POSIVA 2015-01

Geological and Geotechnical Mapping

Procedures in use in the ONKALO

Juhani Norokallio

June 2015

POSIVA OY
Olkiluoto
FI-27160 EURAJOKI, FINLAND
Phone (02) 8372 31 (nat.), (+358-2-) 8372 31 (int.)
Fax (02) 8372 3809 (nat.), (+358-2-) 8372 3809 (int.)
 POSIVA 2015-01

Geological and Geotechnical Mapping

Procedures in use in the ONKALO

Juhani Norokallio
Posiva Oy

June 2015

POSIVA OY
Olkiluoto
FI-27160 EURAJOKI, FINLAND
Phone (02) 8372 31 (nat.), (+358-2-) 8372 31 (int.)
Fax (02) 8372 3809 (nat.), (+358-2-) 8372 3809 (int.)
ISBN 978-951-652-243-5
ISSN 1239-3096
 Posiva-raportti Posiva Report Raportin tunnus Report code

POSIVA 2015-01
Posiva Oy
Olkiluoto Julkaisuaika Date
FI-27160 EURAJOKI, FINLAND
June 2015
Puh. 02-8372 (31) Int. Tel. +358 2 8372 (31)

Tekij(t) Author(s) Toimeksiantaja(t) Commissioned by

Juhani Norokallio, Posiva Oy
Posiva Oy

Nimeke Title
GEOLOGICAL AND GEOTECHNICAL MAPPING PROCEDURES IN USE IN THE
ONKALO
Tiivistelm Abstract

This report describes and evaluates the geological and geotechnical mapping procedures used in
the ONKALO underground rock characterization facility. The described procedures will also be
applied in the repository tunnels.

At present, the geological mapping procedures used in ONKALO are divided into three different
stages: round mapping, systematic mapping and supplementary studies. The main purpose of the
round mapping stage is to obtain geological data for the geotechnical assessment of the rock
mass for excavation purposes, especially for the design of tunnel reinforcement. At this stage,
the round is also 3D-photographed. The round mapping is performed from below the shotcreted
roof of the previous round. The systematic mapping takes place soon after the roof of the round
has been shotcreted. Most of the geological data is gathered during this phase and after the
mapping, all observations are measured with a tachymeter to obtain precise location data. The
supplementary studies comprise several mapping phases, which include mapping of the
significant fractures (Tunnel Crosscutting Fractures - TCF), detailed mapping and descriptions
of deformation zone intersections, as well as petrological and mineralogical sampling. Many of
these features are already recognized during the round and systematic mapping, but their
detailed definition and description is completed during this last mapping phase.

Over time, several improvements have been made to the mapping procedures used in ONKALO.
The current mapping methods give both detailed information and an extensive view of the
geology of the excavated areas. However, the development of the mapping procedure is still
undergoing as described at the end of this report.

Avainsanat - Keywords

ONKALO, geological mapping, mapping procedures, round mapping, systematic mapping,

supplementary studies, evaluation.
ISBN ISSN
ISBN 978-951-652-243-5 ISSN 1239-3096
Sivumr Number of pages Kieli Language
54 English
 Posiva-raportti Posiva Report Raportin tunnus Report code

POSIVA 2015-01
Posiva Oy
Olkiluoto Julkaisuaika Date
FI-27160 EURAJOKI, FINLAND
Keskuu 2015
Puh. 02-8372 (31) Int. Tel. +358 2 8372 (31)

Tekij(t) Author(s) Toimeksiantaja(t) Commissioned by

Juhani Norokallio, Posiva Oy
Posiva Oy

Nimeke Title
ONKALOSSA KYTETTVT GEOLOGISET JA GEOTEKNISET KARTOITUS-
MENETELMT
Tiivistelm Abstract

Tm raportti ksittelee maanalaisessa tutkimustilassa, ONKALOssa, kytettvi geologisia ja

geoteknisi kartoitusmenetelmi, sek niihin liittyvi kehitystarpeita. Raportissa kuvattuja
kartoitusmenetelmi tullaan soveltamaan mys loppusijoitustiloissa.

Tmnhetkisen kytnnn mukaan geologinen kartoitus suoritetaan kolmessa eri vaiheessa,

jotka ovat katkokartoitus, systemaattinen kartoitus sek tydentvt tutkimukset. Ensimmisen
vaiheen eli katkokartoituksen trkeimpn tehtvn on mritell kalliolaatu ja tmn avulla
antaa tietoa suunnittelun ja louhinnan tarpeisiin lhinn suunniteltaessa tynaikaista lujitusta.
Katkokartoituksen aikana kalliopinnat mys 3D-kuvataan. Kartoitus tehdn aina edellisen, jo
lujitetun katkon puolelta. Systemaattisen, eli toisen vaiheen kartoituksen aikana kertn suurin
osa geologisesta aineistosta. Systemaattinen kartoitus tehdn katkoittain, heti katon lujittamisen
jlkeen, ja kartoitus ksitt mys lattian. Kartoituksen jlkeen kaikki havainnot mitataan
takymetrill, jolloin havainnoille saadaan tarkka paikkatieto. Tydentvill tutkimuksilla
tydennetn aiemmista kartoitusvaiheista saatua tietoa mm. laatimalla yksityiskohtaiset
kuvaukset havaituista deformaatiovyhykelvistyksist ja merkittvist (mm. koko tunneli-
profiilia leikkaavista) raoista. Mys petrologisten ja mineralogisten nytteiden otto suoritetaan
tarvittaessa osana tydentvi tutkimuksia.

ONKALOssa suoritettava geologinen kartoitus on kehittynyt nykyisen kaltaiseksi useiden

muutosten ja kehitystarpeiden tuloksena. Nykyiselln se antaa laajan, mutta mys
yksityiskohtaisen kuvan louhittujen tilojen geologiasta. Kehitysty jatkuu ja siit esimerkkin
raportin lopussa esitetyt muutamat kehitysehdotukset.

Avainsanat - Keywords
ONKALO, geologinen kartoitus, geotekninen kartoitus, kartoitusmenetelmt, katkokartoitus,
systemaattinen kartoitus, tydentvt tutkimukset, kehittmistarpeet.
ISBN ISSN
ISBN 978-951-652-243-5 ISSN 1239-3096
Sivumr Number of pages Kieli Language
54 Englanti
 1

TABLE OF CONTENTS

ABSTRACT

TIIVISTELM

1 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................... 3
2 CURRENT MAPPING PRACTICE.......................................................................... 5
2.1 Mapping procedures ....................................................................................... 5
2.1.1 Round mapping ........................................................................................... 5
2.1.1.1 Rock mass quality (Q classification).................................................... 6
2.1.1.2 Main fracture orientations and overall geologic description ................ 8
2.1.2 Systematic mapping .................................................................................... 8
2.1.2.1 Rock mass quality (Q classification).................................................... 9
2.1.2.2 Friction Angle and Waviness Angle................................................... 10
2.1.2.3 Lithology ............................................................................................ 11
2.1.2.4 Ductile deformation ........................................................................... 14
2.1.2.5 Brittle deformation ............................................................................. 14
2.1.2.6 Number of fractures and fracture spacing ......................................... 15
2.1.2.7 Fracture length .................................................................................. 15
2.1.2.8 Fracture filling width .......................................................................... 15
2.1.2.9 Alteration ........................................................................................... 15
2.1.2.10 Water leakages ............................................................................. 16
2.1.3 Supplementary studies.............................................................................. 16
2.1.3.1 Tunnel crosscutting fractures (TCF) .................................................. 16
2.1.3.2 Deformation zone intersections ......................................................... 18
2.1.3.3 Other supplementary studies ............................................................ 19
2.1.4 Mapping of deposition holes ..................................................................... 19
2.2 Description of the mapping parameters ........................................................ 21
3 EVALUATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF MAPPING PROCEDURE ................... 35
3.1 Round mapping ............................................................................................. 35
3.2 Systematic Mapping ...................................................................................... 35
3.2.1 Leucosome content ................................................................................... 35
3.2.2 Type of the mineralogical alteration .......................................................... 35
3.3 Supplementary studies ................................................................................. 35
3.3.1 Deformation zone intersections................................................................. 35
3.3.1.1 Water leakage ................................................................................... 35
REFERENCES: ............................................................................................................ 39
4 APPENDICES: ...................................................................................................... 41
2
 3

1 INTRODUCTION

This report presents current geological and geotechnical mapping procedures for all the
excavated areas in the ONKALO, e.g. the access tunnel, the four demonstration tunnels
and the technical rooms, together with brief geological descriptions (Chapter 2). For
more detailed geological descriptions, see Nordbck (2013). Some considerations
regarding the development of the mapping parameters and procedures are presented at
the end of the report (Chapter 3).

The excavation of the ONKALO underground rock characterisation facility began in

September 2004 and by the beginning of April 2012 approximately 4900 m of the
tunnel had been excavated, in addition to the demonstration tunnels and the technical
rooms. Its construction has been performed as a three-stage process comprising: (1) the
drilling of probe holes (1526 m in length); (2) pre-grouting if required; (3) the
excavation of three to four rounds, each 45 m in length (using drill and blast). After
chainage 4400 the roof is shotcreted after every blast.

Against this background, the geological and geotechnical mapping procedures in the
ONKALO have been revised and improved several times to meet the different demands
of excavation and research.

Several different classification systems for defining the geotechnical properties of hard
rock have been developed, mainly due to the wide variety of properties that the bedrock
exhibits. Posiva has chosen three of these classification systems and uses them
concurrently when assessing the rock properties, in order to obtain a wide diversity in
the geotechnical classification. The three systems that Posiva uses are the Rock Quality
Designation (RQD) of Deere et al. (1967), the Q classification system of Barton et al.
(1974), Grimstad & Barton (1993) and Barton (2002) and the RG classification
(Rakennusgeologinen kallioluokitus) of Korhonen et al. (1974) and Gardemeister et al.
(1976). The Q classification system is the most widely used one in the world and is the
main classification scheme used in the ONKALO tunnel. The RG classification system
was developed for Finnish conditions and is therefore a good supplement to the other
systems.

The principles of naming rocks at Olkiluoto have been laid out in the working report A
system of Nomenclature for Rocks in Olkiluoto" (Mattila 2006). This nomenclature,
which was developed in particular for the migmatitic gneisses at Olkiluoto, recognises
three groups: veined gneiss, stromatic gneiss and diatexitic gneiss (Krki & Paulamki
2006). The pervasive foliation, which is typical of the Olkiluoto site, is classified using
a unique classification system developed by Milnes et al. (2006), which takes into
account the intensity and type of the foliation. Deformation zones intersecting the
ONKALO are described using the methodology explained in Milnes et al. (2007) and
used in the geological modelling of the Olkiluoto site (Paulamki et al. 2006, Mattila et
al. 2008). This methodology is derived from the fault rock classification system
proposed by Sibson (1977) and further developed by Scholz (2002) and has proved to
be particularly suitable for the different types of deformation zones occurring in the
high-grade metamorphic rocks at Olkiluoto.

At present, the geological and geotechnical mapping takes place in three different
stages; round mapping, systematic mapping and supplementary studies. The first stage,
 4

round mapping, is a geotechnical mapping procedure to assess the rock quality soon
after excavation. Systematic mapping is the main geological mapping stage, and this is
when the main part of the geological information is obtained. The supplementary
studies include, for example, the definition of Tunnel Crosscutting Fractures (TCF, see
definition below, Section 2.1.3.1), the recognition and description of deformation zone
intersections, and water leakage mapping.

This report is divided into three chapters, where Chapter 1 is the introduction and
Chapter 2 describes current, i.e. existing, mapping practices with some examples.
Descriptions of the mapping parameters are also included in Chapter 2. Future
development needs are discussed in Chapter 3, in the light of experience gathered by the
mapping teams to date, and some changes to these practices are proposed. The
Appendices contain the determination tables and spreadsheets at present in use for
mapping purposes, in association with the three types of mapping which are being
carried out: Description of the various Q parameters are presented in Appendix 1;
round mapping in Appendix 2; systematic geological mapping in Appendices 3 and 4;
and supplementary studies (e.g. characterisation of deformation zone intersections), in
Appendix 5. Also, the abbreviations used for fracture-filling minerals used in the
systematic geological mapping of the ONKALO access tunnel are presented on
Appendix 6.

Several improvements have been made to the mapping procedure as well as to the
mapping spreadsheets since the first report describing and explaining the geological and
geotechnical mapping practice used in the ONKALO access tunnel (Engstrm &
Kemppainen 2008) was published. These changes are presented and discussed in the
current report and also further development ideas are presented. The procedures
associated with round mapping, systematic mapping and geological deformation zone
mapping are presented in detail in the following instructions: POS-001497 Onkalon
geologinen kartoitus, 1. vaihe (round mapping), POS-001995, ONKALON geologisen
kartoituksen suorittaminen, toinen vaihe (systematic mapping) and POS-016468
geologisen deformaatiovyhykkeen kartoitus ONKALOssa (deformation zone mapping).
 5

2 CURRENT MAPPING PRACTICE

The guidelines for geological and geotechnical mapping to be used in the ONKALO
access tunnel were set out and published in the Underground Characterisation and
Research Programme (UCRP) (Posiva 2003). This report stated that the mapping should
be carried out in three steps: Step 1 - tunnel face mapping; Step 2 - tunnel window
mapping; and Step 3 - supplementary studies. The current mapping practice follows
these guidelines, although the content of each step has been revised and renamed during
the construction of the ONKALO access tunnel; and further changes have been made in
the mapping procedure since the previous evaluation report (Engstrm & Kemppainen
2008). In addition, development of the mapping procedure is still taking place, in
preparation for the construction of the final repository tunnels. The main aim is to
achieve a more accurate and detailed geological model for the ONKALO area, as well
as to optimize the procedures for mapping the repository rooms.

2.1 Mapping procedures

The geological and geotechnical mapping procedures currently used in the ONKALO
tunnels have been specially developed by Posiva, to obtain as much information as
possible from the tunnel in the time that is available for research, as excavation and
mapping are required to operate simultaneously. The total time necessary for the
mapping of one round (ca. 5 m section of tunnel) obviously varies depending on the
tunnel profile, the rock quality and the level of fracturing. During excavation, the walls,
roof and floor of the tunnel are mapped, whereas the tunnel face is only mapped for
completely excavated tunnels and rooms. The geological and geotechnical mapping is
divided into three separate stages, which are carried out in a manner which affects the
normal tunnel excavation procedures as little as possible. The three mapping stages and
the approximate times required for each are:

- Round mapping (duration ~0.5-1 h per round) (Section 2.1.1)

- Systematic mapping (duration ~1-3 h per round) (Section 2.1.2)

- Supplementary studies (duration ~0.5-2 h per round) (Section 2.1.3).

In addition to the various tunnels, geological and geotechnical mapping will be carried
out in deposition holes. The procedure (described in Section 2.1.4) has been developed
during the construction of the demonstration facilities and the associated experimental
deposition holes, and is still likely to go through some further development.

2.1.1 Round mapping

The round mapping is performed as soon as possible after each excavation round, its
main purpose being to obtain geological data for the geotechnical assessment of the
rock mass for excavation purposes. Therefore, the main parameters to be obtained in the
round mapping are the six parameters required by the Q classification system (see
Section 2.1.1.1). These parameters are gathered from fractures more than 1 m in length.
Since 2011 the round mapping has been performed below the shotcreted roof of the
previous round from the tunnel face. The shotcreting of the last excavated round is
carried out soon after the round mapping procedure, so this is only opportunity for
 6

obtaining observations from the tunnel roof. It is, therefore, very important to notice
deformation zone intersections (see Section 2.1.3.2.) and long fractures (see Section
2.1.3.1.) at this stage and to measure them with a tachymeter. The locations of the
measured fractures are also denoted in the Remarks field of the mapping data sheet by
the letter K (indicating the roof), O (indicating the right wall) or V (indicating the left
wall). This helps those who need to make use of the geological data, for example to
investigate fracture densities, but have not experienced the situation in the tunnel.

In addition to the Q parameters, deformation zone intersections and long fractures,

observations of the main fracture orientations (fractures over 1m in length), rock types,
grain size variations and water leakages are also included with the mapping procedure
(see Section 2.1.1.2).

A detailed description of the various parameters used in the round mapping is given in
Section 2.2 and the spreadsheet used for the round mapping is attached as Appendix 2.

2.1.1.1 Rock mass quality (Q classification)

The Q classification is performed for each and every round that is excavated and Q
values are determined separately for the left wall, the right wall and the roof of the
tunnel. The data obtained are plotted on a graph developed by Grimstad & Barton
(1993) to assess the amount and type of support required for the investigated tunnel
section (Figure 2-1). The graph is a tool to assist in decision making for the excavation
team, when considering whether temporary tunnel support is required.
 7

(Grimstad and Barton, 1993)

REINFORCEMENT CATEGORIES

6) Fibre reinforced shotcrete and bolting 9-12 cm

1) Unsupported

7) Fibre reinforced shotcrete and bolting 12-15 cm

2) Spot bolting

8) Fibre reinforced shotcrete > 15 cm

3) Systematic bolting

Figure 2-1. Diagram used for estimating the need for tunnel support in the
ONKALO access tunnel (from Grimstad & Barton 1993).

The Q classification scheme (Barton et al. 1974; Grimstad & Barton 1993) is used in
order to determine the rock mass quality in the ONKALO tunnel. A first assessment of
the rock mass quality is carried out during the round mapping stage, but the final
evaluation of the rock mass quality is carried out during the systematic mapping (see
Section 2.1.2). A description of the various Q parameters is presented in Appendix 1,
and the spreadsheet used for processing the data in Appendix 4 (See Table 2-2 for
descriptions). The Q parameters are defined for each excavated round of the ONKALO
tunnel and are calculated using the following equations (Barton et al. 1974; Grimstad &
Barton 1993):

RQD J r J RQD J r
Q * * w and Q *
Jn J a SRF Jn Ja

The rock quality designation (RQD) is defined on the basis of a visual estimation of the
total amount of fracturing in the tunnel for each mapped section. Also, the other
parameters are estimated visually. These parameters are: the joint set number (Jn), the
joint roughness number (Jr), the joint alteration number (Ja), the joint water reduction
number (Jw) and the stress reduction factor (SRF).
 8

2.1.1.2 Main fracture orientations and overall geologic description

In the round mapping phase the orientations and fracture profiles of main fractures
exceeding 1 m in length are observed (for details see Appendix 2). The function is not
to observe all fractures more than 1 m in length but as many as needed to obtain a good
overview of the geological properties. More detailed mapping is carried out later in the
systematic mapping phase. If some of the fractures continue from one wall to the other
(also seen on the tunnel face), or if they crosscut the roof, they are accurately measured
with a tachymeter to obtain their exact locations.

At this stage, the round is also digitally photographed and scanned (systematic digital
imaging.) Previously, photographs were obtained using two digital cameras to obtain
stereographic images, but the current method, which has already been used in
demonstration tunnels 3 and 4, is to use one camera and transform 2D digital data into
3D using a 3D measurement application.

During the round mapping a small sketch is drawn in the spreadsheet for fractures that
can be traced from one wall of the tunnel to the other (passing through the face of the
tunnel). The sketch illustrates the trace of the fracture on both walls and on the face of
the tunnel, thus preventing the same fracture being given a different name on each wall
of the tunnel in subsequent excavated sections, where it might not be possible to see the
fracture trace in the face of the tunnel. This process also helps distinguishing these
fractures later when the systematic mapping is performed. A sketch is also made if a
fracture continues from one excavated round to another, even if the fracture trace
follows only one of the walls or if the fracture is measured with a tachymeter.

In the round mapping phase, the rock type (see Section 2.1.2.3.) as well as grain size
variations are determined from both walls and from the roof. Grain size is placed into
one of four different categories: 1) <1 mm. 2) 1-5 mm. 3) 5-50 mm and 4) >50 mm.
Water leakages are also observed, but the amount of flow is measured later (see
Sections 2.1.2.10 and 2.1.3.3).

2.1.2 Systematic mapping

The systematic geological mapping was originally performed tens to hundreds of metres
behind the active tunnel face, commonly in 10 m long sections (i.e. two rounds). The
current practice is that after the roof of the last excavated round has been shotcreted, the
tunnel walls and floor are cleaned to check if any remains of explosives could be found
after blasting. This revision provides an opportunity of mapping the tunnel floor, and
the systematic mapping is now carried out round-by-round in 3-6 m long sections. The
spreadsheet used in the systematic geological mapping is attached as Appendix 3. All
mapping data are collected in a single table sheet and the structural elements are
described as single observations and marked on the tunnel wall with corresponding
numbers. The table sheet includes designation details, such as the chainage from the
beginning to the end of the mapped section and other tunnel-specific data. For each
mapped section, a detailed lithological description is made. The structural observations
include, in addition to the fracture-specific data, fields for rock type, foliation, folding,
deformation phase and samples. The fracture attribute data include orientation, trace
length, displacement, surface morphology, filling materials, aperture, termination,
 9

undulation, water leakages and, for fractures with discernible movement, lineation (or a
so-called F vector). All fractures with trace lengths greater than 25 cm are measured.

2.1.2.1 Rock mass quality (Q classification)

The Q parameters observed in the round mapping phase are occasionally redefined
during the systematic mapping stage, based on the detailed fracture data collected from
all fractures with a trace length of 1 m or greater. For each section, the Q and Q' values
are calculated for the 1st quarter, 3rd quarter, average and median, where the joint
roughness (Jr) and alteration (Ja) numbers alter. The median values are then used to
determine the rock mass quality (Q and Q' values) for the investigated section, as shown
in Figure 2-2 and Appendix 4.

The joint set number (Jn) is first estimated visually, but later verified from stereograms,
and the Jr and Ja numbers are calculated (1st quarter, 3rd quarter, average and median),
(see Table 2-2 and Appendix 4). The other three parameters (RQD, Jw and SRF) are
also re-evaluated during this detailed mapping, and form the basis for the design of the
permanent tunnel support for the ONKALO tunnel.

Figure 2-2. Map of rock mass quality (Q value) variations using Gemcom Surpac 3D
program, ONKALO access tunnel chainage 3580-3670.
 10

2.1.2.2 Friction Angle and Waviness Angle

For each joint set, the number of fractures, mean Jr and Ja numbers, mean orientation,
friction angle, waviness angle and mean length are calculated using the Dips program
and Excel (Appendix 4). All fractures less than 1 m in length are excluded from these
calculations. The friction angle () takes into account the ratio between the mean value
of the roughness (Jr) and alteration (Ja) numbers in the fractures, calculated using the
following equation (Barton 2002):

Jr o
' tan 1 ( )
Ja
The friction angle varies from the extremes of clean-and-rough-and-discontinuous (79)
to slickensided-and-thinly-clay-filled (2) (Barton 2002).

The waviness angle is calculated using the simplification that the fracture undulates like
a right-angled triangle, as shown in Figure 2-3; accordingly, the following equation is
used in the calculation:

Undulation (cm / m)
Waviness angle tan 1 ( )
50cm

Figure 2-3. Illustration showing the assumptions used in the calculation of the
waviness angle.
 11

2.1.2.3 Lithology

The mapping of lithology in the ONKALO tunnel is carried out according to the
principles laid down in the working report A system of Nomenclature for Rocks in
Olkiluoto" (Mattila 2006). The gneisses at Olkiluoto usually have a migmatitic
appearance and, therefore, the descriptive terminology of migmatites (Wimmenauer &
Bryhni 2007) provides a useful basis. In the migmatites, the leucosome is the
leucocratic, light-coloured portion, usually showing magmatic textures. Mesosome is
the name given to the mesocratic (light grey coloured) part of the rock, showing
metamorphic textures, in this case mostly mica gneiss. Melanosome is the melanocratic
(dark grey to black) part, which occurs as biotite-rich stripes (schlieren) or narrow bands
in the migmatite.
On the basis of their migmatite structure, the migmatitic gneisses at Olkiluoto can be
divided into three groups: veined gneiss (VGN), diatexitic gneiss (DGN) and stromatic
gneiss (SGN) (Krki & Paulamki 2006). The leucosome of the veined gneiss occurs as
discontinuous streaks and lenses with some features similar to large-scale augen
structures. Planar, sheet-like leucosome bands and layers characterise the stromatic
gneiss. The migmatite structure of the diatexitic gneiss is irregular, and the leucosome
occurs as diffuse patches in the mesosome. The amount of the leucosome in all
migmatitic gneisses varies from 20% to more than 80%, the average lying within the
range 2040%.
The lithological mapping in the ONKALO tunnel is performed during the systematic
mapping phase. A short description of the lithology for every mapped section can be
found in the Notes line at the heading of the mapping sheet (see Table 2-3, and
Appendix 3). The classification of the various rock types is defined on a visual basis
and this poses a challenge, especially when deciding on the types for the different
migmatitic structures in gneisses. This is due to the gradational changes in the structures
associated with these migmatitic gneisses. An example of the results of lithological
mapping in the ONKALO access tunnel is shown in Figure 2-4.

Figure 2-4. Lithological units in the ONKALO access tunnel at chainages between
35803670.
 12

The veined gneiss consists of a foliated mica gneiss mesosome and discontinuous,
granitic leucosome streaks, lenses and boudins, around which the mesosome foliation
combines (Figure 2-5A). The greyish mica gneiss mesosome is small- to medium-
grained, relatively homogeneous and the laths of mica minerals are aligned, forming a
foliation. The leucosome component (1060%) is whitish or occasionally reddish,
medium- to coarse-grained, non-foliated granite or pegmatitic granite. The veined
gneiss is usually distinctly banded (Figure 2-5B), and folding and boudinage of
leucosome veins is also present.

The veined gneiss typically passes gradationally into diatexitic gneiss. Like the veined
gneiss, the diatexitic gneiss consists of a mica gneiss mesosome and a pegmatite granite
leucosome, but it usually has a much higher proportion of leucosome and a larger grain
size than the veined gneiss. The diatexitic gneiss has irregular, schlieren-like structures
and a nebulitic appearance (Figure 2-5C). The mesosome is usually medium-grained
and the rock is in some places weakly banded. Folding is occasionally observed in the
diatexitic gneiss.
The stromatic gneiss (SGN) is composed of foliated mica gneiss mesosome and granitic
leucosome veins, aligned parallel to foliation planes. The greyish mica gneiss
mesosome is small- to medium-grained and relatively homogenous and the laths of
mica minerals are aligned, forming a foliation. The leucosome or neosome component
is whitish or occasionally reddish, medium- to coarse-grained, non-oriented granite or
pegmatitic granite forming planar sheet-like bands and veins (Figure 2-5D).
In addition to the gneissic rocks, pegmatitic granite (PGR) is included in the main rock
types in Olkiluoto. The pegmatitic granite is a coarse-grained rock type that typically
contains large feldspar phenocrysts. The PGR has a pale whitish-greyish or reddish-
pinkish colour and the wider sections and dykes enclose mafic melanosome patches
(biotite schlieren) (Figures 2-5E and 2-5F). The pegmatitic granite is present in many
places in the tunnel as dykes and veins of various sizes. The dykes are mostly parallel to
the foliation of the surrounding gneisses, but some are cross-cutting. The pegmatitic
granite also appears as larger bodies that show an indefinite contact with the
surrounding gneisses, which often differs from the more distinct lithological contacts
encountered during drillcore logging.

In addition to these main rock types, this part of the tunnel also contains countless mica
gneiss (MGN), quartz gneiss (QGN) and mafic gneiss (MFGN) inclusions and lenses,
which vary considerably in shape and size. The mica gneiss is typically fine-grained and
consists of quartz, biotite and feldspars in variable proportions. The protolith of the
mica gneiss is thought to be psammitic. More calcic, skarn-like variants also exist, and
they can be identified by their layered, rimmed appearance, where the different layers
probably represent different sedimentary protoliths. The inclusions are very often
elongated parallel to the foliation and are commonly more densely fractured than the
surrounding rock (Figure 2-5G). Typically, the inclusions contain planar, smooth
fractures with calcite and pyrite fillings.
 13

A B

C D

E F

G
Figure 2-5. Representative photographs of the main lithologies encountered in the ONKALO
access tunnel. A) Moderately-banded VGN with moderate amounts of thin PGR neosome veins,
chainage 4475-4480, view towards SW. B) Distinctly-banded VGN with whitish coarse-
grained PGR neosome veins, chainage 4045, view towards NE. C) The diatexitic gneiss at
chainage 3645-3650 has irregular, schlieren-like structures and a nebulitic appearance, view
towards NE. D) Symmetrically-banded SGN at chainage 3595, view towards S. E) Whitish,
coarse-grained PGR in the roof of the tunnel at chainage 4445, view toward S. F) Coarse-
grained, reddish PGR at chainage 3775, view towards N. G) Coarse-grained, reddish PGR
with abundantly fractured MGN inclusions at chainage 3935, view towards NE.
 14

2.1.2.4 Ductile deformation

The geological mapping of ductile features includes observations of foliations, fold axes
and fold axial planes. These features are mapped during the systematic mapping phase
and the data are collected on the same data sheet as the fracture data (Appendix 3). In
addition to the systematic foliation mapping, intensively-foliated deformation zones are
investigated in more detail during the supplementary studies, with the aim of
distinguishing high-grade ductile deformation zones (HGI, see Section 2.1.3.2).

The foliation is classified according to a system that takes into account the intensity and
type of foliation (Milnes et al. 2006). The intensity is classified from 03,
corresponding to intensity values from non-existent to high. The different foliation
types are gneissic (GNE), banded (BAN), schistose (SCH), irregular (IRR) and massive
(MAS). The intensity of foliation in the gneissic, banded and schistose types is
described using values 13. The intensity value for irregular and massive types is 0.

2.1.2.5 Brittle deformation

The systematic fracture mapping is the most detailed and time-consuming part of the
geological mapping process in the ONKALO tunnel. The fracture attribute data includes
orientation, number of fractures clustered together, the space between these clustered
fractures, trace length, displacement, the surface and fillings, aperture, termination,
undulation, main rock type for the fracture, water leakage from the fracture and
lineation (or a so-called F vector) for fractures with any discernible movement. After the
mapping, all observations are measured with a tachymeter to obtain precise data on
fracture locations (Figure 2-6). These data are compatible with the Gemcom Surpac
3D program, the use of which is a considerable improvement from the early state of
ONKALO mapping, when all fracture and foliation observations were drawn as a sketch
on paper and later digitised into a scanned 3D tunnel point cloud using the Gemcom
Surpac3D program.

Fracture data from

demonstration tunnel 1
chainage 30-40

Figure 2-6. Visualisation of the fracture data measured from demonstration tunnel 1
(ONK-TDT-4399-44) in the Gemcom Surpac 3D program. The red colour marks the
left wall, the green the right wall and the blue colour marks the roof and the floor of the
ONKALO tunnel.
 15

2.1.2.6 Number of fractures and fracture spacing

Fractures within the same mapped section, having the same attribute data, can be
considered to be clustered. Clustering of the fractures means that if two or more closely-
spaced fractures have the same attribute data (orientation, roughness, fracture
mineralogy, etc.), they are grouped together. However, to obtain the correct statistical
attribute data, all fractures within these clusters are taken into account when the data are
processed. The upper limit of fractures clustered together is 10 and the maximum
distance between the fractures is 1 m. It is important to ensure that the attribute data are
identical for all clustered fractures. This prevents the oversimplification of the mapping
data and ensures a high standard in the systematic mapping procedures in the ONKALO
access tunnel.

2.1.2.7 Fracture length

The minimum fracture trace length measured is 0.25 m, which was proposed in the
previous evaluation report (Engstrm & Kemppainen 2008). This minimum limit is
considered reasonable, since it is a real challenge for the geologist to observe all the
short fractures during the mapping stage. Also, the difference between natural fractures
and fractures induced by the process of excavation is difficult to distinguish when
considering very short fractures (less than 0.25 m). As mentioned in the previous
evaluation report, fewer than 10% of the fractures in chainage 0-2405 had a trace length
of 0.24 m or less; the cut-off of 0.25 m is also reasonable in the light of discrete fracture
network models (Engstrm & Kemppainen 2008).

2.1.2.8 Fracture filling width

The improved procedure for observing fracture filling width and the fracture filling
minerals was introduced after the evaluation report (Engstrm & Kemppainen 2008). In
the actual systematic mapping spreadsheet, there are columns for 12 main fracture
filling minerals and their widths and a column for the total filling width. The
improvement has increased the accuracy of the data collected from the tunnel and
enhanced the modelling of individual fractures. It also makes comparison of data
between the drillholes and the tunnel easier.

2.1.2.9 Alteration

According to the current geological model (Posiva 2012), the bedrock at Olkiluoto was
subjected to extensive hydrothermal activity and local metasomatic alteration, which
were linked to the tectonic and depositional evolution of the rock mass. Zones with high
permeability have repeatedly acted as pathways for hydrothermal fluids. Weathering
processes and the circulation of meteoric water have also contributed to the alteration of
the bedrock. The main alteration types are kaolinisation and illitisation (formation of
clay minerals), carbonatisation, graphitisation and sulphidisation. Some seritisation and
epidotisation also occurs.

The geological mapping of the fracture-controlled alteration in the ONKALO access

tunnel is based on the fracture minerals determined during the systematic geological
mapping (Appendix 3). The fracture-controlled alteration comprises all alteration types
mentioned above. If the rock mass itself shows signs of pervasive alteration, it is
 16

mentioned in the Notes line at the heading of the mapping sheet. (see Table 2-3, and
Appendix 3).

2.1.2.10 Water leakages

Fracture-specific water leakages, where present, are also characterised during the
systematic geological mapping, as well as during round mapping (Appendix 3). The
characterisation of the water leakages is based on visual observations using the
following classification (Lehtinen & Hirvonen 2007) (1-5):

1. The surface of a fracture is dry.

2. The surface of a fracture is damp.
3. The surface of a fracture is wet.
4. The surface of a fracture is dripping.
5. Water flowing from a fracture surface.

2.1.3 Supplementary studies

In the ONKALO, supplementary studies are carried out after round mapping and
systematic mapping. The supplementary studies include mapping of the TCFs, detailed
mapping and descriptions of deformation zone intersections, hydrogeological mapping
as well as petrological, mineralogical and hydrogeochemical sampling. For practical
reasons, all these studies are performed after the two main mapping stages.

2.1.3.1 Tunnel crosscutting fractures (TCF)

A tunnel crosscutting fracture (TCF) is defined as one continuous fracture, which

crosscuts the whole ONKALO tunnel from one wall to the other, or has a length in
excess of 20 m, if the fracture trace is visible only on one wall, in the floor and/or in the
roof. A TCF corresponds to SKBs definition of a Full Perimeter Intersection (FPI)
fracture (Munier 2006).

TCFs observed in the ONKALO are measured and numbered in a sequential manner.
The TCFs are accurately measured with a tachymeter to obtain the exact coordinates of
the fracture traces (Figure 2-7). TCFs are already recognized during the round and
systematic mapping, but their detailed definition and description is completed during
this last mapping phase. Also, so-called M-fractures (Major Fractures) that have a
significant length, but do not fulfil TCF criteria, are also measured and numbered in a
sequential manner.
 17

The RG classification is used for the definition of TCF fractures, so that every fracture
determined as a TCF is at least a RiI fracture zone (Table 2-1).

Table 2-1. Classification of fractured zones (Gardemeister et al. 1976).

One or a few nearly planar fractures, with a length over 20 m or that clearly continue
RiI
outside the tunnel.

RiII Fractured section, where fracture spacing is 10 to 30 cm.

RiIII Densely fractured section, where fracture spacing is less than 10 cm.

RiIV-Rk3 Fractured section, where fracture spacing is 10-30 cm. Clay filled fractures.

Densely fractured section, where fracture spacing is less than 10 cm. Clay filled
RiIV-Rk4
fractures.

RiV Weak clay structure.

TCFs in chainage 3480-3500

Figure 2-7. Visualisation of accurately measured TCFs using the Gemcom Surpac 3D
program, ONKALO access tunnel chainage 3480-3500.
 18

2.1.3.2 Deformation zone intersections

An important part of the supplementary studies and the geological mapping is the
definition and description of deformation zones that intersect the tunnel (see the
spreadsheet attached as Appendix 5). In the deformation zones, the bedrock is more
fractured, deformed or altered than in the surrounding rock. The type of the deformation
zone intersection is determined following the methodology explained in Milnes et al.
(2007) and used in the geological modelling of the Olkiluoto site (Paulamki et al.
2006, Mattila et al. 2008). This methodology is derived from the fault rock
classification of Sibson (1977), which was further developed by Scholz (2002). The
deformation zones can be divided into five categories, two with brittle and two with
ductile character and one intermediate category (Table 2-2). Brittle deformation zones
display cohesionless or low-cohesive deformation products: gouge, breccia, fractured
rock and their partially- or wholly-mineralized equivalents, whilst the semi-brittle and
ductile deformation zones display cohesive deformation products (Milnes et al. 2007).

Table 2-2. Classification of deformation zones (Milnes et al. 2007).

Brittle Joint zone

BJI The intersection shows no clear signs of lateral movement.
Intersection
Brittle Fault zone
BFI The intersection shows clear signs of lateral movement.
Intersection
The zone shows fine-grained cohesive deformation products (e.g.
Semi-brittle Fault
SFI cataclasites, pseudotachylite and welded crush rocks), which are massive
zone Intersection
and structureless.
The zone shows fine-grained cohesive deformation products (e.g.
Low-grade Ductile mylonites and phyllonites), which are strongly laminated and/or foliated,
DSI Shear/deformation and features which indicate that the deformation took place under low PT
zone Intersection conditions (retrograde with respect to the high-grade metamorphic
mineralogy of the wall rock).
The zone shows medium to coarse-grained cohesive deformation products
High-Grade ductile (e.g. blastomylonites), with strong foliation of banded or schistose type,
HGI deformation zone and features which indicate that the deformation took place under high PT
Intersection conditions (same as the wall rock, i.e. same high-grade metamorphic
mineralogy).
 19

The location of every deformation zone intersection is determined at four different

locations: on the left wall, on the right wall, on the roof and at a height of 1 m in the
middle of the tunnel. The attributes mapped for every intersection are class, orientation,
description, width of the whole zone and width of the core zone, water leakage and
possible connections to previously mapped intersections. A detailed Q classification
(see Section 2.1.1.1) is also carried out with specific Q values for pre-core, post-core
and core zone, where the pre-core zone denotes the damage zone preceding the core
zone (towards the entrance of the tunnel) and the post-core zone denotes the damage
zone following the core zone (towards the face of the tunnel). The fracture
characteristics for the main fractures within the intersection are also added from the
fracture database.

2.1.3.3 Other supplementary studies

In the ONKALO tunnels, the hydrogeological mapping is carried out once a year to
assess how water leakages in the tunnel change during construction. These data will be
used to assist in the planning of research activities and to determine how well the
grouting and shotcreting of the tunnel have performed. In addition, all new water-
conductive fractures appearing during excavation are characterized in detail.

Also, Schmidt hammer testing of the major rock types of the excavated section is carried
out during this supplementary mapping stage to measure the surface hardness and
penetration resistance of the rock.

Petrological sampling is carried out systematically along the main tunnel up to chainage
4515, while mineralogical and hydrogeochemical sampling is carried out at specific
locations.

2.1.4 Mapping of deposition holes

To date, a total of four experimental deposition holes have been constructed in

demonstration tunnel ONK-TDT-4399-44. A geological mapping procedure has been
devised for the experimental deposition holes, and will be applied for the actual
deposition holes during the construction of the repository.

The mapping procedure used in deposition holes differs somewhat from the mapping
procedure used for tunnels. No round mapping is carried out and the geological
mapping starts directly from systematic mapping. Determining the exact locations of the
observations made in a deposition hole is challenging, because the use of a tachymeter
in a deposition hole is severely limited or even impossible. Therefore, deposition holes
are laser scanned and the data used to obtain a detailed image, on which all observations
are drawn, and later digitized into a 3D layout using the Gemcom Surpac program
(See Figure 2-8). It is also possible to take digital photos, and by using a 3D
measurement application, to determine exact coordinates for all the observations.

Supplementary studies are carried out where required. For example, deformation zones
might already have been described, while mapping the tunnel hosting the deposition
hole. In that case, a short description can be written in the notes field of the mapping
 20

sheet. If a previously unknown deformation zone were observed, a separate zone

description would be required (see Section 2.1.3.2).

The mapping parameters are mainly the same as those used in tunnel mapping. The
main difference is that the term HCF (Hole Crosscutting Fracture) is used instead of
TCF. The HCF is defined as one continuous fracture, which crosscuts the whole
perimeter of a deposition hole, or crosscuts both the floor and the apparent roof of the
hole, i.e. a fracture without visible termination on the hole surface.

Figure 2-8. Visualisation of geological mapping data from experimental deposition

hole 7 (EH7) using the Gemcom Surpac 3D program, ONKALO demonstration tunnel
1 (ONK-TDT-4399-44). Vertical HCF (red line) crosscutting the hole. Other fractures
are shown as black lines.
 21

2.2 Description of the mapping parameters

A large number of geological and geotechnical parameters are recorded during the three
mapping stages - the round mapping, the systematic mapping and supplementary studies
- in the ONKALO. Descriptions and examples of these parameters are presented below.

The information in the data acquisition spreadsheets is divided into three sections: a
heading (Table 2-3), a Q classification (Table 2-4) and the other structure parameters
(Table 2-5). The two separate mapping stages, round mapping and systematic mapping,
are described in adjacent columns to show which parameters are mapped during the
different phases. Table 2-3 illustrates (with examples) the descriptive part of the data
acquisition spreadsheet used for the two mapping stages. The spreadsheet for
deformation zones is also similarly divided and is shown in Table 2-6.

Table 2-4 illustrates the rock mechanical (Q classification) part of the data acquisition
spreadsheet for the two mapping stages. This Table also contains a column denoting
which parameters are calculated and which are estimated during the mapping (see
Appendix 4: spreadsheet used in the processing).
 22

Table 2-3. Description of the geological data acquisition spreadsheet headings used during
mapping in the ONKALO access tunnel. A grey box indicates that that mapping parameter is
used in only one of the two mapping stages.

Mapping Round Mapping Systematic Mapping

Description
parameter Example Example
1-1 Site Denotes where
the mapping is ONKALO ONKALO
done.
1-2 Tunnel Describes where
ONK-VT1 = ONKALO access
ID in the tunnel the ONK-VT1 = ONKALO access tunnel
tunnel ONK-KPE1 = ONKALO
mapping is ONK-KPE1 = ONKALO shaft access
shaft access
performed.
1-3 Round Gives a unique
ID ID code for the e.g. ONK-VT1-4800 e.g. ONK-VT1-4800
mapped section.
1-4 PL from Chainage where
the mapping 4800 4800
started.
1-5 PL to Chainage where
the mapping 4805 4805
ended.
1-6 Tunnel Downward
direction direction of the
tunnel where the 0360 0360
mapping is
conducted.
1-7 Tunnel Gradient of the
dip tunnel
1:-10.00 = straight part of the access 1:-10.00 = straight part of the
predetermined
tunnel access tunnel
by the profile
1:-11.63 = curved part of the access 1:-11.63 = curved part of the
used in the
tunnel access tunnel
excavated
section.
1-8 Tunnel Numerical value 523= demonstration tunnel
profile for each type of 501= access tunnel
tunnel profile.
1-9 Arch Arch span (based
span (m) on excavation
design) of the
Numerical value, e.g. 8 m.
tunnel for the
excavated/mappe
d round.
1-10 Wall Wall height
height (m) (based on
excavation
design) of the Numerical value, e.g. 4.5 m.
tunnel for the
excavated/mappe
d round.
1-11 Date and time
Mapping when mapping is
1.3.2012 = 1 of March 2012 1.3.2012 = 1 of March 2012
date/time performed.
 23

1-12 Official
Geologist abbreviation
(acquired from
TVO permit
NJK = Juhani Norokallio NJK = Juhani Norokallio
database) of the
RMAA= Emmi Eroma RMAA = Emmi Eroma
geologist and/or
assistant who
completed the
mapping.
1-13 Page The page number
if several pages
Numerical value Numerical value
are used.

1-14 Picture Name of picture File name File name

file file connected to
spreadsheet.
1-15 Date and official
Checked abbreviation of
the geologist 4.3.2012 NJK 4.3.2012 NJK
who checked the
document.
1-16 Date and official
Approved abbreviation of
the geologist 4.3.2012 ISAA 4.3.2012 ISAA
who approved
the document.
1-17 Notes Lithological and Intensively banded VGN with ~40% Mainly VGN with a small MGN
general leucosome content. On the roof there inclusion in the lower part of the
geological is one longer gently dipping USL right wall. Neosome content 20%.
description of the fracture and shorter subvertical KA In the upper part of the right wall
mapped section. filled fractures. The walls are slightly and in the roof VGN intensively
fractured. veined.
 24

Table 2-4. Description of the Q value part of the geological data acquisition spreadsheet used
during mapping in the ONKALO access tunnel. A grey box indicates that that mapping
parameter is used in only one of the two mapping stages.

Round Mapping Systematic Mapping

Mapping
Description Example/ Estimated/ Example/ Estimated/
parameter
Comments Calculated Comments Calculated
2-1 RQD The % of
Rock competent drill-
Quality core sticks > 100
Designation mm in length in a
selected domain. The RQD value
The RQD value Estimated/ Estimated/
(In tunnel for the mapped
for the round. Calculated Calculated
mapping section.
imaginary cores
or scan-lines).
See details
Appendix 1.
2-2 Jn The rating for the
Joint set number of joint
number sets (9 for 3 sets,
The Jn value for
4 for 2 sets etc.) The Jn value in Estimated/
Estimated the mapped
in the same the round. Calculated
section.
domain. See
details Appendix
1.
2-3 Jw The rating for the
Joint water water inflow and
reduction pressure effects,
factor which may cause The Jw value
The Jw value in
outwash of Estimated for the mapped Estimated
the round.
discontinuity section.
infillings. See
details Appendix
1.
2-4 SRF The rating for
Stress faulting, for
Reduction strength/stress
Factor ratios in hard
The SRF value
massive rocks, The SRF value in
Estimated for the mapped Estimated
for squeezing or the round.
section.
for swelling in
soft rock. See
details Appendix
1.
2-5 Jr The rating for the The Jr values
Joint roughness of all (for fractures
roughness joint sets or filled The Jr value in with a length
number discontinuities. the round over 1 m) in
See details the mapped Calculated, see
Estimated
Appendix 1. section; 1st Appendix 4.
quarter,
average, 3rd
quarter and
median.
 25

2-6 Ja The rating for the The Ja value in The Ja values

Joint degree of the round (for fractures
alteration alteration or clay with a length
number filling of all joint over 1 m) in the
Calculated, see
sets or filled Estimated mapped section;
Appendix 4.
discontinuities. 1st quarter,
See details average, 3rd
Appendix 1. quarter and
median.
2-7 Q'-value Numerical value The Q' values in
for Q' value. See the round.
The median Q'
details Section Specific value for Calculated, see
Calculated value for the
2.6 the left wall, the Appendix 4.
mapped section.
(0.0011333). right wall and the
roof.
2-8 Q-value Numerical value The Q values in
for Q value. See the round.
The median Q
details Section Specific value for Calculated, see
Calculated value for the
2.6 (0.001 the left wall, the Appendix 4.
mapped section.
1333). right wall and the
roof.
2-9 Q' quality The Q' Calculated The median Q' Calculated, see
Q'-quality classification classification classification Appendix 4.
(Exceptionally values in the value for the
Good, Extremely round. Specific mapped section.
Good, Very value for the left
Good, Good, wall, the right
Fair, Poor, wall and the roof.
Extremely Poor,
Exceptionally
Poor).
2-10 Q quality
Q-quality classification
The Q
(Exceptionally
classification
Good, Extremely The median Q
values in the
Good, Very classification Calculated, see
round. Specific Calculated
Good, Good, value for the Appendix 4.
value for the left
Fair, Poor, mapped section.
wall, the right
Extremely Poor,
wall and the roof.
Exceptionally
Poor).
2-11 The main rock
Rock Type type for the left VGN, DGN,
wall, the right SGN, PGR,
wall and the roof. MGN, QGN, Estimated
For explanation TGG, KFP, DB
to abbreviations and MFGN.
see Section 3.1.
2-12 The grain size
Grain Size for the rock type < 1mm, 1-5 mm,
in the left wall, 5-50 mm and Estimated
the right wall and > 50 mm.
the roof.
2-13 Dip direction of
Fracture set the plane. Specific values
Calculated/
specific for the various
Estimated, see
data: sets (set 1, set 2,
Appendix 4.
Orientation set 3 and set 4).
(dir).
 26

2-14 Dip angle of the

Fracture set plane. Specific values
Calculated/
specific for the various
Estimated, see
data: sets (set 1, set 2,
Appendix 4.
Orientation set 3 and set 4).
(dip).
2-15 The median Jr
Specific values
Fracture set values within the
for the various Calculated, see
specific fracture sets.
sets (set 1, set 2, Appendix 4.
data:
set 3 and set 4).
Jr
2-16 The median Ja
Specific values
Fracture set values within the
for the various Calculated, see
specific fracture sets.
sets (set 1, set 2, Appendix 4.
data:
set 3 and set 4).
Ja
2-17 The median
Fracture set value for the Specific values
specific friction angle, for the various Calculated, see
data: see details in sets (set 1, set 2, Appendix 4.
Friction Section 3.2. set 3 and set 4).
angle
2-18 The median
Fracture set value for the Specific values
specific waviness angle, for the various Calculated, see
data: see details in sets (set 1, set 2, Appendix 4.
Waviness Section 3.2. set 3 and set 4).
angle
2-19 Median fracture
Specific values
Fracture set trace length
for the various Calculated, see
specific within the
sets (set 1, set 2, Appendix 4.
data: various fracture
set 3 and set 4).
Length sets.
2-20 Number of
Specific values
Fracture set fractures Estimated/
for the various
specific occurring within Calculated, see
sets (set 1, set 2,
data: a specific set. Appendix 4.
set 3 and set 4).
Count
 27

Table 2-5. Description of the various mapping parameters used in the ONKALO access tunnel.
A grey box indicates that that mapping parameter is used in only one of the two mapping stages.
The dashed sections indicate that no new values/limits are proposed for that mapping
parameter.

Round Mapping Systematic Mapping

Current Proposed
Mapping Current Proposed Values/
Description
parameter Element Values/ Values/ Element Values/
Limit Limits Limit Limits

3-1 Fracture (JO), All

JO, TCF,
Structural Tunnel elements
FOL are
element Crosscutting are Hole
elements JO, TCF,
Fracture (TCF), currently Crosscutting
JO, TCF, currently FOL,
Foliation (FOL), used Fracture
FOL used FAX,
Fold axis (FAX), during HCF
during AXP, LIN
Axial plane systematic
round
(AXP), and mapping.
mapping.
Lineation (LIN).
3-2 Orientation for
Orientation structural
JO, TCF,
(Dip) element, dip
JO, TCF, FOL, 090
angle of the 090
FOL FAX,
plane or plunge
AXP, LIN
of a linear
structure.
3-3 Orientation for
Orientation structural JO, TCF,
(Dir) element, dip JO, TCF, FOL, 0360
0360
direction of the FOL FAX,
plane or trend of AXP, LIN
a linear structure.
3-4 Number Number of
of fractures fractures
clustered 1-10
JO, TCF
together. For
details see
Section 3.3.1.
3-5 Fracture Spacing between
0-1
spacing (m) the clustered JO, TCF
fractures.
3-6 Fracture Visible trace
0.25 m
length (m) length of the JO, TCF >1 m JO, TCF
fracture.
3-7 Jr Derived from Q
0.5-4
(Number) classification, see JO, TCF 0.5-4 JO, TCF
Appendix 1.
 28

3-8 Jr Derived from Q

(Profile) classification, see
Appendix 1.
(PSL=Planar
Slickenside,
PSM=Planar
Smooth,
PRO=Planar
PSL,PSM,
Rough, USL=
PSL,PSM, PRO,USL
Undulating
PRO,USL USM,URO,
Slickenside,
JO, TCF USM,UR JO, TCF
USM=
O,SSL,SS SSL,SSM,
Undulating
M, SRO SRO
Smooth, URO=
Undulating
Rough,
SSL=Stepped
Slickenside,
SSM= Stepped
Smooth,
SRO=Stepped
Rough).
3-9 Undulation (in
0-50
Undulation cm) of a fracture JO, TCF
(cm/m) for a 1 m distance.
3-10 Ja Derived from Q
0.75-20
(number) classification, see JO, TCF 0.75-20 JO, TCF
Appendix 1
3-11 Specifying
Fracture average thickness
filling for each filling
mineralogy mineral. Consists
+ thickness of a list of 12 See list in
(mm) most common Appendix
JO, TCF
fracture fillings 3 and 6.
and cell for
accessory
minerals (ACC
MIN). Appendix
3 and 6.
3-12 Total Average
0.1-
thickness thickness for JO, TCF
fracture filling
3-13 Aperture of a
0-
Aperture fracture (in mm). JO, TCF
(mm)
3-14 Fracture P=End,
Fracture termination. Y=Combine
JO, TCF
termination J=Continue
#1 (End1)
3-15 If above is Y,
Fracture then the ID (Joint Joint ID
termination ID) of the JO, TCF number.
#1 (to) fracture it
combines with.
3-16 Fracture P=End,
Fracture termination. Y=Combine
JO, TCF
termination J=Continue
#2 (End2)
 29

3-17 If above is Y,
Fracture then the ID (Joint Joint ID
termination ID) of the JO, TCF number.
#2 (to) fracture it
combines with.
3-18 Rock Rock type that VGN,DGN,
type code the structural SGN,PGR,
element mostly VGN, DGN,
JO, TCF,
SGN, PGR,
occurs in. See JO, TCF, FOL, MGN,QGN,
rock type codes MGN,QGN,
FOL FAX, TGG,KFP,
in section 3.1. TGG, KFP,
AXP, LIN
DB, MFGN
DB,MFGN

3-19 Type of foliation, BAN,GNE,

Foliation see details in SCH,IRR.
FOL
(type) Section 3.2. MAS

3-20 Intensity of
Foliation foliation, see 0-3
FOL
(intensity) details in Section
3.2.
3-21 Water Current water Dry,
leakage leakage from a Damp,
(fractures) fracture, see Dry, Damp, Wet,
details in Section Wet,
3.7. JO, TCF JO, TCF
Dripping, Dripping,
Flowing
Flowing

3-22 Plunge of a slip

F_vector direction for a
(F_Dip) slickensided
090
fracture (referred JO, TCF
to as a PSL, USL
or SSL in Jr
classification).
3-23 Trend of a slip
F_vector direction for a
(F_Dir) slickensided
0360
fracture (referred JO, TCF
to as a PSL, USL
or SSL in Jr
classification).
3-24 Sense Sense of Sense of movement will
of movement (on a be decided with the
movement slickensided procedure proposed by
fracture) as seen Milnes et. al. (2007);
from above.
unknown,

JO, TCF hanging-wall up

(HWU),
hanging-wall down
(HWD),
dextral (DEX), sinistral
(SIN)
 30

3-25 Uncertainty of V=certain

Uncertainty the sense of E=uncertain
movement, based JO, TCF EE=very
on the geologists uncertain
judgment.
3-26 Observed
0-
Displacement displacement (in JO, TCF
(cm) cm) of a fracture.
3-27 Ri- The Ri Class for
Class the TCF (for RiI-RiV
TCF
further details see
Table 3.3.2-1).
3-28 Value from 1-5,
Deformation denoting the five
phase deformation
phases 1-5
FAX, AXP
recognised from
Olkiluoto.
Mostly used for
FAX and AXP.
3-29 Additional Extra info and
Remarks information location of the
JO, TCF,
valuable for the measured fracture
JO, TCF, FOL, Extra info.
observation. denoted by K
FOL FAX,
(roof), O (right
AXP, LIN
wall) and V (left
wall)
3-30 Zone Official ID of the For
Intersection deformation zone example,
intersection that JO, TCF ONK-
the fracture VT1-BFI-
occurs in. 4377
3-31 TCF Each measured
number TCF or M
P402,
fracture gets own TCF, JO
M152
designation. See
Section 2.1.3
3-32 Sample Sample from a Yes if a
fracture (filling). sample is
JO, TCF acquired
from a
fracture.
3-33 Photo Photo from "Yes" if a
JO, TCF,
mapped area photo is
FOL,
acquired
FAX,
from a
AXP, LIN,
mapped
rock type
area
3-34 R value from the It is pro-
Schmidt Schmidt hammer, posed to
Test (R- measurements acquire
value) #1-10 carried out on a Schmidt
R-value
planar JO, TCF, hammer
from 10
fracture/rock Rock type values in
100.
surface. the
Supplem
entary
phase
 31

3-35 Set No. Interpretation of

(In data which set (in the
processing investigated 1-4
JO, TCF
sheet, section) the
Appendix 4) fracture belongs
to.
3-36 Friction Calculated value
angle (degree) for the friction
1.43
(In data angle, see details
JO, TCF 79.38
processing in Section 3.5.
sheet,
Appendix 4)
3-37 Calculated value
Waviness for the waviness
angle (degree) angle, see details
0-45.00
(In data in Section 3.5. JO, TCF
processing
sheet,
Appendix 4)
 32

Table 2-6. Description of the geological data acquisition spreadsheet headings used during
zone intersection mapping in the ONKALO access tunnel.

Supplementary Studies/ Zone Intersection

Mapping
Description
parameter
Example
4-1 Site ONKALO
Denotes where the mapping is done.
VLJ repository
4-2 Tunnel ID Describes where in the tunnel the VT1 = ONKALO access tunnel
mapping is performed.
KPE1 = ONKALO shaft access
4-3 Intersection Describes the type of the intersection BJI, BFI, SFI, DSI, HGI
type Classification of deformation zones
(Milnes et al. 2007).
4-4 ZONE start Chainage where the zone starts. 56.3
(tunnel PL from) Measured at 1 m above tunnel floor
4-5 Zone Complete name for the zone ONK-TDT-4399-30-BFI-56.3
Intersection ID
4-6 Tunnel profile Numerical value for each type of 523 = demonstration tunnel
tunnel profile.
501 = access tunnel
4-7 Tunnel dip Gradient of the tunnel pre determined 1:-10.00 = straight part of the access tunnel
by the profile used in the excavated
1:-11.63 = curved part of the access tunnel
section.
4-8 Tunnel Downward direction of the tunnel
0360
direction where the mapping is conducted.
4-9 Mapping date Date and time when mapping is 25.1.2012 = 25 January 2012
performed.
4-10 Geologist Official abbreviation (acquired from NJK
TVO permit database) of the geologist
and/or assistant who completed the
mapping.
4-11 Zone Zones position in tunnel Determined Left wall
position from four different planes.
Right wall
Roof
Middle +1m
4-12 Chainage Chainages (from-to) where zone cuts 56.30-63.00
(m) 1 m line above tunnel floor in four
different positions (See 4-11 cell
above).
4-13 Orientation Orientation for structural element, dip 87/272
(degrees) angle of the plane or plunge of a
linear structure and orientation for
structural element, dip direction of the
plane or trend of a linear structure in
four different positions (See 4-11).
 33

4-14 Water The rating for the water inflow and Dry, Damp, Wet, Dripping, Flowing
leakage pressure effects, which may cause
outwash of discontinuity infillings.
4-15 Sketch Mention if sketch is drawn yes, no
4-16 Sample Mention if sample is taken yes, no
4-17 Connection Name of the formerly mapped zone ONK-BFI-4377
to previously which in high probability is a part of
known the same larger deformation zone.
intersections/defo
rmation zones
4-18 Fracture Fracture codes of those fractures, 55_1, 60_58
code(s) (within which are within the core
the core zone/damage zone. Codes are given in
zone/within the systematic mapping phase.
damage zone)
4-19 Zone 1. Contains description, width (m), Ri For details, see Appendix 5
Characteristics of Class and Q Classification of the pre
the "Pre core, core, damage zone
damage zone"
4-20 Zone 2. Contains description, width (m), Ri For details, see Appendix 5
Characteristics of Class and Q Classification of the core
the "Core zone" zone
4-21 Zone 3. Contains description, width (m), Ri For details, see Appendix 5
Characteristics of Class and Q Classification of the post
the "Post core, core, damage zone
damage zone"
34
 35

3 EVALUATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF MAPPING PROCEDURE

The current mapping procedure is described in Chapter 2. Many changes have been
made since Engstrm & Kemppainen (2008) was published and the development of the
mapping procedure is still continuing. In this Chapter, the possible changes to and
development of the mapping procedure for the ONKALO tunnel (and associated
openings) are listed and discussed.

All input and ideas for improving the geological and geotechnical mapping procedures
are welcome.

3.1 Round mapping

No requirements for the development of round mapping practises have been identified
up to date.

3.2 Systematic Mapping

It is suggested that two new columns should be added in the systematic mapping
spreadsheet to provide more accurate information about each mapped section - one for
the leucosome content of the section and the other for the type of the mineralogical
alteration of the section.

3.2.1 Leucosome content

Currently, the leucosome content in gneisses is sporadically mentioned in the Notes

section of the systematic mapping spreadsheet. It is not systematically estimated for
each of the mapped sections. For this reason it is suggested that a separate column for
the gneiss leucosome content in percent (%) is added in the spreadsheet; and this would
provide more accurate information about the different gneiss types in the ONKALO
access tunnel.

3.2.2 Type of the mineralogical alteration

It is suggested that two columns be added in the systematic mapping spreadsheet for
more detailed description of the mineralogical alteration. One column would be needed
to indicate the type of the alteration and one to describe the mineral(s) present. The
categories for the alteration type would be pervasive alteration, fracture controlled
alteration and none, if no mineralogical alteration is observed in the mapped section.
The alteration mineral column would indicate which mineral is replacing the original
mineral particles (e.g. graphite, calcite, kaolinite).

3.3 Supplementary studies

3.3.1 Deformation zone intersections

3.3.1.1 Water leakage

During the detailed mapping of the deformation zone intersections, the location of
possible water leakages should be recorded, i.e. whether the leakage is located within
the pre-core, core, or post-core zone. In addition, a more detailed description of the
 36

leakage(s) should be provided, and if feasible, the locations of the main leakages should
be measured with the tachymeter. Possible changes to the mapping sheet should be
evaluated.
 37

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The author would like to thank Paula Kosunen (Posiva Oy) and Tim McEwen (McEwen
consulting) for reviewing the report and for valuable and constructive comments. The
author would also like to give a special thanks to Emmi Eroma for starting this project.
38
 39

REFERENCES:

Barton, N. 2002. Some new Q-value correlations to assist in site characterization and
tunnel design. International Journal of Rock Mechanics & Mining Sciences 39 (2002)
Elsevier Science Ltd. p. 185216.

Barton, N. Lien & R. Lunde, J. 1974. Engineering classification of rock masses for the
design of tunnel support. Rock Mechanics, Vol 6, No 4, p. 189236.

Deere, D.U., Hendron, A.J., Patton, F.D. & Cording, E.J. 1967. Design of surface and
near surface construction in rock. In Failure and breakage of rock, proc. 8th U.S. symp.
rock mech., (ed. C. Fairhurst), 237-302. New York: Soc. Min. Engrs, Am. Inst. Min.
Metall. Petrolm Engrs.

Engstrm, J. & Kemppainen, K. 2008. Evaluation of the Geological and Geotechnical

Mapping Procedures in use in the ONKALO Access Tunnel. Eurajoki, Finland: Posiva
Oy. Working report 2008-77.

Gardemeister, R., Johansson, S., Korhonen, P., Patrikainen, P., Tuisku, T. & Vhsarja,
P. 1976. Application of the Finnish engineering geological classification (in Finnish).
Espoo, Finland: Technical Research Centre of Finland, Geotechnical laboratory,
Research note 25, 39 p.

Grimstad, E. & Barton, N. 1993. Updating of the Q-system for NMT. Proc. of the
International Symposium on Sprayed Concrete. Fagernes, Norway. Kompen, E. Opsahl,
Berg. Norwegian Concrete Association, p. 4666.

Krki, A. & Paulamki, S. 2006. Petrology of Olkiluoto. Eurajoki, Finland: Posiva Oy.
Posiva 2006-02. 77 p.

Korhonen, K-H., Gardemaister, R., Jskelinen, H., Niini, H. & Vhsarja, P. 1974.
Rakennusgeologinen kallioluokitus (The Engineering geological bedrock classification
in Finnish). Technical Research Centre of Finland, Geotechnical laboratory, Research
note 12, 78 p.

Lehtinen, A. & Hirvonen, H. 2007. Water sampling from the leaking structures and
fractures after grouting in ONKALO 2005-2006. Eurajoki, Finland: Posiva Oy. Posiva
2006-28.

Mattila, J. 2006. A system of Nomenclature for Rocks in Olkiluoto. Eurajoki, Finland:

Posiva Oy. Working report 2006-32.

Mattila, J., Aaltonen, I., Kemppainen, K., Wikstrm, L., Paananen, M., Paulamki, S.,
Front, K., Gehr, S., Krki, A. & Ahokas, T. 2008. Geological model of the Olkiluoto
site, Version 1.0. Working report 2007-92. Posiva Oy, Eurajoki. 510 p.

Milnes, A. G., Hudson, J. A., Wikstrm, L. & Aaltonen, I., 2006. Foliation: Geological
Background, Rock Mechanics Significance, and Preliminary Investigations at Olkiluoto.
Working Report 2006-03. Posiva Oy, Eurajoki. 79 p.
 40

Milnes, A. G., Aaltonen, I., Ahokas, T., Front, K., Gehr, S., Kemppainen, K., Krki,
A., Mattila, J., Paananen, M., Paulamki, S. & Wikstrm, L. 2007. Geological Data
Acquisition for Site Characterisation at Olkiluoto: a Framework for the Phase of
Underground Investigations. Working report 2007-32. Posiva Oy, Eurajoki. 133 p.

Munier, R. 2006. Using observations in deposition tunnels to avoid intersections with

critical fractures in deposition holes. SKB R-06-54, Svensk Krnbrnslehantering AB.

Nordbck, N. 2013. Outcome of the Geological Mapping of the ONKALO

Underground Research Facility Chainage 3116-4986.

Paulamki, S., Paananen, M., Front, K., Gehr, S., Krki, A., Aaltonen, I., Ahokas, T.,
Kemppainen, K., Mattila, J. & Wikstrm, L. 2006. Geological model of the Olkiluoto
site, Version 0. Working report 2006-37. Posiva Oy, Eurajoki. 355 p.

Posiva 2003. ONKALO Underground Characterisation and Research Programme

(UCRP). Eurajoki, Finland: Posiva Oy. Posiva 2003-03.

Posiva Oy, 2012. Olkiluoto Site Description 2011 (ISBN 978-951-652-179-7). Posiva
Report 2011-02. Posiva Oy, Eurajoki.

Scholz, C.H. 2002. The Mechanics of Earthquakes and Faulting. 2nd Edition.
Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom.

Sibson, R.H., 1977. Fault rocks and fault mechanisms. Journal of the Geological
Society (London), 133, p. 191-214.

Wimmenauer, W. & Bryhni, I. 2007. Migmatites and related rocks. In Fettes, D. and
Desmons, J. (eds.) Metamorphic Rocks A Classification and Glossary of Terms.
Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom. p. 43-45.
 41

4 APPENDICES:

Appendix 1: Description of the various Q parameters: RQD, Jn, Jr, Ja, Jw and SRF.
Appendix 2: Spreadsheet used in the round mapping of the ONKALO access tunnel.
Appendix 3: Spreadsheet used in the systematic geological mapping of the ONKALO
access tunnel.
Appendix 4: Spreadsheet used in the processing of the systematic geological mapping
data acquired in the ONKALO access tunnel.
Appendix 5: Spreadsheet used for mapping deformation zone intersections in the
ONKALO access tunnel.
Appendix 6: Fracture filling mineral abbreviations used in systematic geological
mapping of the ONKALO access tunnel.
42
 43

Appendix 1. Description of RQD (1), Jn (2), Jr (3), Ja (4), Jw (5) and SRF (6) (Grimstad &
Barton 1993).
44
 45

Appendix 2. Spreadsheet used in the round mapping of the ONKALO access tunnel.
46
 47

Appendix 3. Spreadsheet used in the systematic mapping of the ONKALO access tunnel.
48
 49

Appendix 4. Spreadsheet used in the processing of the systematic mapping data

acquired in the ONKALO access tunnel.
50
 51

Appendix 5. Spreadsheet used for the mapping of deformation zone intersections in the
ONKALO access tunnel.
ZONE INTERSECTION
DATA IMPORT

Site Tunnel ID Intersection type ZONE start (tunnel PLfrom)

ONKALO TDT-4399-30 BFI 31.7

Tunnel Tunnel Tunnel Mappin

Zone Intersection ID Geologist
profile dip direction g date
ONK-TDT-4399-30-BFI-31.7 523 1:50 320 12.9.2011 PJUH
Zone position Chainage (m) Orientation (degrees)
Tunnel part From To Dip Dip dir.
left wall 35.80 36.00 50 177
right wall 31.70 33.50 57 151
roof 38.00 40.00 50 162
middle +1 m 33.00 34.00 50 175
Fracture Code(s)
Connection to previously known
Water Within
Sketch Sample intersections / deformation
leakage the core
zones
zone Within the damage zone

30_2,30_4,30_3,30_14,30_13,30_9,30
ONKTDT439944BFI22.3,ONKTT4399 30_5,30_7
Dry No No _10,30_30,30_31,30_23,30_27,30_26,
BFI62.6 ,30_6.
30_28.

Zone1 Characteristics of the "Pre core zone, damage zone" Hanging wall
Description Width (m)
Theprecorezoneispoorlydevelopedandthecorebeginsstraightfromintactrockinboth 1
walls.Theonlyexceptionisthefloorwherefaultconnectedfracturesformaprecore
influencezonethatis11.5mwide.Thewallrockbefore,withinandaftert Ri-Class

RiII
Q-CLASSIFICATION
RQD Jn Jr Ja Jw SRF Q Q-quality
100 0.5 3 4 1 5 30.000 Good
Zone2 Characteristics of the "Core zone" HWD
Description Width (m)
Thecorezoneconsistsofa220cmwide,intensivelyfracturedgraphiteandsulphiderich 0.1
core.Inthefloora~5cmwidecalcitecementedbrecciahasbeendevelopedinsomeparts
ofthecore.Theprofileofthemainfaultplanevariesfromplanartosli

Ri-Class

RiIVRk4
Q-CLASSIFICATION
RQD Jn Jr Ja Jw SRF Q Q-quality
20 2 0.5 6 1 5 0.167 VeryPoor
Zone3 Characteristics of the "Post core zone, damage zone" Footwall
Description Width (m)
Thepostcorezoneconsistsofincreasedfracturingoccuringafterthecorezone.Thepost 1
corezonealsocontainslargeamountsofsuphidesandgraphiteintherockmatrixandon
thefracturesurfaces.Thesemineralsoccurintherockmatrixitselfandt

Ri-Class

RiII
Q-CLASSIFICATION
RQD Jn Jr Ja Jw SRF Q Q-quality
80 4 0.5 4 1 5 0.500 VeryPoor
52
 53

Appendix 6. Official fracture filling mineral abbreviations used in the systematic

geological mapping of the ONKALO access tunnel. All of these cannot be recognised
during the mapping in the ONKALO.
Abbreviation Mineral Abbreviation Mineral

AN = analcime KS = kaolinite + other clay

minerals

BT = biotite KV = quartz

CC = calcite LM = laumontite

CU = chalcopyrite MH = molybdenite

DO = dolomite MK = pyrrhotite

EP = epidote MO = montmorillonite

FG = phlogopite MP = black pigment

GR = graphite MS = feldspar

GS = gismondite MU = muscovite

HB = hydrobiotite NA = nakrite

HE = hematite PA = palygorsgite

IL = illite PB = galena

IM = grouting material SK = pyrite

IS = illite + other clay SM = smectite

minerals

KA = kaolinite SR = sericite

KI = kaolinite + illite SV = clay mineral

KL = chlorite VM = vermiculite

KM = K-feldspar ZN = sphalerite
54
LIST OF REPORTS

POSIVA-REPORTS 2015

_____________________________________________________________________

POSIVA 2015-01 Geological and Geotechnical Mapping Procedures in use in

the ONKALO
Juhani Norokallio, Posiva Oy
ISBN 978-951-652-243-5