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a. Can only be done for heat treatable steel having carbon percentage more than
0.3%, Graphite and alloy cast iron
b. Best results are obtained for Steel having Carbon Percentage 0.35%-
0.60%
c. Tools and machine parts are hardened.
d. Procedure
i. Steel is heated 30C to 50C above A3 line
ii. Steel is held Temperature from 15 to 30 mins per 25mm of cross-
section
iii. Cooled Rapidly or Quenched in suitable medium
18. Adding Alloying elements increases the hardening depth this is because it slows
down the transformation rate.
19. Hardness : Auestenite < Pearlite < Martensite
20. Specific Heat : The heat required to raise the temperature by one degree per unit
weight
21. Quenching :
a. Quenching medium must provide for cooling rate above the critical value to
prevent austenite decomposition into Pearlite
b. Water is used for Plain Carbon Steel. Oil for Alloy Steel
22. Tempering : [imp] :
a. Tempering id one after Quench Hardening process. Because QH produces
Maternsite and retain Austenite. Both cause the steel to be brittle and highly
stressed
23. Tempering Procedure :
a. Heat the hardened steel below lower critical temperature
b. Heat it for 3-5 mins for each mm thickness or diameter
c. Cooling the steel either rapidly or slowly depending upon the steel is
susceptible to Temper Brittleness
24. Temper Brittleness :
a. The notch impact inter granular brittleness
b. Some steel by slow cooling above about 600C
c. In tough material between 400C to 550C
25. Tempering Stages :
When fresh Martensite is heated below the lower critical temperature it
becomes softer and more ductile and internal stresses are relieved
-x-
Testing of Materials