3.0412
= 6250 103 4
4
The rate of heat loss by water per
5.685 5.758 0.7603 unit area 650 Wm-2
T = 5.758 103K
GCE H= 100W, d=810-8 m, =0.6 m,
Ex.22 T1 = 27C + 273 = 300 K T=?, e=0.7, r=410-8 m
T2 = 327C + 273 = 600 K A 2r 2 3.14 4 105 0.6
H = AeT4 1.51104 m2
H2 AeT2 4 H = AeT4
=
H1 AeT14 T4 = H
4 4 Ae
H2 T 600 T=2020 K
= 2 = = 16
H1 T1 300
OQ.6 If T2 = 2 T1, 02=?
0=eT4
02 T24 16T1

01 T14 T1
CHAPTER IV
Eg.1 v=130 ms-1, =1.98 m, f1, f2, f3=? OQ.1 2. =1.2m, distance N to A = 0.3m,
For the first harmonic, n = 1 v=127.2ms-1
Ex.4 The distance between two successive

v 130 ms 1
f1 32.8 Hz (a)
nodes is

= 0.5 m
2 2 1.98 m 2
=1 m
For the second harmonic, n = 2
The distance between two
1
f2
2v 130ms
65.6Hz For
successive antinodes is = 0.5m
2 1.98m 2
(b)
the third harmonic, n = 3 The distance between node and
3v 3 130ms 1 1
f3 nearest antinode is = =0.25 m
2 2 1.98m 4 4
f3=98.4 Hz Eg.3
For n = 1(fundamental)
Eg.2 v=435 ms-1, =0.33 m,
fL=32.8 Hz, L=1.98 m
The harmonic produced in the string
is third harmonic. n=3 fH=4186 Hz, H=0.051 m
f3=? n T
fn
2 2
3
3
T

v=f (2f1 ) 2
3 v 3 435 T T
f3 1977 Hz L , H
2 2 0.33 (2 L f L ) 2
(2 H f H ) 2
Ex.3 The distance between two successive
L T/ (2 L f L ) 2 ( H f H ) 2
=
H T/ (2 H f H ) 2 ( L f L ) 2
node is = 0.4 m
2
= (0.051 41862) = 10.8
2
v = ?, = 0.8m
(1.98 32.8)
f = 105 Hz Ex.7
=1m
v=?
m = 0.3g = 0.3 10-3kg
v=f
m= 3 10-4kg
= 105 0.8
T = 48 N
v = 84 ms-1
f1 = ? (fundamental)
n T
fn = for open organ pipe,
2
nv
=
m
=
310-4
= 310-4 kgm-1
fn
2
340 340
f1 = 1 48 f1 = =
21 310-4 2 4.5 9
1
= 4 102= 2 102 f1 = 37.8 Hz
2
f1 = 200 Hz for close organ pipe,
nv
Ex.8 fn =
T = ?, = 0.33m 4
340 340
f1 = 440 Hz (fundamental) f1 = =
4 4.5 18
d = 0.05cm = 0.0510-2 m
f1 = 18.89Hz
d= 510-4m
510-4 Ex.10
d
r= = = 2.5 10-4m = 04 m, v = 340 ms-1
2 2 for closed organ pipe,
= 3.5103kgm-3 nv
m V A fn =
= = = r 2 4
340 340
f1 = = = 212.5 Hz
n T 40.4 1.6
fn =
2 f2 = 3f1 = 3 212.5
1 T f2 = 637.5 Hz
f1 =
2
f3 = 5f1 = 5 212.5 =1062.5 Hz
1 T
f12 = Ex.13
4 2
T = 20C + 273 = 293 K
T = f12 42 f1 = 256 Hz, = ?
T= f12 4 2 r 2 (T
)
= (440)24(0.33)23.51033.14
v = 332 + 0.6 (T - 273)
(2.5104)2
= 332 + 0.6 (293 - 273)
= 5.796 106 10-5
T = 57.96 N = 332 + 0.6 20 = 332 + 12
OQ.2 T=57.34 N v = 344 ms-1
nv
fn =
OQ.3 T2=134.52 N 4
Ex.9 f1 = ? , = 4.5 m , d = 2.5 cm

v Ex.14 f1 = 256 Hz, f2 = 516 Hz
f1 =
4 fb = ?
344
256 = fb = f 2 - f1
4
344 = 260 256 = 4 Hz
= = 0.3359 m
256 4 That is four pulsating sound would
OQ.4 f1=257.58Hz be heard per second.
OQ.5 f3=768 Hz, =0.3359m Ex.15 fb = 2Hz
Ex.11 1 = 17.9 cm, 2 = 56.7 cm Let f1 = 440Hz, f2 = ?
v = ?, f = 440 Hz If f2>f1

2 - 1 = fb = f 2 - f1
2
f2 = fb + f1 = 2 + 440=442 Hz

56.7 - 17.9 =
2 If f1>f2
fb = f 1 f2
38.8 =
2 f2 = f 1 - fb
= 77.6 cm=77.610-2 m
f2 = 440 2 = 438 Hz
v=f
v= 440 77.610-2 =341.4ms-1 No, there are two possibility.
OQ.6 f1 = 50 Hz; f2 = 1000 Hz
GCE. v1=2v2
v1 = v2
v1 = f11; v2 = f22 1
Since, v1 = v2 GCE. T=44.44 N

f 1 1 = f 2 2 2
1 f
= 2 GCE. n=50 (49th overtone or 50th
2 f1
1 1000 3 harmonic)
= 20
2 50
1 = 20 2
Eg.4 f1=512 Hz , f2=516 Hz
fb = f2 - f1 = 516 512 = 4 Hz
That is four pulsating sound would

be heard per second.
CHAPTER V
Ex.14 v = 330ms-1 , t = 5s , s =? vd = 1.24 108ms-1
Time taken by sound wave, ndd = naa
d
t1 n a a 1 5 10-7
v d = =
Time taken by light wave, nd 2.42
d d = 2.065 10-7 m
t2
c
Ex.19 w = 4.42 10-7m , ice = ?
By given, t=5
d d nw = 1.33, nice = 1.31
5
v c niceice = nww
d
Since c>>v, >>
d n w w
ice=
v c n ice
d
5 , d=3305=1650 m 1.33 4.42 10-7
v =
1.31
Alternative Method
ice = 4.48710-7m
v = 330ms-1 , t = 5s , s =?
s OQ.1 glass=3.9210-7m
v=
t
decrease
s = vt
= 330 5 OQ.2 n=1.5. This medium is glass.
s = 1650 m OQ.3 c= 3 108 ms-1, a= 5 10-7 m,
Time taken by light to travel 1650 m
nx= ? , vx= 2. 5 108 m
is negligible.
Ex.16 v = 2.3 108 ms-1, n = ? c 3 108
nx
c 3 108 v x 2.5 108 =1.2
n= =
v 2.3 108 OQ.4 =2m, vg=2 108 m
n = 1.304 OQ.5 List A List B
This medium is ice. Ethyl alcohol 1.36
(b) a = 5 10 m, vd = ?
-7
Water 1.33
nd = 2.42 , d = ? Ice 1.30
c Diamond 2.42
nd =
vd Glass 1.5
c 3 108 In ice, light will travel the fastest.

vd = =
nd 2.42 In diamond, light will travel the
slowest. ic = 49 15
Ethyl alcohol;
3 108 (b) ic= 24 27, nd = ?
v= = 2.21 108 ms-1 1
1.36 By Snell's law, n d
sin i c
Water ;
3 108 1
= 2.256 108 ms-1 =
v=
1.33 sin 24 27 '
nd = 2.42
Ice ;
Eg.4 n = 1.32, ng = 1.5
3 108
v= = 2.31 108 ms-1
1.3 ng 1 .5
Diamond ; ng = = 1.14
n 1.32
3 108
v= = 1.24 108 ms-1 i = 30 , r = ?
2.42
sin i
Glass ; By Snell's law, n g =
sin r
3 108
v = = 2 108 ms-1 sin i sin 30
1.5 sin r = =
ng 1.14
Eg.1
i1
r = 26 6
i
air OQ.6 gnq=1.047, r=2831'
x
Ex.20
r r1 i r

X r'
I = 30, r = 19 28 i = 30
sin i r = 30
nx
sin r ( by the law of reflection)
sin 30 sini
nx By Snell's law, n=
sin 19 28' sinr
= 1.5 ng = 1.5
For another ray i1= 35, r1= ?
sin i
sin i1 ng =
nx sin r'
sin r1
sin i sin 30
sin r = =
sin i1 sin 35
sin r1 = ng 1.5
nx 1.5 sin r = sin 19 28
r1 = 22 28 r = 19 28
Eg.3 (a) n1 = 1.32 ; r + r + = 180
1 1 = 180 ( r + r)
sin i c =
n1 1.32 = 180 (30 + 19 28)
= 130 32 1
The angle between the reflected ray n=
sin i c
and reflected ray is 130 32.
1
OQ.7 i=37, =123, nx=? , ic=? sin ic = = 1 = sin 43 9
n 1.462
i r ic = 43 9

X i=90-41=49
r'
(e) i>ic. Total internal refraction will
r =37(by law of Reflection) occur. So, the ray will not emerge
from the block of ice.
r+r+=180 Ex.24 ni = 1.31, ng = 1.6, i = 35
r=180-(37+123) =20 1 ng 1
ing = = =
By Snell's law, sin i c n i sin i c
sin i sin 37
nx 1.76 1.6 1
sin r sin 20 =
1.31 sin i c
1 1
sin i c 1.31
n x 1.76 sin ic = = sin 54 58
1.6
ic=34 37 ic = 54 58. i < ic.
Total internal refraction will not
occur. So the ray will enter the ice.
Ex.21
air i Refraction takes place.
(a) ice
r Ex.22 t = 4cm, i = 60, ng = 1.5
r
i' t sin (i-r)
d = ? (d = )
cos r
(r r )
i = 90 - 20 = 70
(b) r = 131 90 = 41 sin i
By Snell's law, ng =
sin r
(c) sin i
By Snell's law, ni = sin i
sin r sin r =
sin 70 ng
=
sin 41 sin 60
ni = 1.462 =
1.5
(d) ic = ? sin r = sin 35 16
r = 35 16 sin i1
By Snell's law, ng =
d=

4 sin 60 - 35 16' sin r1

cos 35 16' sin i1
ng
sin 18 11'
4 sin 24 44'
d= = 2.049 cm sin i1 = 1.5 sin 18 11
cos 3516'
sin i1 = sin 27 54
Eg.2 Real depth = 6 cm
i1 = 27 54
Apparent depth = 6 1.67
Ex.25 A = 60, Dm = 39, ng = ?
= 4.33 cm
A + Dm
real depth sin
ng = ng = 2
apparent depth A
sin
6 2
= = 1.38
4.33 99
sin
OQ.8 n=1.5, ic=4149', = 2 = sin 49.5
appeared thickness=6 cm
sin 30 sin 30
OQ.9 u= Real depth = 24 cm, nw=1.33 sin 49 30'

ng =
v= Apparent depth =? sin 30
real depth = 1.521
nw=
apparent depth (b) ng = 1.66, A = 60, Dm = ?
Apparent depth =18cm A + Dm
sin
The fish can be seen at (24-18) 6cm ng = 2
A
from the bottom of vessel. sin
2
Ex.23 A = 60, ic = r2
A+Dm
i1 = ?. ng = 1.5 sin
A
ng = 2
1 sin 30
ng =
sin i 2 i1 r1 r2 i2
A 60 + Dm
sin =1.66sin 30
sin r2 =
1 2
1.5
60 + Dm
sin r2 = sin 41 49 sin = sin 56 6
2
r2 = 41 49
60 + Dm
A = r1 + r2 = 56 6
2
r1 = A r2 = 60 - 41 49
60 + Dm = 112 12
r1 = 18 11
Dm = 112 12 60 sin i
By Snell's law, n =1.73
Dm = 52 12 sin r
OQ.10 In air, GCE. nic=1.31
3 3 apparent depth=1.53 cm
c 3 108 ms 1
10 109 The dart is seen 1.53 cm depth from
In x-medium, the surface of ice.
3 GCE. n=1.45, i2=90, since r2=ic
s 3
v 1.35 9 108 ms 1 4 1
t 10 10 1.35 n
sin i c
c 3 108
nx 3 8 1.35 ic=r2=43 36
v 1.35 10
r1+r2=60
1
n r1=16 24
sin i C
By Snell's law,
1
sin i C sin i1
1.35 n
sin r1
iC=47 48'
i1=2410
GCE. i=30, nx=1.4, ny=1.6, r=?
PP.1 w=511..3 nm
1
PP.2 v=1.895 108 ms-1, =4.295 10-7 m
r nx=1.4
PP.3 At the first interface
ny=1.6 By Snell's law,
30
sin i1 n g
sin i 1.6
By Snell's law, y n x sin r1 n a
sin r sin i1 sin 45
sin r1
n x sin 30 1.6 1.6

ny sin r r1=26
Since the plates are parallel, r1=i2
r=34 52 r At the second interface
GCE. r=60, n=? By Snell's law,
sin i 2 n a 1
2
i r sin r2 n g ng
sin r2 sin i 2 n g =sin 261.6
r++r=180 r
r2=45
r=60
since i=r=60
PP.4 By Snell's law, A + Dm
sin
ng 1.54 2
1.16 ng
w ng A
nw 1.33 sin
2
By Snell's law,
1 Dm=22 22
w ng
sin i c
1
sin i c sin 59 30
1.16
ic= 59 30
PP.5 A=72, ng=1.66, n=1.33

Dm=?
CHAPTER VI
Eg.1 1 3 1
(a)
f =+ 10 cm, u = +30 cm
1 1 1 30 f

u v f f = - 15cm (concave lens, virtual
1 1 1 focus)
;
30 v 10
(b) 1 100
1

1
-
1 P =
v 10 30 f f (cm)
v = +15 cm (real image)
P = 100
the image is 15 cm from the lens. 15
v 15 1
m = = (inverted) P = - 6.67 D
u 30 2
(b) f = -10 cm, u = +30 cm Ex.2 OO = 10 cm, u = 100 cm
f = + 50 (convex lens, real focus)
1 1 1
v=?
u v f 1 1 1
+ =
u v f
1 1 1
; 1 1 1
30 v - 10 = -
v f u
1 1 1
=
1
-
1
=
2-1
v 10 30 50 100 100
v = + 100 cm (real image)
v = - 7.5 cm (virtual image)
v
m=-
The image is 7.5 cm from the lens. u
II' 100
v =-
m = - (-7.5) = 0.25 (erect) OO' 100
u 30 II = - 10 cm (inverted)
correct answer is D.
Eg.2
u = + 30 cm, v = -10 cm OQ.1 v=90cm, II'=-5cm, the image is
(a)
inverted
1 1 1
Ex.3 u = 10 cm, v = - 20 cm, f = ?
u v f 1 1 1
+ =
u v f
1 1 1
1 1 1
30 - 10 f = +
f u v
1 1 v
= + - 10 =
10 - 20 u
1 2-1 v=10 u

f 20 f=+10 cm (convex lens, real focus)
f = + 20 cm (convex lens) 1 1 1

correct answer is (c). u v f
OQ.2 f=+16 cm(convex lens), P=6.25 D 1 1 1
Ex.4 f = + 5 cm (convex lens, real focus),
u 10u 10
P=?
10 1 1
P=
100
f (cm) 10u 10
(a) u = 11 cm.
100
P= The object is 11 cm from the lens.
5 (b) v=1011=110 cm
P = + 20 D
the correct answer is (d). The screen is 110 cm from the lens.
OQ.3 f=-25cm (concave lens)
Eg.3 1 OQ.4 II 12 OO (inverted)
P =
f v
m= -12 =
1 u
+2 = v=12 u
f
1 1 f=+12 cm (convex lens, real focus)
f = m= 100cm 1 1 1
2 2
f = 50 cm (convex lens, real focus) u v f
II= 5 OO 1 1 1

II' u 12u 12
= 5
OO' 12 1 1

v 12u 12
m = +5=
u u = 13 cm.
v = -5 u
v=1213=156 cm
1 1 1

u v f The screen is 156 cm from the lens.
1 1 1
Ex.7 v = - 24 cm (virtual image)
u 5u 50
(a) f =+8cm (convex, real focus),u = ?
u = 40cm
1 1 1
Eg.4 II 10 OO (inverted), m= -10 + =
u v f
v
m = 1 1 1
u = -
u f v
1 1 - v OO'
= - II =
8 - 24 u
3+1 - 60 3
= =
24 30
1 4 II = - 6 cm (inverted image)
=
u 24 (b) u = 30 5 = 25 cm
u = 6 cm f = + 20 cm (convex)
(b) u = ?, f = 8 cm 1 1 1
+ =
v - 24 u v f
m=- =-
u 6 1 1 1
= -
m=+4 v f u
To be real, m = - 4 1 1
= -
v 20 25
- =-4
u 1 5-4
=
v=4u v 100
1 1 1 v = + 100 cm (real)
+ =
u v f the image move=100 60 = 40 cm
1 1 1 (away from the lens)
+ =
u 4u 8 Ex.13 u = 12 cm, II = - 3 OO(inverted),
5 1 m = -3
= v
4u 8 - = -3
4 u = 40 u
u = 10 cm v=3u
OQ.5 u=4cm, distanced move=4cm v
- = -3
Ex.8 OO = 3 cm, u = 30 cm u
(a) f = + 20 cm (convex lens) v = 3 u = 3 12 = 36 cm
II = ?, v = ? 1 1 1
+ =
1 1 1 u v f
+ =
u v f 1 1 1
+ =
1 1 1 12 36 f
= -
v f u 3+1 1
=
1 1 36 f
= -
20 30 36
f=
3-2 4
=
60 f = + 9 cm (convex lens)
v = + 60 cm (real) II = - 4 OO
II' v m = -4
=-
OO' u
v Ex.10 The magnifying glass is used as
m=-
u convex lens.
v F = + 9cm(convex lens, real focus),
-4 = - II = +3OO'(erect), m = 3, u = ?
u
v=+4u v
m=-
1 1 1 u
+ = v
u v f 3=-
1 1 1 u
+ = v=-3u
u +4u 9
1 1 1
4+1 1 + =
= u v f
4u 9
4u = 45 1 1 1
+ =
u = 11.25 cm u - 3u 9
The object must be moved 3-1 1
=
= 12 11.25 = 0.75 cm 3u 9
( toward the lens) 3 u = 18
Ex.9 u = ? , v = - 4 cm (virtual) u = 6 cm
f = -10 cm (concave, virtual focus) The magnifying glass should be
1 1 1 placed 6 cm from the object.
+ =
u v f OQ.6 u=7.5cm
1 1 1 Ex.11 u + v = 60 cm
= - f = + 15 cm (convex, real focus)
u f v
v = 60 u
1 1
= - 1 1 1
- 10 - 4 + =
u v f
- 4 + 10
= 1 1 1
40 + =
u 60 - u 15
6
= 60 - u + u 1
40 =
40 u (60 - u) 15
u= 50 1
6 =
2
u = 6.67 cm 60 u - u 15
60 u u2 = 900
u2 60u + 900 = 0
(u 30) (u 30) = 0
u = 30 cm
v = 60 u = 60 30 = 30 cm
v 30
m=- =- =-1
u 30
II' 1 1 1
=-1 + =
OO' u v f
II = - OO 1 1 1
+ =
No, it is impossible to obtain a sharp u 18 - u 4
image larger than the size of the 18 - u + u 1
object. =
u (18 - u) 4
When the object and the screen are
18 u u2 = 72
interchanged,
u2 18 u + 72 = 0
v=30cm, u=30cm
(u 12) (u 6) = 0
So, No change.
u = 12 cm (or) u = 6 cm
OQ.8 OO =1.08 cm, II =-0.36 cm(inverted
The lens must be placed 12 cm or 6
u + v = 80 cm, f = ?
cm from the object.
II 1.08 108
m OQ.7 Ex.12
OO 0.36 36
v
3 For a sharp larger image,
u v=12 cm, u=6 cm
v=3u v
m=-
u+v=80 u
4 u=80 cm 12
u=20 cm, v=60 cm m 2
6
1 1 1
+ = II
u v f 2
1 1 1 OO
So, it is possible to obtain a sharp
20 60 f
image larger than the size of the
1 1
object.
f 15
Ex.14 OO = 1.05 cm, u + v = 80 cm
f= +15 cm(convex lens, real focus)
II = - 0.35 cm (inverted), f = ?
When the object and the screen are
II' - 0.35 1
interchanged, m= = =-
v=20cm, u=60cm OO' 1.05 3
v 20 1 v
m m=-
u 60 3 u
II 1 1 v
- =-
OO 3 3 u
So, the size of the image can change. u = 3v
3v + v = 80
Ex.12 u + v = 18 cm , v = 18 u 4v = 80
f = + 4 cm(convex lens, real focus) v = 20
real image u (screen (or) wall) u + 20 = 80
ay:w,f
u = 60 cm II v
m 2
1 1 1
+ = OO u
u v f v=2u,
1 1 1 v+u=30
+ =
60 20 f u=10 cm, v=20 cm
1+3 1 -The light source is placed 10 cm
= from the lens. f=+6.67cm(convex)
60 f
4f = 60 GCE II =1 cm. It is virtual image.
f = +15cm(convex lens, real focus) PP R =+10 cm, R =-15 cm, n=1.5
1 2
OQ.9 P=+5 D, v= + 60 cm, m=?
1 1 1
= (n-1) ( - )
1 100 f R1 R 2
P
f (m) f (cm)
f=+12 cm
f=+ 20 cm (convex)
PP R1=+30 cm, R2=, n=1.5
1 1 1
+ = f=+60 cm
u v f
1 1 1 1 1 1

u f v 20 60 30
u=30 cm
v 60
m 2 (inverted image)
u 30
u=30 cm, P = -5 D
1 100
P
f (m) f (cm)
f= - 20 cm (concave)
1 1 1
+ =
u v f
1 1 1 1 1 1

v f u 20 30 12
v= -12 cm (virtual image)

GCE II = -2 OO (inverted) ,
CHAPTER VII
Eg.1 Q1 = 1 C, Q2 = 1 C, r=1m, Q1 Q 2
F=K
F
1 Q1 Q 2 r2
4 0 r 2 2 10-4 5 10-4
= 9 109
1 1 0.01
F = 9 109 = 9 109 N
1 F = 90 103 N (toward Q2)
Ex.6 F1 = 0.1 N
OQ.1 1 Q1 Q 2 (a) r1 = 5 cm = 5 10-2 m, F2 = ?
F
4 0 r 2 r2 = 10 cm = 10 10-2 = 10-1 m
F=1N, r=1m, 0=8.8510-12C2N-1m-2 F
1
Q1=Q2=Q r2
1 Q1 Q 2 F r2 = constant
F
4 0 r 2 F1r12 = F2 r22
F1 r12 0.1 (5 10-2 )2
Q 4 3.14 8.85 1012 F2 = 2 =
Q = 55.5810-6C
r2 10-2
Ex.4 Q1 = + 1 C = + 1 10-6 C F2 = 25 10-3 N
C = + 2 10-6 C (b) F2 = ?
Q2 = + 2
r2 = 50 cm = 50 10-2=510-1 m
r = 0.03 m = 3 10-2 m, F = ?
F1r12 = F2 r22
Q1 Q 2
F=K F1 r12 0.1 25 10-4
r2 F2 = =
-6 -6 r2 2 25 10-2
= 9 109 1 10 2-2210
(3 10 ) F2 = 0.1 10-2 N
F = 20 N (repulsive) or (c) F2 = ? r2 = 1 cm = 1 10-2 m
(directed outword) F1r12 = F2 r22
Ex.5 r = 5.3 10-11 m F1 r12 0.1 25 10-4
Q1 = - 1.5 10-19 C(for electron) F2 = 2 =
r2 10-4
Q2 = + 1.6 10-19 C (for proton)
F=? F2 = 2.5 N
Eg.2 r = 50 cm = 0.5 m, F = 0.1 N
Q Q
F=K 12 2 (a) 1 Q1 Q 2
r F
4 0 r 2
1.6 10-19 1.6 10-19
=9109 Q1 = Q2 = Q
(5.3)2 10-22
1 Q2
F = 0.82 10-7 N (attractive) or F
(directed inward) 4 0 (0.5) 2
Q1=+ 210-4 C, Q2 = - 510-4 C 0.1= 9 109 Q
2
Ex.8
r = 0.1 m, F = ? (0.5) 2
0.1 (0.5) 2 K Q1 Q 2 = mg
Q2 r2
9 10 9
Q = 1.67 10-6 C =1.67 C r2 = K Q1 Q2
mg
(b) = 10 0
91091.610-19 1.610-19
1 Q1 Q 2 1 Q2 =
F F 9.110-3110
4 r 2
10(40 ) r 2
901.61.6
9 10 9 Q 2 =
0.1 9.1
10 (0.5) 2
r2 = 25.31
0.1 (0.5) 10
2
Q2 r = 5.031 m
9 10 2
Eg.4 Q1= +4 10-6 C,Q =-5 10-6 C and
Q2 = +6 10-6 C
Q = 5.27 10-6 C = 5.27 C
Q1
Eg.3 Q1 = 50 10-8 C, Q2 = Q, F1 Q F2
Q2
r = 6 cm = 0.06 m, F= 0.24 N + +
r1 r2
1 Q1 Q 2 1 Q1Q2
F F
4 0 r 2 40 r 2
50 10 8 Q 2 The force acting on Q by Q1,

0.24 9 10 9 9 109 (4 106 ) (5 106 )
(0.06) 2 F1
22
0.24 (0.06) 2
Q = = 0.05 N (toward Q1)
9 109 50 108 The force acting on Q by Q2,
Q = 1.92 10-7 C
9 109 (5 10-6 ) (6 10-6 )
Ex.3 Q1 = 4 10-6 C, F = 7.2 N F2
42
r = 0.25 m = 25 10-2 m, Q2 = ?
= 0.02 N (toward Q2)
The sign of the second charge is
positive. F F1 F2

Q Q F1 and F2 are opposite direction
F=K 12 2
r F = F1 F2 = 0.05 0.02
2
Fr = 0.03 N (toward Q1)
Q2 =
K Q1 Ex.7 Q1 = + 1 10-4 C, Q2=-110-4 C
Q = + 6 10-5 C
7.2 (25 10-2 ) 2
= r1 = 20 10-2 m = 2 10-1 m
9109 410-6
r2 = 20 10-2 m = 2 10-1 m
7.2 25 25 10-4
= Q1 Q F1 Q2
9 4 103
+ +
Q2 = + 125 10-7 C r1 F2 r2
OQ.2 Q2=-210-6C The force acting on Q by Q1,
Ex.9 r = ? , Q1 = Q2 = - 1.6 10-14 C Q1 Q
m = 9.1 10-31 kg F1 = K
r12
F=W
91 10-4 6 10-5 F = F1 F2=5.4 103 2.7103
= 9 10
4 10-2 F= 2.7 103 (toward Q2)
2
F2 = 13.5 10 N (toward Q2) Ex.11 Q1 = + 2 10-5 C,Q2 =-110-5 C
The force acting on Q by Q2, (a) r = 10 10-2 m, F = ?
Q1 Q 2
F2 = K Q 2 2Q F=K
r2 r2
1 10-4 6 10-5 210-5 110-5
= 9 109 = 9 109
4 10-2 10010-4
F2 = 13.5 102 N (toward Q2) F = 18 10 = 180 N (attractive) (or)
(directed inward)
F F1 F2
(b) net charge = Q1 + Q2
F1 and F2 are same direction.
F = F1 + F2 = +10-5+(-110-5)=+110-5 C
= 13.5 102 + 13.5 102
= 27 102 N (toward Q2) +110-5
Q1 = Q2 = =+0.510-5 C
Ex.10 Q = - 5 10-5 C 2
Q1 = - 3 10-5 C
r = 10 cm = 10 10-2 m = 10-1 m
r1 = 5 cm = 5 10-2 m
Q2 = - 6 10-5 C F=?
r2 = 10 cm = 10 10-2 m=10-1 m Q1 Q 2
F=K
Q1 Q2 r2
F2 Q F1
0.510-5 0.510-5
r1 r2 = 9 109
10-2
The force acting on Q by Q1,
F = 22.5 N (repulsive) (or) (directed
F1 = K Q1 2Q outward)
r1
310-5 510-5 OQ.3 F=0.9N(repulsive) (or) (directed
= 9 109
2510-4 outward)
27
= 103 Ex.12 G = 6.6 1011 Nm2kg-2
5 m1 = m2 = 9.1 10-31 kg, d = r
F1 = 5.4 103 N (toward Q2) Q1 = Q2 = - 1.6 10-19 C
The force acting on Q by Q2 The gravational force,
Q2 Q m1 m 2
F2 = K Fg = G
r2 2 d2
610-5 510-5 The electrical force,
= 9 109
10-2 Q1 Q 2
Fe = K
F2 = 2.7 103 N (toward Q1) r2

F F1 F2

F1 and F2 are opposite direction,
Fe Q Q d2 = 1.6 10-19 C 1.2 105
=K 12 2 = 1.92 10-14 N
Fg r G m1 m2
(b)If a is the acceleration of the
9109 1.610-19 1.610-19 electron,F = ma.
=
6.610-119.110-319.110-31 14
F 1.92 10
91.61.61044
a =
= =0.0471044 m 9.110 31
6.69.19.1 = 2.11 1016 ms-2
OQ.4 Fe F (c) s = 20 mm = 0.02 m
=4.17 1042 , e =0
Fg Fg Since v0 = 0, s = at2
2s
OQ.5 Fe t
=3.129 1035 a
Fg
= 2 0.02
Ex.13 -5
F = 9 10 N, r = 10cm=10 m -1 2.11 1016
n = ? (Q = ne) t = 1.37 10-9 s
Q1 = Q2 = Q OQ.7 F=2.410-14N, a= 2.637 1016 ms-2,
Q1 Q 2 The direction of acceleration is
F=K
r2 upward.
OQ.8 F=3.210-15N (Upward),
Q2
F=K 2 a= 3.52 1015 ms-2,
r
Ex.24 F = ? , E = 1000 NC-1
2 F r 2 910-5 10-2 F = Eq = 1000 1.6 10-19
Q = =
K 9109 = 1.6 10-16 N
Q2 = 10-16 The direction of motion of the
Q = 10-8 C electron is opposite to that of
Q = ne electric field intensity.
Q 10 -8
Ex.25 a = 108 ms-2 , E = ?
n= = F = Eq
e 1.6 10-19
n = 0.625 1011 electrons ma = Eq
Eg.5 E = 2 105 NC
1
,
ma 9.110-31108
E= =
q = 5 106 C q 1.610-19
F = qE E = 5.687 10-4 NC-1
F = 5 106 C 2 105 = 1 N The direction of the electric field is
opposite to that of motion of the
OQ.6 q=-310-12C, F=510-7 N, E=?
electron.
F 3 107 OQ.9 E = 1.422 10 = 14.22 NC-1
E 12
1.67 105 NC1 CH.8
q 5 10
Ex.26 q = 10-5 C, vo = 0
(- x direction)
(a) E = 50 NC-1 , F = ?
Eg.10 q = 1.6 10-19 C, E = 1.2 F =10 5
EqNC
-1
(b) F = q E F = 50 10-5 N
(b) KE = ?, s = 1 m E1r12 105 22 = 25000 NC-1
E2
KE = W = Fs = 50 10-5 1 r22 42
KE = 50 10-5 J Ex.22 r = 0.4 m
Eg.7 E = 2 103 N C-1, r = 9 m Q = + 7 10-5 C , E = ?
(c) Q
Q E=K
EK 2 r2
r
Q 7 10-5
2 103= 9 109 = 9 109
92 0.4 0.4
Q = 2 103 9 10-9 =3.937106 NC-1
Q = 18 10-6C = 18 C (away from the charge)
OQ.12 E=?, r=0.4 m, Q=4 0 10-5C
(c) r = 18 m
1 Q Q
E E=K
4 0 r 2 r2
1 4 0 105
6 = =6.2510-5 NC-1
E =9 109 18 102 =500 NC-1 4 0 0.42
(18)
(away from the charge)
(away from the charge)
OQ.10 Q=18C, E=405NC-1 Ex.29 Q = + 92e = 92 1.6 10-19 C
Ex.17 r1 = 2 cm = 2 10-2 m (a) E = ?, r = 10-10 m
E1 = 105 NC-1 E=K
Q
r2 = 1 cm = 10-2 m, E2 = ? r2
E2 r22 = E1 r12 92 1.6 10-19
= 9 109
E1 r12 4 10-4 10-20
E2 = = E = 1324.810 NC-1
10
r2 2 105 10-4
(away from the nucleus)
E2 = 4 10-5 NC-1
(b) F = ?, q = - 1.6 10-19 C
The correct answer is (d).
F = Eq=1324.8 10101.610-19
OQ.11 r1=2 cm, E1=105 NC-1, r2=1 cm, E2=?
F = 2119.68 10-9 N
1 (toward the nucleus)
E
r2 OQ.13 E=8.631010 NC-1
(away from the nucleus)
E1r12 E 2 r22
E1r12 105 22 = 4105 NC-1 Eg.9 m=10-6 kg, g=9.8 kgms-2
E2
r22 12
F
5 -1
r1=2 cm, E1=10 NC , r2=4 cm, E2=? w
E1r12 E 2 r22
Since the body is in equilibrium
w= F
2 10 6
mg = qE = 9 109
mg 32
E
q = 2 103 NC-1(toward Q2)
10 6 9.8 the electric field intensity at P due
E= = 9.8 NC-1
10 6 toQ2
(directed upward) 1 Q2
OQ The direction of motion of the E2
4 0 r 2
body is upward.
PP 5 10 6
= 9 109
32
= 5 103 NC-1 (toward Q2 )

E E1 E 2

E=9.8 NC-1 (directed downward) E1 and E 2 are in the same
direction.
Ex.20 E
E1 5E 2 , E 2 3 E = E1 + E2 = 2 103 + 5 103
4
E=7 103 NC-1(toward Q2).
E3 4 E 2 , E = ? Ex.23 Q1 = + 4 10-6 C, Q2=+810-6 C

E E1 E 2 E3 5E2 E2 4E2 Q1
E 2 E1 Q2
=0 + +
r1 p r2
Ex.33 Q1 = Q2= Q3 =Q4 = + 1 10-8 C
r1 = r 2 = r3 = r4 r = 2 m, r1 = r2 = 1 m, E = ?
E1 = E2 = E3 = E4 (in magnitude) The electric field indensity at P due
In direction to Q1,

E1 E 3 , E 2 E 4 , E = ?
-6
Q 4 10
E1 = K 21 = 9 109
E E1 E 2 E 3 E 4 r1 1
= 36 103 NC-1 (toward Q2)
E E 3 E 4 E 3 E 4 =0
The electric field intensity at P due
Eg.6 Q1 = + 2 C = + 2 10-6 C, to Q2,
Q2 = -5 C = -5 10-6 C 8 10 -6
Q2
E2 = K 2
= 9 109
r1 = 3 m, r2 = 3 m r2 1
E2 = 72 103 NC-1 (toward Q1)

E E1 E 2

The electric field intensity at P due E1 and E 2 are oppostie direction.
to Q1 E = E2 E1
= 72 103 36 103
1 Q1 E = 36 103 NC-1 (toward Q1)
E1
4 0 r 2 OQ.14 Q1 = + 2 10-6 C
Q2 = + 8 10-6 C, r = 3 m E = E1 + E2
Q1 E =(1.44+5.76 )10-3 =7.210-3 NC-1

E 2 E1 Q2
+ + (toward Q2)
r1 p r2
Eg.8
Q1 E=0 Q2
r1 =1m + +
p
r2 = 2 m, E = ? r1 r2
The electric field indensity at P due
The electric field intensity at P due
to Q1,
1 q1
Q 2 106 to q1 is E1 =
E1= K 21 = 9 109
r1 1 4 0 x 2
= 18 103 NC-1 (toward Q2) The electric field intensity at P due
The electric field indensity at P due 1 q2
to q2 is E2 =
to Q2, 4 0 (0.2 x ) 2
6
Q2 9 8 10
E2 = K = 9 10 at P, E=0
r2 2 22
E2 = 18 103 NC-1 (toward Q1) E1 E 2 0

E E1 E 2
E1 = E2
E1 and E 2 are opposite direction. 1 q1 1 q2
=
E = E2 E1 4 0 x 2 4 0 (0.2 x ) 2
E= 18 103 18 103 = 0
q1 q2

OQ.15 x 2
(0.2 x ) 2
CH.8
1.5 10 6 3 10 6

r1 =2.5m x2 (0.2 x ) 2
r2 = 2.5 m, E = ? 1 2
The electric field indensity at P due 2

to Q1, x (0.2 - x) 2
Q 9 109 110 12 (0.2-x)2 = 2x2
E1= K 21
r1 2.5 2 0.2 - x = 1.414 x
= 1.44 10-3 NC-1 (toward Q2) x = 0.08 m (From Q1)
Ex.28 Q1 = - 2 10-6 C
to Q2,
Q2 = - 8 10-6 C, r = 2 m
Q 9 109 4 10 12
E2 = K 21 r1=x, r2=2-x
r1 2.5 2 Q1 E=0 Q2
E2 = 5.76 10-3 NC-1 (toward Q2) - p -
r1 r2
E E1 E 2

E1 and E 2 are same direction. The electric field indensity at P by
Q1, 20 10-6 5 10-6
Q1 =
E1 = K (x + 2)2 x2
r12 4x2 = (x + 2)2
The electric field indensity at P by 2x = x + 2
Q2, x = 2 m (outside from Q2)
Q2 OQ.16 Q1 = + 4 10-9 C
E2 = K
r2 2 CH.8 Q2 = - 9 10-9 C
at P, E = 0 B
Q1 Q2
E1 - E2 = 0 + -
r1
E1 = E2 r2
K Q1 = K Q22 r = 50 cm = 50 10-2 = 0.5 m

r12 r2
x=1m
2 10-6 8 10-6
= GCE.1 F=4.310-2N (repulsive force)
x2 (2 - x)2
GCE.2 The direction of the force on
4x2 = (2 - x)2
electron is upward.
2x = 2 - x
2 F=2.4 10-17 N(downward)
x= = 0.67m (inside from Q1)
3
F=1.7 1026 N(downward)
Ex.27 Q1 = - 20 10-6 C
Q2 = + 5 10-6 C, r = 2 m F
r1=x, r2=x+2 1.4 109
Q1 Q2
E=0
Fg
+ p
r2
r1 GCE.3 E=3.9610-5 NC-1(toward Q2)
The electric field indensity at P due PP.1 F1=8 N, F2=?, r2=4 r1

to Q1, 1
F
Q1 r2
E1 = K
r12 F r2 = constant
F1r12 = F2 r22
to Q2, F1 r12 8
F2 0.5 N
Q2 r22 16
E2 = K
r2 2 PP.2 Q1 Q Q2
at P, E = 0 + + +
x 2-x
E1 - E2 = 0
E1 = E2 Since F=F1-F2=0
Q1 Q F1=F2
K 2
= K 22
r1 r2 Q1 Q Q Q
22
(2 x) 2
x
x=0.67m 2x = 2 - x
PP.3 n=210-12 electrons 2
x= = 0.67m
Yes, there is a transfer of mass. 3
(Mass of electron=9.110-31 kg The +5C must be placed 0.67cm
Mass transfer of polythene= inside from Q1.
210129.110-31=18.210-19 kg) PP.6 The gravational force,
PP.4 r=3m, Q=+810-5C, =100 m1 m 2
E=? Fg = G
d2
1 Q
E The electrical force,
4 r 2
Q1 Q 2
1 Q Fe = K
E r2
4 10 0 r 2
Fg m1 m2 r2
5 =G
8 10
E 9 108 Fe d2 KQ1 Q2
32
The ratio of gravitatioonal force and
E=8103 NC-1
electric force between an electron
PP.5 Q1 = - 20 10-6 C
and a neutron is infinite.
Q2 = - 5 10-6 C, r = 2 m
PP.7 F=8.210-8 N,
r1=x, r2=2-x
Fg= 3.5710-25N,
Fe
Q1 E=0 Q2
2.29610-17
- p - Fg
r1 r2
The electric field indensity at P by

Q1,
Q1
E1 = K
r12
The electric field indensity at P by
Q2,
Q2
E2 = K
r2 2
Let at P, E = 0
E1 - E2 = 0
E1 = E2
K Q1 = K Q22
r12 r2
20 10-6 5 10-6
=
x2 (2 - x)2
4x2 = (2 - x)2
CHAPTER VIII
Eg.1 Q = + 6.0 10-9 C, r = 3 m 9109 1.510-6
1 Q =
V 30
40 r
= 0.45 103 = 450 m
( 6.0 10 )
-9
The radius of equipotential surface
= 9 10-9 is 450 m.
3
= +18 V Q
E=K
Eg.2 Q = - 3.0 10-9 C , r = 6m r2
1 Q 1.5 10-6
V = 9 109
4 0 r (4.5102 ) 2
E = 0.067 NC-1
(3.0 109 ) ( away from the charge)
= 9 109
6 Ex.13 V = 300 V, E =100 NC-1, r = ?
= - 4.5 V (a) Q
V=K
Ex.14 Q = + 6e = + 6 1.6 10-19 C r
V = ?, E = ?, r = 10-10 m Q
Q E=K 2
V=K r
r
V Q r2
6 (+1.6 10 ) -19 =K
= 9 109 E r KQ
10-10
V 300
V = +86.4 V r= = =3m
E 100
Q
E=K (b) Q=?
r2
Q
6 1.6 10-19 V=K
= 9 109 r
10-20 Vr 300 3
Q= = = 10-7 C
E = 86.4 1010 NC-1 K 9 109
( away from the nucleus) OQ.2 Q=2.6710-7 C
OQ.1 V=+441.6V Eg.3 Q1 = +4.0 10-8 C
Ex.12 V = 30 V, Q = + 1.5 10-6 C,
r=? Q2 = - 3.0 10-8 C , r = 0.5 m
Q
V=K 1 Q
r r V
4 0 r
KQ
r=
V The electric potential at P due to Q1
1 Q1 Q2 -4 10-12
V1 V2 = K = 9 109
4 0 r r2 2.5
= - 14.4 10-3V
( 4.0 10-8 ) V = V1 + V2
9 109 = 3.599 10-3 - 14.4 10-3
0.5
= -10.9 10-3V
V1= 720 V
Eg.5 Q = +5.0 10-6 C, ra = 0.5 m,
The electric potential at P due to Q2, rb = 1 m
1 Q
1 Q2 V
V 4 0 r
4 0 r The electric potential at A,
1 Q
(-3.0 10-8 ) VA
V2= 9 10
9
4 0 ra
0.5
(5.0 106 )
V2 = - 540 V 9 10 9
0.5
Total electric potential at P, = 90 000 V
V = V1 V2 The electric potential at B,
+
1 Q
VB
V= 720 + (-540) 4 0 rb
V= 180 V
(b) q = +3.0 10-9 C (5.0 106 )
9 109
1
If W is the work done in bringing = 45 000 V
the charge q from infinity to P The electric potential difference
between A and B,
W = V (the electric potential at
VAB = VA - VB
P) q (the charge)
= 90 000 - 45 000
= 180 3.0 10-9
= 45 000 V
W= 0.54 10-6 J
Eg.6 q = + 2.0 10-6 C
Ex.15 Q1 = + 1 10-12 C,
VA - VB = the work done in
Q2 = - 4 10-12 C
bringing a unit positive charge from
r = 5 m, V = ?
B to A
The electric potential at P due to Q1,
Q1 If W isthe work done in bringing
1 10-12
V1 = K = 9 109 the charge q from B toA,
r1 2.5
V1 = 3.599 10-3V W = ( VA - VB) q
The electric potential at P due to Q2,
W= 45 000 2.0 10-6 = 0.09 J The electric potential at A due to Q2,
1 Q2
OQ.3 VBA=1.8104V, V2
4 0 r2
WAB=3.610-2J at A , V=0
V1 + V 2 = 0
Ex.17 q1 = q2 = q3 = + 5 10-9 C
V1 = - V 2
r22 = 102 + 102 =200 =2102 cm
1 Q1 1 Q2

r2= 2 10=14.14 cm 40 r1 40 r2
= 14.14 10-2 m
1 10 6 (3 10 6 )
r1 = 10 cm = 10 10-2 = 10-1 m
x (1 x )
r3 = 10-1 m
The electric potential at P due to q1, 1-x=3x, 4x=1, x = 0.25 m
q1 -9 Q1 Q2
V1 = K = 9 109 510-1 B
+ -
r1 10 r1
r2
V1 = 450 V r1=y, r2=1+y
The electric potential at P due to q3,
The electric potential at B due to Q1.
q
V3 = K 3 = 450 V
r3 1 Q1
V1
The electric potential at P due to q2, 4 0 r1
q2 510-9 The electric potential at B due to Q2,
V2 = K = 9 109
r2 14.1410-2 1 Q2
V2
4 0 r2
2
V2 = 3.183 10 V
Total electric poteritial, at B, V=0
V = V1 + V2 + V 3
= 450 + 318.3 + 450 = 1218.3 V V1 + V2 = 0
OQ.4 2.82106V V1 = - V2
GCE 3
W=Vq =5010 3.210 -19
1 Q1 1 Q1
=1.610-14J
4 0 r1 4 0 r1
The energy 1.610-14J is acquired.
1 10 6 (3 10 6 )
Eg.4 Q1 = + 1 10-6 C
Q2 = - 3 10-6 Cz y (1 y)
Q1 Q2 1+x=3x
A
+ - 2y=1
r1 r2 y = 0.5 m
r1=x, r2=1-x Ex.16 Q1 Q2
The electric potential at A due to Q1 (b) A
+ -
1 Q1 r1 r2
V1
4 0 r1
4 10 9 (9 10 9 )
r1=x, r2=0.5-x
y 0.5 y
The electric potential at A due to Q1,
9y = 2 + 4y
Q1
V1 = K 5y = 2
r1 y = 0.4 m
The electric potential at A due to Q2, Eg.7 V = 6 V, d = 0.5 cm = 0.005 m
Q
V2 = K 2 V = Ed
r2
V 6
at A, V = 0 E = =
V1 + V2 = 0 d 0.005
V1 = - V2 E = 1200 NC-1 or Vm-1
Q1 Q Ex.10 E = 200 NC-1, V = 10 V, d = ?
K =-K 2
r1 r2 V = Ed
410-9 910-9 V 10
d= = = 5 10-2 m
= E 200
x (0.5 - x)
d = 5 cm
9x = 4 (0.5 - x) The correct answer is (b)
9x = 2 - 4x (a) V = 6 V, E = 300 V m-1
Eg.8
13x = 2
V = Ed
2 V 6
x= = 0.15 m
13 d 0.02m
E 300
B
Q1 Q2 (b) q = e = 1.6 10-19 C
+ - W = Vq = 6 1.6 10-19
r1
r2 W = 9.6 10-19 J
Eg.9 V=6V, q=1.6 10-19 C
r1=y, r2=0.5+y
m=9.1 10-31 kg, v=?
The electric potential at B due to
1
Q1, KE of the electron = mv2
Q1 2
V1 = K KE of the electron = W
r1
1
The electric potential at B due to Q2, mv2 = Vq
2
Q2
V2 = K 1 -31 2 -19
r2 (9.1 10 ) v =6 1.6 10
2
at B, V = 0
2 9.6 10-19
V1 + V2 = 0 v2
V1 = - V2 9.1 10-31
Q Q v = 1.45 106 ms-1
K 1 =-K 2 PP KE=W
r1 r2
1/2mv2=Vq
V=284.4V V = 2.5 103 V
Ex.11 q = + 1 10-9 C, d=1cm =1 10-2 m Ex.20 Vo = 0, V=106 ms-1 , s = 0.2 m,E = ?
F = 10-4 N, V = ? F
-4 E=
F 10 q
V = Ed = d = -9 10-2
q 10 ma
E=
V = 103 N q
The correct answer is (c)
v2 = vo2 + 2as
OQ.5 q = + 3nC=+3 10-9 C, 1012 = 0 + 2 a 0.2
d=1mm =1 10-3 m 1012 = 0.4 a
F = 10-4 N, V = ? 12
1012
F 10 -4 a = 10 = = 2.5 1013 ms-2
V = Ed = d= -2 0.4 4 10-1
-9 10
q 3 10 m a 9.110-310.251013
V = 0.33310 N 3 E= =
q 1.610-19
Ex.18 d = 0.5 cm = 0.5 10-2 m
E = 1.422 10
V = 0.5 103 V, F = ?
E= 14.22 NC-1
V = Ed
F
V= d
q
3 -19
V q 0.510 1.610
F= =
d 0.510-2
F = 1.6 1014 N
Ex.19 d = 4 10-2 m, F = 1 10-14 N, V = ?
F 10-14
V=Ed= d = -19
40 10-2
q 1.6 10
CHAPTER IX
Eg.1 K 0 A
Q = 0.002 C, V = 50 V C =
2d
Q 0.002C
C C =
1
C
V 50V 2
= 40F
OQ.1 C'=2C
Ex.7 C = 5 F, Q = ?, V = 40 V Ex.8 For original capacitance,
Q = CV = 5 40 = 200 C 0 A
C=K
200 C should be removed. d
Ex.5 For original capacitance, 1

For new capacitance, d' = d
3
0 A
C=K K 0 A
d C =
d'
For new capacitance, d = 2 d
3 K 0 A
K 0 A C =
C = d
d'
C = 3 C
K 0 A
C = The corect answer is (c)
2d
Ex.12 C0 = 8 F , C = 50 F, k = ?
1
C = C
2 C 50
k= =
change in capaci tan ce C0 8
percent change 100%
original capaci tan ce
k = 6.25
1 C OQ.2 =6 , C=2.65510-10 F
C C
100% 2 100%
C C Ex.13 C = 10 F = 10 10-6 F
C = 50 % C (a) W = 1 J, V = ?
Its capacitance 50 % reduce. 1
W= CV2
Ex.9 For original capacitance, 2
(b) 0 A 2W 21 1
C=k V2= = -6
=
d C 1010 510-5
For new capacitance, d' = 2 d V2 = 2 105 = 20 104
K 0 A V = 4.472 102 V
C =
d' (b) C0 = 5 F, C = 30 F, k = ?
C 30 = 0.95 J
k= = =6
C0 5 Ex.11 A = 50 cm2 = 50 10-4 m2
Ex.14 C=2 F (a) d = 1 mm = 1 10-3 m, C = ?
(c) C = 2 10-6 F k 0 A
C=
d
(d) Q = CV
= 2 200 8.8510-12 5010-4
=
10-3
= 400 C
C = 4425 10-13 F
Ex.15 (1cm= 2 V, 1 cm=10 C
(b) V = 45 V, Q = ?
graph )
Q = CV = 442.5 10-3 45
V, Q
= 1.991 10-9 C
V=8-4= 4 V
(c) W=?
Q=60-30= 30 C
1 1
Q 30 W= QV= 1.99110-9 45
C 7.5 F 2 2
V 4
= 44.7975 10-9 J
2
Eg.2 (a) A = 2m .
OQ.3 C=7.0510-9F, Q=1.06210-5C
d = 4 mm = 4.0 -3
10 m,
V= 12 000 V, = 3 Ex.10 W=?
0A (a) C = 12 F = 12 10-6 F
C
d
V = 250 V = 25 10
3 2
= 8.85 10-12 1
CV2
4.0 10 3 W=
2
C= 13.275 10-9 F
1
C= 13.275 nF = 12 10-6 (25)2 102
2
(b) Q = CV = 6 625 10-4
= 13.275 x 10 12 000
-9
W = 3750 10-4 J
= 1.59 10-4 C
(b) 0 A
for original C = K
12 000 d
(c) E V
d 4.0 10 3 2
1 Q
E = 3.0 10 Vm 6 -1 W1 =
2 C
(d) W = QV
0 A
= 1.59 10-4 12 000 for new C = K
d'
K 0 A 1 5 F, Cp and 45 F are series,
C = = C
2d 2 1 1 1 1
2 2 = + +
W2 = 1 Q = 1 2 Q Cs' 5 4.5 45
2 C' 2 C
9 + 10 + 1 20
Q2 = =
W2 = 45 45
C
45
required work = W2 W1 Cs' =
20
Q2 1 Q2 1 Q2
= - = Cs' = 2.25 F
C 2 C 2 C
Cs' and 2 F are paralle,
Ex.16 C1 = 5 F, C2 = 10 F
C = 2.22 + 2 = 4.25 F
C3 = 15 F
***********************
C1, C2 and C3 are parallel,
For Fig.2
C = C1 + C2 + C3
C=1F
C= 5 + 10+ 15 = 30 F
OQ.5 C1 and C2 are in parallel
C1, C2 and C3 are series,
1 1 1 1 Cp = C1 + C2
= + +
C C1 C2 C3
Cp and C3 are in series
1 1 1
= + +
5 10 15 1 1 1 C3 +Cp
= + =
6 + 3 + 2 11 C Cp C3 Cp .C3
= =
30 30
30 C3 C p C3(C1 +C2 )
C= = 2.73 F C = =
11 C3 +Cp C1 + C2 +C3
Ex.23 2 F and 6 F are series,
OQ.6 Q Q
1 1 1 4 C= , V=
= + = V C
C3 2 6 6
Q
6 V1 =
C3 = = 1.5 F C1
4
C3 and 3 F are paralle, Q Q
V2 = , V3 =
C2 C3
Cp = C3 + 3 = 1.5 + 3
Cp = 4.5 F Yes, each posses the same amount of
charge. Ex.18 Cp = 10 F, C3 = 0.4 F, n = ?
Ex.17 C1 = C2 = C3 = 10 F C
Cs = , Cp = nC
C=? n
(1) C1, C2 and C3 are parallel, C3 C 1
=
C = C1 + C2 + C3 Cp n nC
= 10 + 10 + 10= 30 F 10
n2 = = 25
(2) C1, C2 and C3 are series, 0.4
1 1 1 1 n=5
= + +
C C1 C2 C3 Eg.3 C1 = 4 F , C2 = 12 F
1 1 1 3 C1 and C2 are in series is

= + + =
10 10 10 10 1 1 1

10 C C1 C 2
C= = 3.33 F
3
1 1 1 4
(3) C1 and C2 are parallel,
C 4 12 12
Cp = C1 + C2
C = 3 F
= 10 + 10 = 20 F
Cp and C3 are series, Q = CV= 3 10-6 200
1 1 1
= + Q = 600 10-6C= 600 C
C Cp C3
Q2=C2 V2,
1 1 3
= + = Q 600
20 10 20 V2 = 50 V
C2 12
20
C= = 6.67 F
3 Eg.4 C1 = 2 F, Q1 = 2 000 C
(4) C1 and C2 are series, Q1 2000 10 6

V1 = 1 000V
1 1 1 C1 2 10 6
= +
C3 C1 C2 C2 = 8 F, Q2 = 1 600 C,
1 1 2 Q 2 1600 10 6
= + =
V2
10 10 10 C2 8 10 6
C3 = 5 F
V2= 200 V
C3 and C3 are paralle,
(b) V V1 V2
C = C3 + C3 = 5 + 10= 15 F
= 1000 + 200 Q1 200
V1 = = = 66.67 V
V= 1200V C1 3
C1 and C2 are series, Q 2 200
V2 = = = 20 V
1 1 1 C 2 10

C C1 C2
Q 3 200
5 V3 = = = 13.33 V

1

1
C3 15
2 8 8
OQ.8 Q1 = 120 C, Q2 = 600 C
C = 1.6 F
Q3 = 720 C, V3 = 120 V
Q = CV = 1.6 1200
= 1920 C Eg.5 C1, C2 and C3 are in parallel is
1920 10 6 C p C1 C 2 C 3
Q
Va = 960
C1 2 106 Cp = 2 + 3 + 7 = 12 F
Q 1920 10-6 Cp and C4 capacitors are in series

Vb = = 240 V
C2 8 10-6 1 1 1 1 1 4

OQ.7 V1=800V,V2=400V C C p C 4 12 4 12
Ex.21 C1 = 3 F, C2 = 10 F,
C = 3 F
C3 = 15 F, V = 100 V
Q = CV= 3 240 = 720 C
Q1, Q2, Q3 = ?
Qp=Q4=Q=720 C
V1, V2, V3 = ?
6
C1, C2 and C3 are series, Q 720 10
Vp = 60 V
1 1 1 1 C 12 106
= + +
C C1 C2 C3 V1=V2=V3=Vp=60 V
Q1 = C1 Vp =2 60 = 120 C
1 1 1 15
= + + =
3 10 15 30 Q2 = C2 Vp =3 60 = 180 C
30
C= =2 F Q3 = C3 V3 =7 60 = 420 C
15
V = 100 V
Q 4 720 10 6
Q = CV = 2 100 = 200 V V4
C4 4 10 6
Q1 = Q2 = Q3 = Q = 200 V
V4 = 180 V
Q1 = C1V1
Ex.22 C1 = 4 F, C2 = 12 F
C3 = 8 F Cp = C1 + C2 + C3 = 10 + 10 + 10
C1 and C2 are parallel, = 30 F
Cp = C1 + C2 C4 and C5 are series,
= 4 + 12 1 1 1 1 1 2
= + = + =
Cp = 16 F Cs C4 C5 10 10 10
Cp and C3 are series, 10
Cs = 5 F
1 1 1 2
= +
C Cp C3 Cp and Cs are parallel,
C = Cp + Cs = 30 + 5=35 F
1 1 3
= + =
16 8 16 Five 10 F capacitor should be
16 connected to get 35 F.
C= = 5.33 F
3
V = 200 V
Q = CV= 5.33 200= 1066 C
Qp = Q3 = Q = 1066 C
OQ.10 Six 5 F capacitor should be
Qp = Cp Vp
connected to get 11.25 F.
Qp 1066
Vp = = = 66.625 V
Cp 16
V1 = V2 = Vp = 66.625 V
Q3 = C3V3
Q 3 1066 Ex.20 C1 = 3 F, C2 = 10 F
V3 = = = 133.33 V
C3 8
(a) C3 = 15 F
Q1 = C1V1 = 4 66.625
C1, C2 and C3 are series,
= 266.5 C
1 1 1 1
Q2 = C2V2 = 12 66.625 = + +
C C1 C2 C3
Q2 = 799.5 C
1 1 1 15
OQ.9 Q1=120C, Q2=600C,Q3=720C = + + =
3 10 15 30
V1=V2=120V, V3=120V C=2 F
Ex.19 C1 = C2 = C3 = C4 = C5 =10 F
(b) C2 and C3 are series,
C1, C2 and C3 are parallel,
1 1 1 series and 20F in parallel)
= +
Cs C2 C3 PP.1 C=60F
1 1 5 PP.2 Cab=1F, Cab=1F

= + =
10 15 30 PP.3 11 times the capacitances will become
Cs = 6 F PP.4 C=12.25 F ( Hint. CsCp)
Cs and C1 are parallel, PP.5 V1=V2=V3=60V
C = Cs + C1 = 6 + 3 Q1=180C, Q2=240C, Q3=300C
=9 F PP.6 Five 7 F capacitor should be
(c) C1 and C3 are series, connected to get 16.33 F.
1 1 1
= +
Cs C1 C3
1 1 6
= + =
3 15 15
15 GCE
Cs = Since V 1 and W 1 , 10pF is
6 C C
Cs = 2.5 F lower voltage and 5pF is more
Cs and C2 are paralle, energy.
C = Cs + C2 = 2.5 + 10
C= 12.5 F
OQ.11 To obtain 6F, (4F and 8F in

parallel and 12F in series),
To obtain 11F, (4F and 12F in
series and 8F in parallel)
OQ.12 To obtain 3F, all in series,

OQ.13 To obtain 4F, all in series,
CHAPTER X
Eg.1 Q = 6 C, t = 2s, I = ? Ex.4 I = 15 A, V = 120 V, R= ?
(a) I = Q = 6 =3A V= IR
t 2
R = V = 120 = 8
Eg.1 n = ?, t= 1s I 15
(b) I = ne The correct answer is (b).
t Eg.3 = 100 cm = 100 10-2 = 1m
It 31 A =1cm 1cm=1cm2=110-4 m
n = =
e 1.6 10-19
R=?
n = 1.875 1019 electrons
-8
OQ.1 I=3A, Q=6C R = 1.6 10-4 1

A 10
Ex.3 I = 4A, R= 20 R = 1.6 10-4
(a) t = 5 min = 560 = 300 s
OQ.2 =1m
(a) Q = ?
Eg.4 = 100 m, d = 2 mm=210-3 m
I = Q
t d 2 10-3
r = = = 10-3 m
Q = It = 4 300= 1200 C 2 2
(b) n =? = 4.8 10-8m
Q = ne A = r2 = 3.14 10-6 m2
Q 1200 R =?
n = =
e 1.6 10-19 4.810-8 100
19 R =
n = 750 10 electrons A 3.1410-6
Eg.2 I = 2 A, V= 12 V R = 1.529
V = IR OQ.3 R=4.8, V=14.4V
V 12 = 2m, R = 0.5 , d = ?
R= = =6 Ex.12
I 2
A = r2
V =3V (a)

V = IR R = 2
A r
V 3
I = = = 1 = 0.5 A 1.62 108 2
R 6 2 r2 =
R 0.5 3.14
The current drop =2- 0.5=1.5 A
r = 1.437 10-4 m
d = 2r = 2 1.437 10-4 same as before.
-4
d = 2.873 10 m Ex.7 The correct answer is (c).
Ex.12 R =2
Since R , to obtain minimum
3
V=100 cm =10010 m -6 3 A
(b)
V= 110-4 m3 resistance, must be minimum and
= 1.7 10-8, d =? A must be maximum.
V Ex.10 R1 = 10 , 2= 21
V = A , =
A Since density of wire do not change,
A = r2 V1 = V2
V All = A22
R = 2 (V A )
A A All = A2(21)
V A1
R = A2 =
2r 4 2
V 1.7 10-8 10-4 2
r4 = = R2
2R 3.14 3.14 2 A2
r = 0.5419 10-3 m 2 1
-3 R2 4 1 4R1
d = 2r = 2 0.5419 10 1 A1
A1
d= 1.0838 10-3 m 2
OQ.4 r=0.535210-3 m R2 = 410 = 40

OQ.5 c=2i
Ex.5 1
2=21, d 2 1 d1 , r2 r1 , Ex.8 1 = 1.72 10-8m
2 2
2 = 1.62 10-8m
1 2 1
A 2 r22 r1 A1 1 = 2
4 4
If the current through the wires are

For original resistance, R1 the same,
A1
R1 = R2
2 No Log
For new resistance, R 2 1 2 1.72 0.2355
A2 1.62 -
A1 A2
0.2095
(21 ) A1 1
0.0260
R2 8 R1 = 2
1
A1 A 2 2 0.0130
4
1.030
The resistance of wire will not the
r12 1.72 10-8 OQ.6 R1=0.275, R2=0.01718
=
r22 1.62 10-8 OQ.7 R1=4.125, R2=1.031
OQ.8 R=0.3125
2
r1 1.72 Eg.5 R0 = 10 , Rt = 100

r2 1.62 = 0.0036 C-1= 3610-4 C-1
r1 t =?
= 1.03
r2 Rt = R0 (1 + t)
Ex.9 = 100 m, = 1.62 10-8m Rt
=1+t
R0
r = 1 mm = 110-3 m, R= ?
(a)
A = r2 = 3.14 10-6 m2 Rt
-1= t
R0
1.6210-8 100
R =

A 3.1410-6 t= 1 R t -1 = 1 100 -1
R = 0.5159 R 0 0.0036 10
Ex.9 r2 = 2r1 1
t= 9 = 2500 C
36 10-4
A2 = r22 = 4 r12 = 4A1
(b) Ex.11 R100 5
= , =?
wire has the same mass, R150 7
V1 = V2
Rt = R0 (1+t)
All = A22
R 0 1+100 6
All = 4 A12 =
R 0 1+150 7
1
2 = 6 + 900 = 7 + 700
4
200 = 1
1
For first wire, R1
A1
= 1 = 0.5 10-2 C-1
2 200
For second wire, R 2
A2 OQ.9 R150=5.918
PP1. 0.9998
1
1
R2 4 Eg.6 R1 = R2 = R3 = 6
4A1 16A1
(a) R1, R2 and R3 are series,
R 0.5159
R2 = 1=
16 16 R= R1 + R2 + R3=6+ 6+6=18
R2 = 0.0322 Eg.6 R1, R2 and R3 are parallel

(b)
1 = 1 1 1 = 1 1 1 Rs = R1 + R2= 1 + 1 = 2
+ + + +
R R1 R 2 R 3 6 6 6 Rs and R3 are parallel,
R=2 1 1 1 = 1 1= 3
= + +
Eg.6 R1 and R2 are parallel, Rp Rs R3 2 1 2
(c) 1 1 1 = 1 1 2
= + + Rp = = 0.67
R p R1 R 2 6 6 3
RP = 3 (iv) R1 and R2 are parallel,
RP and R3 are series, 1 1 1 = 1 1 = 2
= + +
R = RP + R3 = 3 + 6 = 9 Rp R1 R2 1 1 1
OQ.10 R=13 Rp = 1/2=0.5

OQ.11 R=7 Rp and R3 are series,
Ex.13 To obtain 20 R = Rp + R3
(a) R= 0.5 + 1= 1.5
10 5 5
OQ.12 R1=0.5 , R2=1 , R3=1.5
To obtain 12.5 , To obtain maximum resistance,
5 R1,R2andR3are in series,
10
Rmax=R1+R2+R3
Rmax=0.5+1+1.5=3
5
To obtain maximum resistance,
Ex.13 R1 = R2 = R3 = 1 R1,R2andR3are in parallel,
(b) (i) R1, R2 and R3 are series, 1 1 1 1

R = R1 + R2 + R3 =1+1+1=3 R min R 1 R 2 R 3
(ii) R1, R2 and R3 are parallel, 1 1 1 1 11

1 1 1 1 R min 0.5 1 1.5 3
= + +
R R1 R2 R3 3
R min 0.2727
11
1 1 1 3
= + + =
1 1 1 1 Ex.13 R1 and R2 are connected in parallel.
1 (c) They have the same potential

R 0.33 difference.
3
(iii) R1 and R2 are series, 1
I .
R
Therefore, the resistor with less Rs=Rp+4=4+4=8
resistance will draw greater current. 3 and 5 are in series.
Ex.21 R1 = 6 , R2 = 12 Rs=3+5=8
R1 and R2 are parallel, Rs and Rs are in parallel.
1 1 1 = 1 1 = 3 1 1 1 1 1 1
= + +
6 12 12

R R1 R2 R R s R s 8 8 4
R=4 R=4
The correct answer is (d). For Figure 2
PP R=15
For Figure 3
R=2.5
OQ.16 I=1.5 A
Eg.7 I= E
OQ.13 When resistors are in parallel; R+r
Rp=2 E = I (R + r) = 0.6 (2 + r)
When resistors are in series; E = 1.2 + 0.6 r --------- (1)
Rs = 50 , n = ? E = I (R + r) = 0.2 (7 + r)
R E = 1.4 + 0.2 r ---------- (2)

Rp = , Rs = nR
n From eq (1) and (2),
Rs nR 1.2 + 0.6 r = 1.4 + 0.2 r

= = n2
R p R/n 0.6 r 0.2 r = 1.4 1.2
0.4 r = 0.2
50
n2 = = 25
2
2 r = 0.2 =
0.4 4
n =5
r = 0.5
OQ.14 R2=3, R1=6
r = 0.5 in eq (1)
OQ.15 For Figure 1
E = 1.2 + 0.6 r
6 and 12 are in parallel.
= 1.2 + 0.6 (0.5) = 1.2 + 0.3
1 1 1 1
E = 1.5 V
R p 6 12 4
Ex.14 E = 1.5 V, r = 1 , R1= 2 ,
Rp=4
R2= 3
Rp and 4 are in series.
I = ? , V 1, V 2 = ? V3 = IR3 = 3V
R1 and R2 are series, Eg.9 E = 6 V, r = r2 = 2 , R = 1
R = R1 + R2 = 2 + 3 = 5 (a) in series aiding,
E = 1.5 = 1.5 = 0.25 A E = E1 + E2 = 6 + 6
I=
R+r 5 1 6 E = 12 V
I1 = I2 = I = 0.25 A r = r1 + r2 = 2 + 2 = 4
V1 = I1R1 = 0.25 2 = 0.5 V E 12 12
I =2.4 A
V2 = I2R2= 0.25 3 = 0.75 V R r 1 4 5
OQ.17 Rs=8, Rp=2 in series opposing,
Is=0.67A, Ip=2A E=E1-E2=6-6=0
PP.3 V1=V2= 4V I= E = 0 =0
I1=0.67A, I2=0.33A R + r 1 4
Eg.8 I1, I2, I3 = ?, V3 = ?

Eg.9 in parallel, E = E1 = E2
R1 and R2 are parallel,
(b) r = r1 = r2 = 2
1 1 1 = 1 1 = 3 2
= + E = 6 = 6=2A
R P R1 R 2 4 6 12 I=
R + r 1 2 3
RP = 12 = 2.4 Ex.15 E = 6V, r = 0.5 , I = 1 A,R = 22
5
total E = nE = 6n V
RP and R3 are series,
total r = nr = 0.5 n
R = RP + R3 = 2.4 + 1= 3.4
I= E
E = 12 V
R+r
E = 12 6n
I= = 12 = 3 A 1=
R+r 3.4 + 0.6 4 22 + 0.5n
6n = 22 + 0.5 n
IP = I3 = I = 3 A
5.5 n = 22
VP = IP RP = 3 2.4 = 7.2 V
n = 22 = 220 = 4
VP = V1 = V2 = 7.2 V 5.5 55
V1 = I1R1 The required batteries are 4.
V
I1 = 1 = 7.2 = 1.8 A Ex.18 E = 12 V, I = 3A, r = 0
R1 4
E
I=
I2 = V2 = 7.2 = 1.2 A R+r
R2 6
R 10 + 4r1 = 12
4 r1 = 2
3 = 12 I
R
r1 = 2 = 0.5
4
E, r
R=4 When battery are connected in
When battery are connected in parallel,
series,
r1 = r2 = 0.5 , R
I = 3A, E2 = 6V, r2 = ?
I = 1.5 E1,r1
E = E1 + E2 = 12 + 6 = 18 V I
E
R
I
r
R
2 E2, r2
I
1.5 = 6
R+0.25
E1,r1 E2, r2
6 = 1.5 R + 0.375
E
I 1.5 R = 6 0.375
Rr
1.5 R = 5.625
18
3
4 r2 R=
5.625
= 3.75
1.5
12 + 3r2 = 18
Ex.16 I = 0.1 A, V = 3.5 V
r2 = 2
Ex.19 E1 = E2 = 6V, R = 5 , I = 2 A, 0.1 A
A R1
r1 = r2 3.5 V
V = IR
When battery are connected in
R = 3.5 = 35
series, R
0.1
0.2 A
A R1
I R2
E1,r1 E2, r2 3.15 V

I = 0.2 A
Vp = V1 = V2 = 3.15 V
E E2
I 1 V1 = I1 R1
R r1 r2
I1 = V1 = 3.15 = 0.09 A
12 R1 35
2
5 2r1
I = I1 + I2
I2 = I I1 = 0.2 0.09 = 0.11 A (ii) The current do not pass through R1.
V2 I 2 R 2 E 1
I= = 2 = = 0.5A
V2 3.15 R+r 4 2
R2 28.64
I 2 0.11 The reading of ammeter A is 0.5 A.
Ex.20 R1 = 4, R2= 4, E= 2V, r = 0
Ex.17 E = 20 V, R1 = 3 , R2= 2 ,
(iii) R1 and R2 are parallel,
(a) R3= 2 , r = 0
1 1 1 = 1 1
The switch is open, = +
R P R1 R 2 4 4
R1 and R3 are series,
1 2
R = R1 + R3 = 3+2 = 5 =
RP 4
E 20
I = = =4A RP = 2
R+r 5
I= E = 2 = 1A
The reading of ammeter is 4A. R+r 2
Ex.17 The switch is closed, The reading of ammeter A is 1 A.
(b) R2 and R3 are parallel, Ex.25 I2 = 1 A, I3 = 3 A , I4 = 2 A
1 1 1 = 11 = 2 I1 = I2 + I3 = 1 + 3 = 4 A
= +
RP R2 R3 2 2 2 The reading of ammeter A1 is 4A
RP = 1 I5 = I2 + I3 + I4 = 1 + 3 + 2 = 6 A
RP and R1 are series, The reading of ammeter A5 is 6 A.
R = RP + R1 = 1+3 = 4 Ex.26 I = I1 = I2 = 5 A , R1 = 2 ,
I= E = 20 = 5 A R2 = 0.5
R+r 4
V1 = I1 R1 = 52 = 10 V
The reading of ammeter A is 5A.
The reading of voltmeter V1 is
Ex.20 R1 = 4, R2= 4, E= 2 V, r = 0 10 V.
(i) R1 and R2 are series, V2 = I2 R2 = 50.5 = 2.5 V
R = R1 + R2 = 4 + 4 = 8 The reading of voltmeter V2 is
E 2 2.5 V.
I= = = 0.25A
R+r 8 OQ.18 (i) to give the minimum current, they
The reading of ammeter A is 0.25 are in series opposing.
A. E1 E 2
I 0
Ex.20 R1 = 4 , R2= 4, E= 2V, r= 0 R r1 r2
(ii) To give maximum, they are in The reading of ammeter A is 2A.
parallel. Ex.24 I = 3A, I2 = 1A
I = I2 + I3
E
I 3A I3 = I - I2 = 3-1 = 2A
r
R The reading of ammeter A3 is 2A.
2
I = I4 = 3A
(iii) Yes. Two batteries are The reading of ammeter A4 is 3A.
connected in series aiding to give
1
Since, I
I=2.4 A. R
E1 E 2 R2 has the greater resistance.
I 2.4A
R r1 r2 Ex.23 1
Since I , the current is inversely
OQ.19 I=0.3871 A R
Ex.27 I1 = 3 A, R = 4 , I3 = 4 A proportional to the resistance.
V2 = 6 V If R1 is increased, A1 reading will
V1 = I1 R = 34 = 12 V decrease and A2 reading will also
The reading of voltmeter V1 is 12V decrease.
I3 = I1 + I2 If R2 is increased, A2 reading will
I2 = I3 I1= 4 3 = 1 A decrease.
The reading of ammeter A2 is 1 A. If R3 is increased, A3 reading will
V1 = I2 R1 decreased and more current will

flow through R2 and hence A2
R1 = V1 = 12 = 12
I2 1 reading will increase.
V = I3 R2 The value of R3 must be increased
6 in order to increase the reading of
R2 = V2 = = 1.5
I3 4 ammeter A2.
Ex.22 I = 3A
Resistor have the same resistance,
I1 = I2 = I3
I = I1 + I2 + I3
I1 = I2 = I3 = 1A
I4 = I1 + I2= 1 + 1 = 2A
CHAPTER XI
Eg.1 I = 2A, R = 50 , W = 1 kWh
1 unit of electricity = 1 kWh
t = 30 min = 30 = 1 h , W = ?
60 2 Meter reading increases 1 unit.
1 Payment = 101 = 10 kyats
W = I2 Rt = 450
2
W = 100 Wh OQ.4 2kWh
W = 100103 kWh Eg.6 V = 240V, I max= 3A
OQ.1 R=0.7638, P=0.7638W Pmax = V Imax = 240 3= 720 W
OQ.2 3 units Ex.13 Imax = 5 A, V = 230 V, Pmax = ?

Pmax = VI= 2305= 1150 W
Eg.2 R = 60 , V = 240 V Ex.14 Imax = 5A, V = 230 V
(a) 45 3
t = 45 min = h, W = ? Pmax = VImax= 2305 = 1150 W
60 4
Pused = 2060 = 1200 W
W = V t = 240 240 3
2
Pused> Pmax.
R 60 4
No, twenty 60 W electric lamps
W = 720 Wh
which cannot be used as the same
W = 720103 kWh
time.
Eg.2 1 unit of electricity = 1 kWh OQ.5 P=1200W, No
(b) cost of using it = 25720103 OQ.6 No
= 18000103= 18 kyats
Ex.15 Imax = 10 A, V = 230 V
OQ.3 I=0.4545A Pmax = VImax= 23010 = 2300 W
R=484 Pused = 10100 + 20150
W=0.4 kWh = 1000 + 300 = 1300 W
Eg.4 P = 1200 W, Pleft = Pmax Pused = 2300 1300
50 5 = 1000 W
t = 50 min = = h
60 6
The maximum number of 60 W
5 electric lamps
W = Pt = 1200 = 1000 Wh
6
= 1000 = 16.67 = 16 lamps
W = 1000103 kWh 60
Ex.16 Pused = 10100 + 2150 +6016 V = 1.58 = 0.11 A
I3
= 1000+300+960= 2260 W R3 15
t = 10 h P = 60W, V = 240 V
Eg.3
W = Pt = 226010
(a) P = VI
W = 22600 Wh = 22.6 kWh
P 60
I= = = 0.25 A
1 unit of electricity = 1 kWh V 240
cost of using 22.6 kWh Eg.3 P = I2 R
= 1022.6 (b) P 60
R 2
=226 kyats I (0.25) 2
OQ.7 10 lamps, 738.5 kyats R= 960

OQ.8 Yes, 340 kyats Eg.3 I = Q , t=1 min=60 s
t
(c)
OQ.9 Vmax=1.581 V Q = It = 0.25 60 = 15 C
Eg.5 5 Eg.3 I=0.25 A, R= 960
I1 10 (d) t=1 min= 60 s
I2
I3 15 I 2 Rt (0.25) 2 960 60
H= =
J 4.2
V H = 857.14 cal
In parallel, the potential difference
OQ.10 I=0.2A, R=1000
across each resistors are the same.
2
Since P = V , the 5 resistor W=0.667 kWh
R
OQ.11 I=0.5 A , R=480
must be used to find the maximum
potential difference. Q=60C
Ex.5 I=3A, V=240V, t=1 min=60 s,
0.5 = V2
5 J=4.2 J cal-1, H=?
V I t 240 3 60
V = 1.58 V H 10290 cal
J 4.2
V = 1.58 H=10.29 kcal
I1 = 0.32 A
R1 5
OQ.12 P=1150W, H=985.7kcal
V 1.58 Ex.7 P=1200 W, V=240 V, R=?

I2 = = 0.16 A
R2 10 (a)
V2 =3.6 kyats
P
R OQ.14 H=2.829105cal, W=0.33kWh
V 2 240 240
R 48 Ex.8
P 1200 E=6V, r=1, R=2, I=?
(b) I=?, E 6 6
I 2A
R r 2 1 3
P= VI
t=1s, J=4.2 Jcal-1, H=?
P 1200
I 5V
V 240 I 2 R t 2 2 2 1
H 1.904 cal
(c) t=1 s, J= 4.2 Jcal-1, H=? J 4.2
V I t 240 5 1 Ex.10 E1=12 V, r1=1 , E2=6 V,

H 285.8 cal
J 4.2 r2=0.5 , E3= 6 V, r3=0.5
(d) V=200 V, P=? R=10 ,
t=10 min=1060=600 s,
V 2 200 200
P 833.33 W J= 4.2 Jcal-1, H=?
R 48
E=E1+E2+E3=12+6+6=24 V
V I P=VI R=r1+r2+r3=1+0.5+0.5
E 24 24
I 2A
R r 10 2 12
OQ.13 R=48, costs=30 kyats
I 2 Rt
H 5715cal
Q=18000C, H=10.28105 cal J
OQ.15 H=1142.86cal
Ex.12 V=240 V, I=6 A,
OQ.16 H=964.29cal
t=15 min= 1560=900s, H=?
Ex.9 E=12 V, r=1 , R1= 2 ,
V I t 240 3 900
H 308600 cal R2= 3, R3=6, I=?
J 4.2
1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1
15 1
t=15 min= h , W=? R p R1 R 2 3 6 6 2
60 4
Rp=2
W=VIt=2406 1 =360 Wh
4 R=Rp+R1=2+2= 4
W= 0.36 kWh E 12 12
I 2.4 A
1 unit of electricity=1 kWh R r 4 1 5
The cost of using it=100.36 I=Ip=I1=2.4 A
Vp=Ip Rp=2.42=4.8 V battery,
V1=V2=Vp=4.8 V H I 2 r 32 2
4.285 cals 1
V2=I2R2 t J 4.2
OQ.17 H/t=8.229 cals-1
V2 4.8
I2 1.6 A PP
R2 3 2 3
V3 = I3R3
E,r
V3 4.8
I3 0.8 A R1=2, R2=3, V=12 V
R3 6
R=R1+R2=2+3=5
I2R t
H E 12 12
J I 2.4 A
R r 50 5
Rate of production of heat by R1,
I1=I2=I=2.4 A
H I 2 R 1 2.4 2 2
2.743 cals 1 I12 R1 t I2 R2 t
2
t J 4.2 H 2 , H 3
J J
Rate of production of heat by R2,
H 2 I12 R1 t J 2
2 1.5
H I 2 R 2 1.6 2 3 H 3 J I2 R2 t 3
1.829 cals 1
t J 4.2
Rate of production of heat by R3, PP 2
3
H I 2 R 3 0.82 6
0.914 cals 1
t J 4.2
E,r
Ex.11 E=12 V, r=2, R1=1 , R2=1,
R1 and R2 are in parallel,
R3=1.5 , I=?
V1=V2=V=12 V
1 1 1 1 1
V12 t
R p R1 R 2 1 1 H 2 ,
R 1J
Rp= 0.5
V22 t
R=Rp+R3= 0.5+ 1.5=2 H 3
R 2J
E 12 12
I 3A H2 V12 t R 2 J 3
R r 22 4
H3 R1J V22 t 2
I2R t
H
J H 2
1.5
Rate of production of heat by H 3
Ex.6 R1=2, R2=3, V=12 V H2 V12 t R 2 J 3
3
2
H3 R1J V22 t 2
H 2
E,r 1.5
H 3
R=R1+R2=2+3=5 H2 I1s2 R1 t J
2 0.16
E 12 12
H 2 J I1p R1 t
I 2.4 A
R r 50 5
H3 I2s2
R1 t J
I1=I2=I=2.4 A 2 0.36
H3 J I 2p R1 t
I12 R1 t I2 R2 t
2
H 2 , H 3
J J
H 2 I12 R1 t J 2
2
H 3 J I2 R2 t 3
H 2
0.67
H 3 2
E,r
R1 and R2 are in parallel,

V1=V2=V=12 V
V12 t
H 2 ,
R 1J
V22 t
H 3
R 2J
CHAPTER XII
Eg.1 (a) RG = 2 5 10 3
r 20
i = 1 mA = 1.0 10-3 A 1000 10 3 5 10 3
I = 10 A
100 10 3
i r 0.1005
r RG 995 10 3
I-i
To obtain the ammeter reading up
1.0 103
2 to 1A, 0.1005 must be connected
10 1.0 103
in parallel to the galvanometer.
= 2.0 10-4
V
To obtain the ammeter reading up (b) R RG
to 10 A, 2.0 10-4 resistor i
must be connected in parallel with 100

R 20
the galvanometer. 5 10 3
(b) R
V
RG R 20 103 20 19980
i
To obtain the voltmeter reading up
50 2
1.0 10 3 to 100V, 19980 resistor must be
connected in series with the
= 49 998
galvanometer.
= 50 k
To obtain the voltmeter reading Ex.11 (a) RG = 25
up to 50V, 50 k resistor must be i = 0.02 A, I = 5 A
connected in series with the i
r RG
galvanometer. I-i
Ex.10 (a) RG = 20 0.02
i = 5 mA = 5 10 A -3 r 20
(5 0.02)
I =1A
0.02
r 25 0.1004
i 4.98
r RG
I-i
To obtain the ammeter reading up
3
5 10 to 5A, 0.1004 resistor must be
r 20
1 5 10 3 connected in parallel with the
galvanometer. 1.5r=35
r=23.33
V
(b) R R G Potential difference across the first
i
resistor
150
R 25 V=5r=523.33=116.65
0.02
R=7500-25=7475 Ex.13 RV=20000 V=2104 ,

RV R
I
To obtain the voltmeter reading up V
5V 115 V
to 150V, 7475 resistor must be V1 V2
connected in series with the 120 V
galvanometer. V1=5 V, V2=115 V
GCE i=0.196 A For the Voltmeter,

Ex.12 Let the resistance of ammeter = r
V1=IRV
I=5 A
V1 5
R I 2.5 10 4 A
r R V 2 10 4
A For the resistor,
I=5 A
V2=IR
V=Ir
V2 115
R 46 104 V
V=5r -----------(1) I 2.5 104
PP.1 r=23.33
10
R=78
PP.2 V=105 V
V=I(R+r)
R2= 70
V=3.5 (10+r) --------(2)
From equation (1) and (2) PP.3 Reading of voltmeter is 5V.
5 r=3.5 (10+r)
5r=35+3.5r
Basic Units
Quantity (symbol) Name of Unit Unit Symbol

Length () metre m
Mass (m) kilogram kg
Time (t) second s
Temperature (T) kelvin K
Current (I) ampere A
Derived Units
Quantity (symbol) Formula Unit Name of SI Vector/

Symbol Unit Scalar
Velocity(v) s ms-1 metre per vector
v
t second
Acceleration(a) v ms-2 metre per vector

a second squared
t
Force (F) F=ma N newton vector
(kg ms-2)
Upward thrust (F) F=gV N newton vector
Weight (w) w=mg N newton vector
Work done W=FS J joule scalar
Energy (E) E=mc2 =mgh J joule scalar
(kg m2s-2)
Power (p) W Js-1 joule per second scalar
p W watt
t
Total emissive H Wm-2 watt per metre scalar
power () squared
A
Thermal H Wm-1K-1 watt per metre scalar

conductivity () A T per kelvin
Heat convection H Wm-2K-1 watt per metre scalar
q
constant (q) A(T2 T1 ) squared per
kelvin
emissitivy (e) - - scalar
e
0
Stephan constant() Wm-2K-4 watt per metre scalar
04
T squared per
kelvin fourth
Pressure(p) F Pa (Nm-2) pascal scalar
p
A
Electric charge(Q) Q=It (A.s) C coulomb scalar
Electric force Q1Q2 N newton vector
FK
r2
Electric Field E=F/q NC-1 newton per vector
intensity coulomb
Electric potential V=KQ/r V volt scalar
Electric potential V=Ed V volt scalar
difference
Electric Field E=V/d Vm-1 volt per metre vector
intensity
Electric capacitance Q F farad scalar
(C) C
V
-1
(CV )
Resistance (R) V=IR ohm scalar
(VA-1)
Temperature Rt R0 C-1 per C (CGS) scalar

coefficient of R0t K-1 per K (SI)
resistance ()
Area of square (A) A=b m2 square metre scalar
Area of circle(A) A=r2 m2 square metre scalar
Volume (V) V=bh m3 cubic metre scalar
Density() m kg m-3 kilogram per scalar

cubic metre
V
Frequency(f) 1 Hz hertz scalar
f (s-1)
T
Wavelength() - m metre scalar
Intensity(I) - Wm-2 watt per metre scalar
squared
Surface charge Q Cm-2 coulomb per scalar

density () A metre squared

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Revision Book (Final)

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CHAPTER (1) WORK DONE AND POWER

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1. The total energy of the universe is ----------. It is also known as law of

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1. The liquid pressure is directly proportional to the height of the liquid

6. Why is mercury used in a barometer rather than water?

8. At sea level, what is the approximately value of atmosphere pressure ( a) in Pa (b) in mm Hg

9. Explain why the thickness of the dam increases downwards.

13. Why are you able to withstand atmospheric pressure?

15. Where are hydraulic brakes and hydraulic press used?

18. Why is it easier to float in the sea than in a swimming pool?

19. Why is the weight of body lost when it is immersed in a liquid?

22. What factors does the pressure in a liquid depend?

26. For what purpose the barometer is used?

27. What instrument do you use to measure the pressure?

30. Which liquid must be filled in manometer?

Fill in the Blank

1. The SI unit of heat is ----------.

2. The unit of heat is joule or ----------.

1. Thermal conductivity of metals are high ( or good thermal

CONCEPTUAL QUESTIONS FROM TEXT AND OLD QUESTIONS

7. Which of the heat transfer processed are involved in vacuum flask?

14. Name the three methods of heat transfer.

18. Why is body tissue either a good insulator or a poor conductor?

19. What is meant by heat convection? Give three illustrative examples.

20. Write three differences between radiation and conduction.

21. What is the difference between radiation and convection?

22. How are weather conditions created by heat convection process?

25. How is heat energy transferred from one place to another?

29. Define heat conduction. Give one example and explain.

31. What is the best absorber? Is this called a black body?

1. Progressive wave 8. Oscillation 15. Fundamental (OR)

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1. The points of zero displacement in stationary wave are called ---------.

6. Only odd harmonics are present in ---------- organ pipes.

CONCEPTUAL QUESTIONS FROM TEXT AND OLD QUESTIONS

5. What is the difference between a progressive wave and a stationary wave?

7. Sketch a graph showing the relation f - T.

11. Describe how stationary waves can be produced.

16. On what factors does the frequency of a vibrating string depend?

1. Light 10. Law of refraction 19. Spectrum

Fill in the Blank

1. Light is a form of ----------.

1. The different colors of light have different wavelengths.

CONCEPTUAL QUESTIONS FROM TEXT AND OLD QUESTIONS

24. Sketch a neat diagram for optical fibres.

Fill in the blanks.

5. The lens formula is given as----------.

5. A virtual image smaller than the object is formed by a concave lens.

CONCEPTUAL QUESTIONS FROM TEXT AND OLD QUESTIONS

1. Nature of charges (OR) 5. Electric field 9. Resultant electric field

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10. A small ----------charge will move from a point of higher electric

9. The electric potential due to a point charge at infinity is zero.

1. Capacitor 4. Dielectric constant 7. Surface charge density

Fill in the blanks.

CONCEPTUAL QUESTIONS FROM TEXT AND OLD QUESTIONS

1. When an insulating material is insertedbetween the conductors of a capacitor in a vacuum (or

1. What is electric current 8.

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1. The ---------- of current is used in electric bell.

CONCEPTUAL QUESTIONS FROM TEXT AND OLD QUESTIONS

1. Which is more fundamental, the resistance or the resistivity ? Explain.