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454
HEIGHT OF SPANISH POWER UNDER PHILIP II, c. 1560
20W 50 10W
N
North Sea
ENGLAND
London 1566
Spanish Hapsburg
0 lands (under Philip II,
SPANISH
NETHERLANDS King of Spain), 1560
Boundary of the
Paris Holy Roman Empire
N Spanish victory
0 400 kilometers
over Turks
W
0 400 miles
Calvinist revolt
Lambert Azimuthal Equal-Area projection E
S FRA N CE
40
N
L
GA
ATLANTIC
U
Madrid
RT
S PA IN Rome
EMPI RE
Sardinia
NAPLES
Med
ite Lepanto 1571
rr Sicily
an
an
e
1. Location What difficulties must Philip II have encoun-
Se
tered administering an empire of this size? a
2. Regions Why was it important for Philip II to maintain
a good relationship with the Holy Roman Emperor?
Netherlands. Philip also tried to crush Protestant nations of Europe and laid the
Calvinism in the Netherlands. Violence foundations for a world empire.
erupted in 1566. Philip sent ten thousand Intelligent, careful, and self-confident,
troops to crush the rebellion. Elizabeth moved quickly to solve the diffi-
Philip faced growing resistance from the cult religious problem she inherited from
Dutch in the northern provinces led by her Catholic half-sister, Queen Mary Tudor.
William the Silent, the prince of Orange. Elizabeth repealed the laws favoring
The struggle dragged on until 1609 when a Catholics. A new Act of Supremacy named
12-year truce finally ended the war. The Elizabeth as the only supreme governor
northern provinces began to call them- of both church and state. The Church of
selves the United Provinces of the England under Queen Elizabeth followed
Netherlands and became the core of the a moderate Protestantism that kept most
modern Dutch state. In fact, the seven- people satisfied.
teenth century has often been called the Elizabeth was also moderate in her for-
golden age of the Dutch Republic because eign policy. She tried to keep Spain and
the United Provinces held center stage as France from becoming too powerful by
one of Europes great powers. balancing power. If one nation seemed to
be gaining in power, England would sup-
Protestantism in England port the weaker nation. The queen feared
Elizabeth Tudor ascended the English that war would be disastrous for England
throne in 1558. During her reign, the small and for her own rule; however, she could
island kingdom became the leader of the not escape a conflict with Spain.
DEFEAT OF THE
SPANISH ARMADA
In the mid-1500s, the English supported the
Protestant side in religious wars between Protestants ROUTE OF THE SPANISH FLEET, 1588
and Catholics within France and the Netherlands.
Resenting this, Philip II of Spain decided to invade 10W 60N 0
10E
England to overthrow Protestantism and establish
Catholic rule there.
The English fleet had clear superiority in gunnery
and naval tactics. It dealt the Spanish Armada a SCOTLAND
terrible blow in the English Channel. The Spanish
retreated on a northward route around Scotland with- North
out charts or a pilot. There the fleet was battered by Sea
storms. Half of the Spanish fleet and three-quarters
IRELAND
of the men were lost. After defeating the Spanish N
Armada, England remained Protestant and began to ENGLAND
create a world empire. London W E
The defeat of the Spanish Armada: Isle of Wight
50N Gravelines S
Plymouth Calais
Guaranteed that England would Chann
el
lish
remain a Protestant country Eng 0 200 kilometers
0 200 miles
Signaled a gradual shift in power Lambert Azimuthal Equal-Area
from Spain to England and France projection
ATLANTIC FRANCE
OCEAN Bay of
Biscay
1. Location Use the map to
estimate the distance cov- La Corua
Santander
ered by the Spanish retreat.
2. Region Why was the defeat
AL
40N
RTU
to invade.
ed
M
457
Social Crises, War, and Revolution
Severe economic and social crises plagued Europe in the
GUIDE TO READING sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. The Holy Roman Empire
was devastated, and France emerged as the dominant nation
The BIG Idea
Order and Security Social, economic, in Europe. Conflicts between the kings of England and its
and religious conflicts challenged the established parliament led to a civil war, an execution of a king, and a
political order throughout Europe.
revolution. From such crises, constitutional monarchy emerged.
Content Vocabulary
inflation (p. 458)
witchcraft (p. 458)
Crises in Europe
divine right of kings (p. 461)
Population decline in Europe and the hysteria of witchcraft trials
commonwealth (p. 461)
contributed to economic and social problems in seventeenth-century Europe.
HISTORY & YOU What if the number of students in your school declined by half
Academic Vocabulary this year? Learn how Europeans responded to economic and social problems.
restoration (p. 462) convert (p. 462)
People and Places From 1560 to 1650, Europe witnessed severe economic and
Holy Roman Empire Cavaliers (p. 461) social crises. One major economic problem was inflation, or rising
(p. 460) Roundheads (p. 461) prices. A growing population in the sixteenth century increased
Bohemia (p. 460) Oliver Cromwell the demand for land and food and drove up prices for both.
James I (p. 461) (p. 461)
Puritans (p. 461) James II (p. 462)
Charles I (p. 461)
Economic and Social Crises
By 1600, an economic slowdown had begun in parts of Europe.
Reading Strategy Spains economy, grown dependent on imported silver, was failing
Summarizing Information As you by the 1640s. The mines were producing less silver. Fleets were
read, use a chart like the one below to identify subject to pirate attacks. Also, the loss of Muslim and Jewish arti-
which conflicts were prompted by religious sans and merchants hurt the economy. Italy, the financial center of
concerns. Europe in the Renaissance, was also declining economically.
Religious Conflicts
Population figures in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries
reveal Europes worsening conditions. Population grew in the
sixteenth century. The number of people probably increased from
60 million in 1500 to 85 million by 1600. By 1620, the population
had leveled off. It had begun to decline by 1650, especially in cen-
tral and southern Europe. Warfare, plague, and famine all contrib-
uted to the population decline and to the creation of social
tensions.
458
Witchcraft Hysteria
The Malleus Maleficarum, or the
Hammer of the Witches, of 1486
was a guide for prosecuting witches
during the Inquisition. It influenced
witch trials in Europe for more than
200 years. Here are some excerpts: Witches were thought
to enjoy casting their
spells on the weak
On the classification of witches: and vulnerable, such
The category in which women of as infants.
this sort are to be ranked is called
the category of Pythons, persons in
or by whom the devil either speaks
or performs some astonishing oper-
ation. . . .
On extracting a confession:
The method of beginning an
examination by torture is as follows:
The jailers . . . strip the prisoner.
This stripping is lest some means of
witchcraft may have been sewed
into the clothingsuch as often,
taught by the Devil, they prepare
from the bodies of unbaptized [mur-
dered] infants . . . the judge . . . tries
to persuade the prisoner to confess
the truth freely; but, if [the witch]
will not confess, he bids attendants
make the prisoner fast to . . . some
. . . implement of torture.
grew, as did the fear of being accused of feasted and danced. Then others admitted
witchcraft. to casting evil spells.
Common peopleusually the poor and By 1650, the witchcraft hysteria had
those without propertywere the ones begun to lessen. As governments grew
most often accused of witchcraft. More than stronger, fewer officials were willing to
75 percent of those accused were women. disrupt their societies with trials of witches.
Most of them were single or widowed and In addition, attitudes were changing.
over 50 years old. People found it unreasonable to believe in
Under intense torture, accused witches the old view of a world haunted by evil
usually confessed to a number of practices. spirits.
For instance, many said that they had
sworn allegiance to the devil and attended Reading Check Explaining What caused a
sabbats, nightly gatherings where they decline in witchcraft trials?
N IRELAND
Se
c
DENMARK lti
ENGLAND Ba
UNITED N
PROVINCES PRUSSIA
AT L A N T I C London Berlin RU SSI A E
P OLA N D W
OCEAN SPANISH G E RMA N Warsaw
S
NETHERLANDS S TAT E S
Boundary of the Paris Prague
Holy Roman Empire Nantes
Vienna
Augsburg
FR A N C E SWITZERLAND
I TA L
40 IA
N N OTTOMAN
ST
L
A
GA
T E EMPIRE
U
Hurt not the ax, that may hurt me, the After visiting the coffin of executed King
condemned man on the scaffold told the Charles I, Oliver Cromwell called it a cruel
executioner, pleading for a quick, painless death. necessity. More than any other individual,
The condemned man was Charles I, King of Cromwell was responsible for that neces-
England. As he spoke the final words of his reign sity. As a member of Parliament with no
and his life, he asked those gathered to witness military experience in 1640, he became the
his beheading to remember him as an honest most capable commander in the civil war
man and a good king. After a reign of 24 between the king and Parliament. As Lord
years, during which he frequently clashed Protector of England, Ireland, and Scotland
with Parliament, his forces were defeated following Charles execution, Cromwell
and he was condemned to death. quarreled with Parliament himself and
With his death on January 30, ruled largely without it for eight years.
1649, Parliament sent the History rates him an enigma, whose
world a message about the rule was both enlightened and cruel.
divine right of kings. Soon after the monarchy was
How did King restored in 1660, Cromwells
Charles I want to be body was exhumed and hung
remembered after in Londons Tyburn Square.
his death? What did Cromwell call the
death of King Charles I?
However, in 1688, James and his second wife, a Catholic,
had a son. Now, the possibility of a Catholic monarchy
loomed large.
463
Response to Crisis: Absolutism
Absolute monarchs reigned in several European nations
GUIDE TO READING
during the seventeenth century. Louis XIV, considered the
The BIG Idea best example of absolute monarchy, ruled France with an
Competition Among Countries extravagant lifestyle and waged many military campaigns.
France became the greatest power of the seven-
Meanwhile, Prussia, Austria, and Russia emerged as great
teenth century. Prussia, Austria, and Russia also
emerged as great European powers. European powers under their monarchs leadership.
Content Vocabulary
absolutism (p. 464) czar (p. 468) France under Louis XIV
boyars (p. 468)
Louis XIV was an absolute monarch whose rule was admired and
Academic Vocabulary imitated throughout Europe.
stability (p. 464) authority (p. 464) HISTORY & YOU What would happen if you used all the money in your familys
bank account to throw a party? Learn how King Louis XIV spent his countrys
People and Places wealth.
Louis XIV (p. 464)
Cardinal Richelieu (p. 464)
Prussia (p. 467)
One response to the crises of the seventeenth century was to
Austria (p. 467)
seek more stability by increasing the power of the monarch. The
Frederick William the Great Elector (p. 467)
result was what historians have called absolutism.
Ivan IV (p. 468)
Absolutism is a system in which a ruler holds total power. In
Michael Romanov (p. 468)
seventeenth-century Europe, absolutism was tied to the idea of
Peter the Great (p. 469)
the divine right of kings. This means that rulers received their
St. Petersburg (p. 469)
power from God and were responsible to no one except God.
They had the ability to make laws, levy taxes, administer justice,
control officials, and determine foreign policy.
Reading Strategy
Summarizing Information As you
The reign of Louis XIV has long been regarded as the best
read, complete a chart like the one below summa- example of absolutism in the seventeenth century. French culture,
rizing the accomplishments of Peter the Great. language, and manners reached into all levels of European society.
French diplomacy and wars dominated the political affairs of
Reforms Government Wars Europe. The court of Louis XIV was imitated throughout Europe.
464
In his Political Treatise, Jacques-Benigne
Bossuet, popular orator during the time of Louis XIV and Absolutism
Louis XIV, explained his perception of the
divine right of kings:
Louis XIV appears in the chariot
Rulers . . . act as the ministers of God of Apollo, the Greek god of light,
surrounded by the rays of the sun.
and as his lieutenants on earth. It is through
them that God exercises his empire.
But kings, although their power
comes from on high . . . should not
regard themselves as masters of Louis XIV is led
that power to use it at their pleasure . . . by Aurora,
they must employ it with fear and Greek goddess
of the dawn.
self-restraint, as a thing coming
from God and of which God will
demand an account.
The royal power is absolute . . .
Without this absolute authority the
king could neither do good nor
repress evil. It is necessary that
his power be such that no one can
hope to escape him, and, finally, the
only protection of individuals against
the public authority should be their Emblem of Louis XIV,
innocence. the Sun King.
Louis XIV came to the throne in 1643 at the age of 23, stated his desire to be a real
the age of four. Due to the kings young king and the sole ruler of France:
age, Cardinal Mazarin, the chief minister,
took control of the government. Mazarin PRIMARY SOURCE
crushed a revolt led by nobles. Many
French people concluded that the best Up to this moment I have been pleased to
entrust the government of my affairs to the late
hope for stability in the future lay with a
Cardinal. It is now time that I govern them myself.
strong monarch. You [secretaries and ministers of state] will assist
me with your counsels when I ask for them. I
request and order you to seal no orders except by
Louis Comes to Power my command. I order you not to sign anything,
When Mazarin died in 1661, Louis XIV not even a passport without my command; to
took over supreme power. The day after render account to me personally each day and to
Cardinal Mazarins death, the new king, at favor no one.
20E
Expansion of Prussia10E
to 1720 Expansion of Austria to 1720
North SWEDEN
El
be
Sea N
R.
Se E 50N
R.
10E W
ic BOHEMIA
ine
W
RTT BAVARIA
PROVINCES EAST EAST
EMB
ERG Vienna
WEST POMERANIA PRUSSIA AUSTRIA
POMERANIA HUNGARY
TIROL Buda
RAVENSBERG CARINTHIA Pest
BRANDENBURG MILAN TRANSYLVANIA
Berlin P o R. Venice
IA
Cologne
El
SLAVONIA
be
CR
WESTPHALIA Belgrade
Rh
SILESIA
R.
Ad
0 200 kilometers
R.
ri
ti
a
SAXONY N
1. Movement What did Austria c
0 200 kilometers Se 0 200 miles
a
W E
gain by expanding south? Lambert Azimuthal
Equal-Area projection
0 200 miles
Lambert Azimuthal Equal-Area projection S 2. Location What war took ITALY 20E
place that allowed some of40N
East Prussia and possessions, 1618 the expansion shown on Austrian Hapsburg lands, 1525
Territorial growth, 16181688 these maps? Territorial growth, 1526
Territorial growth, 16881713 Territorial growth, 16481699
See StudentWorks Plus
or glencoe.com.
The core of the new Austrian Empire
was the traditional Austrian lands in present-
Peter The Great
day Austria, the Czech Republic, and Russia emerged as a great power
Hungary. After the defeat of the Turks at under Peter the Great.
Vienna in 1683 (see Chapter 15), Austria
HISTORY & YOU What if you discovered a great
took control of all of Hungary, Transylvania, new way to save energy? Learn about the moderniza-
Croatia, and Slavonia as well. By the tion of Russia.
beginning of the eighteenth century, the
Austrian Hapsburgs had gained a new
empire of considerable size. A new Russian state emerged in the
The Austrian monarchy, however, never fifteenth century under the principality of
became a highly centralized, absolutist Muscovy and its grand dukes. In the six-
state, chiefly because it was made up of so teenth century, Ivan IV became the first
many different national groups. The Aus- ruler to take the title of czar, the Russian
trian Empire remained a collection of terri- word for caesar.
tories held together by the Hapsburg Ivan expanded the territories of Russia
emperor, who was archduke of Austria, eastward. He also crushed the power of
king of Bohemia, and king of Hungary. the Russian nobility, or boyars. He was
Each of these areas had its own laws and known as Ivan the Terrible because of his
political life. No common sentiment tied ruthless deeds, among them stabbing his
the regions together other than the ideal of own son to death in a heated argument.
service to the Hapsburgs, held by military When Ivans dynasty ended in 1598, a
officers and government officials. period of anarchy known as the Time of
Troubles followed. This period ended
Reading Check Examining Why was the when the zemsky sobor, or national assembly,
Austrian monarchy unable to create a highly chose Michael Romanov as the new czar
centralized, absolutist state? in 1613.
Russia, 1505
80
0
Territorial growth:
60N
ARC
160E
by 1584 (Ivan IV)
TIC
20E
by 1725 (Peter the Great)
CIR
North 40E
140E
CLE
Sea
N 60E 120E
W
SWEDEN 80E
100E
S E
a
Se FINLAND
Baltic
Vistula R
Lena
Okhotsk
Yenisey
.
POLAND
Kyiv Sea of
a
R.
.
rR
(Kiev) r i Okhotsk
Ob
pe
ie Moscow S i b e
R.
Dn
UKRAINE
1. Human-Environment
R. Interaction What did Russia
lg a
Vo gain by acquiring lands on the
Bla
Baltic coast?
ck
Caspian Baikal
0 800 miles
40 south of 60 N latitude?
cas
469
A Palace Fit for the Sun King
(t) Archivo Iconografico, S.A./CORBIS, (b) Gian Berto Vanni/CORBIS
Versailles was at the center of court life during the reign of Louis XIV.
Versailles was transformed from a hunting lodge by the finest architects and
artists of the seventeenth century. Its extensive grounds became a showcase of
the French courts splendor and wealthwith every detail in the immense and
opulent palace a reflection of the Sun Kings absolute power.
A DAY AT VERSAILLES
In their letters to friends, ladies of the court provided intimate details of
daily life at Versailles. Elisabeth Charlotte of Bavaria described to the
Duchess of Hanover a day she spent at Versailles in 1676: I have been to
Versailles where we were busy the entire day. From morning until three
oclock in the afternoon we went hunting. On our return from the chase we
changed our dresses and went upstairs to the gaming, where we stayed
until seven oclock in the evening. Then we went to the play, which did not
end until half-past ten oclock. After the play came supper, followed by a
ball, which usually lasted until three oclock in the morning, and only then
could we go to bed.
470
(t) Authors Image/Alamy Images, (b) Tony Craddock/Getty Images
Dazzling seventeenth-century
visitors, the Hall of Mirrors
communicated the kings glory
through the sparkling reflections
of hundreds of mirrors.
471
Visual Summary
You can study anywhere, anytime by downloading quizzes
and flash cards to your PDA from glencoe.com.
(t) Scala/Art Resource, NY, (c) Private Collection/Bridgeman Art Library, (b) Erich Lessing/Art Resource, NY
Trade and Colonization 16001750
France
You may choose to use the following text in
several different ways, depending on your France was strong before the Thirty Years War and
childs strengths and preferences. You even stronger after it. In 1661, at age twenty-two,
might read the passage aloud; you might French king Louis XIV took control of the country
read it to yourself and then paraphrase it from his ministers. Louis, referred to as the Sun
for your child; or you might ask your child King, made himself the absolute monarch of France.
to read the material along with you or on He built a magnificent palace near Paris called Ver-
his or her own. sailles (vuhr SYE), which took forty-seven years to
complete. French nobles lived at Versailles, where
Louis could keep an eye on them, rather than on
EUROPE their own estates.
Louis made France the greatest power in Eu-
The 1600s were a turbulent time in most of Eu- rope. Late in his reign, however, he got involved in
rope. Before European countries would be ready to long and costly warfare. When he died in 1715,
dominate North America, they would have to fight Louis left France a nation deep in debt.
among themselves and ask themselves the ques-
tion, How powerful should a king be? England
England was not involved in the Thirty Years War,
The Thirty Years War but it had troubles of its own.
From 1618 on, the Thirty Years War in Europe pit- When Queen Elizabeth I died in 1603, she left no
ted countries and parts of countries against one heir. She was succeeded by the king of Scotland,
another, sometimes over religious differences be- James VI. He became Englands James I. James was
tween Catholics and Protestants and sometimes not a popular king. The English resented him for
over land. In 1648, the war ended with the Peace being a foreigner, a Catholic, and a spendthrift who
of Westphalia, which would influence the future taxed his subjects too much. His son, Charles I, was
of Europe for a very long time. According to not popular either.
the treaty, Catholic lands remained Catholic, and When Parliament refused to give Charles I
some Protestant states, such as Switzerland and money, he dissolved it for eleven years. In 1642,
the Netherlands, became independent; the Holy two years after Parliament became active again,
Roman Empire lost much of its power; France Charles tried to have five parliamentary leaders ar-
emerged as the main power on the continent; and rested. Parliament refused to arrest them. The king
Germany split into three hundred small states. left London and raised an army for a civil war. The
This last result led to economic decline and a gen- kings supporters were known as Cavaliers; those
eral negative and fearful mood. of Parliament, Roundheads. The latter, under Par-
The Thirty Years War was different from wars of liament leader Oliver Cromwell, crushed the
the past. More deadly firearms and cannon created kings forces in 1645. Eventually, Parliament cap-
greater devastation. Many civilians lost their lives. tured, tried, and executed the king.
In this sense, it was the worlds first modern war. In 1649, Parliament abolished the monarchy. As
Lord Protector, Oliver Cromwell ruled as a dictator
The Netherlands until his death in 1658. The army ran the country
With its newly won independence from the Habs- for a time, but the people wanted a king again.
burg empire and with profit from trade in the New Charles Is son, who had been in exile, returned to
World, the Netherlands became an exciting place. England and became Charles II in 1660. However,
Scientists worked on problems ranging from light Parliament strictly limited Charless power.
101
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102