PeoplePowerRevolution

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ThePeoplePowerRevolution(alsoknownastheEDSARevolutionandthePhilippine
Revolutionof1986)wasaseriesofpopulardemonstrationsinthePhilippinesthatbeganin1983 PeoplePowerRevolution
andculminatedonFebruary2225,1986.Therewasasustainedcampaignofcivilresistanceagainst
regimeviolenceandelectoralfraud.ThenonviolentrevolutionledtothedepartureofPresident
FerdinandMarcosandtherestorationofdemocracyinthePhilippines.[4][5]

ItisalsoreferredtoastheYellowRevolutionduetothepresenceofyellowribbonsduringthe
demonstrationsfollowingtheassassinationofFilipinosenatorBenigno"Ninoy"Aquino,Jr.[4][5]It
waswidelyseenasavictoryofthepeopleagainstthe20yearrunningauthoritarian,repressive[6]
regimeofthenpresidentFerdinandMarcos,andmadenewsheadlinesas"therevolutionthat
surprisedtheworld".[7]

ThemajorityofthedemonstrationstookplaceonalongstretchofEpifaniodelosSantosAvenue,
morecommonlyknownbyitsacronymEDSA,inMetroManilafromFebruary2225,1986.They Date 22February198625February1986
involvedovertwomillionFilipinocivilians,aswellasseveralpoliticalandmilitarygroups,and (3days)
religiousgroupsledbyCardinalJaimeSin,theArchbishopofManilaandtheCBCPPresident
CardinalRicardoVidal,theArchbishopofCebu.Theprotests,fueledbytheresistanceand Location Philippines,primarilyEpifaniodelos
oppositionfromyearsofcorruptgovernancebyMarcos,culminatedwiththedepartureofthedictator SantosAvenue,MetroManila
fromMalacaangPalacetoHawaii.CorazonAquinowasproclaimedasthePresidentofthe Causes
Philippinesaftertherevolution.[8] AssassinationofBenignoAquino
Jr.in1983
SomeauthorspraisedMarcos'decisionnottoattacktheprotestersandtovoluntarilyleavethe Allegedfraudduringthe1986
countryforpreventingabloodycivilwar.[9][10] Presidentialsnapelections
Decadesofoppressiveand
authoritarianrule
Contents
Goals RemovalofFerdinandMarcosfromoffice
1 Backgroundandhistory toputCorazonAquinoasthePresident
2 AssassinationofNinoyAquino Result
3 Callsforelection Revolutionaryvictory
4 1986election
RemovalofFerdinandMarcos
5 Vidal'sdeclaration
6 Events fromoffice
 6.1 Abortedmilitarycoup EndofMarcosEra(19651986)
6.2 Sin'sappeal MarcosexiledtoHawaii
6.3 Risingmasssupport
StartoftheFifthPhilippine
6.4 Moremilitarydefections
6.5 ThecaptureofChannel4 Republic
6.6 Marcosordersnottoshoot CorazonAquinobecomesPresident
6.7 Twoinaugurations ofthePhilippines
6.8 Marcos'departure
7 Aftermath Partiestothecivilconflict
8 Legacy
9 Timeline
PeoplePower Marcos
10 Seealso Revolutionaries Government
10.1 Similarevents Politicalgroups:
11 References ArmedForcesof
12 Bibliography UNIDO thePhilippines
PDPLaban Forces
LiberalParty loyalto
Backgroundandhistory Militarydefectors: Marcos
Presidential
FerdinandE.Marcoswaselectedpresidentin1965,defeatingincumbentDiosdadoMacapagalbya ReformtheArmed SecurityGroup[3]
marginof52to43percent.Duringthistime,Marcoswasveryactiveintheinitiationofpublicworks ForcesMovement
projectsandtheintensificationoftaxcollections.Marcosandhisgovernmentclaimedthatthey Defectedsoldiers GovernmentParties:
"builtmoreroadsthanallhispredecessorscombined,andmoreschoolsthananyprevious
administration."[11]Amidstchargesfromtheoppositionpartyofvotebuyingandafraudulent Others: KilusangBagong
election,MarcoswasdecisivelyreelectedinthePhilippinepresidentialelection,1969,thistime Lipunan
AntiMarcos
defeatingSergioOsmea,Jr.by61to39percent.
civilianprotesters
Marcos'secondtermforthepresidencywasmarredbyallegationsbytheoppositionLiberalPartyof
Religiousgroups:
widespreadgraftandcorruption.AccordingtoleftistswhoriotedduringtheFirstQuarterStorm,the
increasingdisparityofwealthbetweentheverywealthyandtheverypoorthatmadeupthemajority Archdioceseof
ofthePhilippines'populationledtoariseincrimeandcivilunrestaroundthecountry.Thesefactors, Manila
includingtheformationoftheNewPeople'sArmyin1968onMaoZedongsbirthday,[12]a
CBCP[1]
CommunistinsurgencysupportedfinanciallyandmilitarilybyChina,[13]andabloodyMuslim Protestant
separatistmovementinthesouthernislandofMindanaoledbytheMoroNationalLiberationFront
ChurchesofThe
backedbyMalaysiaandallegedlybyLiberalPartysenatorNinoyAquino,[14][15]contributedtothe Philippines
rapidriseofcivildiscontentandunrestinthecountry.
Militantgroups:
OnSeptember23,1972,citingmorethan15bombingincidentsandanintensifyingarmed BagongAlyansang
communistinsurgency,[16]Marcosdeclaredmartiallawbyvirtueofpresidentialproclamation Makabayan[1][2]
(ProclamationNo.1081).TheWashingtonPostrevealedin1989thattheCommunistsplottedthe Kilusang
1971PlazaMirandabombingtoprovokeMarcosintocrackingdownonhisopponentsandthus
MayoUno
allowthemtoincreaserecruitswhichwereneededtomakeuseofweaponsandfinancialaidcoming
Leagueof
fromChina.[13]
Filipino
Martiallawwasratifiedby90.77%ofthevotersduringthePhilippineMartialLawreferendumin Students
1973thoughthereferendumwasmarredbycontroversy.PrimitivoMijares,authorofthebookThe Christians
ConjugalDictatorship,[17]allegedthattherecouldnothavebeenanyvalidreferendumheldfrom for
January10to15,1973asthe35,000citizen'sassembliesnevermetandthatvotinginmunicipalities National
wasbyshowofhands.[18][19]Thereferendumhadthefollowingresults: Liberation

Ratification % Leadfigures
YES 90.77 CorazonAquino FerdinandMarcos
NO 9.23 SalvadorLaurel ImeldaMarcos
JuanPonceEnrile FabianVer
AsMarcoswasbarredfromrunningforathirdtermaspresidentin1973,itwasallegedthathe FidelV.Ramos
issuedMartialLawtoextendhisterminoffice.RigobertoTiglao,formerpresssecretaryanda GringoHonasan
formercommunistincarceratedduringthemartiallaw,[20]arguedthattheliberalandcommunist JaimeCardinalSin
partiesprovokedmartiallawimposition.[21]Aconstitutionalconvention,whichhadbeencalledfor Number
in1970toreplacetheCommonwealthera1935Constitution,continuedtheworkofframinganew
constitutionafterthedeclarationofmartiallaw.Thenewconstitutionwentintoeffectinearly1973, 2,000,000+protestors Nofiguresavailable
changingtheformofgovernmentfrompresidentialtoparliamentaryandallowingMarcostostayin
powerbeyond1973.Theconstitutionwasapprovedby95%ofthevotersinthePhilippineconstitutionalplebiscite.

Throughthisdecreeandafterobtainingvotersconsentthroughtheplebiscite,Marcosseizedemergencypowersgivinghimfullcontrolofthe
Philippines'militaryandtheauthoritytosuppressandabolishthefreedomofspeech,thefreedomofthepress,andmanyothercivilliberties.Marcos
alsodissolvedthePhilippineCongressandshutdownmediaestablishmentscriticaloftheMarcosgovernment.[22]

Marcosalsoorderedtheimmediatearrestofhispoliticalopponentsandcritics.AmongthosearrestedwereSenatePresidentJovitoSalonga,Senator
JoseDiokno,andSenatorBenignoAquinoJr.,whoMarcoslinkedwiththeCommunists[23]andthemanwhowasgroomedbytheoppositiontosucceed
Marcosafterthe1973elections.[22]OnNovember25,1977,theMilitaryCommissionchargedAquinoalongwithhistwocoaccused,NPAleaders
BernabeBuscayno(CommanderDante)andLt.VictorCorpuz,guiltyofallchargesandsentencedthemtodeathbyfiringsquad.[24]Whileinterviews
withformerCommunistleadersrevealedthatAquinoprovidedtheCommunistswithfirearms,trainingarea,andlodging[25]tooustMarcos,hedenied
beingacommunistleaderoracommunisthimself.InhisundeliveredspeechuponhisreturnfromtheUSon
August21,1983,Aquinosaid,"Iwassentencedtodieforallegedlybeingtheleadingcommunistleader.Iamnot
acommunist,neverwasandneverwillbe."[26]

In1978,whilestillinprison,Aquinofoundedhispoliticalparty,LakasngBayan(abbreviated"LABAN"
English:People'sPower)torunforofficeintheInterimBatasangPambansa(Parliament).AllLABAN
candidateslost,includingNinoyhimselfandLABANCandidateAlexBoncayao,wholaterwasassociatedwith
FilipinocommunistdeathsquadAlexBoncayaoBrigade[27][28]thatkilledU.S.armycaptainJamesN.Rowe.

Withpracticallyallofhispoliticalopponentsarrestedandinexile,Marcos'preemptivedeclarationofmartial
lawin1972andtheratificationofhisnewconstitutionbymorethan95%ofvotersenabledMarcosto
effectivelylegitimizehisgovernmentandholdontopowerforanother14yearsbeyondhisfirsttwotermsas
president.InaColdWarcontext,MarcosretainedthesupportoftheUnitedStatesthroughMarcos'promiseto
stampoutcommunisminthePhilippinesandbyassuringtheUnitedStatesofitscontinueduseofmilitaryand
navalbasesinthePhilippines.[22]

AssassinationofNinoyAquino PresidentFerdinandMarcos

DespitewarningsfromthemilitaryandotherproMarcosgroups,NinoyAquinowasdeterminedtoreturntothe
Philippines.Askedwhathethoughtofthedeaththreats,NinoyAquinoresponded,TheFilipinoisworthdyingfor.

Atthattime,Ninoy'spassporthadexpiredandtherenewalhadbeendenied.Ninoythereforeacquiredaplantoacquireafakepassportwiththehelpof
RashidLucman,[29]founderoftheBangsamoroLiberationFront,whotrainedabout30,000BangsamoroguerrillasasMNLFfightersandsentthetop90
moroguerrillastoMalaysiatotrainguerrillawarfareundertheRoyalMalaysianArmedForcesandtheGurkhaRegiment.[30]Thepassportcarriedthe
aliasMarcialBonifacio(MarcialformartiallawandBonifacioforFortBonifacio,hiserstwhileprison).[31]AquinobecameallieswithRashidLucman
ashesupportedtheMuslimrebellioninMindanaoagainstthegovernment.[30]

OnAugust21,1983,afterathreeyearexileintheUnitedStates,AquinowasassassinatedashedisembarkedfromaTaiwanesecommercialflightatthe
ManilaInternationalAirport(whichwaslaterrenamedinAquino'shonor).[32]HisassassinationshockedandoutragedmanyFilipinos,mostofwhom
hadlostconfidenceintheMarcosadministration.Theeventledtomoresuspicionsaboutthegovernment,triggeringnoncooperationamongFilipinos
thateventuallyledtooutrightcivildisobedience.[33]ItalsoshooktheMarcosgovernment,whichwasbythendeterioratingdue,inpart,toMarcos'
worseninghealthandultimatelyfatalillness(lupuserythematosus).

TheassassinationofNinoyAquinocausedthePhilippineseconomytodeteriorateevenfurther,andthegovernmentplungedfurtherintodebt.Bythe
endof1983,thePhilippineswasinaneconomicrecession,withtheeconomycontractingby6.8%.[34]
In1984,Marcosappointedacommission,ledbyChiefJusticeEnriqueFernando,tolaunchaninvestigationintoAquino'sassassination.Despitethe
commission'sconclusions,CardinalJaimeSin,theArchbishopofManila,declinedanoffertojointhecommissionandrejectedthegovernment'sviews
ontheassassination.

PabloMartinez,oneoftheconvictedsuspectsintheassassinationofNinoyAquinoJr.confessedthatitwasNinoyAquinoJr.'srelative,Danding
Cojuangco,cousinofhiswifeCorazonCojuangcoAquino,whoorderedtheassassinationofNinoyAquinoJr.whileMarcoswasrecuperatingfromhis
kidneytransplant.[35]

Callsforelection
OnNovember3,1985,afterpressurefromtheUSgovernment,[36]Marcossuddenlyannouncedthatasnappresidentialelectionwouldtakeplacethe
followingyear,oneyearaheadoftheregularpresidentialelectionschedule,tolegitimizehiscontroloverthecountry.[37]Thesnapelectionwas
legalizedwiththepassageofBatasPambansaBlg.883(NationalLawNo.883)bytheMarcoscontrolledunicameralcongresscalledtheRegular
BatasangPambansa.[38]

ThegrowingoppositionmovementencouragedNinoyAquino'swidow,CorazonAquino,torunforthepresidency.UnitedOpposition(UNIDO)leader,
SalvadorLaurel,whoearlierfiledhiscandidacyasanofficialUNIDOcandidateforthepresidency,gavewaytoCoryafterapoliticaldealwhichwas
laterrenegedbyCoryaftertheelection.AccordingtoSalvadorLaurel'sdiary,CoryofferedLaurelthathewouldbeherPrimeMinister,thatshewould
stepdownintwoyears,thatLaurelwouldname30percentoftheCabinet,thatshewouldappointtheremaining70percentaftercloseconsultations
withLaurel.[39]SalvadorLaureleventuallyranasCoryAquino'srunningmateforvicepresidentundertheUnitedOpposition(UNIDO)party.Marcos
ranforreelection,withArturoTolentinoashisrunningmateundertheKilusangBagongLipunan(KBL)party.[38]

1986election
TheelectionswereheldonFebruary7,1986.[37]Theofficialelectioncanvasser,theCommissiononElections(COMELEC),declaredMarcosthe
winner.ThefinaltallyoftheCOMELEChadMarcoswinningwith10,807,197votesagainstAquino's9,291,761votes.Ontheotherhand,basedon
returnsof70%oftheprecincts[40]oftheNationalMovementforFreeElections(NAMFREL),anaccreditedpollwatcher,hadAquinowinningwith
7,835,070votesagainstMarcos'7,053,068points.[41]

Thiselectoralexercisewasmarredbywidespreadreportsofviolenceandtamperingofelectionresults,culminatinginthewalkoutof35COMELEC
computertechnicianstoprotestthedeliberatemanipulationoftheofficialelectionresultstofavorFerdinandMarcos.Thewalkoutwasconsideredas
oneoftheearly"sparks"ofthePeoplePowerRevolution.
However,notknowntomany,thewalkoutofcomputertechnicianswasledbyLindaKapunan,[42]wifeofLtColEduardoKapunan,aleaderofReform
theArmedForcesMovement,whichplottedtoattacktheMalacaangPalaceandkillMarcosandhisfamily,[43]leadingsometobelievethatthe
walkoutcouldhavebeenplannedwithulteriormotives.[44]

Becauseofreportsofallegedfraud,theCatholicBishops'ConferenceofthePhilippines(CBCP)throughCardinalRicardoVidalissuedastatement
condemningtheelections.TheUnitedStatesSenatealsopassedaresolutionstatingthesamecondemnation.[37]USpresidentRonaldReaganissueda
statementcallingthefraudreportsas"disturbing"buthesaidthattherewasfraud"onbothsides"ofthePhilippineelection.[45][46]Inresponsetothe
protests,COMELECclaimedthatMarcoswith53percentwonoverAquino.However,NAMFRELcounteredthatthelatterwonoverMarcoswith52
percentofvotes.[47]

OnFebruary15,MarcoswasproclaimedbyCOMELECandBatasangPambansaasthewinneramidstthecontroversy.All50oppositionmembersof
theParliamentwalkedoutinprotest.TheFilipinopeoplerefusedtoaccepttheresults,assertingthatAquinowastherealvictor.Both"winners"took
theiroathofofficeintwodifferentplaces,withAquinogaininggreatermasssupport.Aquinoalsocalledforcoordinatedstrikesandmassboycottofthe
mediaandbusinessesownedbyMarcos'cronies.Asaresult,thecronybanks,corporations,andmediawerehithard,andtheirsharesinthestock
marketplummetedtorecordlevels.

DespitecommonknowledgethatMarcoscheatedtheelections,someclaimthatMarcosistheonethathadbeencheatedbyNamfrelbecausehisSolid
NorthvotesweretransmittedverylatetothetabulationcenteratthePICC.TwoNamfrelvolunteerswerehangedinIlocos.TheIlocanovoteswere
enoughtooverwhelmCorysleadinMetroManilaandotherplaces.[44]FormerAsiaweekCorrespondentTonyLopezsaidthatafterCorytookoverthe
presidency,NamfrelmaderecountofthevotescastintheFebruarysnapelection.ThetallystillshowedMarcoswastherealwinnerbutonlyby800,000
votes.[48]

Vidal'sdeclaration
CardinalVidal,aftertheresultofthesnapelection,issuedadeclarationinlieuofthePhilippineChurchhierarchystatingthat"agovernmentdoesnotof
itselffreelycorrecttheevilithasinflictedonthepeoplethenitisourseriousmoralobligationasapeopletomakeitdoso."Thedeclarationalsoasked
"everyloyalmemberoftheChurch,everycommunityofthefaithful,toformtheirjudgmentabouttheFebruary7polls"andtoldalltheFilipinos,"Now
isthetimetospeakup.Nowisthetimetorepairthewrong.Thewrongwassystematicallyorganized.Somustitscorrectionbe.Butasintheelection
itself,thatdependsfullyonthepeopleonwhattheyarewillingandreadytodo."[49]

Events
Abortedmilitarycoup
Appalledbytheboldandapparentelectionirregularities,theReformtheArmedForcesMovementsetintomotionacoupattemptagainstMarcos.The
initialplanwasforateamtoassaultMalacaanPalaceandarrestFerdinandMarcos.Othermilitaryunitswouldtakeoverkeystrategicfacilities,suchas
theairport,militarybases,theGHQAFPinCampAguinaldo,andmajorhighwayjunctionstorestrictcounteroffensivebyMarcosloyaltroops.

Lt.Col.GregorioHonasanwastoleadtheteamthatwasgoingtoassaultMalacaanPalace.

However,afterMarcoslearnedabouttheplot,heorderedtheirleaders'arrest,[50]andpresentedtotheinternationalandlocalpresssomeofthecaptured
plotters,Maj.SaulitoArominandMaj.EdgardoDoromal.[51]

Threatenedwiththeirimpendingimprisonment,DefenseMinisterEnrileandhisfellowcoupplottersdecidedtoaskforhelpfromthenAFPViceChief
ofStaffLt.GenFidelRamos,whowasalsothechiefofthePhilippineConstabulary(nowthePhilippineNationalPolice).Ramosagreedtoresignfrom
hispositionandsupporttheplotters.EnrilealsocontactedthehighlyinfluentialCardinalArchbishopofManilaJaimeSinforhissupport.

Atabout6:30p.m.on22February,EnrileandRamosheldapressconferenceatCampAguinaldo,wheretheyannouncedthattheyhadresignedfrom
theirpositionsinMarcos'cabinetandwerewithdrawingsupportfromhisgovernment.Marcoshimselflaterconductedhisownnewsconferencecalling
onEnrileandRamostosurrender,urgingthemto"stopthisstupidity."[52]

Sin'sappeal

AfterCardinalVidal'scondemnationofthesnapelection'sfraudulentresult,amessagewasairedoverRadioVeritasataround9p.m.,CardinalSin
exhortedFilipinosinthecapitaltoaidrebelleadersbygoingtothesectionofEDSAbetweenCampCrameandAguinaldoandgivingemotional
support,foodandothersupplies.Formanythisseemedanunwisedecisionsincecivilianswouldnotstandachanceagainstadispersalbygovernment
troops.Manypeople,especiallypriestsandnuns,stilltroopedtoEDSA.[52]

RadioVeritasplayedacriticalroleduringthemassuprising.FormerUniversityofthePhilippinespresidentFranciscoNemenzostatedthat:"Without
RadioVeritas,itwouldhavebeendifficult,ifnotimpossible,tomobilizemillionsofpeopleinamatterofhours."Similarly,acertainaccountinthe
eventsaidthat:"RadioVeritas,infact,wasourumbilicalcordtowhateverelsewasgoingon."[53]

Risingmasssupport

Atdawn,Sunday,governmenttroopsarrivedtoknockdownthemaintransmitterofRadioVeritas,cuttingoffbroadcaststopeopleintheprovinces.The
stationswitchedtoastandbytransmitterwithalimitedrangeofbroadcast.[53]Thestationwastargetedbecauseithadproventobeavaluable
communicationstoolforthepeoplesupportingtherebels,keepingtheminformedofgovernmenttroopmovementsandrelayingrequestsforfood,
medicine,andsupplies.[52]

Still,peoplecametoEDSAuntilitswelledtohundredsofthousandsofunarmedcivilians.Themoodinthestreetwasactuallyveryfestive,withmany
bringingwholefamilies.Performersentertainedthecrowds,nunsandpriestsledprayervigils,andpeoplesetupbarricadesandmakeshiftsandbags,
trees,andvehiclesinseveralplacesalongEDSAandintersectingstreetssuchasSantolanandOrtigasAvenue.Everywhere,peoplelistenedtoRadio
Veritasontheirradios.SeveralgroupssangBayanKo(MyHomeland),[54]which,since1980,had
becomeapatrioticanthemoftheopposition.Peoplefrequentlyflashedthe'LABAN'sign,[55]which
isan"L"formedwiththeirthumbandindexfinger.'Laban'istheTagalogwordfor'fight',butalso
theabbreviationofLakasngBayan,NinoyAquino'sparty.

AfterlunchonFebruary23,EnrileandRamosdecidedtoconsolidatetheirpositions.Enrilecrossed
EDSAfromCampAguinaldotoCampCrameamidstcheersfromthecrowd.[52]

Inthemidafternoon,RadioVeritasrelayedreportsofMarinesmassingnearthecampsintheeast
andLVT5tanksapproachingfromthenorthandsouth.AcontingentofMarineswithtanksand
armoredvans,ledbyBrigadierGeneralArtemioTadiar,wasstoppedalongOrtigasAvenue,about
twokilometersfromthecamps,bytensofthousandsofpeople.[56]Nunsholdingrosarieskneltin
Duringtheheightoftherevolution,anestimated
frontofthetanksandmenandwomenlinkedarmstogethertoblockthetroops.[57]Tadiaraskedthe
threehundredtofivehundredthousandpeople
crowdstomakeaclearingforthem,buttheydidnotbudge.Intheend,thetroopsretreatedwithno
filledEDSAfromOrtigasAvenueallthewayto
shotsfired.[52] Cubao.Thephotoaboveshowstheareaatthe
intersectionofEDSAandBoniSerranoAvenue,
Byevening,thestandbytransmitterofRadioVeritasfailed.Shortlyaftermidnight,thestaffwere
justbetweenCampCrameandCampAguinaldo.
abletogotoanotherstationtobeginbroadcastingfromasecretlocationunderthemoniker"Radyo
Bandido"(OutlawRadio,whichisnowknownasDZRJAM).JuneKeithley,withAngeloCastro,
Jr.,wastheradiobroadcasterwhocontinuedRadioVeritas'programthroughoutthenightandintheremainingdays.[52]

Moremilitarydefections

AtdawnonMonday,February24,thefirstseriousencounterwithgovernmenttroopsoccurred.MarinesmarchingfromLibis,intheeast,lobbedtear
gasatthedemonstrators,whoquicklydispersed.Some3,000MarinesthenenteredandheldtheeastsideofCampAguinaldo.[52]

Later,helicoptersmannedbythe15thStrikeWingofthePhilippineAirForce,ledbyColonelAntonioSotelo,wereorderedfromSangleyPointin
Cavite(SouthofManila)toheadtoCampCrame.[58]Secretly,thesquadronhadalreadydefectedandinsteadofattackingCampCrame,landedinit,
withthecrowdscheeringandhuggingthepilotsandcrewmembers.[52]

ABell214helicopterpilotedbyMajorDeoCruzofthe205thHelicopterWingandSikorskyS76gunshipspilotedbyColonelCharlesHotchkissofthe
20thAirCommandoSquadronjoinedtherebelsquadronearlierintheair.ThepresenceofthehelicoptersboostedthemoraleofEnrileandRamoswho
hadbeencontinuallyencouragingtheirfellowsoldierstojointheoppositionmovement.[52]Intheafternoon,AquinoarrivedatthebasewhereEnrile,
Ramos,RAMofficersandathrongwerewaiting.[58]

ThecaptureofChannel4
Ataroundthattime,JuneKeithleyreceivedreportsthatMarcoshadleftMalacaangPalaceandbroadcastthistothepeopleatEDSA.Thecrowd
celebratedandevenRamosandEnrilecameoutfromCrametoappeartothecrowds.ThejubilationwashowevershortlivedasMarcoslaterappeared
ontelevisiononthegovernmentcontrolledChannel4,[59](usingtheforeclosedABSCBNfacilities,transmitterandcompound)declaringthathewould
notstepdown.ItwasthereafterspeculatedthatthefalsereportwasacalculatedmoveagainstMarcostoencouragemoredefections.[52]

Duringthisbroadcast,Channel4suddenlywentofftheair.Acontingentofrebels,underColonelMarianoSantiago,hadcapturedthestation.Channel4
wasputbackonlineshortlyafternoon,withOrlyPunzalanannouncingonlivetelevision,"Channel4isontheairagaintoservethepeople."Bythis
time,thecrowdsatEDSAhadswollentooveramillion.(Someestimatesplacedthemattwomillion.)[52]

Thisbroadcastwasconsideredthe"return"ofABSCBNonairbecausethiswasthetimewhenformeremployeesofthenetworkwereinsidethe
complexafter14yearsofclosuresinceMarcostookitoverduringtheMartialLawof1972.RadioBandidoendedbroadcastingthatafternoon,while
RadioVeritasresumedtransmissions,thistimefromtheABSCBNBroadcastingCenter'sradiostudios.

Inthelateafternoon,rebelhelicoptersattackedVillamorAirbase,destroyingpresidentialairassets.AnotherhelicopterwenttoMalacaang,fireda
rocket,andcausedminordamage.Later,mostoftheofficerswhohadgraduatedfromthePhilippineMilitaryAcademy(PMA)defected.Themajority
oftheArmedForceshadalreadychangedsides.[52]

Marcosordersnottoshoot

PriordialoguestostoptherevolutionhavenotsucceededwiththeArmedForcesofthePhilippines,
"Marcos'finesthour"
whichwasledbyGeneralFabianVer.AFPwasreadytomountanairstrikeonthedaybutwas
0:00 MENU
haltedunderordersofMarcos.
PresidentFerdinandMarcosand
TheactualdialogueonTVbetweenMarcosandthenAFPChiefofStaffGeneralFabianVerwentas GeneralFabianVerduringapress
conferenceinMalacaanPalace.
follows:[60]
Problemsplayingthisfile?Seemediahelp.
FabianVer:TheAmbushthereisaimingtomountthereinthetop.Veryquickly,youmust
immediatelyleavetoconquerthem,immediately,Mr.President.
FerdinandMarcos:Justwait,comehere.
Ver:Please,YourHonor,sowecanimmediatelystrikethem.Wehavetoimmobilizethehelicoptersthatthey'vegot.Wehavetwofighterplanes
flyingnowtostrikeatanytime,sir.
Marcos:Myorderisnottoattack.No,no,no!Holdon.Myorderisnottoattack.
Ver:Theyaremassingciviliansnearourtroopsandwecannotkeeponwithdrawing.Youaskedmetowithdrawyesterday
Marcos(interrupting):Uhyes,butah...Myorderistodispersewithoutshootingthem.
Ver:Wecannotwithdrawallthetime...
Marcos:No!No!No!Holdon!Youdispersethecrowdwithoutshootingthem.

Twoinaugurations
OnthemorningofTuesday,February25,ataround7a.m.,aminorclashoccurredbetweenloyal
governmenttroopsandthereformists.SnipersstationedatopthegovernmentownedChannel9
tower,nearChannel4,beganshootingatthereformists.Manyrebelsoldierssurgedtothe
station,[52]andarebelS76helicopterlatershotthesnipersatthebroadcasttower.Thetroopslater
leftafteraV150wasblockedbythecrowdassembled.

Laterinthemorning,CorazonAquinowasinauguratedasPresidentofthePhilippinesinasimple
ceremonyatClubFilipino[61]inGreenhills,aboutakilometerfromCampCrame.Shewasswornin
asPresidentbySeniorAssociateJusticeClaudioTeehankee,andLaurelasVicePresidentbyJustice
VicenteAbadSantos.TheBibleonwhichAquinosworeheroathwasheldbyAuroraAquino,the
motherofNinoyAquino.AttendingtheceremonieswereRamos,whowasthenpromotedto
General,Enrile,andmanypoliticians.[52] CorazonAquinowasinauguratedasthe11th
presidentofthePhilippinesonFebruary25,1986at
OutsideClubFilipino,allthewaytoEDSA,hundredsofpeoplecheeredandcelebrated.BayanKo
SampaguitaHall(NowKalayaanHall).
(MyCountry,apopularfolksongandtheunofficialNationalAnthemofprotest)wassungafter
Aquino'soathtaking.Manypeopleworeyellow,thecolorofAquino'scampaignforpresidency.

Anhourlater,MarcosheldtheinaugurationatMalacaangPalace.Loyalistciviliansattendedtheceremony,shouting"Marcos,Marcos,Marcosparin!
(Marcos,Marcos,stillMarcos!)".OnthePalacebalcony,MarcostooktheOathofOffice,broadcastbyIBC13andGMA7.[52]Noneoftheinvited
foreigndignitariesattendedtheceremony,forsecurityreasons.ThecouplefinallyemergedonthebalconyofthePalacebefore3,000KBLloyalistswho
wereshouting,"Capturethesnakes!"[62]Rathertearfully,[62]FirstLadyImeldaMarcosgaveafarewellrenditionofthecouple'sthemesongthe1938
kundiman"DahilSaIyo"(BecauseofYou)chantingthesong'sentreatiesinTagalog:

Becauseofyou,Ibecamehappy
LovingIshallofferyou
IfitistrueIshallbeenslavedbyyou
Allofthisbecauseofyou.[62]

Thebroadcastoftheeventwasinterruptedasrebeltroopssuccessfullycapturedtheotherstations.[52]

Bythistime,hundredsofpeoplehadamassedatthebarricadesalongMendiola,onlyahundredmetersawayfromMalacaang.Theywereprevented
fromstormingthePalacebyloyalgovernmenttroopssecuringthearea.Theangrydemonstratorswerepacifiedbypriestswhowarnedthemnottobe
violent.[52]

Marcos'departure
At3:00p.m.(EST)onMonday,PresidentMarcosphonedUnitedStatesSenatorPaulLaxalt,[62]askingforadvicefromtheWhiteHouse.Laxaltadvised
himto"cutandcutclean",[63]towhichMarcosexpressedhisdisappointmentafterashortpause.Intheafternoon,MarcostalkedtoMinisterEnrile,
askingforsafepassageforhim,hisfamily,andclosealliessuchasGeneralVer.

AtmidnightPHT,theMarcosfamilyboardedaUnitedStatesAirForceHH3ERescuehelicopters[6]andflewtoClarkAirBaseinAngelesCity83
kilometresnorthofManila.

AtClarkAirBase,MarcosaskedtospendacoupleofdayswithhisfamilyinIlocosNorte,hisnativeprovince.Aquinovetoedtherequest.President
ReaganprivatelyderidedCoryAquinofordenyingMarcosalastlookathishomeprovince.[64]

ThedeposedFirstFamilyandtheirservantsthenrodeUSAirForceDC9MedivacandC141BplanestoAndersenAirForceBaseinthenorthofthe
UnitedStatesterritoryofGuam,thenflyingtoHickamAirForceBaseinHawaiiwhereMarcosfinallyarrivedonFebruary26.USGovernment
documentedthattheyenteredtheUSAwithmillionsofdollarsinjewelries,gold,stocks,andcash[7][52]

WhennewsoftheMarcosfamily'sdeparturereachedcivilians,manyrejoicedanddancedinthestreets.OveratMendiola,thedemonstratorsstormed
thePalace,whichwasclosedtoordinarypeopleforaroundadecade.Despitelootingbysomeangryprotesters,themajoritywanderedaboutinside
throughroomswherenationalhistorywasshaped,lookingatobjectsextravagantandmundanethattheMarcosclananditscourthadabandonedintheir
flight.

Inothercountries,peoplealsorejoicedandcongratulatedFilipinostheyknew.CBSanchormanBobSimonreported:WeAmericansliketothinkwe
taughttheFilipinosdemocracy.Well,tonighttheyareteachingtheworld.[52]

SomeauthorssaythatMarcospreventedcivilwarsimilartotheSyrianCivilWarbyrefusingtousegunsnotwithstandingtheinsistenceofhistop
general,andbyagreeingtostepdownduringtheEDSArevolution.[65][66]TheWhiteHousesaid"ByleavingthePhilippinesatacriticaljunctureinhis
nation'shistory,Mr.Marcospermittedthepeacefultransitiontopopular,democraticrule."[67]

Aftermath
Immediatelyafterassumingthepresidency,PresidentCorazonAquinoissuedProclamationNo.3,whichestablishedarevolutionarygovernment.
AquinounilaterallyabolishedtheparliamentBatasangPambansawhichwasdulyelectedinthePhilippineparliamentaryelection,1984.Sheabolished
the1973Constitutionthatwasinforceduringmartiallaw,andinsteadpromulgatedtheprovisional1986FreedomConstitution,pendingtheratification
ofanewConstitutionbythepeople.ThisallowedAquinotoexercisebothexecutiveandlegislativepowersuntiltheratificationofthenewPhilippine
ConstitutionandtheestablishmentofanewCongressin1987.[68]Aquinoalsoremovedseveralgovernmentofficialsperceivedasloyaliststothe
Marcosadministrationandappointedcabinetmembersandofficerswhowillbeloyaltocurrentadministration.[69][70]
TheestablishmentofthenewgovernmentwasmetwithcriticismamongthecontemporariesofCoryAquino.SupremeCourtJusticeCeciliaMuoz
Palmavehementlyopposedthemoveciting,"tocallthegovernmentrevolutionaryandabolishtheBatasanPambansawastobehavenobetterthan
DictatorMarcos".HomobonoAdaza,whobrokeredforUnitedDemocraticOpposition(UNIDO)whichsupportedAquino,criticizedCoryforbetraying
theagreementoftheUNIDOpoliticalcoalitionthatthetypeofgovernmentofMarcoswouldbecontinuedandthatCoryshallonlybeaceremonial
President.HealsoaddressedCory'slackofexperienceontheposition,saying"everyoneknewthatCoryhadnoknowledgeofhowtorunthecountry,
andsheadmittedthis."[71]AletterbyresignedformersecretaryofforeignaffairsandformervicepresidentSalvadorLaurel,aswellascritics
thereafter,reportedcontroversiesbyinvolvingclosestrelativesandgivingunfairprivilegeswithinthenewadministration.[72][73][74]

TherevolutionhadaneffectondemocratizationmovementsinsuchcountriesasTaiwanandSouthKoreaothereffectsincludetherestorationofthe
freedomofthepress,abolitionofrepressivelawsunderadictator'sregime,adoptionofanewconstitution,andthesubordinationofthemilitaryto
civilianrule,despiteseveralcoupattemptsduringtheAquinoadministration.[75]

Therevolutionprovidedfortherestorationofdemocraticinstitutionsafterthirteenyearsofauthoritarianruleandtheseinstitutionshavebeenusedby
variousgroupstochallengetheentrenchedpoliticalfamiliesandtostrengthenPhilippinedemocracy.[76]

Legacy
TheEDSARevolutionAnniversaryisaspecialpublicholidayinthePhilippines.Since2010,theholidayhasbeenaspecialnonworkingholiday.[77][78]

RampantcorruptionduringthetermofPresidentJosephEstradaledtothesimilar2001EDSARevolution
leadingtohisresignationfromthepresidency.

Timeline
Seealso
EpifaniodelosSantosAvenueformoreinformationabouttheroad
HandogngPilipinosaMundo
10pesocoincommemoratingthe
EDSAShrine
PeoplePowerRevolution
PeoplePowerMonument

Similarevents

EDSAII
EDSAIII
GdaskAgreementof1980andRoundTableAgreementof1989,bothinducedbypeacefulprotestsinPoland
TiananmenSquareprotestsof1989
 RomanianRevolution
VelvetRevolution,inCzechoslovakia
8888Uprising,inBurma(nowMyanmar)
IranianRevolution
TunisianRevolution
EgyptianRevolutionof2011
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Categories: PeoplePowerRevolution 1986inthePhilippines 1980scoupsd'tatandcoupattempts 20thcenturyrevolutions

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