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Comments(RFCs)
1. Open the RFC editor web page (www.rfc-editor.org/rfc.html).
2. Using the search utility list the names and RFC numbers of the following
standards:
4. Using the information in RFC 2500 note the RFC and standard numbers
(STDs) for the following Internet Standard protocols:
6. Using the information in RFC 1700 fill in the the assigned Internet protocol
numbers for the following protocols:
7. Using the information in RFC 1700 fill in the well known port numbers for
the following protocols:
Part 1 All ping tests fail except for the loop-back address and the PC's own address.
In all other cases the PC will determine that the destination IP address is on a
remote IP network. Therefore the PC will attempt to contact its default gateway,
which does not exist.
Part 2 The ping tests to all remote IP addresses including the far side of the router fail,
because the PC's default gateway is incorrectly configured.
Part 3 No ping test fails, provided all PC's are now correctly configured
Part 4 All Ping tests except the one to the local PC will fail. All other devices including
the default gateway are in a different subnet because of the subnet mask.
The IP address of the PC's must be changed to become part of the subnet
defined by the routers.
Subnet 1
Router 192.168.10.33 255.255.255.224
Valid IP addresses for PCs anything between 192.168.10.34 and
192.168.10.62
Subnet 2
Router 192.168.30.33 255.255.255.224
Valid IP addresses for PCs anything between 192.168.30.34 and
192.168.30.62
2. What is the maximum number of hosts that can be assigned to each subnet?
The maximum number of hosts on each subnet is 25 -2, or 30.
Exercise
1. List the individual /24 networks numbers defined by the CIDR block
200.56.168.0/21.
Step 2 The /21 mask is 3 bits shorter than the natural mask for a traditional /24. This
means that the CIDR block identifies a block of 8 (or 23) consecutive /24
network numbers.
Step 3 The range of /24 network numbers defined by the CIDR block 200.56.168.0/21
includes:
Net #0: 11001000.00111000.10101000 .xxxxxxxx 200.56.168.0
Net #1: 11001000.00111000.10101001 .xxxxxxxx 200.56.169.0
Net #2: 11001000.00111000.10101010 .xxxxxxxx 200.56.170.0
Net #3: 11001000.00111000.10101011 .xxxxxxxx 200.56.171.0
Net #4: 11001000.00111000.10101100 .xxxxxxxx 200.56.172.0
Net #5: 11001000.00111000.10101101 .xxxxxxxx 200.56.173.0
Net #6: 11001000.00111000.10101110 .xxxxxxxx 200.56.174.0
Net #7: 11001000.00111000.10101111 .xxxxxxxx 200.56.175.0
2. List the individual /24 networks numbers defined by the CIDR block
195.24/13.
Step 2 The /13 mask is 11 bits shorter than the natural mask for a traditional /24. This
means that the CIDR block identifies a block of 2,048 (or 211) consecutive /24
network numbers.
Step 3 The range of /24 network numbers defined by the CIDR block 195.24/13
include:
Net #0: 11000011.00011000.00000000 .xxxxxxxx 195.24.0.0
Net #1: 11000011.00011000.00000001 .xxxxxxxx 195.24.1.0
Net #2: 11000011.00011000.00000010 .xxxxxxxx 195.24.2.0
:::::::::
Net #2045: 11000011.00011111.11111101 .xxxxxxxx 195.31.253.0
Net #2046: 11000011.00011111.11111110 .xxxxxxxx 195.31.254.0
Net #2047: 11000011.00011111.11111111 .xxxxxxxx 195.31.255.0
3. Aggregate the following set of (4) IP /24 network addresses to the highest
degree possible.
212.56.132.0/24
212.56.133.0/24
212.56.134.0/24
212.56.135.0/24
Step 1 List each address in binary format and determine the common prefix for all of
the addresses:
212.56.132.0/24 11010100.00111000.10000100 .00000000
212.56.133.0/24 11010100.00111000.10000101 .00000000
212.56.134.0/24 11010100.00111000.10000110 .00000000
212.56.135.0/24 11010100.00111000.10000111 .00000000
Common Prefix: 11010100.00111000.100001 00.00000000
4. Aggregate the following set of (4) IP /24 network addresses to the highest
degree possible.
212.56.146.0/24
212.56.147.0/24
212.56.148.0/24
212.56.149.0/24
Step 1 List each address in binary format and determine the common prefix for all of
the addresses:
212.56.146.0/24 11010100.00111000.10010010 .00000000
212.56.147.0/24 11010100.00111000.10010011 .00000000
212.56.148.0/24 11010100.00111000.10010100 .00000000
212.56.149.0/24 11010100.00111000.10010101 .00000000
Step 2 Note that this set of four /24s cannot be summarized as a single /23!
212.56.146.0/23 11010100.00111000.1001001 0.00000000
212.56.148.0/23 11010100.00111000.1001010 0.00000000
Note that if two /23s are to be aggregated into a /22, then both /23s must fall
within a single /22 block! Since each of the two /23s is a member of a different /
22 block, they cannot be aggregated into a single /22 (even though they are
consecutive!). They could be aggregated into 222.56.144/21, but this
aggregation would include four network numbers that were not part of the
original allocation. Hence, the smallest possible aggregate is two /23s.
5. Aggregate the following set of (64) IP /24 network addresses to the highest
degree possible.
202.1.96.0/24
202.1.97.0/24
202.1.98.0/24
::::::
202.1.126.0/24
202.1.127.0/24
202.1.128.0/24
202.1.129.0/24
:::::::
202.1.158.0/24
202.1.159.0/24
Step 1 List each address in binary format and determine the common prefix for all of
the addresses:
Step 2 Note that this set of 64 /24s cannot be summarized as a single /19!
202.1.96.0/19 11001010.00000001.011 00000.00000000
202.1.128.0/19 11001010.00000001.100 00000.00000000
Similar to the previous example, if two /19s are to be aggregated into a /18, the
/19s must fall within a single /18 block! Since each of these two /19s is a
member of a different /18 block, they cannot be aggregated into a single /18.
They could be aggregated into 202.1/16, but this aggregation would include
192 network numbers that were not part of the original allocation. Thus, the
smallest possible aggregate is two /19s.
WAN Links
Subnet mask of 255.255.255.252 (/30)
64 X 2 host networks
200.100.155.0
200.100.155.4
200.100.155.8
200.100.155.12
200.100.155.16
200.100.155.20
200.100.155.24
etc..
Note: All IP addresses on the following diagram start with 200.100.
Solution 5: Viewing and Modifying the ARP
Cache
2. Ping the other PC on the same LAN and view the ARP cache.
6. Open a second DOS screen and confirm that the ARP entry does not clear.
9. View the ARP cache and take a note of the hardware address of the router.
10. Put a permanent entry into the ARP cache for the router ( arp -s
192.168.x.1 hardware address). Note it may be necessary to ping the
router first for this command to take effect.
14. Ping the local PC. What IP and hardware addresses are in the ARP
cache?
15. Ping the two remote PCs. What IP and hardware addresses are in the ARP
cache and why?
When you ping a remote device the IP software knows that this IP
packet must be delivered to the local router (default gateway). Therefore
your PC will send an ARP broadcast to find the Ethernet address
of the local router, not the remote device.
16. Put in a wrong hardware address for the router in the ARP cache.
19. Ping the local PC. Does it work, why or why not?
Yes, it does work because the default gateway is irrelevant in this
case.
20. Remove the wrong entry from the ARP cache (arp -d 192.168.x.x).
3. What command did the PC user type, to generate packets (3,5,7 and 9)?
ping 192.168.10.1
4. Why did the PC generate frame 1 and under what circumstances would it
not do this?
The PC did not know the Ethernet address that corresponded to the
IP address 192.168.10.1.
If the PC did know the Ethernet address, in other words it was contained
in the PC's ARP table.
Solution 7: Opening a Connection
- TCP Three-way Handshake
1. Fill in the gaps below (sequence numbers and acknowledgement numbers).
3. Assume the diagram below represents the same TCP connection between
the client and server later on. Fill in the gaps below (sequence numbers
and acknowledgement numbers).
4. At the time marked X below, why can the client not send the next 1,000
byte segment?
The client can only send a maximum of 3,000 bytes to the server without
receiving any acknowledgements. Otherwise it would exceed the server's
window size.
5. What will happen when the timeout period expires on the client?
The client will retransmit the packet which was lost (sequence number 35,500
and acknowledgement number 4,100). The server will store the segments
which were out of sequence until the missing segment is received. Finally, the
server will resequence the segments. The server will acknowledge all
segments received as shown in the diagram below.
6. Assume the diagram below represents the same TCP connection between
the client and server later on and that the timeout period has just expired.
Fill in the gaps below (sequence numbers and acknowledgement numbers).
Solution 8: TCP/IP
The following pages contain a trace of Ethernet frames between a PC and a
router.
Questions
1. What are the source and destination port numbers?
Source port = 1040
Destination port = 23
2. Why did the PC use these particular source and destination port numbers?
The PC is initiating a Telnet session. It must use the "well-known"
port number 23 so that the router recognises the connection as Telnet.
It can randomly generate the source port number.
4. What is a more common size for the TCP data offset field?
20 bytes
4. How many maximum size segments can the PC send without receiving an
acknowledgement?
Four (4,096 divide by 1,024)
Note: In practice, this is not only limited by the advertised window
size, but also by the congestion window size.
Frame 3
Frame 3 is from the PC to the router.
Questions
Frame 4 - Frame 12
Frame 4 to Frame 12 are part of a telnet session between the PC and the
router.
2. Frame number 4 contains three Telnet commands from the router to the
PC.
IAC Will Suppress go-ahead
IAC Will Status
IAC Will Echo
IAC means Interpret As Command. "Will" is a negotiation request for a
characteristic that the router wants to enable for it's side of the Telnet session.
The response from the PC is either "do" for accept or "don't" for reject.
In what frames does the PC reply to these three commands? Which requests
are accepted?
In Frame 5 the PC accepts go-ahead
"Telnet: IAC Do Suppress go-ahead"
In Frame 7 the PC rejects status, but accepts Echo
"Telnet: IAC Don't Status
Telnet: IAC Do Echo"
6. If frame 11 contains no Telnet information why was it sent? What is the difference
in the TCP flags field between frame 11 and frame 12?
Frame 11 was sent by the PC as a TCP acknowledgement to frame 10.
Frame 11 has the PUSH bit set as well as the ACK bit; therefore it contains
actual data. (1 byte of data the letter "e").
Solution 9: DHCP
The attached is a trace of four Ethernet frames, which contain DHCP
messages, generated by 2 different devices on a LAN segment:
5. How long is the lease time on the IP address which the DHCP server
offers?
3,600 seconds (1 hour)