Devonian magmatism of the Urals
0. A. N E S T 0 Y A N 0 V A , V. M . S E R G I E V S K Y and V. V. S A G L O
ABSTRACT
The Early Devonian magmatism is a continuation of Late Lud-
lovian magmatism. In the Sakmara zone (the western slope) a
volcano-plutonic complex of effusive suites and subvolcanic intru-
sions of dacitic and liparite composition together with intrusives
of basic composition belong to the Early Devonian magmatism.
In the Tagilsynclinorium the magma tic suites of the Early Devon-
ian are represented by a trachytic complex and intrusions of syen-
ites and other alkaline rocks.
In the Early Devonian the most active volcanism appeared in
the south Urals where andesite-basalt volcanic belts of
island-arc type were developed. Near fractures, extrusion of
the basalt-liparite suite, which plays the role of host rocks of
copper pyrite deposits, took place. In the beginning of the
Early Devonian, in connection with the tectonic reconstruction in
intrageosyncline, the emplacement of ultrabasics followed by the
intrusion of gabbro-diorite plagiogranite complex took place. The
volcanic belts of Early Givetian time are displaced to the east
from the Early Devonian - Early Eifelian. The central eruptions
accompanied by rhythmic ejection of pyroclastic material of ande-
site-dacite suite are typical for the Givetian and, in the north, for
the Eifelian. The subvolcanic intrusions are represented by dior-
ites and quartz diorites.
At the Givetian-Frasnian boundary a reconstruction of struc-
tural plan took place, and intrusions of diabase appear, which
also developed in the outer zones of geosynclines, in the Russian
platform and inactivated structures of Bailkalids of Timan.
The sub-aerial andesite-basaltic and submarine andesite-dacite
volcanism is typical for Late Frasnian time in the south Urals.
(1967) Intl. Symposium of the Devonian system: Papers, Volume ,I
2010 by the Canadian Society of Petroleum Geologists
In Famennian time volcanism appears locally in the form of out-
pouring of basalts.
The last magmatic manifestation connected with the develop-
ment of the Devonian geosyncline is a post-orogenic complex of
gabbro-diabases, diorites syenite-porphyries probably of Early
Tournaisian age.
In the Urals deposits of copper, gold, polymetals, iron and
chromite are associated with the Devonian magmatism.
INTRODUCTION
Intrusive an d extrusiv e magmatis m wa s widel y manifest -
ed i n th e Devonian , bein g mor e intens e withi n th e eugeosyn -
clinal an d remarkabl y weake r withi n th e externa l rniogeo-
synclinal zone . Th e magmati c processe s produce d variou s
rocks o f ultrabasite , granitoi d an d syenit e suites . Volcani c
suites correspondin g t o andesite-basalt , diabase,albitophyre ,
andesite-dacite an d trachyti c association s exhibi t a wid e
range o f composition . Pyritic , ferric , auriferous , chromit e
and manganes e mineralization s ar e considere d t o b e closel y
connected geneticall y an d spatiall y wit h volcani c an d in -
trusive activit y i n th e Devonian ; th e formatio n o f jaspe r
deposits als o appear s t o b e relate d t o thi s magmati c activity .
 There hav e bee n a larg e numbe r o f work s dealin g wit h
the Devonia n magmati c formation ; th e mos t remarkabl e
investigations o n thi s subjec t ar e thos e o f suc h prominen t
petrologists an d geologist s a s R . Murchison , G . Rose , A . P .
Karpinsky, E . S . Fiodoro v et al. Significan t contribution s
to th e subjec t ar e th e subsequen t work s b y A. N . Zavaritzky ,
E. A . Kuznetzov , L . S . Librovitch , V . S . Koptev-Dvornikov ,
V. M . Sergievsk y and , mor e recen t work s b y F . I , Kovalev ,
O. A . Nestoyanov a et al. O n th e basi s o f thes e investigation s
it becam e possibl e t o recogniz e genera l magmati c cycle s an d
stages i n intrusiv e an d volcani c development ; fro m thi s wa s
drawn th e connectio n o f th e magmatis m wit h th e tectoni c
regime an d th e developmen t o f th e Uralia n geosyncline .
Recently roc k formation s an d magmati c complexe s hav e
been established ; th e Earl y Devonia n volcani c belt s o f is -
along fault s (Nestoyanova , 1963 , Sergievsky , 1966) , direc t
land ar c typ e ar e foun d t o b e controlle d i n thei r localizatio n
association o f pyriti c mineralizatio n wit h volcani c centre s
has bee n prove d (Ivano v et al, 1962) . A wid e distributio n
of subvolcani c an d hypabyssa l intrusion s (Nestoyanova ,
1963; Iakovlev , Concharova , 1966 ) i s established ; lithologi -
cal-facies map s wit h element s o f palaeovolcanis m hav e bee n
complied; individua l intrusiv e an d effusiv e complexe s ar e
petrochemically characterize d (Sergievsky , 1963 ; Steinberg ,
1964); volcani c centre s ar e discerne d o n th e basi s o f th e
study o f palaeovolcanis m (Nestoyanova , 1962) .
ZONATION BY STRUCTURE A N D SUITE
Structure
In th e Devonia n th e Uralia n geosynclina l regio n wa s sepa -
rated b y th e genera l Uralia n faul t int o tw o portion s (sub -
regions) : a ) external , o r miogeosynclina l an d b ) internal ,
or eugeosynclinal . I n th e forme r th e followin g zone s wer e
outlined sinc e th e Devonian . 1 ) Wes t Uralia n uplift , 2 )
Zilair-Vishera subsidence , 3 ) Ural-ta u uplift .
The interna l portio n i n tur n wa s subdivide d b y fault s int o
zones o f subsidenc e an d zone s o f uplif t o f submeridiana l
trend an d structure s o f northwes t an d eastwar d trend . Th e
structure o f th e zon e i s du e t o bloc k structur e o f th e base -
ment upo n whic h th e Uralia n eugeosyncline , whic h origin -
ated i n th e Earl y Palaeozoic , wa s developed .
In th e souther n Ural s th e followin g first-order zone s ar e
from wes t t o east : 1 ) Irendyk-Gumbeis t subsidenc e joine d
to th e nort h o f t.Mias s latitud e vi a th e Karabash-Turgoia k
uplift wi t h2 ) Tagi l subsidence , 3 ) Eas t Uralia n uplift , 4 )
Alapajevsk-Varnensk subsidence , 5 ) Tobo l (o r Trans -
Uralian) uplift , 6 ) Denisovs k subsidence , 7 ) Wes t Turga y
subsidence.
Five segment s (Fig . 1 ) ar e recognize d fro m th e nort h
end o f th e Ural s southwards : 1 ) Pola r Uralia n (69N) ; 2 )
North Uralia n t o th e sout h u p t o th e junctio n wit h th e
Timan regio n (60N) ; 3 ) Middl e Uralia n u p t o th e latitud e
of t . Cheliabins k (55N) ; 4 ) Sout h Uralia n t o th e sout h
up t o th e latitud e o f t . Ors k (51N) ; 5 ) Mugodzharia n - u p
to th e souther n exposur e (subaera l end ) o f th e Ural s
(48N). I n th e nort h Uralia n an d sout h Uralia n segment s
the Tagi l an d Magnitogors k subsidence s (intrageosynclines )
form a n ova l enlargemen t an d i t i s foun d t h a t th e Devonia n
magmatic association s ar e mor e extensivel y develope d with -
in thes e segments . Th e examinatio n o f th e othe r thre e
segments reveale d a somewha t wea k manifestatio n o f vol -
canism i n thei r area ; i n som e place s ther e wa s n o evidenc e
of volcanis m observe d sinc e th e Middl e Devonia n o r th e
end o f th e Eifelian , wherea s i n th e Earl y (th e middl e Ural -
ian segment ) an d th e Lat e Devonia n specifi c basalt-trachy -
tic suite s hav e bee n developed . Th e nort h an d th e sout h
Uralian segment s appea r t o hav e originate d withi n th e
internal zon e o f th e Lat e Proterozoi c geosyncline , whil e th e
others ar e beleive d t o hav e bee n forme d o n th e Earl y Pre -
cambrian basemen t o r i n th e externa l par t o f th e Lat e Pro -
terozoic geosyncline .
Magmatic Suites and Devonian Complexes
In th e Ural s th e followin g magmati c formation s o f Dev -
onian ag e ca n b e distinguished : 1 ) withi n th e miogeosyn -
cline - tra p formation ; 2 ) withi n th e abyssa l faul t zones :
peridotite, dunite-harzburgite , dunite-pyroxenite-gabbro ,
gabbro-diorite-granodiorite, gabbro-plagiogranit e an d sye -
nite; 3 ) withi n th e eugeosyncline : andesite-basalt , andesite -
dacite, diabase-albitophyre , basal t an d basalt-trachytic .
The abov e suite s ar e distinctl y observe d throughou t a
number o f magmati c complexe s (i n Tabl e I th e mai n com -
plexes ar e given) .
 Fig. 1. 1. Eastern boundary of the Russian platform for the Devonian. ll.Western miogeosynclinal region. tla. Western Uralian uplift. lib. Zilair-Vyshera
subsidence a n d its analogues. lie. Central Uralian (Ural-Tau) uplift. III. Eugeo-synclinal region. Ilia. Tagil subsidence. Illb. Irendyk-Gumbeisk (Magnitogorsk)
subsidence. Illc. Eastern Uralian uplift. Illd. A l a p a j e v s k - V a r n e n s k subsidence. I He. Tobol (Transuralian) uplift. Illf. Denisovsk subsidence. Illg. V o i k a r subsi-
dence. Illh. Schutchinsk subsidence. IV. Western boundary of the Caledonianstructures of K a z a k h s t a n . Transverse zones (segments). A . Polar Uralian B
Northern Uralian. C. M i d d l e Uralian. D. South Uralian. E. M u g o d z h a r .

HISTORY OF DEVELOPMENT In th e Earl y Devonia n renewe d volcanis m i s cause d b y

Intense magmati c activit y o f thi s perio d display s a clos e pre-Early an d Earl y Devonia n faults . Thes e processe s
relation wit h th e tectoni c environmen t o f th e Lat e Caledo - resulted i n th e developmen t o f a volcanic-plutoni c comple x
nian an d Earl y Hercynia n foldin g an d als o wit h th e abyssa l composed o f effusives , explosiv e breccia s an d subvolcani c
structure o f th e basemen t upo n whic h th e Uralia n geosyn - intrusions. Th e Earl y Devonia n volcani c complexe s ar e
cline ha d bee n formed . Tw o tectoni c stage s ar e established : about 100-30 0 meter s thick . Lava s commonl y exhibi t a n
a) th e Earl y Devonian , b ) th e Middle-Lat e Devonia n one , abundance o f amygdaloida l an d vesicula r structure s an d
characterized b y thei r ow n evolutio n o f magmati c process -
microfelsitic matri x textures .
es, petrochemica l peculiaritie s an d metallogeny .

Early Devonian magatismSouth Urals
The Ludlo w magmatis m wa s inherite d b y tha t o f th e
Early Devonia n an d associate d wit h tectoni c movement s o f
the Caledonia n - Varisca n cycle . Volcanis m wa s no t uni -
form i n ever y structura l facie s zone . I n th e Prisakmar a
zone (th e wester n slop e o f th e Urals ) volcani c processe s
became les s intens e i n th e Ludlow , siliceou s an d graptoliti c
shales accumulatin g a t tha t time .
The exposiv e breccia s derive d fro m ga s explosion s fro m a
magmatic hea t sourc e cu t acros s th e subvolcani c intrusions .
These breccia s ar e interprete d a s peri-ven t facie s (Iakovlev ,
Goncharova, 1966) .
The pyriti c mineralizatio n o f th e Bliav a distric t whic h i s
regarded a s havin g forme d durin g lat e Earl y Devonia n tim e
is connecte d wit h th e subvolcani c intrusions .
 TABLE I.Main magmatic Suites and Complexes of the Urals. Composed by O. A. Nestoyanova and V. M. Sergievsky

Tecto- Magmatic Complexes

magmatic
Age develop- Tectonic regime Assigned Suites
ment Intrusive Intrusive-volcanic Volcanic
stages
Synclinal bowing Subvolcanic intru- Kryktinsky (Irendyk-
bounded by fractures. sions of gabbro-dio- sky). Augite-porphyrites
Di Volcanic belts, island- rites, diabasic, pyro- and their tuffs, agglom- Andesite-basaltic suite,
arc type. xenes and hornblende erates (S. Urals). "Pacific" type.
porphyrites.
Zones of early consol- Turinsky (N. and Middle
idation in intrageo- Subvolcanic intru- Urals), andesite-basaltic Basalt-trachytic suite of
Di synclines, bounded by sions of syenites and porphyrites, trachytic a typical alkaline
fractures. trachytic porphyries. porphyries and their association
tuffs.
Early Devonian"Early Eifelian" Stage

Kempirsaisky,
Uzunkyrsky and
Zones of abyssal North-Nevyansky No analogous complexes. Dunite-harzburgite
Di fractures. ultrabasite suite.
(Mugodzhary, S. and
N. Urals).
Caledonian-Variscan cycle

Di Zones of early con- Comagmatic with the

abs. age solidation in intrageo- Tagylo-Kushvinsky Turinsky basalt- Gabbro-syenite suite.
380m. y. synclines. syenite (Middle Ural). trachytic complex. Alkaline complex.
Synclinal bowing (in- Subvolcanic intrusions
Di-D 2 ei trageosynclines). of gabbro-diabases, Karamalytash-Orsky,
Zones of fracture. diabasic porphyrites, Uchalinsko-Alexandrov- Diabase-albitophyre
quartz albitophyres. sky (S. Urals). (basalt-liparite) suite.
Di-D 2 ei Dzhanganinsky
abs. age Zones of fracture. gabbro-plagiogranitic Gabbro-plagiogranitic,
360-380 Mariinsky polychron. granitoid suite
m.y. Elenovsky granitoids.
Middle-Late-Devonian Stage

Subvolcanic intru-
sions, diorites, quartz
D 2 e 2 -D 2 gv Subsidence, formation diorites, porphyrites Andesite-dacitic suite
of new troughs. diorites, andesite- Ulutausky, Karagailin- Tuffs and lavas of the
of an andesite and sky (S. Urals). Pacific series.
dacitic composition.
Kongorsky, (Polar Comagmatic to
D 2 -D 3 (?) Uplifts inside the Urals), Turjinsky nappes and tuffs of
345-380 intrageosyncline. quartz-diorite an andesite-dacitic
m.y. granodiorite composition.
Subvolcanic intru- Biyagodinsky rhyolite- a) rhyolite basaltic,
D 3 fr New troughs in the sions of a basic, basaltic, Koltubansky b) andesite-dacitic,
intrageosyncline. medium and acid andesite-dacitic, ande- c) andesite-basaltic
composition. site-basaltic. suites.
 Intrusive formation s o f th e Earl y Devonia n stag e o f th e
Sakmara zon e consis t o f mino r plagiogranite , grandiorite ,
diorite an d gabbro-diorit e bodies . Grade d transitio n be -
tween subvolcani c lipariti c porphyrie s an d plagiogranite s a s
well a s thei r petrochemica l relationshhi p ar e establshed .
The mos t intens e volcani c processe s too k plac e withi n th e
internal zone s o f th e eugeosyncline , th e zone s bein g sepa -
rated b y abyssa l fault s o f submeridiana l an d northeaster n
trend, fro m it s margina l parts . Th e wester n an d easter n
marginal part s o f th e eugeosynclin e displa y wea k manifest -
ation o f valcani c processes ; reef s structures wer e buil t ther e
since th e Lat e Ludlow . Loca l manifestatio n o f volcanis m
is foun d withi n th e northwester n par t o f th e regio n (th e
Voznesensk subzone ) wher e a smal l volcani c centr e mus t
have existed ; i t produce d pyroclasti c materia l an d mor e
rarely lava s o f andesite-basal t composition . Insid e th e
eugeosyncline th e Earl y Devonia n volcanis m cause d b y
step-like displacemen t o f th e geosynclina l troug h whic h
shifted eastward . A numbe r o f andesite-basalti c belt s ma y
be distinguishe d i n thi s are a i n th e Earl y Devonian . The y
are (fro m wes t t o east) : Uvariazh , Irendyk-Kryktinsky ,
Uzunkur an d Gumbe y belts . Th e Uvariaz h bel t i s situate d
west o f th e tow n o f Baimak . Ther e ar e som e concentra -
tions o f ancien t volcanoe s i n th e belt . Th e mos t significan t
are: Uvariazh , Varash , Su-Urge n etc . Th e volcani c pro -
ducts ar e represente d b y agglomerates , tuff s an d partl y b y
lavas o f andesite-dacit e composition . Peri-ven t facie s ar e
characterized b y volcani c bomb s o f "bread-loaf " typ e 0.3-0. 5
m i n diameter . Recentl y ignimbrite-lik e formation s hav e
been foun d i n thes e facies . Th e widesprea d occurrenc e o f
hypabyssal an d subvolcani c intrusion s rangin g widel y i n
their compositio n (plagioclas e porhyrites , albitophyres ,
quartz albitophyre s o f andesite-dacit e an d liparit e composi -
tion an d seldo m o f basi c composition , diabas e porphyrite s
and gabbro-diabase ) i s typica l fo r th e Uvariaz h belt . Th e
Early Devonia n volcanis m wa s accompanie d ther e b y in -
tense hydrothermal-metasomati c processe s widel y develop -
ed within th e zone s o f disjunctiv e dislocation s i n the vicinit y
of th e peri-ven t facies . Pyriti c an d polymetalli c mineraliza -
tion i s associate d wit h th e Earl y Devonia n volcanism . Ag e
determinations b y the K-A r method o n sericitized rock s gav e
a valu e o f 360-38 0 m.y . (Harris , 1966) .
The Irendy k - Kryktinsk volcani c bel t i s hundred s o f kilo -
meters i n lengt h an d bounde d i n th e wes t an d eas t b y th e
West Irendy k an d Eas t Irendy k ancien t regiona l fault s
(Nestoyanova, 1964) . Thic k serie s (u p t o 3000-400 0
meters) o f andesite-basal t and , mor e rarely , andesite-dacit e
and basal t association s represen t volcani c suite s o f th e belt .
As a resul t o f recen t fiel d examinations (Nestoyanova , 1959 ,
1963) isometri c bodie s o f poorl y sorte d agglomerate s wer e
discovered. Som e o f the m contai n boulder s (blocks ) u p t o
2-4 meter s i n diamete r an d a larg e numbe r o f rounde d an d
elongated bombs . Subvolcani c intrusion s approachin g lava s
and tuff s i n compositio n sugges t th e positio n o f volcani c
centres. Som e evidenc e o f suc h centre s ha s bee n foun d i n
the Kurka k ridg e ( Kurka k an d Aslayevsk y volcanoes ) i n
the Krykt y ridge : t o th e wes t o f lak e Bannoy e (Salovatov -
sky volcano ) an d t o th e eas t o f th e villag e o f Bakhtigareev o
(Gadilshinsky volcano ) i n th e Irendy k ridge : th e Buzukay -
evsky an d Galeyevsk y volcanoes . Unsorte d agglomerates ,
welded tuff s and ignimbrite-lik e association s (partl y altere d
into re d stones ) occurin g within som e volcanic centres impl y
their subaera l nature . A numbe r o f volcani c pile s appea r
sometimes t o hav e emerge d abov e sea-leve l an d a t time s
made island-arc s bounde d b y subsidence s i n th e wes t an d
east. Volcani c sedimentar y deposit s simila r t o turbitite s
are rhythmicall y stratifie d outward s fro m th e volcani c
centres.
From th e middl e o f th e Earl y Devonia n th e volcani c ac -
tivity wa s reduce d t o a pulsatio n an d produce d smal l sla g
piles an d sub-ordinate d volcanoe s lik e Tratas h an d others .
There i s th e Uzynky r bel t wit h a fe w volcani c centre s
trending approximatel y north-sout h fro m the Irendyk-Kryk -
tinsky belt . Th e mos t noteworth y o f the m ar e th e Kotuika i
and Eyuk a volcanoe s compose d b y agglomerate s an d tuff s
representing th e andesite-basal t suite . Th e above-mention -
ed volcani c belt s (Irendy k - Kryktynsk y an d Uzunkyrsk )
extended northward s u p t o th e ol d Kalka n - Urgu n uplift ,
where th e Lowe r Devonia n deposit s ar e represente d i n a n
incomplete sequenc e o f tuff s an d tuffaceous-sandstones , a
facies implyin g formatio n a t som e distanc e fro m th e vol -
canic centres .
To th e wes t o f th e Kalkans k - Urgunsk uplift , th e Kuma -
chinsk volcani c bel t i s situate d havin g a n en echelon-like
position an d stretchin g northeastwar d fo r almos t 10 0 km .
The peri-ven t agglomerate s wit h larg e bomb s whic h devel -
oped o n th e summit s o f Severny , Irendy k an d othe r ridge s
are observe d i n the belt .
The las t majo r volcani c andesite-basalti c bel t i s th e Gum -
beisk whic h grade s t o th e sout h int o th e Aschebuta k belt .
The widesprea d occurenc e o f th e explosiv e volcani c pro -
ducts - pyroclastic formation s alongsid e wit h subvolcani c in -
trusions o f andesite-basalt , mor e rarel y andesit e compositio n
with th e lac k o f dacit e materia l ar e characteristi c o f th e
belt; volcani c centre s see m t o b e controlle d b y th e intersec -
tion o f fault s wit h N- S an d E- W directions .
The specifi c positio n o f th e Biudins k volcani c centr e o f
the Earl y Devonia n mus t b e mentioned . I t i s foun d t o b e
situated o n th e prolongatio n o f th e sublatitud e Kalkans k -
Urgunsk uplif t an d localize d a t th e intersectio n o f th e
Biudinsk submeridiana l an d northwester n faults . Thi s
centre i s compose d o f pyroclasti c materia l an d subvolcani c
intrusions o f basalti c composition . Accordin g t o petro -
chemical peculiaritie s rock s o f th e andesite-basal t suit e cor -
respond t o th e calc-alkal i rock s o f th e "Tikhi y Okea n serie s
(Pacific Coas t series)" .
Within th e Middl e Uralia n segmen t th e Lowe r Devonia n
and Uppe r Ludlo w volcanic s compos e a uniqu e serie s abou t
1500 meter s i n thickness . Thes e volcanic s for m a ver y
specific basalt-trachyti c suit e whic h als o contain s ande -
site an d trachy-andesit e porphyrites , plagiotrachytes , alkali c
basaltoids an d sometime s epileucit e rocks . Trachyti c por -
phyries ar e mor e simila r t o alkali c varieties . Th e eruptio n
type i s a centra l on e i n a marin e an d islan d environment .
In th e uppe r (Lowe r Devonian ) par t o f th e thic k serie s
trachytic an d plagiotrachyti c porphyrie s an d alkali c basal -
toids ar e predominant . I n th e volcanogeni c bel t subvolcani c
intrusions o f syenit e - porphyrie s an d trachytic-porphyrie s
are widespread , sometime s accompanie d b y manganes e
mineralization associate d wit h bustamit e an d iro n o f contac t
metasomatic genesis .
The Tagi l - Kushvins k intrusiv e syeniti c comple x i s co -
magmatic wit h th e basal t - trachyt e suite . I t include s sye -
nites, syenite-aplites , nephelin e syenite s an d cuttin g dyke s
of monzonite-porphyries . A numbe r o f gabbr o an d diorit e
intrusions accompanie d wit h syenite s appea r t o b e relate d
to th e complex .
Within th e easter n Uralia n geosynclina l uplif t a thic k
non-subdivided suit e o f andesit e - basalti c an d basalti c por -
phyries an d tuff s o f Uppe r Ludlo w - Lowe r Devonia n ag e
was lai d dow n o n th e subsidin g portion s o f th e uplif t t o th e
north o f Sverdlovs k an d o n th e latitud e o f Cheliabinsk . I n
the Alapajievsk-Varn a subsidenc e th e Lowe r Devonia n de -
posits see m t o b e represente d b y sedimentar y an d sedimen -
tary-volcanic rock s only . I n th e Tagi l subsidenc e o f th e
north Uralia n segmen t trachyti c porphyrie s graduall y de -
crease i n thei r exten t o f occurrenc e nothwards , bein g con -
fined t o individua l volcani c centres . Basalti c an d andesit e
basaltic porphyrie s an d thei r tuff s becam e predominant ,
sometimes the y ar e somewha t poo r i n silic a an d ric h i n K -
content. I n som e sequence s thi s suit e i s restricte d t o th e
deposits o f th e Lowe r Ludlow , i n other s - t o th e Uppe r
Ludlow an d Gedinnia n Stage . Withi n th e Voikar-Sobs k
synclinorium o f th e pola r Ural s a n apparen t hiatu s i s es -
tablished betwee n th e Ordovicia n an d th e Earl y Devonian .
The stratigraph y o f th e lowe r horizon s o f th e Lowe r Devon -
ian i s no t ye t clea r enough , bu t th e predominanc e o f ural -
itized pyroxen e pyrite s an d th e distinc t subordinatio n o f
quartz albitophyre s leave s n o doubt .
Late Early Devonian (CoblenzianEarly Eifelian) Volcanism
From th e middl e o f th e Earl y Devonia n volcani c activit y
within th e andesit e - basalti c belt s becom e feebl e an d dis -
played a pulsator y character . Subordinate d volcanoe s wit h
bioherms an d reef s o n thei r slope s mad e thei r appearanc e
here an d there .
Volcanic activit y shifte d a t tha t tim e eastward , partl y
westward, wher e ne w volcani c belt s wer e developin g bein g
related t o renewe d abyssa l fault s an d th e orginatio n o f
troughs. Th e Karamaltys h - Orsk , Uchalins k - Alexand -
rovsk volcani c belt s an d other s ar e referre d t o them .
Centres o f multichambere d volcanoe s ar e foun d withi n th e
above mentione d belt s a s a resul t o f recen t investigations .
The product s o f volcanis m ar e represente d b y a contrastin g
series o f th e diabase-albitophyr e suit e wher e basalt s an d
liparites ar e predominant . Th e volcanis m i s locall y mani -
fested als o i n th e wester n par t o f th e eugeosynclin e - within
the Voznesens k an d Tanaly k subzone s wher e volcani c pro -
ducts ar e represente d predominantl y b y pillo w lava s o f
diabase o f basalti c composition . Th e presenc e o f limestone s
with a n Eifelia n faun a a t th e to p o f th e diabase s clearl y
establishes thei r age . Volcani c product s o f th e Lowe r
Devonian hav e no t bee n recognize d i n th e Prisakmar a sub -
zone. Sedimentar y deposit s accumulate d an d reef s wer e
built.
Major multi-chambere d volcanoe s ar e confine d t o th e
intersections o f submeridia n an d sublatitud e faults . Th e
following volcanoe s o f th e wester n lim b o f th e Irendy k -
Gumbey subsidenc e ma y serv e a s examples : Kakbashsky ,
Malouchalinsky, Karamyltashsky , Sibayevsky , Gaisk y an d
others. Larg e volcani c centre s wit h broa d caldera s wer e
formed i n th e Akhunov o - Pervomais k subzone s wit h th e
Tashiar, Agyrs k an d othe r volcanoes . Thi s volcani c zon e
is characterize d b y widesprea d aci d volcani c suite s -
pyroclastics, ignimbrite-like , subvolcani c an d hypabyssa l
intrusions o f dacit e - liparite composition , semicircula r dyke s
rimming volcani c centres .
The examinatio n o f individua l volcani c center s show s
their interna l structur e t o b e complicate d a s wel l a s th e
existence o f peri-ven t agglomerate s wit h volcani c bomb s
and explosiv e breccias , tuf f lava s an d pillo w lavas . Th e
wide distributio n o f subvolcani c intrusions : gabbro , gabbro -
diabases, diabas e porphyrites , albitophyre s an d quart z albi -
tophyres i s observed .
Both intrusion s o f th e earl y stage s wer e localize d a t
major centre s an d subvolcani c one s terminate d th e volcani c
activity.
In th e Earl y Eifelia n th e intensit y o f volcanis m becam e
weaker withi n th e Irendy k - Kruktinsk, Karamaltas h - Ors k
and othe r subzone s an d fumarol e processe s too k plac e i n a
large par t o f th e are a resultin g i n th e depositio n o f jaspers .
These processe s ar e particularl y intens e alon g fault s an d
metasomatic quartz-hematit e rock s develop . Manganes e
mineralization i s relate d t o th e latter . Th e volcani c proces -
ses o f th e Earl y Eifelia n wer e terminate d b y subvolcani c
intrusions o f late r phases . I n som e place s th e subvolcani c
intrusions consis t o f sill s an d extrusiv e dome s o f quart z
albitophyre o f rhyolit e compositio n an d quart z gabbro-dia -
base. Pyriti c mineralizatio n i s connecte d wit h th e volcani c
processes o f th e middl e perio d o f th e Earl y Devonia n an d
Early Eifelian .
Intrusive magmatis m i n th e Earl y Devonia n wa s charac -
terized b y intrusio n o f ultrabasic s o f dunite-harburgiti c
suite. I n th e sout h Ural s th e Kempirsa y bel t extendin g
within th e zon e o f th e Eas t Uralia n faul t i s referre d t o th e
Early Devonia n o r Lat e Silurian . I t i s forme d b y poli -
chronous multiphase d intrusions , predominantl y b y harbur -
gites an d partl y b y dunites . Accordin g t o ne w dat a i n th e
Kempirsay massi f metasomati c amphibol e peridotites , cher -
zolites and forelleinstein s ar e distinguished ; th e dunit e dyke s
are widel y sprea d i n th e massif . Th e amoun t o f dunit e in -
creases wit h depth . Rock s o f th e gabbro-pyroxenite-peridot -
ite suit e o f Earl y Carbonia n ag e ar e als o foun d (Khabarn -
insky, Abzakobsky , Nuralinsk y an d th e othe r massifs ) i n
the Kempirsa y belt . Thei r presenc e testifie s to a long perio d
of formatio n o f th e belt . Th e uniqu e chromit e mineraliza -
tion localize d t o fault s occur s i n th e Kempirsa y massif .
Pre-Late Eifelia n intrusiv e activit y produce d th e ultra -
basics o f th e Uzynky r bel t cuttin g th e Eifelia n limestones .
The bel t i s localize d t o th e regio n o f th e Kutyrdi n an d Kar -
ansk faults . I t i s compose d o f dunit e - harzburgit e an d
bastite serpentinite s tha t i n tur n ar e cu t b y gabbroid s an d
diorites, quart z diorite s an d plagiogranites . Fragment s o f
serpentinites, gabbroid s an d diorite s ar e foun d i n th e Lat e
Givetian an d Frasnia n conglomerate s (Sergievsky , Petrova ,
1963). Chromit e mineralizatio n i s localized t o th e Uzynky r
belt. Auriferou s an d pyriti c mineralizatio n i s relate d t o
quartz diorite s an d plagiogranite s o f thi s stage . Th e ultra -
basic intrusio n develope d i n th e uppe r reache s o f th e Tobo l
river (th e Akkargins k belt ) i s assigne d t o th e Devonian .
The lowe r boundar y o f th e intrusio n i s determine d b y th e
intrusive contac t wit h th e Siluria n deposits , wherea s th e
upper on e i s date d b y th e presenc e o f ultrabasi c pebble s i n
the Frasnia n conglomerates .
The above-mentione d stag e (pre-Middl e Devonian ) i s
characterized b y granitoi d intrusion s wit h a n absolut e ag e
of 360-38 0 m.y . Th e Miliutinsk , Nadezhdinsk , Marininsk -
Andrejevsk, Elenovsk , Sredne-Ushkatins k an d th e othe r
massifs ar e referre d t o thi s grou p (Lozovaya , Popov , 1966) .
The lowe r boundar y o f th e intrusion s i s establishe d b y th e
intrusive contac t wit h th e Siluria n an d Lowe r Devonia n
formations an d th e uppe r on e b y th e presenc e o f granitoi d
fragments i n th e Uppe r Eifelia n an d Givetia n conglomerate s
(the Uluta u suite) .
Within th e Middl e Uralia n segmen t i n th e Tagi l subsi -
dence volcani c processe s o f thi s stag e becom e weake r
throughout mos t o f th e area . Volcani c rock s ar e replace d
by sedimentar y rocks .
Eruptions o f andesit e hornblend e an d quartz-hornblendi c
porphyrites, accompanie d b y abundanc e o f tuffs , bega n
within th e nort h Uralia n segmen t i n th e Coblenzia n an d
Eifelian epochs .
These processe s ar e simila r t o thos e o f th e Lat e Eifelian -
Givetian i n th e sout h Uralia n segment .
Here, a s ha s ofte n bee n foun d i n th e Silurian , th e devel -
opment o f volcanis m i n th e nort h Uralia n segmen t sur -
passed th e developmen t o f volcanis m i n th e sout h Urals .
In th e pola r Uralia n segmen t undivide d deposit s o f Lowe r
Devonian - Eifelia n (th e Voika r suite ) ar e compose d o f
either pyroxen e porphyr y an d thei r tuffs , o r characteristi c
formation o f spiliti c pillow-lava s associate d wit h quartz -
hematite assemblages , spilit e porphyrit e an d sodiu m por -
phyry devoi d o f quartz .
This suit e i s simila r i n compositio n t o th e volcani c suite s
of th e sam e ag e distribute d i n th e souther n Urals . Th e
Eifelian fossiliferou s deposit s (th e Vachats k suite ) ar e in -
tercalated wit h pyroxen e an d diabas e porphyrite s and , i n
other regions , wit h thic k serie s o f sedimentar y rocks .
Middle Devonian ("Late Eifelian"-Givetian) Magmatism
Structural reconstructio n an d subsidenc e cause d migra -
tion an d displacemen t eastwar d an d i n par t westwar d o f th e
former Earl y Devonia n volcani c belts . Explosiv e activit y
of thi s period , thoug h easil y traced , wa s les s intens e i n con -
trast t o tha t o f th e Earl y Devonian . Uchalinsk-Aleksandr -
ovsk an d Gumbeys k subzone s ar e particula r noteworth y i n
connection wit h th e Middl e Devonia n volcanism . Th e Kar -
agailinsk volcan o wa s th e bigges t withi n thes e subzones .
The peri-ven t facie s consist s her e o f agglomerate s an d
andesite-diorite tuffs . Sout h o f thi s som e Middl e Devonia n
volcanoes wer e recognize d i n th e cours e o f detaile d stud y
in th e vicinit y o f Gniloye , Chebachi e an d Lebiazhi e lakes .
Within th e Karamalytash-Ors k an d Sibay-Urazovs k sub -
zones th e Middl e Devonia n volcani c belt s ar e situate d eas t
of th e Earl y Devonia n ones . Peri-ven t agglomerate s o f
andesite-dacite compositio n ar e no t widesprea d here . Th e
vent facie s consist s o f neck s compose d o f quart z albitophyr e
and quartz-pyroxene-plagioclas e porphyrite . Indication s o f
solfatar an d fumarol e deposit s ar e rathe r poo r an d local .
They continue d i n th e depositio n o f quartz-hematit e roc k
and jaspe r wit h manganes e mineralization . Sout h o f Kol -
tuban lak e volcanis m wa s wanin g an d onl y th e Bogdanovs k
volcano wa s activ e i n th e Ors k regio n i n th e Givetia n Stage .
Agglomerates ar e o f andesite-basalti c compositio n here .
Subvolcanic intrusion s o f th e belt s unde r consideratio n ar e
represented b y gabbro-diabase , andesite-diorite , diorit e an d
quartz-albitophyre. Sout h o f Ors k i n Mugodzna r volcanis m
was dormant .
The Irendyk-Kryktins k subzon e wa s separate d a s a n up -
lift area , wher e n o evidenc e o f volcanis m ha s bee n found .
Isolated occurence s o f andesite-dacit e withi n th e Tanaly k
subzone indicat e th e forme r positio n o f volcani c centre s
which wa s somewha t wes t o f th e Earl y Devonia n ones . Thi s
suggests th e volcanis m ha d a wave-lik e migratio n bot h
westward an d eastwar d i n Givetiia n time . I n th e Sakmar a
subzone, correspondin g t o th e margi n o f th e eugeosyncline ,
there ar e n o indication s o f volcani c activit y i n th e Earl y an d
Middle Devonian . I n contrast , a t th e intersectio n o f th e
Poliakovsk an d Voznesens k fault s (th e Voznesens k subzone )
the occurrenc e o f andesite-dacit e agglomerat e an d lav a
implies th e volcani c activit y o f th e centra l type . O n th e
slopes o f thes e volcanoe s th e Tatliambe t ree f appeare d i n
Late Givetia n time .
In th e Middl e Uralia n segment s th e Tagi l subsidenc e
exhibits n o sign s o f volcanis m a t thi s magmati c stage . Th e
Middle Devonia n volcani c serie s o f th e Alapajevsk-Varn a
subsidence i s develope d an d muc h simila r (thoug h o f les s
thickness) t o th e sout h Uralia n deposition s o f th e sam e age .
It consist s o f rock s rangin g fro m basalti c porphyrit e t o
quartz porphyrie s wit h andesit e an d dacit e effusive s bein g
widespread. Eruptio n i s o f th e centra l type , explosio n i s
strongly i n evidence , pyroclasti c rock s ar e predominant . A t
the easter n margi n o f th e subsidenc e Givetia n loca l eruptio n
centres o f quart z albitophyr e an d diabas e wit h pyrit e min -
eralization wer e recognized .
In th e nort h Uralia n segmen t th e Tagi l intrageosynclina l
trough exhibit s volcanis m o f th e sam e typ e bu t o f wide r
stratigraphic range : fro m th e Coblenzia n t o th e en d o f th e
Givetian. Dacit e (quart z hornblend e porphyrite ) an d ande -
site (pyroxen e an d hornblend e porphyrite ) pyroclast s dom -
inate, quart z porphyrit e tuff s bein g abundan t i n th e lowe r
part o f th e serie s wit h pyroxen e (andesite ) one s bein g
abundant i n th e uppe r part . Th e zon e wit h majo r volcan -
oes stretche d alon g th e meridia n o f th e tow n o f Krasnotur -
insk. Subvolcani c intrusion s o f diorit e porphyrit e an d
quartz diorit e ar e expose d here . A wid e zon e o f tuffogeni c
sedimentary rock s wit h a n Eifelia n an d Givetia n faun a i s
adjacent t o th e above-mentione d zon e i n th e west . Nex t i n
the sam e directio n ar e limestone s formin g a cora l ree f bel t
on th e easter n slop e o f th e Uralta u uplift .
The Middl e Devonia n volcani c activit y terminate d i n th e
emplacement o f a n ore-bearin g gabbro-diorite-granodiorit e
complex supposedl y a t th e en d o f thi s time . Skarn s wit h
copper an d iro n mineralizatio n an d gold-bearin g quart z
veins ar e relate d t o them . Givetia n an d Uppe r Devonia n
effusives ar e no t divide d fro m eac h othe r i n th e Voika r -
Sobsk synclinoriu m o n th e Pola r Uralia n segment .
Intrusions o f th e Schtchuchy a synclinoriu m (th e pola r
Urals) ar e represente d b y a tonalite-granodiorit e comple x
with associate d skar n iro n mineralization .
In th e externa l miogeosynclina l zon e th e Middl e Devonia n
volcanism wa s rathe r weak . I n th e souther n continuatio n
of th e Zilai r zon e (th e Mugodzha r segment , th e Mede s river )
local volcanis m wa s recognized . It s product s ar e tuff s an d
agglomerates o f th e andesite-dacit e suite .
Late Devonian Magmatism
At th e boundar y betwee n th e Givetia n an d th e Frasnia n
Stages som e alteratio n i n structure , extrusiv e an d intrusiv e
activity too k place . Diabas e intrusion s appeare d eithe r i n
external zone s o f th e geosyncline , o r i n th e Russia n plat -
form an d i n mobilize d baikali d structure s o f Timan . I n
the souther n Ural s volcanis m o f th e eugeosynclin e wa s
nearly dorman t a t Earl y Frasnia n time ; silici c terrigenous :
and carbonaceou s serie s wer e lai d dow n sometime s uncon -
formably upo n th e underlyin g rocks . Rejuvenatio n o f
faults an d th e formatio n o f ne w subsidence s cause d reviva l
of volcani c activit y i n Middl e an d Lat e Frasnia n time . Vol -
canic belt s migrate d t o th e eas t an d wes t o f th e Middle-Dev -
onian one s bein g situate d i n th e newl y forme d subsidences .
In th e northwes t margina l par t o f th e eugeosynclin e (i n th e
Tatlambet fault ) th e larg e Arata u volcan o o f th e centra l
type appeared . I t i s compose d o f tuffs , agglomerate s wit h
volcanic brecci a an d andesite-dacit e lava . Thi s volcan o i s
situated wes t o f th e forme r ones . T o th e east , i n th e Kara n
fault zon e ther e i s a smal l Balbukovs k volcan o comprisin g
tuff an d agglomerat e o f hornblend e - plagioclase porphyrite .
A syenite-diorit e intrusio n i s comagmati c wit h thi s volcano .
A chai n o f volcanoe s stretche d fro m th e wester n ban k o f
Lake Bannoy e t o th e Bijagod a ridge , wher e the y ar e con -
fined t o th e narro w troug h separatin g th e Irendy k an d
Uzunkyr uplifts . Th e bigges t volcani c centr e i s found i n th e
Bijagoda subzone , wher e subaera l volcanoes , rhyolite-basal -
tic i n compositio n (lik e Bijagod a zon e an d others) , ar e
likely t o appear .
One mor e expande d volcani c bel t i s tha t eas t o f th e
Usunkyr uplif t (wes t o f Verkhneuralsk ) an d restricte d b y
the troug h o f th e villag e Viatskoye . Th e volcani c product s
first termed b y I. N . Visotsk y a s "viole t palaeoandesite " con -
sist her e o f lava , agglomerate s an d tuf f o f th e andesite -
basaltic suite . Alon g wit h water-lai d formation s th e pro -
ducts o f subaera l activit y ar e present . I n th e norther n con -
tinuation o f th e Viatskoy e volcani c belt , withi n th e Buran -
gulov uplif t a n isometri c stratifie d volcan o Stabiya k wa s
formed. It s volcani c product s ar e coarse-graine d tuffs , tuff-
breccia an d blebby , amygdaloi d non-differentiate d basalti c
lava. T o th e north , i n th e Imangulovs k superimpose d
trough th e Tashbii k volcan o appeare d (wes t o f th e Early -
Middle Devonia n Uchalins k centre) . I t include s breccia , ag -
glomerate an d tuf f o f andesite-basalti c suite * and smal l sub -
volcanic dyke s o f quart z albitophyre .
An analogou s volcani c bel t i s situate d i n th e easter n par t
of th e trough , wher e chain s o f volcanoe s ar e confine d t o th e
regional fault s (Chebortins k volcan o etc.) . Thei r product s
are basalti c lav a an d tuff . Predominanc e o f explosiv e ac -
tivity crownin g th e Frasnia n volcanis m i s characteristi c o f
all th e zones . I n th e easter n par t o f th e Uralia n eugeosyn -
cline (Alapajievsk-Varnens k zon e o f th e souther n Urals )
volcanism wa s rathe r weak .
Intrusions o f th e stag e unde r discussio n ar e represente d
by gabbro-diabas e (th e Ultyktas h complex) , gabbro-diorit e
comagmatic wit h th e andesite-basalti c suite . Syenite-dio -
rite an d syenit e o f th e Balbukovs k comple x a s wel l as syenit e
of Verkhneurals k regio n ar e al l Late Frasnia n i n age . Thei r
lower boundar y i s marke d b y a n intrusiv e contac t wit h vol -
canogenic formatio n o f th e Frasnia n Stage . Syenit e an d
syenite-diabase fragment s i n th e sandston e an d conglom -
erate o f th e Famennia n Stag e indicat e thei r uppe r boundary .
Contact-metasomatic iro n mineralizatio n i s i n geneti c rela -
tionship wit h th e gabbro-diabas e o f th e Ultyktas h complex .
Gold mineralizatio n i s parageneticall y connecte d wit h th e
Balbukovsk syenite-diorite .
Within th e middl e Uralia n segmen t th e Frasnia n volcan -
ism wa s mos t complet e i n th e Alapajievs k - Varnensk ) sub -
sidence nort h o f Cheliabinsk . A thic k serie s (100 0 m ) o f
spilite an d diabas e porphyrite , sometime s alternatin g wit h
tuff an d tuffite , wa s lai d dow n i n th e bas e o f th e sequence .
A thic k serie s o f porphyrit e an d basi c tuf f overlie s them . I n
the nort h Uralia n segmen t quart z albitophyr e an d thei r
tuffs supposedl y Frasnia n i n age , ar e believe d t o b e th e
closing phas e o f th e Middl e Devonia n volcanism .
Association o f basalti c extrusion , sometime s subaera l
with trachyti c rocks , i s typica l fo r th e Lat e Devonia n (ap -
parently Frasnian ) o f th e pola r Uralia n segment . Trachy -
tic rock s ar e presen t sometime s onl y a s tuffogeni c deposits .
The Lat e Devonia n volcani c rock s ar e i n genera l mor e
basic tha n thos e o f th e Middl e Devonian ; potas h type s bein g
more abundant .
FamennianEarly Tournaisian magmatism
In pre-Famennia n tim e foldin g playe d a part , uplif t be -
came mor e extensiv e an d volcanis m waned . Polymic t sand -
stone o f flyschoi d formatio n wa s accumulate d a t th e Fam -
ennian time . Withi n th e souther n Ural s volcani c indica -
tions ar e recognize d t o b e ver y loca l onl y i n th e wester n
part o f th e Irendyk-Gumbes k subsidence . I n th e Gumbes k
subzone (i n th e vicinit y o f Verkhneuralsk ) tuf f an d lav a o f
andesite-basalt an d liparite-dacit e compositio n ar e exposed .
Andesite-basalt outcrop s wes t o f Magnitogors k impl y smal l
volcanic centres . Basal t extrusion s i n th e Varnens t sub -
zone testif y t o th e Famennia n volcanis m i n th e Alapajievs k
- Varnens t zone . The y ar e though t t o g o o n unti l th e
Early Tournaisia n Stage .
The lates t magmati c manifestatio n connecte d wit h th e
development o f th e Devonia n geosynclin e produce d a post -
folding dyk e comple x o f gabbro-diabase , diorite , syenite -
porphyry o f Earl y Tournaisia n age .
The tectoni c regim e wa s differen t i n th e Alapajievs k -
Varnenst subsidenc e o f th e middl e Uralia n segment . Poly -
mict flyschoi d sandstone s ar e o f loca l distribution ; th e Fam -
ennian - Tournaisia n sequenc e i s continuous . Volcani c
series o f diabase , plagioclas e an d othe r basalti c porphyrite s
was widesprea d comprisin g a par t o f th e Famennia n an d
Tournaisian sequence . Accordin g t o absolut e ag e determin -
ations, tw o intrusiv e complexe s withi n th e nort h an d pola r
Uralian segment s ar e interprete d a s Lat e Devonia n ones .
The quartz-diorite-granodiorit e comple x form s a bel t o f dis -
cordant intrusio n occupyin g a n are a o f 16 0 km 2 alon g th e
western margi n o f th e eugeosyncline . A n absolut e ag e o f
345-380 m.y . wa s obtaine d o n th e biotit e an d hornblende . I n
the miogeosynclina l zon e o f th e pola r Ural s metasomati c
and palingeni c granite s wit h th e absolut e ag e (340-36 5
m.y.) correspondin g t o th e Lat e Devonia n ar e distribute d
among th e olde r series .
Copper, iron , gold , manganese , polymetal s an d chromit e
deposits ar e relate d t o th e Devonia n magmatis m i n th e
Urals.
REFERENCES
HARRIS, M. A . , 1966: On some features of metallogeny of the Urals
according to geochronological data, v kn.: "Absolutoje dati-
rovanie tectono-magmaticheskikh tzyklov i etapov orudenenija
,po dannym 1964 g." Moscow.
IVANOV, S . N . , P R O K I N , V . A . , a n d DOLMATOV, G . K . , 1 9 6 2 : On ore-
bearing brachyanticline uplifts of the Urals, 1962: Tro. Gorno-
geol. instituta Uralsk. Fis. AN SSR, vyp. 58.
JAKOVLEV, G. F . and GONCHAROVA, T . JA., 1 9 6 6 : Subvolcanic form-
ations and pyritic mineralization of the Southern Urals, Tez.
dokl. 2-go Urdlskogo petrogr. soveschania, t. 3, Sverdlovsk.
LOZOVAJA, L . S. and POPOV, J U . N . , 1 9 6 6 : Geochronology of the gran-
ites and post-magmatic metasomatities of the eastern slope
of the Southern Urals.
NESTOYANOVA, O. A., 1 9 6 2 : Palaeovolcanism of the Southern Urals,
v kn.: "Voprosy vulkanisma", Moscow.
, 1963: Volcanism of the eastern slope of the Southern Urals.
v kn.: "Magmatism, metmorfism i metallogenia Urala", torn
2, Sverdlovsk.
, 1964: The Magnitogorsk megasynclinorium faults and
pyritic deposits connected with it (the southern Urals). Tr.
VSEGEI novaya seria, torn 109.
0 . A . N E S T O Y A N O V A , V . M . S E R G I E V S K Y ond V. V . S A G L O ,
All-Union Scientific Research Geological Institute (VSEGEI), Leningrad.
SAGLO, V. V., 1966: The Middle Devonian volcanogenic formations
of the southern Urals (southern part). Tez. dokl. 2-go Urdl-
skogo petrogr. soveschania, Sverdlovsk.
SERGIEVSKY, V. M. and PETROVA, I. A., 1962: The development of
tectonic structures and magmatism of the Urals; regularities
in mineralization. Tr. VSEGEL, nov. ser., t. 86, Leningrad.
, 1963: Petrochemical peculiarities of the Uralian effusive
rocks and magmatic evolution, v. kn.: "Magmatism, meta-
morfizm i metallogenia Uralia", t. 2.
, 1966: Correlation of the Uralian magmatism with that of
adjacent regions, v. 86, Tez. dokl. 2-go Uralskogo petrogra-
fich. soveschania, t. 3, Sverdlovsk.
STEINBERG, D. S., 1964: Chemical classification of effusive rocks.
Tr. GIN AN USSR, Uralsk, Fil, Sverdlovsk.