CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

MECHANICAL SCISSOR LIFT

Fig 1.1 Mechanical scissor lift

Industrial lifts have traditionally been in use in manufacturing and production

settings to raise and lower people, work pieces and materials. The scissor lift,
sometimes known as a table lift, is an industrial lift that has been modified for retail
and wholesale settings. In basic terms, the scissor lift is platform with wheels that
acts like a forklift. In a non-industrial setting, it is useful for completing tasks which
require the speed, mobility and transporting of people and material above ground.
The first scissor lifts were built in the 1970s; although improvements in materials
and safety have been made since then, the underlying basic design is often still used.
The concept was ideal for the many retail establishments that were beginning to
expand their inventory.
1
Modern scissor lifts maintain a presence in nearly all aspects of manufacturing and
production, from construction to assembly to vehicle repair and beyond.
1.1Lift

Lift is a mechanical device used to lift or apply great forces. A

mechanical lift employ a worm, worm wheel, rack, pinion for lifting heavy
equipment. The most common form is a car lift, floor lift or garage lift which lifts
vehicles so that maintenance can be performed. Mechanical lifts are usually rated
for maximum lifting capacity (for example,1.5 tons to 3 tons). More powerful jacks
use hydraulic power to provide greater lift.

1.2 Problem Statement

Available lifts present difficulties for the elderly people and women and are
especially disadvantageous under adverse weather conditions. Presently available
lifts further require the operator to remain in prolonged bent or squatting position to
operate the lift which is not ergonomic to human body. It will give physical
problems in course of time. Moreover, the safety features are also not enough for
operator to operate the present lift.

The purpose of this project is to overcome these problems. An electric car lift which
has a frame type of design by using electricity from the car will be developed.
Operator frame type of design by using electricity from the car will be developed.
Operator only needs to press the button from the controller without working in a
bent or squatting position for a long period of time to change the tire.

1.3 Objectives

1. To design a mechanical scissor lift which is safe and reliable to raise and
lower the load easily.

2. Use of worm, worm wheel, rack, and pinion to lift the loads.
2
 CHAPTER 2

HISTORY OF LIFTS

Noted just by several artists, a fabulous telescopic handler; or possibly tele handler
and also extendible grasp fork lift is mostly a model popular for farming and
additionally enterprise. It's always matching in look and additionally feature towards
forklift still is normally a great deal more a fabulous crane compared to a an ancient,
along with the heightened all-around from the one-time scissor lift which might
open up ahead and additionally upwards from used car. Relating to the terminate for
the scissor lift all the operator may well compliment one of the devices, possibly
ocean, end skip out on, avenue painting brush.

Besides suppleness is normally an alternative good thing about all the telehandler. A
lot of varieties a few operator the capability to modify software fairly quickly,
ultimately causing an overall enhancement for return in the exact location. We also
have improved suppleness by having a result of the power to space the strain lacking
the need to push the machine, merit to these sort of qualities like swivel and
additionally team proceed carriages.
Still, the luxury of all the telehandler is as well the country's leading constraint: for
the scissor lift stretches or possibly also increases at the same time showing a lot, the
software antics in the form of lever and additionally can cause the vehicle to start to
be very erratic, in the face of counterweights on the backed. Which indicate that all
the pushing efficiency fairly quickly cuts down for the doing business radius
accelerates.

To make sure you tackle this approach, all the operator gives you a lot record in
which helps to the dog verify when the mission is workable, using extra fat, scissor
3
lift incline and additionally distance off the ground. As an illustration, it is possible,
with this instrument, to distinguish if you have a used car by having a 5, 000lb
efficiency along with the scissor lift rolled away will probably sole be prepared to
risk-free exercise with 400lb in it well fully extended during a poor scissor lift
incline, still will probably, along with the scissor lift exalted to make sure you be
prepared to sustain even though 10, 000lb.
Crashing this approach, a large number of telehandlers start using a laptop
computer in which applies devices to make sure you display the vehicle, all of which
launch a serious all the operator and/or not available farther manipulate effort if for
example the bounds for the used car really are realized. A lot of makers are likewise
prepared by facade outriggers and that can come to be generally known as wireless
cranes, in which open up all the pushing convenience of the gear at the same time
writing equipment.

2.1 Various Developments in Lifting Devices

1. Levers

2. Gears

2.1.1 Levers

Use of lever gives the operator much greater lifting force than that available to a
person who tried to lift with only the strength of his or her own body. Types of levers
are first, second

2.1.2 Gears

Gear is a machine element which transmits energy from one shaft to

another shaft.
4
The jack will lift a load in contact with the load platform when the worm and worm
wheel are rotated through its connecting gear with the pinion gear when connected
to the motor, plugged to the automobile 12v battery source to generate power for the
prime mover (motor), which transmits its rotating speed to the pinion gear meshing
with the bigger gear connected to the power screw to be rotated with required speed
reduction and increased torque to drive the power screw. The power screw rotates
within the threaded hole of its connecting members in the clockwise direction that
will C3LLlie the connecting members to be drawn along the threaded portion
towards each other during a typical load-raising process. During the typical load
raising process, the jack will first be positioned beneath the load to be lifted such that
at least a small clearance space will exist between the load platform and the object to
be raised. Next, power screw will be turned so that the load platform makes contact
with the object and the clearance space is eliminated. As contact is made, load from
the object will be increasingly shifted to the load platform and cause forces to be
developed in and transmitted through lifting members and connecting members.
The force transmitted through the connecting members will be transferred at the
threaded bore to the lead Acme threads, there within. A switch button connected to
the motor is used to regulate the lifting and lowering process.

2.1.3 Types of gears

1. Spur Gear
2. Helical Gear
3. Herringbone Gear
4. Bevel Gear
5. Worm Gear
6. Rack and Pinion
7. Internal and External Gear
8. Face Gear
9. Sprockets
5
2.2 Necessity of lift

In the repair and maintenance of automobiles (car), it is often necessary to raise an

automobile to change a tire or access the underside of the automobile. Accordingly, a
variety of car lifts have been developed for lifting an automobile from a ground
surface. Available car lifts, however, are typically manually operated and therefore
require substantial laborious physical effort on the part of the user. Such lifts present
difficulties for the elderly and handicapped and are especially disadvantageous
under adverse weather conditions.

Furthermore, available lifts are typically large, heavy and also difficult to store,
transport, carry, or more in to the proper position under an automobile. In addition,
to the difficulties in assembling and setting up lifts, such lifts are generally not
adapted to be readily disassembled and stored after automobile repairs have been
completed. Car lifts must be easy to use for women or whoever had problem with the
tire in the middle of nowhere.

In light of such inherent disadvantages, commercial automobile repair and service

stations are commonly equipped with large and hi-tech car lift, wherein such lifts
are raised and lowered via electrically-powered systems. However, due to their size
and high costs of purchasing and maintaining electrically-powered car lifts, such
lifts are not available to the average car owner. Engineering is about making things
simpler or improving and effective. Such electrical powered portable lifts not only
remove the arduous task of lifting an automobile via manually operated lifts, but
further decrease the time needed to repair the automobile. Such a feature can be
especially advantageous when it is necessary to repair an automobile on the side of a
road way or under other hazardous conditions. Whilst no injuries have been

6
reported to date, Ms. Rankine has expressed concerned about the dangers associated
with the use of a vehicle lift that does not carry the weight it is promoted to hold.

2.3 Types of lifting devices

1. Artificial Lifting Devices (ALD)

2. Portable Automotive Lifting Devices (PALD)

2.3.1 Artificial Lifting Devices

1. Hydraulic pumping devices

2. Electric submersible pumps

3. Gas lifts

4. Hybrid gas lifts

2.3.2 Portable Automotive Lifting Devices

1. Hydraulic hand lifts

2. Transmission lifts

3. Engine stands

4. Vehicle support stands

5. Upright type mobile lifts

6. Service lifts

7. Wheel dollies

7
8. Swing type mobile lifts

9. Scissor type mobile lifts

10. Auxiliary stands

11. Automotive ramps

12. High rich supplementary stands

13. Fort lifts

14. High reach fixed stands

15. Vehicle transport lifts

16. Cranes

17. Lever

18. Hydraulic ram

19. Wedge

2.4 Types of lifts used today

2.4.1 Bottle (Cylinder) Lift

Bottles screws may be operated by either rotating the screw when the nut is fixed or
by rotating the nut and preventing rotation of the screw. Bottle lifts mainly consist of
8
a screw, a nut, thrust bearings, and a body. A stationary platform is attached to the
top of the screw. This platform acts as a support for the load and also assists it in
lifting or lowering of the load. These lifts are sturdier than the scissor lifts and can
lift heavier loads. In a bottle lift the piston is vertical and directly supports a bearing
pad that contacts the object being lifted. With a single action piston the lift is
somewhat less than twice the collapsed height of the lift, making it suitable only for
vehicles with a relatively high clearance.

2.4.2 Hydraulic lifts

Hydraulic lifts are typically used for shop work, rather than as an emergency lift to
be carried with the vehicle. Use of lifts not design for a specific vehicle requires more
than the usual care in selecting ground conditions, the lifting point on the vehicle,
and to ensure stability when the lift is extended.

A Hydraulic lift uses a fluid, which is in compressible. Oil is used since it is self
lubricating and stable. When the plunger pulls back, it draws oil out of the reservoir
through a suction check valve in to the pump chamber. When the plunger moves
forward, it pushes the oil through a discharge check valve in to the cylinder. The
suction valve ball is within the chamber and opens with each draw of the plunger.
At this point the suction ball with in the chamber is forced to shut and oil pressure
builds in the cylinder.

9
 CHAPTER 3

WORM AND WORM WHEEL

A worm drive is a gear arrangement in which a worm (which is a gear in the form
of a screw) meshes with a worm gear (which is similar in appearance to spur gear).
The two elements are also called the worm screw and worm wheel. The terminology
is often confused by imprecise use of the term worm gear to refer to the worm, the
worm gear, or the worm drive as a unit.
Like other gear arrangements, a worm drive can reduce rotational speed or transmit
higher torque. The image shows a section of a gear box with a worm gear driven by
a worm. A worm is an example of a screw, one of the six simple machines

Worm gears are used to transmit power at 90 and where high reductions are
required. The axes of worm gears shafts cross in space. The shafts of worm gears lie
in parallel planes and may be skewed at any angle between zero and a right angle. In
worm gears, one gear has screw threads. Due to this, worm gears are quiet, vibration
free and give a smooth output. Worm gears and worm gear shafts are almost
invariably at right

10
3.2 Forms of threads

There are three popular types of threads used for worms viz. Square, Trapezoidal,
and Acme threads.

3.2.1 Square threads

The square thread form is a common screw thread form, used in high applications
such as lead screws and lift screws. It gets its name from the square cross-section of
the thread. It is the lowest friction and most efficient thread form. The efficiency of
square threads is more than that of trapezoidal threads

3.2.2 Trapezoidal threads

Trapezoidal threads forms are screw thread profiles with trapezoidal outlines. They
are the most common forms used for lead screws. They offer high strength and ease
of manufacture. It is used in lead screw of lathe to compensate wear at periodic
levels by tightening.
11
3.2.3 ACME threads

Trapezoidal and acme threads are identical in all respects except the thread
angle. In acme thread, the thread angle is 29 instead of 30. The relative advantages
and disadvantages of acme threads are same as those of trapezoidal threads. There
are another type of thread called Buttress thread and it is used where heavy axial
force acts along the screw axis in one direction only.

3.3 Terminology of worm thread

The terminology of the worm thread is given in following figure.

1. Pitch: The pitch is defined as the distance, measured parallel to the axis of
the screw, from a point on one thread to the corresponding point on the
adjacent thread. It is denoted by the letter P.

12
2. Lead: The lead is defined as the distance, measured parallel to the axis of the
screw that the nut will advance in one revolution of the screw. It is denoted by the
letter L. For a single- threaded screw, the lead is same as the pitch, for a double-
threaded screw, the lead is twice that of the pitch, and so on.

3. Nominal diameter: It is the largest diameter of the screw. It is also called as

major diameter. It is denoted by the letter d

4. Core diameter: It is the smallest diameter of the screw thread. It is also called
as minor diameter.

5. Helix angle It is defined as the angle made by the helix of the thread with a
plane perpendicular to the axis of the screw. Helix angle is related to the lead and
the mean diameter of the screw. Ii is also called as Lead angle.

13
 CHAPTER 4

RACK AND PINION

4.1 Description of Rack and pinion:

A rack and pinion is a type of linear actuator that comprises a pair of gears which
convert rotational motion into linear motion. A circular gear called "the pinion"
engages teeth on a linear "gear" bar called "the rack"; rotational motion applied to the
pinion causes the rack to move relative to the pinion, thereby translating the
rotational motion of the pinion into linear motion.
For example, in a rack railway, the rotation of a pinion mounted on a locomotive or
a railcar engages a rack between the rails and forces a train up a steep slope.
For every pair of conjugate involute profile, there is a basic rack. A generating rack is
a rack outline used to indicate tooth details and dimensions for the design of a
generating tool, such as a hob or a gear shaper cutter.

4.2 Different types of gears:

1. Spur Gear
2. Helical Gear
3. Herringbone Gear
4. Bevel Gear
5. Worm Gear

14
 6. Rack and Pinion
7. Internal and External Gear
8. Face Gear
9. Sprockets
1. Spur Gear:
Parallel and co-planer shafts connected by gears are called spur gears. The
arrangement is called spur gearing.

Spur gears have straight teeth and are parallel to the axis of the wheel. Spur gears
are the most common type of gears. The advantages of spur gears are their simplicity
in design, economy of manufacture and maintenance, and absence of end thrust.
They impose only radial loads on the bearings.

Spur gears are known as slow speed gears. If noise is not a serious design problem,
spur gears can be used at almost any speed.

2. Helical Gear:
Helical gears have their teeth inclined to the axis of the shafts in the form of a helix,
hence the name helical gears. These gears are usually thought of as high speed gears.
Helical gears can take higher loads than similarly sized spur gears. The motion of
helical gears is smoother and quieter than the motion of spur gears.

Single helical gears impose both radial loads and thrust loads on their bearings and
so require the use of thrust bearings. The angle of the helix on both the gear and the
must be same in magnitude but opposite in direction, i.e., a right hand pinion meshes
with a left hand gear.

15
3. Herringbone Gear :
Herringbone gears resemble two helical gears that have been placed side by side.
They are often referred to as "double helical". In the double helical gears
arrangement, the thrusts are counter-balanced. In such double helical gears there is
no thrust loading on the bearings.

4. Bevel/Miter Gear:
Intersecting but coplanar shafts connected by gears are called bevel gears. This
arrangement is known as bevel gearing. Straight bevel gears can be used on shafts at
any angle, but right angle is the most common. Bevel Gears have conical blanks. The
teeth of straight bevel gears are tapered in both thickness and tooth height.

Spiral Bevel gears

16
 In these Spiral Bevel gears, the teeth are oblique. Spiral Bevel gears are quieter and
can take up more load as compared to straight bevel gears.

Zero Bevel gear

Zero Bevel gears are similar to straight bevel gears, but their teeth are curved
lengthwise. These curved teeth of zero bevel gears are arranged in a manner that the
effective spiral angle is zero.

5. Worm Gear:
Worm gears are used to transmit power at 90 and where high reductions are
required. The axes of worm gears shafts cross in space. The shafts of worm gears lie
in parallel planes and may be skewed at any angle between zero and a right angle. In
worm gears, one gear has screw threads. Due to this, worm gears are quiet, vibration
free and give a smooth output.

17
6. Rack and Pinion:
A rack is a toothed bar or rod that can be thought of as a sector gear with an
infinitely large radius of curvature. Torque can be converted to linear force by
meshing a rack with a pinion: the pinion turns; the rack moves in a straight line.
Such a mechanism is used in automobiles to convert the rotation of
the steering wheel into the left-to-right motion of the tie rod. Racks also feature in
the theory of gear geometry, where, for instance, the tooth shape of an
interchangeable set of gears may be specified for the rack (infinite radius), and the
tooth shapes for gears of particular actual radii then derived from that. The rack and
pinion gear type is employed in a rack railway.

7. Internal & External Gear:

An external gear is one with the teeth formed on the outer surface of a cylinder or
cone. Conversely, an internal gear is one with the teeth formed on the inner surface
of a cylinder or cone. For bevel gears, an internal gear is one with the pitch angle
exceeding 90 degrees. Internal gears do not cause direction reversal.

18
8. Face Gears:
Face gears transmit power at (usually) right angles in a circular motion. Face gears
are not very common in industrial application.

9. Sprockets:
Sprockets are used to run chains or belts. They are typically used in conveyor
systems.

19
4.3 Terminology of Gears

Root diameter: It is the diameter of the circle that contains the roots or bottoms of
the tooth spaces..

Pitch point: It is the intersection between the axis of the line of centers and the line
of action..
Pitch circle: It is the circle through the pitch point having its center at the gear axis.
Pitch: It is the distance between similar, equally-spaced tooth surfaces in a given
direction along a given curve or line.
Helix angle: It is the angle that a helical gear tooth makes with the gear axis at the
pitch circle, unless specified otherwise.
Dedendum: It is the radial or perpendicular distance between the pitch circle and
the bottom of the tooth space.
Clearance: it is the radial distance between the top of a tooth and the bottom of a
mating tooth space.
Addendum: It is the radial or perpendicular distance between the pitch circle and
the top of the tooth.
20
 CHAPTER 5

MANUFACTURING METHODS

6.1 Production of screw Threads possible methods and their

characteristics
The various methods, which are more or less widely employed for producing screw
threads, are:
6.1.1 Casting
Characteristics
1. Only a few threads over short length
2. Less accuracy and poor finish
3. Example-threads at the mouth of glass bottles, spun cast iron pipes etc..
6.1.2 Forming (Rolling)
Characteristics
1. Blanks of strong ductile metals like steel are rolled between threaded dies
2. Large threads are hot rolled followed by finishing and smaller threads are
straight cold rolled to desired finish
3. Cold rolling attributes more strength and toughness to the threaded parts
4. Widely used for mass production of fasteners like bolts, screws etc.
6.1.3 Removal process (Machining)
1. Accomplished by various cutting tools in different machine tools like lathes,
milling machine, drilling machines (with tapping attachment) etc.
2. Widely used for high accuracy & finish.
3. Employed for wide ranges of threads and volume of production; from piece to
mass production.
6.1.4 Semi finishing & Finishing (Grinding)
Characteristics
1. Usually done for finishing (accuracy & surface) after performing low machine
(or) hot rolling but are often employed for direct threading on rods
2. Precision threads on hard (or) surface hardened components are finished (or)

21
 directly produced by grinding only.

6.1.5 Precision forming to near-nut-shape.

Characteristics
1. No machining is required, slight grinding is often done, if needed for high
accuracy and finish.
2. Application - investment casting for job order (or) both productions.
6.1.6 Non Conventional process (EDM, ECM etc.)
Characteristics
1. When conventional methods are not feasible.
2. High precision and micro threads are needed.
3. Material is as such difficult to process.
6.2 Process, machines and tools used for producing screw threads
I. Machining
II. Rolling
III. Grinding
6.2.1 Production of screw threads by machining:
Machining is basically a removal process where jobs of desired size and shape
are produced by gradually removing the excel material in the form of chips with the
help of sharp cutting edges or Tools. Screw threads can be produced by such
removal process both manually using tips and dies as well as in machine tools of
different type and degree of automation .in respect to process, machine and tools,
machining of screw threads are done by several ways.
6.2.2 Thread cutting by hand operated tools
Usually small thread in few pieces of relatively soft ductile materials, of
required, are made manually in fitting, repair or maintenance shop
(a) external screw thread:
Machine screws, bolts &studs are made by different types of dies which look and
apparently behave like nuts but made of hardened tool steel and having sharp internal

22
cutting edge shows the hand operated dies of common use ,which are coaxially rotated
around the per-machined rod like blank with the help of handle or die stock.

1. Solid or button die: It is used for making thread of usually small pitch and
diameter in one pass.

2. Spring die: The spring die With die ring is provide with a slit, the width of
which is adjustable by screw to enable elastically slight reduction in the bore and
thus cut the thread in number of pause with lever force on hands

3. Split die: The die is made in two pieces one is fixed and another one is movable
(Adjustable) within the cavity of the handle or wrench to enable cut relatively larger
threads of fine threads on harder blanks easily in number of passes, the die pieces
can be replaced by another pair for cutting different threads within small range of
variation in size and pitch.

4. Pipe die: Pipe threads of large diameter but smaller pitch are cut by manually
rotating the large wrench stock in which the die is fitted through a guide bush.

(b) Internal screw threads:

Internal screw threads are usually small size are cut manually, if needed in plates,
machine parts etc. by using taps which look and behave like a screw but made of
tool steel or HSS and have sharp cutting edge produced by axial grooving over the
threads. There taps are used consecutively after drilling a top size hole through
which the taps are axially pushed helically with the help of a handle or wrench.

The hand operated taps for cutting internal threads are often tapped by manually
rotating and feeding the taps through the drilled hole in the blank held in lathe
spindle the quality of such external and internal threads will depend upon the
perfection of the taps or dies and skill of operator.
23
6.3 Production of screw threads by thread rolling:

In production of screw threads, compared to machining thread rolling.

It is generally cold working process.

Provides higher strength to the thread.

Does not cause any material loss.

Does not require that high accuracy & finish of the blank.

Requires similar machines & tools.

Applicable for threads of smaller diameter, shorter length and finer pitch.

Enable much faster production of small products like screws, studs etc..

Cannot provide that high accuracy.

It is applicable for relatively softer metals.

It is used mostly for making external screw threads.

Thread rolling is accomplished by shifting work material by plastic

deformation, instead of cutting or separation, with the help of pair of dies
having same threads desired.

Different types of dies and methods are used for thread rolling which included,

1. Thread rolling between two flat dies.

2. Thread rolling between a pair of circular dies.

3. Thread rolling by sector dies.

24
6.4 Production of spur gears on worm wheel possible methods & their
characteristics:

The various methods which are more or less widely employed for producing
screw threads are:

6.4.1 Milling:

In milling, the material is removed as the work fed against a rotating multi point
cutter the cutter removes metal at a very fast rate.

The working principle of milling machine is the cutter rotates in one direction
and the work fixed on the table is adjusted vertically to get the required depth of cut.
The work is feed slowly against the cutter. Each tooth or cutting edge on the
periphery of the cutter removes a chip for every revolution, and as the work moves
horizontally, a flat surface is produced.

Characteristics
1. More number of gears on small diameter of jobs can be produced.

2. Gears are produced with high accuracy.

3. It consumes less time

6.4.1.1 Spur gear cutting on milling machine.

In cutting gear on milling machine the form cutter are used, in which profile of
cutting teeth conform to the tooth profile required on the gear, every gear cutter is
specified by diameter and pitch And number of teeth .

The blank diameter is calculated by formula

Blank diameter = (z+2)/Pd = M (Z+2).

25
Where Z = Number of teeth.

M = Module and

Pd = Diameter pitch.

The first step in gear cutting is to get correct blank size. Then select the type of
indexing to be performed and cutter required number of teeth and pressure angle.
The index head and tail stock are bolted to machine table such that their axis is
perpendicular to the machine spindle. The gear blank is connected to dividing head
spindle by carrier and a catch plate. After calculating the indexing moment for given
number of teeth the proper index plate is mounted on dividing head and the gears
are cutting as per the requirements.

6.4.2 Slotting:

The slotting machine is a reciprocating machine tool in which, the ram holding
the tool reciprocates in a vertical axis and the cutting action of the tool is only
during the downward stroke.

6.4.3 Slotter cutting tools.

I. Forged form solid steel bar, or

II. In the form of tool bit held in the tool holder the cutting action of a slotter is
vertical, rather than horizontal as in shaper or planner. The action of cutting
processes the work on the table and tends to push the tool away from the job.
For this reason it is desirable to make the tools or tool holder of stiff section.

Characteristics
It consumes more time as cut is made only in one stroke.
It is widely used for heavy diameter jobs.
The accuracy is less than milling.
26
 It is adopted for machining holes, key ways and grooves.

6.5 Production of rack and pinion:

The method of producing rack and pinion is shaping.
6.5.1. Shaping:
The shaping machine is used for producing flat surfaces and cutting keys ways,
grooves and slot cutting and irregular cutting. Shape is a reciprocating type of
machine tool in which ram moves over the cutting tool in backward and forward in
a straight line. These may be horizontal, vertical or inclined. In general, the shaper
can produce any surface composed of straight of straight line elements. Modern
shapers can generate contoured surface.

Characteristics
Machining on shaper is more economical with easier work setting and
cheaper tooling.
The cutting speed is nearly constant throughout the stroke and full capacity of
cutting tool is utilized.
The stroke length can be varied quickly without stopping the machine.
The cost of machine is higher and complicated design.
6.5.2. Planning:
The planning machine or planer is one of the basic machine tools of the industry. It
is used for producing flat surfaces. It is designed with stationary housing for holding
tool heads and a reciprocating table for holding the work piece. Thus the work
which is mounted on table reciprocates past the stationary tool and the feed is given
by the lateral movement of the tool metal is cut only in the forward movement of the
tool table and return stroke is ideal and completed quickly.

Characteristics
It is particularly adopted to large work.
Setting of jobs on a planer table is difficulty.
The speed is constant throughout the cutting stroke..
27
 CHAPTER 6

DRAWINGS

6.1 PART DRAWINGS:

6.1.1 Worm and worm wheel

6.1.2 RACK AND PINION:

28
6.1.3 SCISSOR ARMS:

6.1.4 BOTTOM FRAME:

29
6.2 ASSEMBLY DRAWING:

6.2.1 SCISSOR LIFT:

6.2.2 FINAL OUTPUT:

30
 CHAPTER 7

FABRICATION

The fabrication process started with identification of suitable materials which are
used for prototype and designing of various parts.
7.1. Top arms and bottom arms.
As per the calculations and the drawing the cross section of arms is selected as
channel section. The availability of the channel section of the required dimensions
was low in our locality. So, we have grinded the edges of arms to obtain the required
curvatures and drilled two holes to each of the arms as per dimensions.
Table 7.1 Sequence of operations on top & bottom arms:

S. Operation Tools
No Machine Time(Min)
1 Check the raw material. Tray
Stores square, 20
steel rule,
and dont
punch.
2 Welding of a flat plate to the angular to Welding
obtain channel section. gun, files 120
Welding and
shop emery
paper.
3 Grinding Grinding the plate in vice Grinding 60
machine wheel

7.2 Worm Wheel:

A circular wheel of suitable length and diameter was turned to the required

31
length on a lathe machine on milling and spur gears were cutted on the work.

7.3. Rack and Pinion.

A rectangular block was taken of suitable width, length and height and it faced
into smooth surface by using the shaping machine. Square slots of required pitch
were slotted on the shaping or slotting machine as per the dimensions of teeth.

32
7.4. Top and Bottom plates:

The left out pieces of the channel sections of the arms have been used for the
top plate and then holes were drilled to the plate for fasteners connecting top plate
and the arms. The top plate is fabricated in order to act as a loading platform.

The bottom plate was fabricated by welding two L- angle so that the bottom
arms fit into the bottom plate. The bottom plate is fabricated in order to obtain
maximum stability to the scissor lift.

Table 7.3 Sequence of operations on top & bottom plates:

S. Machining Operation Tools Time(min)

No.
1 Store Check the raw Try square, steel 15
material. rule, dot punch.
2 Welding shop Welding of a flat plate Welding gun, files 120
to be angular to and emery paper.
obtain channel
section.
3 Grinding Grinding the plate in Grinding wheel 50
machine vice.
4 Shop floor Inspection Vernier caliper 10

33
 Chapter 8

CONCLUSION AND SCOPE:

CONCLUSION:

In this project a scissor lift which can be operated manually by the use of a worm
and worm wheel and rack and pinion mechanism has been designed and fabricated.
The lift has been designed to a pay load of 200kg. The salient features of the present
fabrication are elimination of use of heavy cost equipment through a simple worm &
worm wheel and rack and pinion mechanisms. To facilitate convenient operation
without heavy operating cost. The assemble of the component can be achieved in 48
hours. Another feature of the unit is provision of worm and worm wheel provides a
free movement of lift and it provides a self locking system. The elements which are
useful are readily available commercially for each and early replacement of failed
components if required.

Scope for future work:

As a development the web part of the arms can be replaced by stiffening ribs to
reduce the overall weight, the top and base plants can be made foldable to make the
unit more compact. The usage of worm and wheel mechanism provides a self-
locking mechanism with free moment

34
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[I] http://powerjacks.oom/ahout-us/powerjacks-what-we-do.php

[2] RS Khurmi, A text book of Machine Design, Eurasia publishing house

[3]MsmiUar.hubpages.oom/hubffhe-HydrauJic-Jack
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[5] Schola rsresearcbn bra ry. oomIEJAESR-voll-iss4lEJ AESR-2O 12-1-4-167-

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[6] INPRESSCO-GERNAL ARTICLE; E-l~SN2277-4106, AUTOMATED CAR JACK. [7]

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[10] http://www.duifnorton.oom/productmenu.a<px?id=7898

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35