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-Forced Convection
5-1 Introduction
5-2 Boundary Layer Equations
5-3 Similarity Solution
5-4 Integral Method Approximation
5-2
5-5
5-7
Prandtl Number:
The relative thickness of the velocity and the thermal
boundary layers is best described by the dimensionless
parameter Prandtl number, defined as
Molecular diffusivity of momentum cp
Pr = = =
Molecular diffusivity of heat k
Heat diffuses very quickly in liquid metals (Pr1) and very
slowly in oils (Pr1) relative to momentum.
Consequently the thermal boundary layer is much thicker for
liquid metals and much thinner for oils relative to the velocity
boundary layer.
5-11
5-12
The velocity profile in turbulent flow is much fuller than that in laminar flow, with a
sharp drop near the surface.
The turbulent boundary layer can be considered to consist of four regions:
Viscous sublayer
Buffer layer
Overlap layer
Turbulent layer
The intense mixing in turbulent flow enhances heat and momentum transfer, which
increases the friction force on the surface and the convection heat transfer rate.
5-13
Reynolds Number:
The transition from laminar to turbulent flow depends on the surface geometry, surface
roughness, flow velocity, surface temperature, and type of fluid.
The flow regime depends mainly on the ratio of the inertia forces to viscous forces in
the fluid.
This ratio is called the Reynolds number, which is expressed for external flow as
Inertia forces VLc VLc
Re = = =
Viscous forces
At large Reynolds numbers (turbulent flow) the inertia forces are large relative to the
viscous forces.
At small or moderate Reynolds numbers (laminar flow), the viscous forces are large
enough to suppress these fluctuations and to keep the fluid inline.
Critical Reynolds number the Reynolds number at which the flow becomes
turbulent.
5-14
The total shear stress and total heat flux can be expressed as
u u
turb = ( + t ) = ( + t )
and y y
T T
q&turb = ( k + kt ) = c p ( + t )
y y
In the core region of a turbulent boundary layer eddy motion
(and eddy diffusivities) are much larger than their molecular
counterparts.
Close to the wall the eddy motion loses its intensity.
At the wall the eddy motion diminishes because of the no-
slip condition.
5-17
In the core region the velocity and temperature profiles are very
moderate.
In the thin layer adjacent to the wall the velocity and
temperature profiles are very steep.
Large velocity and temperature gradients at the wall
surface.
The wall shear stress
and wall heat flux are much larger
in turbulent flow than they
are in laminar
flow.
5-18
At y=0 u ( x, 0 ) = 0, v ( x, 0 ) = 0, T ( x, 0 ) = Ts
As y
u ( x, ) = V , T ( x, ) = T
When fluid properties are assumed to be constant, the first two equations
can be solved separately for the velocity components u and v.
knowing u and v, the temperature becomes the only unknown in the last
equation, and it can be solved for temperature distribution. 5-22
x df V df
u= = =V =V
y y V d x d
x df V 1 V df
v= = V f = f
x V d 2 Vx 2 x d
5-24
d3 f d2 f
2 3+f =0
d d 2
df df
f ( 0 ) = 0, = 0, =1
d =0 d
5-25
Mathematical Simplification
Number of independent variables are reduced
Reduction in order of differential equation
5-26